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Mahdlou Z, Dehkharghani RA, Niazi A, Tamaddon A, Ebrahimi MT. Co-sonicated coacervation for high-efficiency green nanoencapsulation of phytosterols by colloidal non-biotoxic solid lipid nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4671. [PMID: 38409285 PMCID: PMC10897223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols are used as a supplement or an additive to reduce LDL cholesterol. The poor dispersibility and instability of phytosterols are the main limitations of their application. So, we tried to overcome these problems through nanoencapsulation of them with colloidal natural RSs (SLNs) using an effective approach to achieve higher efficiency and less intrinsic coagulation. Phytosterols extracted from flax seeds oil with caffeine by a new method were encapsulated with a stable colloid of sheep fat and ostrich oil (1:2), soy lecithin, and glucose through co-sonicated coacervation. Characterization of the obtained SLNs was conducted using FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM, DLS, and GC analysis. The three-factor three-level Behnken design (BBD) was used to prioritize the factors affecting the coacervation process to optimize particle size and loading capacity of SLNs. Operational conditions were examined, revealing that the size of SLNs was below 100 nm, with a phytosterols content (EE %) of 85.46% with high positive zeta potential. The nanocapsules' anti-microbial activity and drug-release behavior were then evaluated using the CFU count method and Beer-Lambert's law, respectively. The controlled release of nanocapsules (below 20%) at ambient temperature has been tested. The stability of nano-encapsulated phytosterols was investigated for six months. All results show that this green optimal coacervation is a better way than conventional methods to produce stable SLNs for the nanoencapsulation of phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zolfaghar Mahdlou
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 1465613111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahebeh Amiri Dehkharghani
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 1465613111, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Niazi
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 1465613111, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Atefeh Tamaddon
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 1465613111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tajabadi Ebrahimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Khallouki F, Ksila M, Ghzaiel I, Essadek S, Joutey MT, Maaloul S, Zennouhi W, Benbacer L, Bourhia M, Hajji L, Zarrouk A, Rezig L, Rup-Jacques S, Abdellaoui R, Ghrairi T, Masmoudi-Kouki O, Nasser B, Andreoletti P, Mustapha-Cherkaoui-Malki, Samadi M, Vejux A, Lizard G. Chemical and Biochemical Features of Spinasterol and Schottenol. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:45-55. [PMID: 38036874 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols, which are produced in plants, are structurally similar to cholesterol. Their basic structures consist of a cyclo pentano-perhydrophenanthrene nucleus composed of 3 hexane rings and of a pentane ring with an alkyl side chain. There are around more than 250 phytosterols and related compounds that have been identified in natural resources. Among them, spinasterol and schottenol, its dihydro analog, are often found in seeds, and consequently in seed oils, and in other botanical parts of some plant families such as Sapotaceae, Cactaceae, and Cucurbitaceae. Spinasterol and/or schottenol has been identified in dietary and cosmetic argan oil, milk thistle seed oil, nigella seed oil, and pumkin seed oil. These phytosterols that have several bioactive properties make them potentially attractive molecules in pharmacology. Their chemical and biochemical features are summarized and the analytical methods used to characterize and analyze these compounds are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Khallouki
- Biology Department, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Errachidia, Morocco
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Ksila
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of Biomolecules, (LR18ES03), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory 'Nutrition, Functional Food and Vascular Health' (LR12ES05), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Soukaina Essadek
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Biochimistry, Neuroscience, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Mounia Tahri Joutey
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Biochimistry, Neuroscience, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Samah Maaloul
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorization of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Zennouhi
- Biology Department, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Laila Benbacer
- Unité de Biologie et Recherches Moléculaires, Département Sciences du Vivant, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bourhia
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Lhoussain Hajji
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory 'Nutrition, Functional Food and Vascular Health' (LR12ES05), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Leila Rezig
- LIP-MB 'Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules', National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, LR11ES26, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Food Industries, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sandrine Rup-Jacques
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics Multi-Scale Approach to Complex Environments, Department of Chemistry, University Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Raoudha Abdellaoui
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorization of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Ghrairi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of Biomolecules, (LR18ES03), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Masmoudi-Kouki
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of Biomolecules, (LR18ES03), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Laboratory of Biochimistry, Neuroscience, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | | | - Mohammad Samadi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics Multi-Scale Approach to Complex Environments, Department of Chemistry, University Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France.
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High Levels of Policosanols and Phytosterols from Sugar Mill Waste by Subcritical Liquefied Dimethyl Ether. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192937. [PMID: 36230017 PMCID: PMC9564350 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracting nutraceuticals with high value from bagasse, filter mud, and sugarcane leaves discarded as sugar mill by-products, is crucial for the development of a sustainable bio-economy. These by-products are important sources of policosanols and phytosterols, which have a cholesterol-lowering effect. This research focused on using a promising green technology, subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction, with a low pressure of 0.8 MPa, to extract policosanols and phytosterols and on application of pretreatments to increase their contents. For direct extraction by subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether without sample pretreatment, the highest extraction yield (7.4%) and policosanol content were found in sugarcane leaves at 2888 mg/100 g, while the highest and lowest phytosterol contents were found in filter mud at 20,878.75 mg/100 g and sugarcane leaves at 10,147.75 mg/100 g, respectively. Pretreatment of filter mud by ultrasonication in hexane solution together with transesterification before the second subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction successfully increased the policosanol content, with an extract purity of 60%, but failed to increase the phytosterol content.
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New insights on the analysis of phytosterols in pollen and anther wall of tree peony (Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’) revealed by GC-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1212:339891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Naebi M, Torbati M, Azadmard-Damirchi S, Siabi S, Savage GP. Changes in physicochemical properties of cold press extracted oil from Balangu (Lallemantia peltata) seeds during storage. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Truong VL, Jeong WS. Red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) oil: A comprehensive review of extraction technologies, chemical composition, health benefits, molecular mechanisms, and safety. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:214-224. [PMID: 35509821 PMCID: PMC9058829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng oil (RGO), rather than the conventional aqueous extract of red ginseng, has been receiving much attention due to accumulating evidence of its functional and pharmacological potential. In this review, we describe the key extraction technologies, chemical composition, potential health benefits, and safety of RGO. This review emphasizes the proposed molecular mechanisms by which RGO is involved in various bioactivities. RGO is mainly produced using organic solvents or supercritical fluid extraction, with the choice of method greatly affecting the yield and quality of the end products. RGO contains a high unsaturated fatty acid levels along with considerable amounts of lipophilic components such as phytosterols, tocopherols, and polyacetylenes. The beneficial health properties of RGO include cellular defense, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, chemoprevention, hair growth promotion, and skin health improvement. We propose several molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that underlie the bioactivity of RGO. In addition, RGO is regarded as safe and nontoxic. Further studies on RGO must focus on a deeper understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, composition–functionality relationship, and verification of the bioactivities of RGO in clinical models. This review may provide useful information in the development of RGO-based products in nutraceuticals, functional foods, and functional cosmetics.
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Sun H, Zou Y, Kaw HY, Wang L, Wang G, Zhou JL, Meng LY, Li D. Carbon Nanofibers-Based Nanoconfined Liquid Phase Filtration for the Rapid Removal of Chlorinated Pesticides from Ginseng Extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9434-9442. [PMID: 34374286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A rapid nanoconfined liquid phase filtration system (NLPF) based on solvent-confined carbon nanofibers/carbon fiber materials (CNFs/CFs) was proposed to effectively remove chlorinated pesticides from ginsenosides-containing ginseng extracts. A series of major parameters that may affect the separation performance of the CNFs-NLPF method were extensively investigated, including the water solubility of nanoconfined solvents, filtration rate, ethanol content of the ginseng extracts, and reusability of the material for repeated adsorption. The developed method showed a high removal efficiency of pesticides (85.5-97.5%), high retainment rate of ginsenosides (95.4-98.9%), and consistent reproducibility (RSD < 11.8%). Furthermore, the feasibility of the CNFs-NLPF technique to be scaled-up for industrial application was systematically explored by analyzing large-volume ginseng extract (1 L), which also verified its excellent modifiable characteristic. This filtration method exhibits promising potential as a practical tool for removing pesticide residues and other organic pollutants in food samples to assure food quality and safeguard human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaze Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji city, Jilin 133002, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji city, Jilin 133002, P. R. China
| | - Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji city, Jilin 133002, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji city, Jilin 133002, P. R. China
| | - John L Zhou
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo 2007 Australia
| | - Long-Yue Meng
- Department of Environmental Science, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin 133002, P. R. China
| | - Donghao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji city, Jilin 133002, P. R. China
- Interdisciplinary of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji city, Jilin 133002, P. R. China
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8
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The dehiscence process in Panax ginseng seeds and the stigmasterol biosynthesis pathway in terms of metabolomics. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:225-234. [PMID: 35509817 PMCID: PMC9058826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng, officially known as Panax ginseng Meyer, has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb, particularly in Asia. Ginseng is propagated from seeds; however, seed germination is challenging, especially in its natural environment on farms. The seeds typically exhibit morphophysiological dormancy and require release from both morphological and physiological dormancy before germination. Although some studies have proposed methods for increasing seed germination rates, the underlying mechanisms of its dormancy release process remain unclear. Here, we investigated metabolic alterations during dehiscence in P. ginseng to determine their potential roles in dormancy release. Methods We compared the ginseng seed metabolome before and after dehiscence and the ginsenoside and phytosterol compositions of the seeds in both periods in the presence of related enzymes. Results After seed dehiscence, the sugar, amino acid, and squalene concentrations were significantly altered, phytosterols associated with the stigmasterol biosynthesis pathway were increased, while ginsenoside and brassinosteroid levels were not significantly altered. In addition, squalene epoxidase, cycloartenol synthase, 24-methylenesterol C-methyltransferase, and the stigmasterol biosynthesis pathway were activated. Conclusion Overall, our findings suggest that morphological activities that facilitate ginseng seed growth are the primary phenomena occurring during the dehiscence process. This study improves the understanding of P. ginseng germination processes and promotes further research of its germination and cultivation.
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Kopylov AT, Malsagova KA, Stepanov AA, Kaysheva AL. Diversity of Plant Sterols Metabolism: The Impact on Human Health, Sport, and Accumulation of Contaminating Sterols. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051623. [PMID: 34066075 PMCID: PMC8150896 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The way of plant sterols transformation and their benefits for humans is still a question under the massive continuing revision. In fact, there are no receptors for binding with sterols in mammalians. However, possible biotransformation to steroids that can be catalyzed by gastro-intestinal microflora, microbial cells in prebiotics or cytochromes system were repeatedly reported. Some products of sterols metabolization are capable to imitate resident human steroids and compete with them for the binding with corresponding receptors, thus affecting endocrine balance and entire physiology condition. There are also tremendous reports about the natural origination of mammalian steroid hormones in plants and corresponding receptors for their binding. Some investigations and reports warn about anabolic effect of sterols, however, there are many researchers who are reluctant to believe in and have strong opposing arguments. We encounter plant sterols everywhere: in food, in pharmacy, in cosmetics, but still know little about their diverse properties and, hence, their exact impact on our life. Most of our knowledge is limited to their cholesterol-lowering influence and protective effect against cardiovascular disease. However, the world of plant sterols is significantly wider if we consider the thousands of publications released over the past 10 years.
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Wang W, Yang B, Li W, Zhou Q, Liu C, Zheng C. Effects of steam explosion pretreatment on the bioactive components and characteristics of rapeseed and rapeseed products. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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Bai G, Ma CG, Chen XW. Effect of unsaturation of free fatty acids and phytosterols on the formation of esterified phytosterols during deodorization of corn oil. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2736-2743. [PMID: 33124037 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytosterols are partly removed during oil refining, and the magnitude of phytosterols loss largely depends on the refining conditions applied and the molecular conformation. The aim of this research was to study the effect of deodorization conditions and molecular unsaturation on the esterification of phytosterols during deodorization of corn oil. RESULTS In the chemical model, free fatty acids (FFAs) were the major provider of acyl groups during the formation of phytosteryl fatty acid esters (PEs) under deodorization conditions. Among the main parameters of the deodorization, temperature played a role in the formation of PEs with a time-dependent manner. In comparison, saturated palmitic acid had a higher capability of esterifying free phytosterols (FPs) to PEs than unsaturated oleic acid and linoleic acid. Moreover, the influence of FFA unsaturation on the degradation of FPs depended on temperature. Besides, the formation of stigmasteryl ester had a competitive advantage over that of sitosteryl ester by quantum chemistry simulation. CONCLUSION For laboratory-scale deodorization of corn oil, saturated fatty acids and deodorization process with steam as stripping gas could obviously esterify FPs to PEs. FPs were abundantly enriched in distillate during the deodorization process with nitrogen as stripping gas, whereas FPs and PEs were distilled simultaneously during the deodorization process with steam. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Bai
- Lipid Technology and Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Guo Ma
- Lipid Technology and Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- Lipid Technology and Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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Zanqui AB, Barros TV, Barão CE, da Silva C, Cardozo-Filho L. Production of blends of edible oil and carrot carotenoids using compressed propane: Enhancement of stability and nutritional characteristics. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Targeting the crosstalk between canonical Wnt/β-catenin and inflammatory signaling cascades: A novel strategy for cancer prevention and therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 227:107876. [PMID: 33930452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging scientific evidence indicates that inflammation is a critical component of tumor promotion and progression. Most cancers originate from sites of chronic irritation, infections and inflammation, underscoring that the tumor microenvironment is largely orchestrated by inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory molecules. These inflammatory components are intimately involved in neoplastic processes which foster proliferation, survival, invasion, and migration, making inflammation the primary target for cancer prevention and treatment. The influence of inflammation and the immune system on the progression and development of cancer has recently gained immense interest. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, an evolutionarily conserved signaling strategy, has a critical role in regulating tissue development. It has been implicated as a major player in cancer development and progression with its regulatory role on inflammatory cascades. Many naturally-occurring and small synthetic molecules endowed with inherent anti-inflammatory properties inhibit this aberrant signaling pathway, making them a promising class of compounds in the fight against inflammatory cancers. This article analyzes available scientific evidence and suggests a crosslink between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and inflammatory pathways in inflammatory cancers, especially breast, gastrointestinal, endometrial, and ovarian cancer. We also highlight emerging experimental findings that numerous anti-inflammatory synthetic and natural compounds target the crosslink between Wnt/β-catenin pathway and inflammatory cascades to achieve cancer prevention and intervention. Current challenges, limitations, and future directions of research are also discussed.
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Zhao X, Xiang X, Huang J, Ma Y, Sun J, Zhu D. Studying the Evaluation Model of the Nutritional Quality of Edible Vegetable Oil Based on Dietary Nutrient Reference Intake. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:6691-6698. [PMID: 33748582 PMCID: PMC7970471 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Edible vegetable oils can provide most of the fatty acids, vitamin E, and certain phytochemicals necessary in the daily human diet to facilitate the required physiological activities. However, there are many types of edible vegetable oils on the market, and evaluating their nutritional quality is a matter of significant interest to consumers and producers. Most of the existing research studies that comparatively analyze and qualitatively describe the type, content, and proportion of nutrients in edible vegetable oil lack a comprehensive method for evaluating the nutritional quality of edible vegetable oil. Based on the physical and chemical analysis of fatty acids, vitamins, and phytochemicals in edible vegetable oil, this study aims to establish a model for a comprehensive evaluation of the nutritional quality of edible vegetable oils. The characteristic nutrients in edible vegetable oil were screened as the evaluation index, while the 2013 China Dietary Reference Intake and French Population Reference Intakes For Fatty Acids was considered the evaluation threshold. When each evaluation index in the edible vegetable oil reached the range stipulated by the reference intake of dietary nutrients, the index will get 1 point. The total score of each index was accumulated to evaluate the nutritional quality of the edible vegetable oils comprehensively. In this study, 13 edible vegetable oils, including low erucic acid rapeseed oil (in America, people usually call it canola oil), soybean oil, peanut oil, sunflower seed oil, flaxseed oil, edible blend oil, olive oil, palm oil, corn oil, camellia oil, peony seed oil, sacha inchi oil, and sesame oil, were selected as the evaluation objects because they are very common in China. Seven evaluation indexes were found for total saturated fatty acids (SFAs), atherogenic fatty acids (SFAs with 12, 14, and 16 carbon chains), monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, vitamin E, and phytosterol. When the evaluation index met the evaluation threshold, it was scored 1 point. Scores ranged from 2 to 6. The highest scores were obtained from peony seed oil, flaxseed oil, low erucic acid rapeseed oil, and edible blend oil all of which were 6 points. The lowest score belonged to palm oil at 2 points. The higher the score, the higher the degree of satisfaction between the various nutrients in the edible vegetable oil and the dietary reference intake of this model is. This paper establishes a new method for the nutritional evaluation of edible vegetable oils, which is convenient for comparing the overall nutritional quality of different kinds of edible vegetable oils while providing a new technique for the extensive evaluation of edible vegetable oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhao
- Institute
of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Haidian
District 100081, China
| | - Xia Xiang
- Oil
Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jiazhang Huang
- Institute
of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Haidian
District 100081, China
| | - Yunqian Ma
- Institute
of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Haidian
District 100081, China
| | - Junmao Sun
- Institute
of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Haidian
District 100081, China
| | - Dazhou Zhu
- Institute
of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Haidian
District 100081, China
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Protective Activity and Underlying Mechanism of Ginseng Seeds against UVB-Induced Damage in Human Fibroblasts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030403. [PMID: 33800272 PMCID: PMC8001990 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng seeds are rich in phytosterols, ginsenosides, and fatty acids, and can therefore be used in skincare to delay the aging process. Ginseng seed embryo (GSE) and ginseng seed coat (GSC) were separated from ginseng seeds (Panax ginseng Meyer). This study evaluated the protective activity and underlying mechanism of GSE and GSC on UVB irradiation-induced skin photoaging using Hs68 cells. Their bioactive compounds, including phytosterols, ginsenosides, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and fatty acids were determined by HPLC and GC. The levels of reactive oxygen species, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and collagen levels were measured in human dermal fibroblast cell line, Hs68 cells. The antioxidant capacity and contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids were higher in GSC than those in GSE. Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid in both GSE and GSC. GSE and GSC treatment alleviated UVB-induced increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and MMP-3, resulting in reduced collagen degradation. Increased UVB-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) was inhibited by GSE and GSC treatment. Moreover, GSE and GSC effectively upregulated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) 1 levels. It was found that ginseng seeds regulate the expression of TGF-β/Smad and MAPK/AP-1 pathways. Ginseng seeds contain various bioactive compounds and have protective activity against UVB-induced skin photoaging. Therefore, ginseng seeds have the potential for use in cosmeceutical preparations.
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Simental-Mendía LE, Gamboa-Gómez CI, Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mendía M, Sánchez-García A, Rodríguez-Ramírez M. Beneficial Effects of Plant-Derived Natural Products on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1308:257-272. [PMID: 33861449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is becoming in one of the most prevalent liver diseases that leads to liver transplantation. This health problem is a multisystem disease with a complex pathogenesis that involves liver, adipose tissue, gut, and muscle. Although several pharmacological agents have been investigated to prevent or treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, currently there is no effective treatment for the management of this chronic liver disease. Nonetheless, the use of natural products has emerged as a alternative therapeutic for the treatment of hepatic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, insulin-sensitizing, antiobesity, hypolipidemic, and hepatoprotective properties. In the present review, we have discussed the evidence from experimental and clinical studies regarding the potential beneficial effects of plant-derived natural products (quercetin, resveratrol, berberine, pomegranate, curcumin, cinnamon, green tea, coffee, garlic, ginger, ginseng, and gingko biloba) for the treatment or prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Simental-Mendía
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Delegación Durango, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Durango, México.
| | - Claudia I Gamboa-Gómez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Delegación Durango, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Durango, México
| | - Fernando Guerrero-Romero
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Delegación Durango, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Durango, México
| | - Mario Simental-Mendía
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Adriana Sánchez-García
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Mariana Rodríguez-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Delegación Durango, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Durango, México
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17
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Naderi M, Torbati M, Azadmard-Damirchi S, Asnaashari S, Savage GP. Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) seeds as a new vegetable oil source. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Zanqui AB, Silva CM, Ressutte JB, Rotta EM, Cardozo‐Filho L, Matsushita M. Cashew nut oil extracted with compressed propane under different experimental conditions: Evaluation of lipid composition. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Zanqui
- Departamento de Engenharia Química e Departamento de Agronomia Universidade Estadual de Maringá ‐ UEM Maringá Brazil
| | - Claudia M. Silva
- Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual de Maringá ‐ UEM Maringá Brazil
| | - Jéssica B. Ressutte
- Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos Universidade Estadual de Londrina ‐ UEL Londrina Brazil
| | - Eliza M. Rotta
- Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual de Maringá ‐ UEM Maringá Brazil
| | - Lúcio Cardozo‐Filho
- Departamento de Engenharia Química e Departamento de Agronomia Universidade Estadual de Maringá ‐ UEM Maringá Brazil
| | - Makoto Matsushita
- Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual de Maringá ‐ UEM Maringá Brazil
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19
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Phytosterol, Lipid and Phenolic Composition, and Biological Activities of Guava Seed Oil. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112474. [PMID: 32471050 PMCID: PMC7321134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant seeds have been found to contain bioactive compounds that have potential nutraceutical benefits. Guava seeds (Psidium guajava) are by-products in the beverage and juice industry; however, they can be utilized for a variety of commercial purposes. This study was designed to analyze the phytochemicals of the n-hexane extract of guava seed oil (GSO), to study its free-radical scavenging activity, and to monitor the changes in serum lipids and fatty acid profiles in rats that were fed GSO. The GSO was analyzed for phytochemicals using chromatographic methods. It was also tested for free-radical scavenging activity in hepatoma and neuroblastoma cells, and analyzed in terms of serum lipids and fatty acids. GSO was found to contain phenolic compounds (e.g., chlorogenic acid and its derivatives) and phytosterols (e.g., stimasterol, β-sitosterol and campesterol), and exerted radical-scavenging activity in cell cultures in a concentration-dependent manner. Long-term consumption of GSO did not increase cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rat serum, but it tended to decrease serum fatty acid levels in a concentration-dependent manner. This is the first study to report on the lipid, phytosterol and phenolic compositions, antioxidant activity, and the hepato- and neuro-protection of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress levels in the GSO extract.
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20
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Extraction and assessment of oil and bioactive compounds from cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) using pressurized n-propane and ethanol as cosolvent. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Sobhy R, Eid M, Zhan F, Liang H, Li B. Toward understanding the in vitro anti-amylolytic effects of three structurally different phytosterols in an aqueous medium using multispectral and molecular docking studies. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Gohil N, Bhattacharjee G, Khambhati K, Braddick D, Singh V. Corrigendum: Engineering Strategies in Microorganisms for the Enhanced Production of Squalene: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:114. [PMID: 31192199 PMCID: PMC6547300 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00050.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg Gohil
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Darren Braddick
- Department of R&D, Cementic S. A. S., Genopole, Paris, France
| | - Vijai Singh
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
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23
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Pei H, Ma X, Pan Y, Han T, Lu Z, Wu R, Cao X, Zheng J. Separation and purification of lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol, and cholesterol from lanolin by high‐performance counter‐current chromatography dual‐mode elution method. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2171-2178. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hairun Pei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yan Pan
- Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture Beijing P. R. China
| | - Tian Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zhifang Lu
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Ruijuan Wu
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xueli Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jimin Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University Beijing P. R. China
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal University Beijing P. R. China
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Driscoll K, Deshpande A, Chapp A, Li K, Datta R, Ramakrishna W. Anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects of rice callus suspension culture (RCSC) and bioactive fractions in an in vitro inflammatory bowel disease model. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 57:364-376. [PMID: 30831485 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice callus suspension culture (RCSC) has been shown to exhibit potent antiproliferative activity in multiple cancer cell lines. RCSC and its bioactive compounds can fill the need for drugs with no side effects. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The anti-inflammatory potential of RCSC and its bioactive fractions on normal colon epithelial cell lines, was investigated. STUDY DESIGN Three cell lines, InEpC, NCM356 and CCD841-CoN were treated with proinflammatory cytokines followed by RCSC. Cytoplasmic and nuclear ROS were assayed with fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometer. Expression analysis of immune-related genes was performed in RCSC-treated cell lines. RCSC was fractionated using column chromatography and HPLC. Pooled fractions 10-18 was used to test for antiproliferative activity using colon adenocarcinoma cell line, SW620 and anti-inflammatory activity using CCD841-CoN. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed to identify candidate compounds in four fractions. RESULTS RCSC treatment showed differential effects with higher cytoplasmic ROS levels in NCM356 and CCD841-CoN and lower ROS levels in InEpC. Nuclear generated ROS levels increased in all three treated cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis of propidium iodide stained cells indicated mitigation of cell death caused by inflammation in RCSC treated groups in both NCM356 and CCD841-CoN. Genes encoding transcription factors and cytokines were differentially regulated in NCM356 and CCD841-CoN cell lines treated with RCSC which provided insights into possible pathways. Analysis of pooled fractions 10-18 by HPLC identified 8 peaks. Cell viability assay with fractions 10-18 using SW620 showed that the number of viable cells were greatly reduced which was similar to 6X and 33X RCSC with very little effect on normal cells which similar to 1X RCSC. RCSC fractions increased nuclear and cytoplasmic ROS vs. both untreated and inflammatory control. Analysis of four fractions by mass spectrometry identified 4-deoxyphloridzin, 5'-methoxycurcumin, piceid and lupeol as candidate compounds which are likely to be responsible for the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and immune-regulating properties of RCSC. CONCLUSION RCSC and its fractions showed anti-inflammatory activity on inflamed colon epithelial cells. Downstream target candidate genes which are likely to mediate RCSC effects were identified. Candidate compounds responsible for the antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity of RCSC and its fractions provide possible drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Driscoll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Aparna Deshpande
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Chapp
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Kefeng Li
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rupali Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Wusirika Ramakrishna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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25
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Gohil N, Bhattacharjee G, Khambhati K, Braddick D, Singh V. Engineering Strategies in Microorganisms for the Enhanced Production of Squalene: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:50. [PMID: 30968019 PMCID: PMC6439483 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triterpene squalene is a natural compound that has demonstrated an extraordinary diversity of uses in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and personal care industries. Emboldened by this range of uses, novel applications that can gain profit from the benefits of squalene as an additive or supplement are expanding, resulting in its increasing demand. Ever since its discovery, the primary source has been the deep-sea shark liver, although recent declines in their populations and justified animal conservation and protection regulations have encouraged researchers to identify a novel route for squalene biosynthesis. This renewed scientific interest has profited from immense developments in synthetic biology, which now allows fine-tuning of a wider range of plants, fungi, and microorganisms for improved squalene production. There are numerous naturally squalene producing species and strains; although they generally do not make commercially viable yields as primary shark liver sources can deliver. The recent advances made toward improving squalene output from natural and engineered species have inspired this review. Accordingly, it will cover in-depth knowledge offered by the studies of the natural sources, and various engineering-based strategies that have been used to drive the improvements in the pathways toward large-scale production. The wide uses of squalene are also discussed, including the notable developments in anti-cancer applications and in augmenting influenza vaccines for greater efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg Gohil
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Darren Braddick
- Department of R&D, Cementic S. A. S., Genopole, Paris, France
| | - Vijai Singh
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
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26
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Improving lupeol production in yeast by recruiting pathway genes from different organisms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2992. [PMID: 30816209 PMCID: PMC6395594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpene that shows a variety of pharmacological properties. Compared to engineering the production of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, it is much more challenging to engineer the biosynthesis of triterpenes in microbial platforms. This study showed our efforts on engineering the triterpene pathway in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by recruiting the codon-optimized three lupeol pathway genes from different organisms. By comparing their activities with their respective counterparts, the squalene synthase from Thermosynechococcus elongates (tSQS), the squalene epoxidase from Rattus norvegicus (rSE) and the lupeol synthase from Olea europaea (OeLUP) were introduced into E. coli BL21(DE3), a break-through from zero was observed for lupeol biosynthesis in a prokaryotic host. We also assessed the lupeol pathway under two different yeast backgrounds-WAT11 and EPY300, and have found that the engineered strains based on EPY300, named ECHHOe, processed the best lupeol-producing ability with the maximum lupeol titer being 200.1 mg l−1 at 30 °C in a 72 h-flask culture, which so far was the highest amount of lupeol obtained by a microbial system and provides a basis for further industrial application of lupeol in the future.
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27
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Saini M, Khan MF, Sangwan R, Khan MA, Kumar A, Verma R, Ahamad T, Jain S. Design, Synthesis and
In‐Vitro
Antitumor Activity of Lupeol Derivatives
via
Modification at C‐3 and C‐30 Positions. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Saini
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Lucknow Lucknow- 226001, UP India
| | - Mohammad Faheem Khan
- Department of BiotechnologyEra's Lucknow Medical College & HospitalEra University Lucknow- 226003, UP India
| | - Reetu Sangwan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Lucknow Lucknow- 226001, UP India
| | - Mohsin Ali Khan
- Department of BiotechnologyEra's Lucknow Medical College & HospitalEra University Lucknow- 226003, UP India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Chemistry University of Lucknow Lucknow- 226001, UP India
| | - Ruchi Verma
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Lucknow Lucknow- 226001, UP India
| | - Tanveer Ahamad
- Department of BiotechnologyEra's Lucknow Medical College & HospitalEra University Lucknow- 226003, UP India
| | - Sudha Jain
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Lucknow Lucknow- 226001, UP India
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28
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Vu DC, Lei Z, Sumner LW, Coggeshall MV, Lin CH. Identification and quantification of phytosterols in black walnut kernels. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Wongwaiwech D, Weerawatanakorn M, Tharatha S, Ho CT. Comparative study on amount of nutraceuticals in by-products from solvent and cold pressing methods of rice bran oil processing. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:71-82. [PMID: 30648596 PMCID: PMC9298647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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30
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Lieb VM, Schuster LK, Schmarr H, Carle R, Steingass CB. Lipophilic compounds and thermal behaviour of African mango (
Irvingia gabonensis
(Aubry‐Lecomte ex. O'Rorke) Baill.) kernel fat. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika M. Lieb
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis University of Hohenheim Garbenstraße 25 Stuttgart 70599 Germany
| | - Laura K. Schuster
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis University of Hohenheim Garbenstraße 25 Stuttgart 70599 Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Schmarr
- Institute for Viticulture and Oenology Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum (DLR) Rheinpfalz Breitenweg 71 Neustadt an der Weinstraße 67435 Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry Instrumental Analytical Chemistry University Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 5 Essen 45141 Germany
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis University of Hohenheim Garbenstraße 25 Stuttgart 70599 Germany
- Biological Science Department King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80257 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Christof B. Steingass
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis University of Hohenheim Garbenstraße 25 Stuttgart 70599 Germany
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31
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Zhao X, Dong B, Li P, Wei W, Dang J, Liu Z, Tao Y, Han H, Shao Y, Yue H. Fatty Acid and Phytosterol Composition, and Biological Activities ofLycium ruthenicumMurr. Seed Oil. J Food Sci 2018; 83:2448-2456. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhao
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Banmacailang Dong
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Pi Li
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Wei Wei
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Jun Dang
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Zenggeng Liu
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Yanduo Tao
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Hongping Han
- the Key Laboratory of Medicinal Animal and Plant Resources in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai Province; Xining 810008 China
| | - Yun Shao
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Huilan Yue
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
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32
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Kim YJ, Lee Y, Kim J, Park SY, Lee K, Hwang KT. Physicochemical characteristics and anti-oxidant activities of farm-cultivated and mountain-cultivated ginseng seeds. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:1257-1264. [PMID: 30319833 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Physicochemical characteristics and anti-oxidant capacities of seeds from two farm-cultivated and one mountain-cultivated ginsengs (Panax ginseng Meyer) (MG) were determined. The seeds had 17.9-22.1% (dry basis) crude lipids, 11.5-15.2% crude proteins, and 1.4-1.7% ash. Oleic acid (77.9-78.5%) was the predominant fatty acid in the seed oils, followed by linoleic acid (16.6-17.4%). The highest Hunter b value, carotenoids, (β + γ)-tocotrienol, and δ-tocotrienol, and the lowest α-tocotrienol were observed in the seed oils from MG. Squalene was also the most abundant in the MG seed oils. β-Sitosterol was the major phytosterol in the seed oils with MG the highest. Defatted seed meal extracts from MG possessed the most total phenolics and flavonoids, and the highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. These results suggest that MG seeds may be a novel source of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jeong Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Yongcheol Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Jaecheol Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Sun Young Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Kiuk Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Keum Taek Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
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Phytosterols and their derivatives: Structural diversity, distribution, metabolism, analysis, and health-promoting uses. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70:35-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Olas B. The beneficial health aspects of sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A.Nelson) oil. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 213:183-190. [PMID: 29166576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL CONTEXT Plant oils are known to have biological activity. This review paper summarizes the current knowledge of the composition of sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A.Nelson) seed and pulp oil and its beneficial health aspects. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro and in vivo studies on humans and animals have found sea buckthorn oil to have a variety of beneficial properties to human health, and indicate that it may be a valuable component of human and animal nutrition. Various bioactive substances are present in all parts of sea buckthorn, and these are used traditionally as raw material for health foods and as nutritional supplements. The oil, berries, leaves and bark have medicinal properties, and the fruits have a unique taste; these parts can be processed to make oil, juice, jam, jellies and candies, as well as alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. RESULTS Sea buckthorn oil may be extracted from the seed or the pulp. The mature seeds contain 8-20% oil and the dried fruit pulp about 20-25%, while the fruit residue contains about 15-20% oil after juice extraction. These oils have high concentrations of lipophilic constituents, most commonly unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), phytosterols and vitamins A and E. These components have a multifunctional effect on human health, with the fatty acids playing an important function in modifying cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disorders. The oil also has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-depressive properties. CONCLUSION Sea buckthorn is a unique plant. Its beneficial properties against cardiovascular disorders have been attributed to its high UFA content and range of phytosterols, especially beta-sitosterol. However, its different action on the human organism remain unclear, and further well-controlled, high-quality experiments with human subjects are required to determine the prophylactic and therapeutic doses of sea buckthorn oil for use in clinical studies. Additional studies are also needed to understand the action by which the oil exerts its beneficial properties, i.e. its cardioprotective and anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Olas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/3, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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Lee DG, Lee J, Kim KT, Lee SW, Kim YO, Cho IH, Kim HJ, Park CG, Lee S. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of phytosterols in Panax ginseng root grown under different conditions. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:16-20. [PMID: 29348717 PMCID: PMC5766704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Panax ginseng plant is used as an herbal medicine. Phytosterols of P. ginseng have inhibitory effects on inflammation-related factors in HepG2 cells. METHODS Phytosterols (e.g., stigmasterol and β-sitosterol) in the roots of P. ginseng grown under various conditions were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The P. ginseng roots analyzed in this study were collected from three cultivation areas in Korea (i.e., Geumsan, Yeongju, and Jinan) and differed by cultivation year (i.e., 4 years, 5 years, and 6 years) and production process (i.e., straight ginseng, red ginseng, and white ginseng). RESULTS The concentrations of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol in P. ginseng roots were 2.22-23.04 mg/g and 7.35-59.09 mg/g, respectively. The highest concentrations of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were in the roots of 6-year-old P. ginseng cultivated in Jinan (82.14 mg/g and 53.23 mg/g, respectively). CONCLUSION Six-year-old white ginseng and white ginseng cultivated in Jinan containing stigmasterol and β-sitosterol are potentially a new source of income in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gu Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tack Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ock Kim
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, and Institute of Korean Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jae Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Gun Park
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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36
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Gachumi G, El-Aneed A. Mass Spectrometric Approaches for the Analysis of Phytosterols in Biological Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10141-10156. [PMID: 29058915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant sterols (phytosterols) are important structural components of plant cellular membranes, and they play a major role during development and metabolism. They have health-associated benefits, especially in lowering blood cholesterol levels. Because of their many health claims, there is a growing interest in their analysis. Although various analytical strategies have been employed in analyzing phytosterols, chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (MS) is superior due to its sensitivity. Furthermore, specificity and selectivity are enhanced by utilizing tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This article reviews the various mass spectrometric strategies used for the analysis of phytosterols. It highlights the applications and limitations associated with each MS strategy in various sample matrixes such as plant, human, animal, food, and dietary supplements. GC-MS was historically the method of choice for analysis; however, the derivatization step rendered it tedious and time-consuming. On the other hand, liquid chromatography coupled to MS (LC-MS) simplifies the analysis. Many ionization techniques have been used, namely, electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). APCI showed superiority in terms of ion intensity and consistency in ion formation, primarily forming [M + H - H2O]+ ions rather than [M + H]+. In addition, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) as well as ambient mass spectrometry such as direct analysis in real time (DART) have also been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Gachumi
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada , S7N 5E5
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada , S7N 5E5
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37
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Hasanpourghadi M, Pandurangan AK, Mustafa MR. Modulation of oncogenic transcription factors by bioactive natural products in breast cancer. Pharmacol Res 2017; 128:376-388. [PMID: 28923544 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis, a multi-step phenomenon, characterized by alterations at genetic level and affecting the main intracellular pathways controlling cell growth and development. There are growing number of evidences linking oncogenes to the induction of malignancies, especially breast cancer. Modulations of oncogenes lead to gain-of-function signals in the cells and contribute to the tumorigenic phenotype. These signals yield a large number of proteins that cause cell growth and inhibit apoptosis. Transcription factors such as STAT, p53, NF-κB, c-JUN and FOXM1, are proteins that are conserved among species, accumulate in the nucleus, bind to DNA and regulate the specific genes targets. Oncogenic transcription factors resulting from the mutation or overexpression following aberrant gene expression relay the signals in the nucleus and disrupt the transcription pattern. Activation of oncogenic transcription factors is associated with control of cell cycle, apoptosis, migration and cell differentiation. Among different cancer types, breast cancer is one of top ten cancers worldwide. There are different subtypes of breast cancer cell-lines such as non-aggressive MCF-7 and aggressive and metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells, which are identified with distinct molecular profile and different levels of oncogenic transcription factor. For instance, MDA-MB-231 carries mutated and overexpressed p53 with its abnormal, uncontrolled downstream signalling pathway that account for resistance to several anticancer drugs compared to MCF-7 cells with wild-type p53. Appropriate enough, inhibition of oncogenic transcription factors has become a potential target in discovery and development of anti-tumour drugs against breast cancer. Plants produce diverse amount of organic metabolites. Universally, these metabolites with biological activities are known as "natural products". The chemical structure and function of natural products have been studied since 1850s. Investigating these properties leaded to recognition of their molecular effects as anticancer drugs. Numerous natural products extracted from plants, fruits, mushrooms and mycelia, show potential inhibitory effects against several oncogenic transcription factors in breast cancer. Natural compounds that target oncogenic transcription factors have increased the number of candidate therapeutic agents. This review summarizes the current findings of natural products in targeting specific oncogenic transcription factors in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Hasanpourghadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashok Kumar Pandurangan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rais Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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38
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Ruiz-Rodríguez MA, Vedani A, Flores-Mireles AL, Cháirez-Ramírez MH, Gallegos-Infante JA, González-Laredo RF. In Silico Prediction of the Toxic Potential of Lupeol. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1562-1571. [PMID: 28654752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lupeol is a natural triterpenoid found in many plant species such as mango. This compound is the principal active component of many traditional herbal medicines. In the past decade, a considerable number of publications dealt with lupeol and its analogues due to the interest in their pharmacological activities against cancer, inflammation, arthritis, diabetes, and heart disease. To identify further potential applications of lupeol and its analogues, it is necessary to investigate their mechanisms of action, particularly their interaction with off-target proteins that may trigger adverse effects or toxicity. In this study, we simulated and quantified the interaction of lupeol and 11 of its analogues toward a series of 16 proteins known or suspected to trigger adverse effects employing the VirtualToxLab. This software provides a thermodynamic estimate of the binding affinity, and the results were challenged by molecular-dynamics simulations, which allow probing the kinetic stability of the underlying protein-ligand complexes. Our results indicate that there is a moderate toxic potential for lupeol and some of its analogues, by targeting and binding to nuclear receptors involved in fertility, which could trigger undesired adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Ruiz-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Durango , Boulevard Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., 34080 Durango, México.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Vedani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana L Flores-Mireles
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1093, United States
| | - Manuel H Cháirez-Ramírez
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Durango , Boulevard Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., 34080 Durango, México
| | - José A Gallegos-Infante
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Durango , Boulevard Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., 34080 Durango, México
| | - Rubén F González-Laredo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Durango , Boulevard Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., 34080 Durango, México
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Tsai FS, Lin LW, Wu CR. Lupeol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 929:145-175. [PMID: 27771924 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lupeol belongs to pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenes and exhibits in edible vegetables, fruits and many plants. Many researches indicated that lupeol possesses many beneficial pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic and anti-mutagenic effects. From various disease-targeted animal models, these reports indicated that lupeol has anti-diabetic, anti-asthma, anti-arthritic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, neuroprotective and anticancer efficiency under various routes of administration such as topical, oral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intravenous. It is worth mentioning that clinical trials of lupeol were performed to treat canine oral malignant melanoma and human moderate skin acne in Japan and Korea. The detailed mechanism of anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective and anticancer activities was further reviewed from published papers. These evidence indicate that lupeol is a multi-target agent to exert diverse pharmacological potency with many potential targeting proteins such as α-glucosidase, α-amylase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP 1B) and TCA cycle enzymes and targeting pathway such as IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-mediated toll-like receptor 4 (IRAK-TLR4), Bcl-2 family, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. This review also provides suggestion that lupeol might be a valuable and potential lead compound to develop as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective and anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Shiu Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicines for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Lin
- School of Chinese Medicines for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Rei Wu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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40
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de Aguiar CM, Sampaio SC, Santos KA, da Silva EA, Piana PA, Richart A, dos Reis RR. Total fatty acid content, antioxidant composition, antioxidant activity, and content of oil from crambe seeds cultivated with phosphorus. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvio Cesar Sampaio
- State University of Western ParanáCenter for Engineering and Exact SciencesCascavelParaná (PR)Brazil
| | - Kátia Andressa Santos
- State University of Western ParanáCenter for Engineering and Exact SciencesToledoParaná (PR)Brazil
| | - Edson Antônio da Silva
- State University of Western ParanáCenter for Engineering and Exact SciencesToledoParaná (PR)Brazil
| | - Pitágoras Augusto Piana
- State University of Western ParanáCenter for Engineering and Exact SciencesToledoParaná (PR)Brazil
| | - Alfredo Richart
- Pontifical Catholic University of ParanáToledoParaná (PR)Brazil
| | - Ralpho Rinaldo dos Reis
- State University of Western ParanáCenter for Engineering and Exact SciencesCascavelParaná (PR)Brazil
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41
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Sebastiani B, Giorgini M, Falcinelli S. Chemical Characterization of Lodoicea maldivica Fruit. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 28452174 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we report the attempt to characterize the chemical composition of fruit kernel of Lodoicea maldivica coco nucifera palm (commonly named as 'Coco de mer') by gas chromatographic method. The analysis was performed by HS-SPME and GC/MS techniques to determine volatile aroma, sterol, and fatty acid composition profiles in the internal and external pulp of two distinct coconuts. Although no qualitative differences in flavour composition were observed between the two analysed coconuts and the relative two pulp parts, variations in the abundance levels of the prominent compounds have been recorded. The averaged quantity of total phytosterols, resulting from the two analysed 'Coco de mer' samples, was almost constant in both kernels coconut, being 24.5 μg/g (of dry net matter) for the external, and 26.9 μg/g (of dry net matter) for the internal portion. In both coconuts, the fatty acid pattern composition was characterized by seven saturated acids ranged from C14:0 (myristic) to C20:0 (arachidic) and two monounsaturated acids, the palmitoleic (C16:1, ω7) and the oleic (C18:1, ω9). Palmitic acid (C16:0) was the predominant one with an average contribution of about 49.0%, followed by pentadecanoic 16.5%, stearic (C18:0) 11.6%, and myristic (C14:0) 9.9% acids in all two examined kernel portions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Sebastiani
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Falcinelli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125, Perugia, Italy
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42
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Kim GW, Jo HK, Chung SH. Ginseng seed oil ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation in vitro and in vivo. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:419-428. [PMID: 30344430 PMCID: PMC6191945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the large number of studies on ginseng, pharmacological activities of ginseng seed oil (GSO) have not been established. GSO is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, mostly oleic and linoleic acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are known to exert a therapeutic effect in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we investigated the protective effect and underlying mechanisms of GSO against NAFLD using in vitro and in vivo models. Methods In vitro lipid accumulation was induced by free fatty acid mixture in HepG2 cells and by 3 wk of high fat diet (HFD)-feeding in Sprague-Dawley rats prior to hepatocyte isolation. The effects of GSO against diet-induced hepatic steatosis were further examined in C57BL/6J mice fed a HFD for 12 wk. Results Oil Red O staining and intracellular triglyceride levels showed marked accumulation of lipid droplets in both HepG2 cells and rat hepatocytes, and these were attenuated by GSO treatment. In HFD-fed mice, GSO improved HFD-induced dyslipidemia and hepatic insulin resistance. Increased hepatic lipid contents were observed in HFD-fed mice and it was lowered in GSO (500 mg/kg)-treated mice by 26.4% which was evident in histological analysis. Pathway analysis of hepatic global gene expression indicated that GSO increased the expression of genes associated with β-oxidation (Ppara, Ppargc1a, Sirt1, and Cpt1a) and decreased the expression of lipogenic genes (Srebf1 and Mlxipl), and these were confirmed with reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase-chain reaction. Conclusion These findings suggest that GSO has a beneficial effect on NAFLD through the suppression of lipogenesis and stimulation of fatty acid degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Woon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Jo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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43
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Lee MH, Rhee YK, Choi SY, Cho CW, Hong HD, Kim KT. Quality and characteristics of fermented ginseng seed oil based on bacterial strain and extraction method. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:428-433. [PMID: 28701887 PMCID: PMC5489869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the fermentation of ginseng seeds was hypothesized to produce useful physiologically-active substances, similar to that observed for fermented ginseng root. Ginseng seed was fermented using Bacillus, Pediococcus, and Lactobacillus strains to extract ginseng seed oil, and the extraction yield, color, and quantity of phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and phytosterol were then analyzed. METHODS The ginseng seed was fermented inoculating 1% of each strain on sterilized ginseng seeds and incubating the seeds at 30°C for 24 h. Oil was extracted from the fermented ginseng seeds using compression extraction, solvent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The color of the fermented ginseng seed oil did not differ greatly according to the fermentation or extraction method. The highest phenolic compound content recovered with the use of supercritical fluid extraction combined with fermentation using the Bacillus subtilis Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI) 1127 strain. The fatty acid composition did not differ greatly according to fermentation strain and extraction method. The phytosterol content of ginseng seed oil fermented with Bacillus subtilis KFRI 1127 and extracted using the supercritical fluid method was highest at 983.58 mg/100 g. Therefore, our results suggested that the ginseng seed oil fermented with Bacillus subtilis KFRI 1127 and extracted using the supercritical fluid method can yield a higher content of bioactive ingredients, such as phenolics, and phytosterols, without impacting the color or fatty acid composition of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hee Lee
- Ginseng Research Team, Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyoung Rhee
- Ginseng Research Team, Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Choi
- Ginseng Research Team, Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Ginseng Research Team, Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Ginseng Research Team, Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tack Kim
- Ginseng Research Team, Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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44
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Squalene Extraction by Supercritical Fluids from Traditionally Puffed Amaranthus hypochondriacus Seeds. J FOOD QUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/6879712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraction of squalene, a potent natural antioxidant, from puffed A. hypochondriacus seeds was performed by supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE); besides, to have a blank for comparison, extraction was performed also by Soxhlet method using organic solvents (hexane). Chemical proximal composition and seed morphology were determined in raw, puffed, and SCFE-extracted seeds. Extracts were obtained with a 500 mL capacity commercial supercritical extractor and performed between 10 and 30 MPa at 313, 323, and 333 K under constant CO2 flow of 0.18 kg CO2/h during 8 h. The squalene content was determined and the fatty acids present in the extracts were identified by GC-MS. The extract obtained by SCFE from puffed amaranth seeds reached 460 ± 28.1 g/kg squalene in oily extract at 313 K/20 MPa.
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Svetashev VI, Burundukova OL, Muzarok TI, Zhuravlev YN. Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds From Wild and Cultivated Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer): Occurrence of a High Level of Petroselinic Acid. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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46
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Bak MJ, Truong VL, Ko SY, Nguyen XNG, Jun M, Hong SG, Lee JW, Jeong WS. Induction of Nrf2/ARE-mediated cytoprotective genes by red ginseng oil through ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in HepG2 cells. J Ginseng Res 2016; 40:423-430. [PMID: 27746696 PMCID: PMC5052443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of cellular defensive genes such as phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes is a highly effective strategy for protection against carcinogenesis as well as slowing cancer development. Transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) is responsible for activation of phase II enzymes induced by natural chemopreventive compounds. METHODS Red ginseng oil (RGO) was extracted using a supercritical CO2 extraction system and chemical profile of RGO was investigated by GC/MS. Effects of RGO on regulation of the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway were determined by ARE-luciferase assay, western blotting, and confocal microscopy. RESULTS The predominant components of RGO were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (31.48%), bicyclo[10.1.0]tridec-1-ene (22.54%), and 22,23-dihydrostigmasterol (16.90%). RGO treatment significantly increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 as well as ARE reporter gene activity, leading to upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. Phosphorylation of the upstream kinases such as apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK)1, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MKK)4/7, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK were enhanced by treatment with RGO. In addition, RGO-mediated Nrf2 expression and nuclear translocation was attenuated by JNK inhibitor SP600125 and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190. CONCLUSION RGO could be used as a potential chemopreventive agent, possibly by induction of Nrf2/ARE-mediated phase II enzymes via ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Bak
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Department of Chemical Biology, Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Van-Long Truong
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Se-Yeon Ko
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Xuan Ngan Giang Nguyen
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Soon-Gi Hong
- Ginseng Product Research Institute, R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong-Won Lee
- Ginseng Product Research Institute, R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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Silva CMD, Zanqui AB, Souza AH, Gohara AK, Gomes STM, Silva EAD, Filho LC, Matsushita M. Extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze using subcritical n-propane and organic solvents. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Anwar F, Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Zengin G, Alkharfy KM, Ashraf M, Gilani AH. Capparis spinosa L.: A Plant with High Potential for Development
of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals/Pharmaceuticals. INT J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.201.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chanana P, Kumar A. GABA-BZD Receptor Modulating Mechanism of Panax quinquefolius against 72-h Sleep Deprivation Induced Anxiety like Behavior: Possible Roles of Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:84. [PMID: 27013946 PMCID: PMC4779932 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale:Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng) is known for its therapeutic potential against various neurological disorders, but its plausible mechanism of action still remains undeciphered. GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid) plays an important role in sleep wake cycle homeostasis. Thus, there exists rationale in exploring the GABA-ergic potential of Panax quinquefolius as neuroprotective strategy in sleep deprivation induced secondary neurological problems. Objective: The present study was designed to explore the possible GABA-ergic mechanism in the neuro-protective effect of Panax quinquefolius against 72-h sleep deprivation induced anxiety like behavior, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, HPA-axis activation and neuroinflammation. Materials and Methods: Male laca mice were sleep deprived for 72-h by using Grid suspended over water method. Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was administered alone and in combination with GABA modulators (GABA Cl− channel inhibitor, GABA-benzodiazepine receptor inhibitor and GABAA agonist) for 8 days, starting 5 days prior to 72-h sleep deprivation period. Various behavioral (locomotor activity, mirror chamber test), biochemical (lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, catalase, nitrite levels), mitochondrial complexes, neuroinflammation marker (Tumor Necrosis Factor, TNF-alpha), serum corticosterone, and histopathological sections of brains were assessed. Results: Seventy two hours sleep deprivation significantly impaired locomotor activity, caused anxiety-like behavior, conditions of oxidative stress, alterations in mitochondrial enzyme complex activities, raised serum corticosterone levels, brain TNFα levels and led to neuroinflammation like signs in discrete brain areas as compared to naive group. Panax quinquefolius (100 and 200 mg/kg) treatment restored the behavioral, biochemical, mitochondrial, molecular and histopathological alterations. Pre-treatment of GABA Cl− channel inhibitor as well as GABA-benzodiazepine receptor inhibitor, significantly reversed the protective effect of P. quinquefolius (100 mg/kg) in 72-h sleep deprived animals (P < 0.05). However, pretreatment with GABAA agonist, potentiated Panax quinquefolius's protective effect which was significant as compared to their effect per se (p < 0.05). Conclusion: GABA-ergic mechanism could be involved in the neuroprotective effect of P.quinquefolius against sleep deprivation induced anxiety-like behavior, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, HPA axis activation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chanana
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
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Almagro L, García-Pérez P, Belchí-Navarro S, Sánchez-Pujante PJ, Pedreño MA. New strategies for the use of Linum usitatissimum cell factories for the production of bioactive compounds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 99:73-8. [PMID: 26741536 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, suspension-cultured cells of Linum usitatissimum L. were used to evaluate the effect of two types of cyclodextrins, β-glucan and (Z)-3-hexenol separately or in combination on phytosterol and tocopherol production. Suspension-cultured cells of L. usitatissimum were able to produce high levels of phytosterols in the presence of 50 mM methylated-β-cyclodextrins (1325.96 ± 107.06 μg g dry weight(-1)) separately or in combination with β-glucan (1278.57 ± 190.10 μg g dry weight(-1)) or (Z)-3-hexenol (1507.88 ± 173.02 μg g dry weight(-1)), being cyclodextrins able to increase both the secretion and accumulation of phytosterols in the spent medium, whereas β-glucan and (Z)-3-hexenol themselves only increased its intracellular accumulation. Moreover, the phytosterol values found in the presence of hydroxypropylated-β-cyclodextrins were lower than those found in the presence of methylated-β-cyclodextrins in all cases studied. However, the results showed that the presence of methylated-β-cyclodextrins did not increase the tocopherols production and only an increase in tocopherol levels was observed when cells were elicited with 50 mM hydroxypropylated-β-cyclodextrins in combination with β-glucan (174 μg g dry weight(-1)) or (Z)-3-hexenol (257 μg g dry weight(-1)). Since the levels of tocopherol produced in the combined treatment were higher than the sum of the individual treatments, a synergistic effect between both elicitors was assumed. To sum up, flax cell cultures elicited with cyclodextrins alone or in combination with β-glucan or (Z)-3-hexenol were able produce phytosterols and tocopherols, and therefore, these elicited suspension-cultured cells of L. usitatissimum can provide an alternative system, which is at the same time more sustainable, economical and ecological for their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Almagro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pascual García-Pérez
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sarai Belchí-Navarro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - M A Pedreño
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
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