Inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase from orange peel

Mango peel extracts and mangiferin chromatographic Fourier-transform infrared correlation with antioxidant, antidiabetic, and advanced glycation end product inhibitory potentials using in silico modeling and in vitro assays

Mangifera indica peels are a rich source of diverse flavonoids and xanthonoids; however, generally these are discarded. Computational studies revealed that mangiferin significantly interacts with amino acid residues of transcriptional regulators 1IK3, 3TOP, and 4f5S. The methanolic extract of Langra variety of mangoes contained the least phenol concentrations (22.6 ± 0.32 mg/gGAE [gallic acid equivalent]) compared to the chloroform (214.8 ± 0.12 mg/gGAE) and ethyl acetate fractions (195.6 ± 0.14 mg/gGAE). Similarly, the methanolic extract of Sindhri variety contained lower phenol concentrations (42.3 ± 0.13 mg/gRUE [relative utilization efficiency]) compared with the chloroform (85.6 ± 0.15 mg/gGAE) and ethyl acetate (76.1 ± 0.32 mg/gGAE) fractions. Langra extract exhibited significant α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 0.06 mg/mL), whereas the ethyl acetate fraction was highly active (IC50 0.12 mg/mL) in Sindhri variety. Mangiferin exhibited significant inhibition (IC50 0.026 mg/mL). A moderate inhibition of 15-LOX was observed in all samples, whereas mangiferin was least active. In advanced glycation end product inhibition assay, the chloroform fraction of Langra variety exhibited significant inhibition in nonoxidative (IC50 64.4 μg/mL) and oxidative modes (IC50 54.7 μg/mL). It was concluded that both Langra and Sindhri peel extracts and fractions possess significant antidiabetic activities. The results suggest the potential use of peel waste in the management and complications of diabetes.

Formulation of hesperidin-loaded in situ gel for ocular drug delivery: a comprehensive study

BACKGROUND

Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the most common eye disorders. Different drugs are used for its treatment. Hesperidin is an active substance isolated from Citrus sinensis L. (Rutaceae) fruit peels, with known anti-inflammatory activity but low solubility. It was complexed with cyclodextrin and encapsulated in situ gel to extend its duration in the eye.

RESULTS

The optimized formulation comprised 1% hesperidin, 1.5% hydroxyethyl cellulose, and 16% poloxamer 407. The viscosity at 25 °C was 492 ± 82 cP, and at 35 °C it was 8875 ± 248 cP, the pH was 7.01 ± 0.03, gelation temperature was 34 ± 1.3 °C, and gelation time was 33 ± 1.2 s. There was a 66% in vitro release in the initial 2 h, with a burst effect. A lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition test determined that hesperidin was active at high doses on leukotyrens seen in the body in allergic diseases. In cell-culture studies, the hesperidin cyclodextrin complex loaded in situ gel, BRN9-CD (poloxamer 16%, hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC) 1.5%), enhanced cell viability in comparison with the hesperidin solution. It was determined that BRN9-CD did not cause any irritation in the ocular tissues in the Draize test.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study demonstrate the potential of the in situ gel formulation of hesperidin in terms of ease of application and residence time on the ocular surface. Due to its notable LOX inhibition activity and positive outcomes in the in vivo Draize test, it appears promising for incorporation into pharmaceutical formulations. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Preventing Cancer by Inhibiting Ornithine Decarboxylase: A Comparative Perspective on Synthetic vs. Natural Drugs

This perspective delves into the investigation of synthetic and naturally occurring inhibitors, their patterns of inhibition, and the effectiveness of newly utilized natural compounds as inhibitors targeting the Ornithine decarboxylase enzyme. This enzyme is known to target the MYC oncogene, thereby establishing a connection between polyamine metabolism and oncogenesis in both normal and cancerous cells. ODC activation and heightened polyamine activity are associated with tumor development in numerous cancers and fluctuations in ODC protein levels exert a profound influence on cellular activity for inhibition or suppressing tumor cells. This perspective outlines efforts to develop novel drugs, evaluate natural compounds, and identify promising inhibitors to address gaps in cancer prevention, highlighting the potential of newly designed synthetic moieties and natural flavonoids as alternatives. It also discusses natural compounds with potential as enhanced inhibitors.

Hesperidin Inhibits Oral Cancer Cell Growth via Apoptosis and Inflammatory Signaling-Mediated Mechanisms: Evidence From In Vitro and In Silico Analyses

Background Oral carcinoma presents a significant health challenge, prompting the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Elevation of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), has promoted cellular proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, and fostered oral cancer progression through complex signaling pathways. Hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits, is of keen interest in this study as it has been proven to have multiple health benefits through in vivo and in vitro studies. However, the mechanism behind the anticancer activity of hesperidin in oral carcinoma remains obscure. Aim The study aimed to explore the anticancer potential of hesperidin on human oral cancer cells (KB cells) by modulating pro-inflammatory and apoptotic signaling mechanisms. Methods Cancer cell growth inhibitory activity was assessed using the MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay. Gene expression analysis was performed using real-time RT-PCR analysis. In addition, in silico docking analysis was conducted to confirm the binding affinity of hesperidin with pro-inflammatory and apoptosis signaling molecules. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the "t" test. Results Utilizing the MTT assay, a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of hesperidin was unveiled, with a remarkable IC50 value indicative of its potent inhibition of cell proliferation. Complementing these findings (p<0.05), qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated hesperidin's regulatory influence on key molecular targets within the KB cell line. Hesperidin treatment resulted in a noteworthy reduction in TNF-α, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1-β), IL-6, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) mRNA expression levels (p<0.05), highlighting its inhibitory role in cell proliferation, migration, and inflammation processes. Simultaneously, hesperidin promoted the expression of BAX mRNA (p<0.05), indicating an enhancement in cell death. Molecular docking simulations further revealed robust binding affinities between hesperidin and target proteins, suggesting its potential to disrupt cellular functions and inflammatory signaling pathways in oral cancer cells. Conclusion The cytotoxic effects on the KB cell line and its anti-inflammatory properties position hesperidin as a compelling candidate for further exploration in the quest for effective oral carcinoma treatments. These findings shed light on the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying hesperidin's promise as a therapeutic agent against oral carcinoma.

Assessing the Antioxidant Properties, In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antitumoral Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Perilla leaves Extracts

(1) Background: This study aimed to outline the antioxidant, antitumoral, and cytotoxic proprieties of various types of Perilla frutescens extracts obtained from the leaves of the species. (2) Methods: We determined total polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins contents, as well as the in vitro antioxidant, antitumoral, and cytotoxic actions in three types of ethanolic extracts (E1, E2, E3) and in three types of acetone: ethanol extracts (A1, A2, A3) of Perilla frutescens according to standardized procedures. (3) Results: We found that Perilla frutescens ethanolic extracts had the highest total phenol and anthocyanins concentrations. The flavonoids concentration was not statistically different between the extracts. The iron chelating capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, and lipoxygenase inhibition capacity showed a significant increase with higher concentrations of Perilla frutescens extracts, particularly the ethanolic extracts. Perillyl alcohol had greater cytotoxic capacity in the MG-63 cell line and E1 extract showed similar significant cytotoxic effects in the A431 cell line. (4) Conclusions: Both ethanolic and acetone-ethanol extracts from Perilla frutescens exhibited important antioxidant and antitumoral actions in vitro, which proportionally increased with concentration. The cytotoxic threshold determined in this study for various types of extracts could help determine the best dosage with the maximum antioxidant and antitumoral potential. Our results could serve as a basis for further studies that will investigate the cytotoxic effects of Perilla frutescens variants on various types of cancer cell lines.

Preliminary Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Rudbeckia hirta Flowers

Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.), a flowering plant with various traditional medicinal uses, has recently garnered interest for its therapeutic properties. However, little is known about the potential therapeutic activities of the plant species. The current study focused on conducting a comprehensive investigation into the chemical composition and bioactivity of black-eyed Susan cultivated in Romania. Untargeted metabolite profiling and UHPLC-HR-MS phytochemical analysis of the studied extract revealed the presence of more than 250 compounds pertaining to different classes, including sesquiterpene lactones, polyphenolic acids, flavonoids, amino acids, and fatty acids. The tested extract exhibited inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria and showed promising antifungal activity. It also demonstrated potent antioxidant properties through iron chelation and 15-LOX inhibition capacities, as well as inhibition of cell growth, particularly on the MCF-7 cell line, suggesting potential anticancer effects. Therefore, current research provides valuable information on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor potential of Rudbeckia hirta flowers. Implicitly, the discovery of such a wide range of biosubstances, together with the biological activity observed for the studied extract in these preliminary in vitro studies, paves the way for future investigation of the potential application of the plant in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sectors.

Cichorium intybus L. “hairy” roots as a rich source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds

The present study aimed to determine the bioactive profile of various extracts of Cichorium intybus L. "hairy" roots. In particular, the total content of flavonoids as well as the reducing power, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous and ethanolic (70%) extracts were evaluated. The total content of flavonoids the ethanolic extract of the dry "hairy" root reached up to 121.3 mg (RE)/g, which was twofold greater than in the aqueous one. A total of 33 diverse polyphenols were identified by the LC-HRMS method. The experimental results showed a high amount of gallic (6.103 ± 0.008 mg/g) and caffeic (7.001 ± 0.068 mg/g) acids. In the "hairy" roots, the presence of rutin, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, and its derivatives was found in concentrations of 0.201±0.003 - 6.710±0.052 mg/g. The broad spectrum of pharmacological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, etc.) of the key flavonoids identified in the chicory "hairy" root extract was predicted by the General Unrestricted Structure-Activity Relationships algorithm based on in the substances detected in the extract. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity showed that the EC₅₀ values of the ethanol and the aqueous extracts were 0.174 and 0.346 mg, respectively. Thus, the higher ability of the ethanol extract to scavenge the DPPH radical was observed. The calculated Michaelis and inhibition constants indicated that the ethanolic extract of C. intybus "hairy" roots is an efficient inhibitor of soybean 15-Lipoxygenase activity (IC₅₀ = 84.13 ± 7.22 μM) in a mixed mechanism. Therefore, the obtained extracts could be the basis of herbal pharmaceuticals for the therapy of human diseases accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation, including the pandemic coronavirus disease COVID-19.

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Dynamics of Carbothioamides Derivatives as Carbonic Anhydrase II and 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors

A series of hydrazine-1-carbothioamides derivatives (3a-3j) were synthesized and analyzed for inhibitory potential towards bovine carbonic anhydrase II (b-CA II) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Interestingly, four derivatives, 3b, 3d, 3g, and 3j, were found to be selective inhibitors of CA II, while other derivatives exhibited CA II and 15-LOX inhibition. In silico studies of the most potent inhibitors of both b-CA II and 15-LOX were carried out to find the possible binding mode of compounds in their active site. Furthermore, MD simulation results confirmed that these ligands are stably bound to the two targets, while the binding energy further confirmed the inhibitory effects of the 3h compound. As these compounds may have a role in particular diseases, the reported compounds are of great relevance for future applications in the field of medicinal chemistry.

Therapeutic effectiveness of sinensetin against cancer and other human complications: A review of biological potential and pharmacological activities

BACKGROUND

Plant and their active phytoproducts have been used in modern medicine and playing an important role in the health sectors since a very early age. Human beings need a considerable amount of these plant-based phytochemicals for their health. The flavonoidal class phytochemical is an important class of natural products in modern healthcare because of their different pharmacological activities and health benefits. Flavonoidal class phytochemicals have been used to treat diabetes and related secondary complications in humans. Flavonoids have anti-apoptotic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant potential in the health sectors. Sinensetin, also called 3',4',5,6,7-pentametoksiflavon is a colorless compound with a molecular weight 372.37g/mol and is found to be present in the Orthosiphon stamineus.

METHODS

In the present investigation, we aim to collect scientific information on sinensetin and analyze it for its biological potential and therapeutic benefits against various types of disorders and complications. Medicinal importance and pharmacological activities data have been collected and analyzed in the present work for sinensetin through literature data analysis of different research works. Google Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were mainly searched to collect the scientific information in the present work. The present work analyzed sinensetin's biological potential, pharmacological activities, and analytical aspects.

RESULTS

Literature data analysis of different scientific research works revealed the biological potential of phytochemicals in medicine, including flavonoids. Sinensetin has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and antibacterial activities through their testing in different in vitro and in vivo models. Sinensetin has physiological functions, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-cancer potential in medicine. Scientific data analysis signified the biological importance of sinensetin against tumors, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, diabetes, influenza H1N1 infection, obesity, inflammation, colitis, brain disorders, and microbial infections. Further biological potential of sinensetin on enzymes and angiogenesis has been analyzed in the present work. Sinensetin was isolated through different analytical and extraction techniques, including chromatographic techniques.

CONCLUSION

Literature data analysis signified sinensetin's biological potential and pharmacological activities in medicine.

Evaluation of Major Constituents of Medicinally Important Plants for Anti-Inflammatory, Antidiabetic and AGEs Inhibiting Properties: In Vitro and Simulatory Evidence

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health concern that is associated with several micro- and macrovascular complications. We evaluated several important medicinal plant constituents, including polyphenols and flavonoids, for α-glucosidase inhibition, AGEs’ inhibitory activities using oxidative and no-oxidative assays, the inhibition of protein cross link formation, 15-lipoxydenase inhibition and molecular docking. The molecular docking studies showed high binding energies of flavonoids for transcriptional regulars 1IK3, 3TOP and 4F5S. In the α-glucosidase inhibition assay, a significant inhibition was noted for quercitrin (IC₅₀ 7.6 µg/mL) and gallic acid (IC₅₀ 8.2 µg/mL). In the AGEs inhibition assays, quercetin showed significant results in both non-oxidative and (IC₅₀ 0.04 mg/mL) and oxidative assays (IC₅₀ 0.051 mg/mL). Furthermore, quercitrin showed inhibitory activity in the non-oxidative (IC₅₀ 0.05 mg/mL) and oxidative assays (IC₅₀ 0.34 mg/mL). A significant inhibition of protein cross link formation was observed by SDS-PAGE analysis. Quercitrin (65%) and quercetin (62%) showed significant inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase. It was thus concluded that flavonoids and other polyphenols present in plant extracts can be effective in management of diabetes and allied co-morbidities.

Neuroprotective Effect of Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies Bark Phenolic Fractions, Yuccaol B and Gloriosaol A on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficits in Zebrafish

Y. schidigera contains a number of unusual polyphenols, derivatives of resveratrol and naringenin, called spiro-flavostilbenoids, which have potent in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and moderate cholinesterase inhibitory activities. To date, these compounds have not been tested in vivo for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of both single spiro-flavostilbenoids (yuccaol B and gloriosaol A) and phenolic fractions derived from Y. schidigera bark on scopolamine-induced anxiety and memory process deterioration using a Danio rerio model. Detailed phytochemical analysis of the studied fractions was carried out using different chromatographic techniques and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The novel tank diving test was used as a method to measure zebrafish anxiety, whereas spatial working memory function was assessed in Y-maze. In addition, acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase (AChE/BChE) and 15-lipooxygenase (15-LOX) inhibition tests were performed in vitro. All pure compounds and fractions under study exerted anxiolytic and procognitive action. Moreover, strong anti-oxidant capacity was observed, whereas weak inhibition towards cholinesterases was found. Thus, we may conclude that the observed behavioral effects are complex and result rather from inhibition of oxidative stress processes and influence on cholinergic muscarinic receptors (both 15-LOX and scopolamine assays) than effects on cholinesterases. Y. schidigera is a source of substances with desirable properties in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Neuroprotective potential of terpenoid-rich extracts from orange juice by-products obtained by pressurized liquid extraction

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Orange juice by-products valorized by green PLE process.

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Terpenoid-rich PLE extract with enhanced in-vitro neuroprotective activity.

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Molecular docking between terpenoids and active sites of the target enzymes.

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Selected PLE extracts show human cell-based neuroprotection capacity.

Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) conditions were optimized to improve the recovery of orange (Citrus sinensis) by-products terpenoids. The neuroprotective potential of the PLE extracts were tested against a set of in-vitro assay (antioxidant (ABTS), reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS)) as well as enzymatic tests (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and lipoxygenase (LOX)). Gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-q-TOF-MS) analysis revealed a higher enrichment in mono- and sesquiterpenoids of the PLE extracts with the highest neuroprotection capacity. In-silico molecular docking analysis showed the specific interaction of representative terpenoids with enzymes active sites. The results demonstrate that the selected extract at 100 °C and 30 minutes possesses high antioxidant (ABTSIC50 = 13.5 μg mL⁻¹; ROSIC50 = 4.4 μg mL⁻¹), anti-cholinesterase (AChEIC50 = 137.1 vg  L⁻¹; BChEIC50 = 147.0 μg mL⁻¹) and anti-inflammatory properties (against IL-6 and LOXIC50 = 76.1 μg mL⁻¹), with low cytotoxicity and protection against L-glutamic acid in cell models.

Eco-Friendly Synthesis and Comparative In Vitro Biological Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles Using Tagetes erecta Flower Extracts

The present study reports an eco-friendly synthesis method of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using two different extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) of Tagetes erecta flowers. When exposed to different biocompounds found in the plant, silver ions are reduced, thus, resulting in the green synthesis of nanoparticles. After performing the optimization of synthesis, the obtained AgNPs were characterized using various techniques. The UV–Vis spectrum of the synthesized nanoparticles showed maximum peaks at 410 and 420 nm. TEM analysis revealed that the particles were spherical with a size ranging from 10 to 15 nm, and EDX analysis confirmed the presence of silver metal. The average diameter value obtained through DLS analysis for the two types of AgNPs (obtained using aqueous and ethanolic extracts) was 104 and 123 nm. The Zeta potentials of the samples were −27.74 mV and −26.46 mV, respectively, which indicates the stability of the colloidal solution. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities assays showed that nanoparticles obtained using the aqueous extract presented enhanced antioxidant activity compared to the corresponding extract, with both types of AgNPs exhibiting improved antifungal properties compared to the initial extracts.

Synthesis of novel hybrid pharmacophore of N-((4-sulfamoylphenyl)carbamothioyl)alkanamides as potent carbonic anhydrase-II and 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors

A series of N-((4-sulfamoylphenyl)carbamothioyl)alkanamides (5a-j) were synthesized by the reaction of sulphanilamide in dry acetone with freshly prepared alkyl and acyl isothiocyanates (5a-j). The structures of products were confirmed by IR, ¹ H, and ¹³ C NMR. The synthesized compounds were screened as inhibitors of the bovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isoform II (bCA II) and 15-lipoxygenase enzyme (15-LOX). Most of the derivatives showed significant activity against bCA-II while only few compounds were found active against 15-LOX. Molecular docking studies of most active compounds were carried out against bCA II as well as 15-LOX to rationalize the binding mode and interactions of compound in the active sites. Additionally, the pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds were predicted through computational tools, which reflect that these compounds possess acceptable pharmacokinetic profile and good drug-likeness.

In Vitro Antioxidant, Antitumor and Photocatalytic Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Equisetum Species: A Green Approach

The ethanolic extracts of three Equisetum species (E. pratense Ehrh., E. sylvaticum L. and E. telmateia Ehrh.) were used to reduce silver ions to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements. FTIR data revealed the functional groups of biomolecules involved in AgNPs synthesis, such as O-H, C-H, C=O, C-O, and C-C. EDX spectroscopy was used to highlight the presence of silver, while DLS spectroscopy provided information on the mean diameter of AgNPs, that ranged from 74.4 to 314 nm. The negative Zeta potential values (−23.76 for Ep–AgNPs, −29.54 for Es–AgNPs and −20.72 for Et–AgNPs) indicate the stability of the obtained colloidal solution. The study also focused on establishing the photocatalytic activity of AgNPs, which is an important aspect in terms of removing organic dyes from the environment. The best photocatalytic activity was observed for AgNPs obtained from E. telmateia, which degraded malachite green in a proportion of 97.9%. The antioxidant action of the three AgNPs samples was highlighted comparatively through four tests, with the best overall antioxidant capacity being observed for AgNPs obtained using E. sylvaticum. Moreover, the biosynthesized AgNPs showed promising cytotoxic efficacy against cancerous cell line MG63, the AgNPs obtained from E. sylvaticum L. providing the best result, with a LD₅₀ value around 1.5 mg/mL.

Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Enhancing Properties of Selective Equisetum Extracts

The sterile stems belonging to the Equisetum species are often used in traditional medicine of various nations, including Romanians. They are highly efficient in treating urinary tract infections, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory tract infections, and medical skin conditions due to their content of polyphenolic derivatives that have been isolated. In this regard, this study aimed to provide the chemical composition of the extracts obtained from the Equisetum species (E. pratense, E. sylvaticum, E. telmateia) and to investigate the biological action in vitro and in vivo. For the chemical characterization of the analyzed Equisetum species extracts, studies were performed by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-DAD). In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts obtained from these species of Equisetum genus was determined. The neuroprotective activity of these three ethanolic extracts from the Equisetum species using zebrafish tests was determined in vivo. All obtained results were statistically significant. The results indicate that E. sylvaticum extract has a significant antioxidant activity; whereas, E. pratense extract had anxiolytic and antidepressant effects significantly higher than the other two extracts used. All these determinations indicate promising results for the antioxidant in vitro tests and neuroprotective activity of in vivo tests, particularly mediated by their active principles.

Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Tagetes erecta L. Flowers

Tagetes erecta L. is a popular ornamental plant of the Asteraceae family, which is widely cultivated not only for its decorative use, but also for the extraction of lutein. Besides carotenoid representatives, which have been extensively studied, other important classes of secondary metabolites present in the plant, such as polyphenols, could exhibit important biological activities. The phytochemical analysis of a methanolic extract obtained from T. erecta inflorescences was achieved using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques. The extract was further subjected to a multistep purification process, which allowed the separation of different fractions. The total extract and its fractions contain several polyphenolic compounds, such as hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonols (especially quercetagetin glycosides), and several aglycons (e.g., quercetin, patuletin). One of the fractions, containing mostly quercetagitrin, was subjected to two different antioxidant assays (metal chelating activity and lipoxygenase inhibition) and to in vitro cytotoxicity assessment. Generally, the biological assays showed promising results for the investigated fraction compared to the initial extract. Given the encouraging outcome of the in vitro assays, further purification and structural analysis of compounds from T. erecta extracts, as well as further in vivo investigations are justified.

Green thin film for stable electrical switching in a low-cost washable memory device: proof of concept

Low-cost and washable resistive switching (RS) memory devices with stable retention and low operational voltage are important for higher speed and denser non-volatile memories. In the case of green electronics, pectin has emerged as a suitable alternative to toxic metal oxides for resistive switching applications. Herein, a pectin-based thin film was fabricated on a fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrate for RS mechanism. The presence of sp3-C groups with low binding energy corresponds to tunable charged defects and the oxygen vacancies confirmed by the O 1s spectra that plays a decisive role in the resistive switching mechanism, as revealed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The surface morphology of the pectin film shows homogeneous growth and negligible surface roughness (38.98 ± 9.09). The pectin film can dissolve in DI water (10 minutes) owing to its ionization of carboxylic groups, that meet the trends of transient electronics. The developed Ag/pectin/FTO-based memory cell exhibits stable and reproducible bipolar resistive switching behavior along with an excellent ON/OFF ratio (104) and negligible electrical degradation was observed over 30 repeated cycles. Hence, it appears to be a valuable application for green electronics. Indeed, biocompatible storage devices derived from natural pectin are promising for high-density safe applications for information storage systems, flexible electronics, and green electronics.

Sinensetin: An Insight on Its Pharmacological Activities, Mechanisms of Action and Toxicity

Sinensetin, a plant-derived polymethoxylated flavonoid found in Orthosiphon aristatus var. aristatus and several citrus fruits, has been found to possess strong anticancer activities and a variety of other pharmacological benefits and promising potency in intended activities with minimal toxicity. This review aims to compile an up-to-date reports of published scientific information on sinensetin pharmacological activities, mechanisms of action and toxicity. The present findings about the compound are critically analyzed and its prospect as a lead molecule for drug discovery is highlighted. The databases employed for data collection are mainly through Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct. In-vitro and in-vivo studies showed that sinensetin possessed strong anticancer activities and a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-obesity, anti-dementia and vasorelaxant activities. The studies provided some insights on its several mechanisms of action in cancer and other disease states. However, more detail mechanistic studies are needed to understand its pharmacological effects. More in vivo studies in various animal models including toxicity, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and bioavailability studies are required to assess its efficacy and safety before submission to clinical studies. In this review, an insight on sinensetin pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action serves as a useful resource for a more thorough and comprehensive understanding of sinensetin as a potential lead candidate for drug discovery.

Astrocyte-Targeted Transporter-Utilizing Derivatives of Ferulic Acid Can Have Multifunctional Effects Ameliorating Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Brain

Ferulic acid (FA) is a natural phenolic antioxidant, which can exert also several other beneficial effects to combat neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. One of these properties is the inhibition of several enzymes and factors, such as β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), cyclooxygenases (COXs), lipoxygenases (LOXs), mammalian (or mechanistic) target for rapamycin (mTOR), and transcription factor NF-κB. We have previously synthesized three L-type amino acid transporter 1- (LAT1-) utilizing FA-derivatives with the aim to develop brain-targeted prodrugs of FA. In the present study, the cellular uptake and bioavailability of these FA-derivatives were evaluated in mouse primary astrocytic cell cultures together with their inhibitory effects towards BACE1, COX/LOX, mTOR, NF-κB, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and oxidative stress. According to the results, all three FA-derivatives were taken up 200–600 times more effectively at 10 μM concentration into the astrocytes than FA, with one derivative having a high intracellular bioavailability (K_p,uu), particularly at low concentrations. Moreover, all of the derivatives were able to inhibit BACE1, COX/LOX, AChE, and oxidative stress measured as decreased cellular lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, one of the derivatives modified the total mTOR amount. Therefore, these derivatives have the potential to act as multifunctional compounds preventing β-amyloid accumulation as well as combating inflammation and reducing oxidative stress in the brain. Thus, this study shows that converting a parent drug into a transporter-utilizing derivative not only may increase its brain and cellular uptake, and bioavailability but can also broaden the spectrum of pharmacological effects elicited by the derivative.

Modern Extraction and Purification Techniques for Obtaining High Purity Food-Grade Bioactive Compounds and Value-Added Co-Products from Citrus Wastes

Citrus contains a range of highly beneficial bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins that show antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and help in building the body's immune system. On consumption or processing, approximately 50% of the fruit remains as inedible waste, which includes peels, seeds, pulp, and segment residues. This waste still consists of substantial quantities of bioactive compounds that cause environmental pollution and are harmful to the ecosystem because of their high biological oxygen demand. In recent years, citrus cultivation and the production of processed foods have become a major agricultural industry. In addition to being a substantial source of economy, it is an ideal and sustainable and renewable resource for obtaining bioactive compounds and co-products for food and pharmaceutical industries. In the present article, the various methods of extraction, conventional and modern, as well as separation and isolation of individual bioactive compounds from the extraction mixture and their determination have been reviewed. This article presents both aspects of extraction methods, i.e., on a small laboratory scale and on an industrial mass scale. These methods and techniques have been extensively and critically reviewed with anticipated future perspectives towards the maximum utilization of the citrus waste.

Hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid ameliorates hyperglycemia by regulating key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The present study investigated the protective effect of hesperidin on carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Hesperidin was administered to streptozotocin-induced (40 mg/kg b.w.) diabetic rats at different dosages of (25, 50, 100 mg/kg b.w.) respectively for 30 days to evaluate its effect on fasting plasma glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, hemoglobin, and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes. The plasma glucose levels were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner in hesperdin-treated group of rats when compared to the diabetic control rats. In addition, concomitant increase in hemoglobin and insulin levels and a decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin were observed in treated group of rats. The activities of the hepatic key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism such as hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were significantly increased, whereas glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase were significantly decreased. Furthermore, hesperidin administration prevented the loss in body weight and improved the glycogen content in the hepatic tissue of diabetic animals by reinstating the activities of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase. These results showed that hesperidin has potential antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. This was further supported by the histological studies of pancreas and liver.

Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Zinnia elegans Jacq. Fractions

Zinnia elegans (syn. Zinnia violacea) is a common ornamental plant of the Asteraceae family, widely cultivated for the impressive range of flower colors and persistent bloom. Given its uncomplicated cultivation and high adaptability to harsh landscape conditions, we investigated the potential use of Z. elegans as a source of valuable secondary metabolites. Preliminary classification of compounds found in a methanolic extract obtained from inflorescences of Z. elegans cv. Caroussel was accomplished using HR LC-MS techniques. The extract was then subjected to solid-phase extraction and separation using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, which resulted in several fractions further investigated for their antioxidant properties through lipoxygenase inhibition and metal chelating activity assays. Moreover, following additional purification procedures, structures of some active ingredients were established by NMR spectroscopy. The investigated fractions contained polyphenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acids and apigenin, kaempferol, and quercetin glycosides. Antioxidant assays showed that certain fractions exhibit moderate 15-LOX inhibition (Fr 2, IC50 = 18.98 μg/mL) and metal chelation (e.g., Fr 1-2, EC50 = 0.714-1.037 mg/mL) activities as compared to positive controls (20.25 μg/mL for kaempferol and 0.068 mg/mL for EDTA, respectively). For Fr 2, the 15-LOX inhibition activity seems to be related to the abundance of kaempferol glycosides. The NMR analyses revealed the presence of a kaempferol 3-O-glycoside, and a guanidine alkaloid previously not described in this species.

β-Cyclodextrin as a Functional Excipient Used for Enhancing the Diminazene Aceturate Bioavailability

In this study, we proposed formulations of diminazene aceturate (DA) designed to improve its bioavailability and to maximize the therapeutic index in animals by overcoming the rapid degradation under the acidic pH of the stomach. An important consequence is the fact that its amount in the bloodstream is close to the administered dose. This was made possible by incorporating DA into the β-cyclodextrin’s (βCD) cavity in a molar ratio of 1:1. The structure of the resulted inclusion complex was established by Raman, DSC, and Wide-Angle X ray Diffraction (WAXD) in solid state and by ¹H-NMR and H-H ROESY in aqueous solutions. The stoichiometry of the DA:βCD inclusion complex was obtained by using the continuous variation method (Job’s plot), considering the chemical shifts variations of protons from both DA and βCD compounds in ¹H-NMR spectra. The biological activity was estimated in vitro by antioxidant activity and in vivo by comparing the bioavailability of parent DA and its inclusion complexes after a single dose administration in Wistar rats by using the HPLC method on their blood plasma. In vitro tests showed an improved antioxidant activity. In vivo tests have shown that the DA concentration is always much higher in blood plasma of rats when DA:βCD inclusion complex of 1:1 molar ratio was administered (i.e., at 60 min, DA is around 11 and 3 times higher when DA:βCD inclusion complex of 1:1 molar ratio was administered than the parent DA one and DA:βCD lyophilized mixture of 1:2 molar ratio, respectively).

In vitro Antimycobacterial, Apoptosis-Inducing Potential, and Immunomodulatory Activity of Some Rubiaceae Species

Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by microorganisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, infects almost one-third of the world’s population. The TB epidemic has been further exacerbated by the emergence of multi, extensively, and totally-drug-resistant (MDR, XDR, and TDRTB) strains. An effective immune response plays a crucial role in determining the establishment of TB infection. Therefore, the modulation of the immune system has been considered as a vital approach for the treatment or control of various immune-related diseases such as TB. In this study, the antimycobacterial, immunomodulatory, and apoptosis-inducing effects of six Rubiaceae species were evaluated. A twofold serial dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration values of the plant extracts. The effect of the extracts on the activity of 15-lipoxygenase was investigated. The levels of six different cytokines, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, were measured in LPS-activated U937 cell line while the apoptosis-inducing effect of the extracts was evaluated using an annexin V/PI assay using a flow cytometer. The results obtained revealed that all the six extracts tested had antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, M. tuberculosis ATCC 25177, and Mycobacterium bovis ATCC 27299 strains, with MIC values ranging from 39 to 312 μg/mL. The extracts of Cremaspora triflora and Cephalanthus natalensis were the most active against M. tuberculosis (MIC = 39 μg/mL), followed by Pavetta lanceolata and Psychotria zombamontana against M. bovis (MIC = 78 μg/mL). The extracts of P. zombamontana and Psychotria capensis had remarkable IC₅₀ values of 4.32 and 5.8 μg/mL, respectively, better than that of quercetin. The selected extracts promoted Th1/Th2 balances in an in vitro model at the tested concentration which may suggest the therapeutic value of the plant in diseases where inflammation is a significant factor such as TB. The addition of the crude extracts of C. triflora, P. capensis, and P. zombamontana at the tested concentrations to the cell culture medium induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This interesting preliminary result generated from this study encourages further investigations of these extracts owing to the LOX-inhibitory effect, immunomodulatory, and apoptotic-inducing properties in addition to their antimycobacterial properties.

Bioactivity of Acanthus mollis - Contribution of benzoxazinoids and phenylpropanoids

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Acanthus mollis is a plant native to the Mediterranean region, traditionally used as diuretic, anti-inflammatory and soothing of the mucous membranes of the digestive and urinary tract and externally as healing of wounds and burns, also demonstrating analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. However, studies focused on its phytochemical composition as well as scientific proof of Acanthus mollis efficacy are scarce.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The proposed work aims to perform a phytochemical characterization and evaluation of the therapeutic potential of Acanthus mollis, based on biological properties that support its traditional uses.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this study, an 96% ethanol extract from Acanthus mollis leaves was obtained and its phytochemical composition evaluated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detector coupled to Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI/MSⁿ). The chemical structure of the compound isolated was elucidated using ¹H and ¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), ¹H-correlation spectroscopy (¹H-COSY), heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC). The quantification of the constituents was performed using two external standards (2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one and verbascoside). The antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide production by RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and through lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition assay. The cytotoxicity was screened on two lines (RAW 264.7 and HaCaT) using the resazurin assay.

RESULTS

Compounds such as verbascoside and its derivatives, as well as benzoxazinoids were found as the main constituents. A percentage of 5.58% was verified for the 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) derivatives. DIBOA was the main compound of the extract. Significant concentrations were also found for phenylpropanoids, which constitute about 4.39% of the total compounds identified. This extract showed antioxidant capacity against DPPH (IC₅₀ = 40.00 ± 1.59 μg/mL) and superoxide anion (IC₅₀ = 29.42 ± 1.99 μg/mL). It also evidenced anti-inflammatory potential in RAW 264.7 macrophages, presenting capacity for nitric oxide reduction (IC₅₀ = 28.01 μg/mL). Moreover, in vitro studies have shown that this extract was able to inhibit the lipoxygenase, with an IC₅₀ of 104.39 ± 4.95 µg/mL. Importantly, all effective concentrations were devoid of cytotoxicity in keratinocytes, thus highlighting the safety of the extract for the treatment of skin inflammatory related diseases. Concerning macrophages it was also possible to disclose concentrations showing anti-inflammatory activity and without cytotoxicity (up to 30 µg/mL). The benzoxazinoid DIBOA demonstrated a considerable anti-inflammatory activity suggesting its important contribution to this activity.

CONCLUSIONS

These results corroborate the anti-inflammatory properties traditionally attributed to this plant. Among the compounds identified in this study, benzoxazinoids exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory activity that was never previously described. Ethanol seems to be a good option for the extraction of these bioactive compounds, since relevant antioxidant/anti-radical and anti-inflammatory activities were found for this extract.

Computational Analysis of LOX1 Inhibition Identifies Descriptors Responsible for Binding Selectivity

Lipoxygenases are a family of cytosolic, peripheral membrane enzymes, which catalyze the hydroperoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and are implicated in the pathogenesis of major human diseases. Over the years, a substantial number of scientific reports have introduced inhibitors active against one or another subtype of the enzyme, but the selectivity issue has proved to be a major challenge for drug design. In the present work, we assembled a dataset of 317 structurally diverse molecules hitherto reported as active against 15S-LOX1, 12S-LOX1, and 15S-LOX2 and identified, using supervised machine learning, a set of structural descriptors responsible for the binding selectivity toward the enzyme 15S-LOX1. We subsequently incorporated these descriptors in the training of QSAR models for LOX1 activity and selectivity. The best performing classifiers are two stacked models that include an ensemble of support vector machine, random forest, and k-nearest neighbor algorithms. These models not only can predict LOX1 activity/inactivity but also can discriminate with high accuracy between molecules that exhibit selective activity toward either one of the isozymes 15S-LOX1 and 12S-LOX1.

Flavonoids as detoxifying and pro-survival agents: What's new?

The role of flavonoids in the survival machinery of cells has come in the spotlight due to the recent evidence of their effect on the relationship mitochondria-ER stress-proteasome, including the intracellular mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis. Numerous experimental animal investigations and even human clinical studies have highlighted the major role of these natural compounds in the economy of life and their deep relationship with autotrophic organisms in the evolutionary space. Their role as anti-oxidant and oxidative stress preventive molecules has to date been investigated extensively in the literature. Despite this great amount of promising evidence, many concerns, however, remain, most of which dealing with biochemistry, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and interaction of flavonoids with gut microbiome, issues that make difficult any good attempt to introduce these molecules in the human healthcare systems as possible, encouraging therapeutic substances. This review tries to address and elucidate these items.

In Vitro and In Silico Antidiabetic and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Constituents from Kickxia ramosissima (Nanorrhinum ramosissimum)

Background and Aims:Kickxia ramosissima (Wall.) Janch (or Nanorrhinum ramosissimum (Wall.) Betsche is a well-known medicinal plant in Pakistan that is traditionally used in diabetic and inflammatory conditions. Because little information is available on its phytochemical composition, a range of constituents were isolated and evaluated in vitro in assays related to the traditional use.

Methods: Dried whole plant material was extracted and chromatographically fractionated. Isolated constituents were evaluated in silico and in vitro in assays related to the traditional use against diabetes (inhibition of α-glucosidase activity; inhibition of advanced glycation endproducts) and in inflammatory conditions (inhibition of AAPH induced linoleic acid peroxidation, inhibition of 15-LOX, antimicrobial activity).

Results: Phytochemical analysis of the extracts and fractions led to isolation of 7 compounds, including the iridoids kickxiasine (being a new compound), mussaenosidic acid, mussaenoside and linarioside; the flavonoids pectolinarigenin and pectolinarin; and 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid methyl ester. The iridoids showed weak antiglycation activity. The flavonoids, however, showed interesting results as pectolinarigenin was highly active compared to pectolinarin. In the α-glucosidase inhibition assay, only weak activity was observed for the iridoids. However, the flavonoid pectolinarigenin showed good activity, followed by pectolinarin. In the 15-LOX experiment, moderate inhibition was recorded for most compounds, the iridoids mussaenosidic acid and mussaenoside being the most active. In the AAPH assay, weak or no inhibition was recorded for all compounds. The in silico assays for the α-glucosidase and 15-LOX assays confirmed the results of respective in vitro assays. Pectolinarigenin showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Plasmodium falciparum K1, and Trypanosoma cruzi, but it was not cytotoxic on a human MRC-5 cell line.

Conclusion: Our findings may in part contribute to explain the traditional use of K. ramosissima.

Substituted furans as potent lipoxygenase inhibitors: Synthesis, in vitro and molecular docking studies

A number of 2-methyl-4-(2-oxo-2-phenyl-ethyl)-5-phenyl-furan-3-carboxylic acid alkyl ester derivatives (3a-j) were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory activity on soybean lipoxygenase enzyme. Among the screened compounds, 5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-4-[2-(4-bromo-phenyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]-2-methyl-furan-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (3g) has been found to exhibit potent inhibitory activity with IC5012.8μM using nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) as standard. Molecular modeling was employed for better understanding of the binding between compounds and soybean lipoxygenase enzyme. The predicted binding energy values correlated well with the observed in vitro data.

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effect of Pachygone ovata leaves

CONTEXT

Pachygone ovata (Poir.) Miers ex Hook. F. et Thoms (Menispermaceae) is a rich source of bioactive bisbenzylisoquinoline and aporphine alkaloids.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigates the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential of Pachygone ovata leaves.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Lipoxygenase (LOX) assay for anti-inflammatory activity was conducted using MeOH, EA, H and Aq extracts; followed by alkaloid isolation. The anti-inflammatory potential was determined using carrageenan-induced paw oedema and formalin tests for evaluation of Pachygone ovata analgesic effect. Different doses (100, 300 and 400 μg/kg) were administered orally to Wistar rats for a period of one week, once daily.

RESULTS

MeOH and EA extract efficiently inhibited LOX (IC₅₀ 1.43 and 2.15 μg/mL, respectively). MeOH extract had better inhibiting capacity (57%) than indomethacin (51%) in carrageenan induced rats. MeOH extract (300 μg/kg) significantly reduced the increased levels of nitric oxide (8 ± 0.57 M), total leukocyte count (4.5 ± 0.05 cells 10³/cells) and C-reactive protein (55 ± 0.45 mg/mL). There was a decrease in various serum biochemical markers (ALT, AST). Histopathological studies revealed reduction in oedema and decreased cellular infiltration on supplementation with MeOH extract. Furthermore, MeOH extract (300 μg/kg) and alkaloid fraction (400 μg/kg) effected both phases (neurogenic and inflammatory) of formalin injected models.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Inflammatory mediators play a key role in inflammation; therefore, keeping it in control is of utmost importance. The usefulness of Pachygone ovata leaves on pain and inflammation has been described, probably due to its effect on inflammatory mediators and high alkaloid content.

BIOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF EXTRACTS FROM PTEROCARPUS ERINACEUS POIR (FABACEAE) ROOT BARKS

Background:

Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. belonging to Fabacae familly is used as medicinal plant in Burkina Faso’s folk medicine. Roots of P. erinaceus are used to treat ulcer, stomach ache and inflammatory diseases. The objective of the present study was to carry out phytochemical composition of methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts from Pterocarpus erinaceus roots, to isolate pure compounds, and to evaluate their pharmacological activities.

Methods:

Chromatographic fractionation led to the isolation of active components of the extracts. The structures were established by NMR analysis and comparison with data from literature. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using croton oil-induced edema of mice ear as well as the effect of extracts against lipoxygenase and lipid peroxidation was evaluated. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extracts.

Results:

Friedelin (1), 3a-hydroxyfriedelan-2-one (2), a-sophoradiol (3) and stigmasterol (4) were isolated from DCM extract and maltol-6-O-apiofuranoside-glucopyranoside (5) isolated from MeOH. DCM extract and friedelin, 3a-hydroxyfriedelan-2-one, a-sophoradiol showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect against ear edema. Friedelin (1), α-sophoradiol (3) and maltol-6-O-apiofuranoside-glucopyranoside (5) exhibited lipoxygenase inhibition. MeOH extract (100 μg/mL) inhibited lipoxygenase and lipid peroxidation activities at 45.1 ± 3% and 30.7 ± 0.5% respectively. MeOH extract, ethyl acetate fraction and butanol fraction exhibited antioxidant property with both two methods used.

Conclusion:

The results suggested that the extracts and compounds from roots of Pterocarpus erinaceus possessed local anti-inflammatory effect, antioxidant properties and inhibitor effect against lipoxygenase and lipid peroxidation activities.

Substituted (E)-2-(2-benzylidenehydrazinyl)-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylates as dual inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase & carbonic anhydrase II: synthesis, biochemical evaluation and docking studies

15-Lipoxygenase (15-LOX) plays a major role in many inflammatory lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and chronic bronchitis. Over-expression of 15-LOX is related with some specific carcinomas including pancreatic, gastric and brain tumor. Similarly among different isozymes of carbonic anhydrase (CA), CA II is expressed in pancreatic, gastric carcinomas as well as in brain tumors. Therefore, novel potent inhibitors of both 15-LOX and CA II are required to explore the role of these enzymes further and to enable the drug discovery efforts. For this purpose, a series of benzyledinyl-hydrazinyl substituted thiazole derivatives were designed, synthesized and characterized by FTIR, ¹H, &¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The derivatives were then evaluated for their potential to inhibit 15-LOX and bovine carbonic anhydrase II (bCA II). Most of these compounds showed excellent inhibitory potential for 15-LOX with an IC₅₀ of 0.12 ± 0.002 to 0.69 ± 0.5 μM and showed moderate inhibition potency for bCA II with compound 5h (IC₅₀ = 1.26 ± 0.24 μM) being the most active. The most potent compound 5a that emerged as a dual inhibitor of both enzymes, exhibiting 24 times greater selectivity for 15-LOX over bCA II. Compound 5a exhibited dual potent inhibitory activity against both 15-LOX and bCA II enzymes having IC₅₀ values of 0.12 ± 0.002 and 2.93 ± 0.22 μM, respectively. Molecular docking studies of potent as well as dual inhibitors were also carried out to provide an insight into the binding site interactions.

Essential Oil Variability and Biological Activities of Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. Wood According to the Extraction Time

In the present work, the hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) kinetics of essential oil (EO) extracted from Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. wood was conducted, in order to assess the impact of extraction time and technique on chemical composition and biological activities. Gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry analyses showed significant differences between the extracted EOs, where each family class or component presents a specific kinetic according to extraction time, technique and especially for the major components: camphene, linalool, cedrol, carvacrol and α-acorenol. Furthermore, our findings showed a high variability for both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, where each activity has a specific effect according to extraction time and technique. The highlighted variability reflects the high impact of extraction time and technique on chemical composition and biological activities, which led to conclude that we should select EOs to be investigated carefully depending on extraction time and technique, in order to isolate the bioactive components or to have the best quality of EO in terms of biological activities and preventive effects in food.

Quinoline-based imidazole-fused heterocycles as new inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase

A series of 2-chloro-quinoline-based imidazopyridines 6a-l and imidazothiazoles 6m-o bearing a bulky alkylamine side chain were synthesized as soybean 15-LOX inhibitors. The target compounds 6a-o were prepared via one-pot reaction of 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde (3), heteroaromatic amidine 4, and alkyl isocyanides 5, in the presence of NH4Cl. All compounds showed significant anti-15-LOX activity (IC50 values ≤40 μM). Among the title compounds, the imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivative 6n bearing a tert-butylamine moiety showed the highest activity against soybean 15-LOX enzyme.

Structure-based design, synthesis, molecular docking study and biological evaluation of 1,2,4-triazine derivatives acting as COX/15-LOX inhibitors with anti-oxidant activities

A set of 1,2,4-triazine derivatives were designed as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. These compounds were synthesized and screened for inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) based on a cellular assay using human whole blood (HWB) and lipoxygenase (LOX-15) that are key enzymes in inflammation. The results showed that 3-(2-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene)hydrazinyl)-5,6-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazine (G11) was identified as the most potent COX-2 inhibitor (78%) relative to COX-1 (50%). Ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP) assay revealed that compound G10 possesses the highest anti-oxidant activity. The compound G3 with IC50 value of 124 μM was the most potent compound in LOX inhibitory assay. Molecular docking was performed and a good agreement was observed between computational and experimental results.