Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common vegetables

Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of flavonoid-rich fractions of Solanum anguivi Lam. fruit: In vitro and ex vivo studies

Diabetes mellitus is a major, rapidly growing endocrine disorder in most countries. The high cost and side effects of conventional drugs for the management of this disease have shifted attention to medicinal plants. Solanum anguivi (S. anguivi) fruits has been reported to be a very good and rich source of polyphenols such as flavonoids, that can be exploited. Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites widely found in vegetables, fruits and seeds and are known to be of medicinal significance in different range of diseases like diabetes. This study involved in vitro and ex vivo assays on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties of flavonoid-rich fractions of S. anguivi fruits. Healthy male Wistar rats (n = 5) weighing 150-180 g were used for ex vivo antioxidant and antidiabetic studies, their liver was exercised for the experiment. The percentage yields of the three flavonoid-rich fractions (Fr. A, B, and C) of S. anguivi fruits obtained from the column chromatographic technique were 15.53 ± 0.75, 11.53 ± 0.80, and 10.17 ± 0.49 mg/g quercetin equivalents. The three fractions (A, B, and C) of S. anguivi fruits significantly scavenged both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with fraction A having the lowest IC50 value (26.14 ± 1.06 μg/ml) compared with fraction B (37.78 ± 5.12 μg/ml) and fraction C (38.24 ± 2.40 μg/ml) when compared with ascorbic acid with the least IC50 value (15.27 ± 0.34 μg/ml). While fraction A (19.61 ± 1.19 μg/ml) scavenged nitric oxide (NO) radicals better than fraction B (22.97 ± 0.55 μg/ml) and fraction C (49.95 ± 6.18 μg/ml). Although ascorbic acid had better scavenging ability than the three fractions (17.23 ± 0.16 μg/ml). The flavonoid-rich fraction A shows better result in inhibiting α-glucosidase with IC50 value of 16.24 μg/ml compared to fraction B (128.04 μg/ml) and fraction C (143.16 μg/ml). For α-amylase, flavonoid-rich fraction A had an IC50 of 31.50 μg/ml compared to B (84.32 μg/ml) and C (145.40 μg/ml). The various controls also showed promising results with acarbose having IC50 of 3.93 μg/mL and 15.66 μg/mL respectively for α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Our findings also showed that FeSO4-induced tissue damage decreased the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT activities while increasing the levels of MDA. In contrast, following treatment with the three flavonoid fractions of S. anguivi fruits helped to restore these parameters to near-normal levels, by significantly increasing the potential of GSH, SOD, CAT and reducing the levels of MDA which signifies that flavonoid-rich fractions of S. anguivi have great potential to address complications arising from oxidative stress. In addition, the three flavonoid-rich fractions A, B, and C of S. anguivi fruits exhibited ex vivo anti-inflammatory properties via reduced nitric oxide levels in iron-induced oxidative damage. Data obtained from this study shows that the flavonoid-rich fraction of S. anguivi possess anti-diabetic property via inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase and antioxidant property via free radical scavenging. Also, comparing all the fractions, flavonoid-rich fraction A appears to be more potent compared to the fractions B and C. Further research will be needed in isolating and as well applying the fractions in real life situations in the management of diabetes.

Pharmacological Properties of White Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaves: Suppressing Migratory and Invasive Activities Against A549 Lung Cancer Cells

Morus alba known as a white mulberry is a medicinal plant that has been used in food ingredients and traditional medicine. M. alba leaves contain various bioactive phenolic compounds, in particular chlorogenic acid (CGA), which is a major bioactive ingredient. Their anticancer potency of M. alba leaf extracts derived from Soxhlet extraction was evaluated based on cytotoxicity and antimigratory and antiinvasive properties. The dichloromethane extract exhibited the highest nitric oxide radical scavenging activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 780 μg/mL, promising cytotoxicity against HuCCA-1, MCF-7, and A-549 cells with IC50 values of 59.18, 62.20, and 103.25 μg/mL, respectively. CGA selectively inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 26.75 μg/mL and showed potent radical scavenging activity against DPPH radicals (IC50 = 18.85 μg/mL). An ethanolic extract derived from the gradient Soxhlet extraction suppressed A549 lung cancer cell migration and invasion more effectively than CGA with no migratory inhibition effect on noncancerous HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the ethanolic extract and CGA accelerated HaCaT wound closure at 20 µg/mL, which was the same as allantoin. Bioactive ingredients including triterpenes, steroids, phenolics, and flavonoids were mainly detected in all extracts. The highest content of CGA (52.23 g/100 g dry weight) was found in the ethanolic extract derived from the gradient Soxhlet extraction. These findings show the potency of the dichloromethane extract as a cytotoxic agent against various cancer types and the ethanolic extract as an antimetastatic agent by their antimigratory and antiinvasive activities.

Effect of Pulsed Electric Fields on the Shelf Stability and Sensory Acceptability of Osmotically Dehydrated Spinach: A Mathematical Modeling Approach

This study focused on the osmotic dehydration (OD) of ready-to-eat spinach leaves combined with the pulsed electric field (PEF) pre-treatment. Untreated and PEF-treated (0.6 kV/cm, 0-200 pulses) spinach leaves were osmotically dehydrated at room temperature for up to 120 min. The application of PEF (0.6 kV/20 pulses) prior to OD (60% glycerol, 25 °C, 60 min) lowered water activity (aw = 0.891) while achieving satisfactory product acceptability (total sensory hedonic scoring of 8). During the storage of the product (at 4, 8, 12, and 20 °C for up to 30 d), a significant reduction in total microbial count evolution was observed (9.7 logCFU/g for the untreated samples vs. 5.1 logCFU/g for the PEF-OD-treated samples after 13 d of storage at 4 °C). The selection of these PEF and OD treatment conditions enabled the extension of the product shelf life by up to 33 d under chilled storage. Osmotically treated spinach could find application in ready-to-eat salad products with an extended shelf life, which is currently not possible due to the high perishability of the specific plant tissue.

Antioxidant Activities in Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) Shoots during Growth Stages and Destination of Chlorogenic Acid and Kaempferol Glycosides

Apart from being utilized as a commercial fiber at maturity, kenaf shoots have potential as a food and feed source because of their diverse bioactivities. Previous studies have focused on mature stems because of their high biomass, whereas the antioxidant activities (AA) and the destination of AA contributors of kenaf stems and their high-yielding byproduct leaves during the growth stage have rarely been studied. Therefore, we investigated changes in AA and its relative components in kenaf leaves and stems during the four vital growth stages. Higher ABTS radical cation and DPPH radical scavenging abilities and ferric reducing antioxidant power, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and total polysaccharide content were observed at all leaf stages and in the late stem stages. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) and kaempferol glycosides, especially kaempferitrin (Kfr), were identified as representative phenolic acids and flavonoids in both kenaf leaves and stems. The content of CGA in both leaves and stems increased corresponding to the plant's growth stage, whereas kaempferol glycosides were enhanced in leaves but declined in stems. The highest correlation was observed between TPC and AA in all organs. Further evaluation of CGA and Kfr verified that CGA was the predominant contributor to AA, surpassing Kfr. These findings suggest that kenaf leaves increase antioxidant levels as they grow and can be a useful source of stem harvesting byproducts.

Method for quantifying catechin in a strawberry extract by measuring optical absorbance, at high sensitivity, under the effect of wavelength and concentration

Catechin is considered a powerful antioxidant, and its rapid quantification could help urgently prevent inflammatory and coronary heart diseases. Consequently, the UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometry assay technique could serve this need for rapid detection. For this reason, we have carefully studied the possibility of dosing this antioxidant found in strawberry extract with precision, despite its chemical complexity. In the dosage technique used; sometimes the dilution of the solutions could be the way to resolve a specific quantification problem such as catechin in strawberry extract. This is quite particular, when the optical extinction coefficient of the target substance is very low compared to the extinction coefficients of the other chemical compounds in the complex mixture, because at a certain dilution the absorption spectrum of the molecule could appear, specifically, with its total spectral form or at least at one of these wavelengths. In this article, we will study the possibility of rapidly measuring catechin from strawberry extract by spectrophotometry in UV-VIS, while reformulating the Beer-Lambert law in a new form where the extinction coefficient did not depend not only of the chemical nature of the solute and the solvent but also of the excitation wavelength (ε(λ), Eq. (9)). A catechin-methanol solution is taken as a reference to study the spectral variation due to the various dilutions of the solution and the determination of a limiting concentration where the excitation wavelength becomes constant (203 nm), thus the extinction coefficient of the catechin, denoted ε0, but the measurement sensitivity is suddenly reduced. A semi-empirical relationship is determined by linearization of the absorbance function which depended on the concentration (C) and the excitation wavelength (ε(λ)). A separation process will be exposed to recover the strawberry extract, as well as its spectral analysis. Finally, a procedure for analyzing any strawberry extract will be presented at the end of this scientific article.

The molecular mechanism of obesity: The science behind natural exercise yoga and healthy diets in the treatment of obesity

The review centers on the scientific evidence underlying obesity, providing a detailed examination of the role of perilipin in this condition. It explores potential causes of obesity and delves into therapeutic approaches involving exercise, yoga, and herbal treatments. The paper discusses natural sources that can contribute to combating obesity and underscores the importance of exercise in a scientific context for overcoming obesity. Additionally, it includes information on herbal ingredients that aid in reducing obesity. The review also examines the impact of exercise type and intensity at various time intervals on muscle development. It elucidates triglyceride hydrolysis through different enzymes and the deposition of fatty acids in adipose tissue. The mechanisms by which alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 5 (ABHD5) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) target and activate their functions are detailed. The inflammatory response in obesity is explored, encompassing inflammatory markers, lipid storage diseases, and their classification with molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, the hormonal regulation of lipolysis is elaborated upon in the review.

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Cucumis sativus and Citrus macroptera Herbal Formulation: An In-Vitro Study

Background The interest in natural remedies is increasing rapidly as they can serve as alternatives to synthetic drugs and reduce their potential side effects. Current research is focused on examining the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics of a combination of Cucumis sativus and Citrus macroptera extract in an in-vitro context. The combination of citrus, cucumber, and glycerol extract could serve as an effective alternative to synthetic antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs and lower the side effects of the available synthetic drugs. This extract can be used to treat potentially malignant oral disorders like oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and oral lichen planus, which are attributed to its antioxidant properties. Aim To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of formulation of C. sativus, C. macroptera, and glycerol extract. Materials and methods The cucumber and citrus fruits were separated, cleaned, and dried. The cucumber was then peeled, its seeds cleaned, and the pulp cut into pieces. Using a laboratory mortar and pestle, a 5 ml extract was prepared. The citrus fruit was cut in half, its seeds were removed, and a 5 ml extract was prepared from their pulp only. These two extracts were combined to form a 10 ml extract solution with 8 ml of glycerol. The extracts were combined, shaken for 24 hours, filtered, and stored at 4°C. Assays like the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) assay, Bovine serum albumin (BSA) assay, and Egg albumin (EA) denaturation assay were performed to assess their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Results The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the extract showed comparable activity (percentage of inhibition: 76% in BSA and EA assays; 90% in DPPH and H2O2 assays) to that of the standard values (percentage of inhibition: 78% in BSA and EA assays; 92% in DPPH and H2O2 assays) at concentrations 30, 40, and 50 µl in the BSA assay, EA assay, DPPH, and H2O2 assay. The maximum concentration at which the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were appreciable was 50 µl in all assays.  Conclusion This study concluded that the combination of cucumber, citrus, and glycerol extract could serve as an effective alternative to synthetic antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs currently available. These extracts can provide a promising solution in the field of drug development for treating lesions caused by free radicals and oxidative stress in the oral cavity.

Moringa oleifera Oil Nutritional and Safety Impact on Deep-Fried Potatoes

Aiming to understand the nutritional impact of Moringa oleifera oil (MOO) on the quality of fried potatoes as consumed, a frying study using intermittent frying at 180 °C was conducted over 5 days, with a total heating time of 15 h, against olive (OO) and sunflower (SFO) oils. Additionally, due to MOO's higher costs, a SFO/MOO blend (80/20 w/w) was tested. With similar fat incorporation and moisture contents, potato lipid composition revealed the impact of oil oxidation over the frying time, gradually decreasing the content of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants, including vitamin E, carotenoids and ascorbic acid, and increasing the incorporation of trans fatty acids (TFAs) and volatile aldehydes. When the potatoes fried at the ninth hour of heating are compared, MOO and OO were still able to protect potato ascorbic acid better than SFO, due to the low oxidative stress imposed by their fatty-acid composition. SFO, on the contrary, with linoleic acid as the main fatty acid, and despite its higher content of vitamin E, demonstrated higher oxidative stress and increased incorporation of alkenals and alkadienals. Acrylamide content was generally low, as were the trans fatty acids formed and incorporated with frying time, with MOO fried potatoes having lower amounts of all these process contaminants. Interestingly, the blend SFO/MOO (80/20 w/w) doubled the amount of vitamin E in fried potatoes when compared with SFO alone, increased the ascorbic acid protection and reduced by half the amounts of volatile aldehydes, indicative of an efficient reduction of the oxidative status of the SFO-fried potatoes, with benefits to the consumer from a health point of view.

The molecular evaluation of thioredoxin (TXN1 & TXN2), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRd1), and oxidative stress markers in a binary rat model of hypo- and hyperthyroidism after treatment with gallic acid

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathology of thyroid disorders. This study examined the effect of gallic acid (GA) on the oxidative status and expression of liver antioxidant genes including thioredoxin (TXN1 & TXN2) and thioredoxin reductase1 (TXNRd1) in hypo- and hyperthyroid rat models. Forty-nine male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into seven groups as follows: control group, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid groups respectively induced by propylthiouracil and levothyroxine, hypo- and hyper thyroid-treated groups (where the groups were separately treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg of GA daily, orally). The levels of thyroid hormones and serum oxidative stress markers were evaluated after 5 weeks. The relative expression of TXN1,2 and TXNRd1 genes was measured via real-time qRT-PCR. The mean level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde, and uric acid index diminished in the hypothyroid group. Increased TAC reached almost the level of control in hypothyroid groups treated with GA. Elevation of thiol index in the hypothyroid group was observed (p < 0.01), which diminished to the control level after GA treatment. The relative expression of TXN1, TXNRd1, and TXN2 genes in the hypothyroid and hyperthyroid groups significantly increased compared to the control group (p ≥ 0.05), but in the groups treated with GA, the expression of these genes declined significantly (p ≥ 0.05). Our results indicated GA can affect the expression of TXN system genes in the rat liver. Also, the results suggest GA has a more positive effect on modulating serum oxidative parameters in hypothyroid rat models than in hyperthyroid.

Coping with the COVID-19 pandemic by strengthening immunity as a nonpharmaceutical intervention: A major public health challenge

Background and Aims

The global Coronavirus-2 outbreak has emerged as a significant threat to majority of individuals around the world. The most effective solution for addressing this viral outbreak is through vaccination. Simultaneously, the virus's mutation capabilities pose a potential risk to the effectiveness of both vaccines and, in certain instances, newly developed drugs. Conversely, the human body's immune system exhibits a robust ability to combat viral outbreaks with substantial confidence, as evidenced by the ratio of fatalities to affected individuals worldwide. Hence, an alternative strategy to mitigate this pandemic could involve enhancing the immune system's resilience.

Methods

The research objective of the review is to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the role of inflammation and immunity in COVID-19. The pertinent literature concerning immune system functions, the impact of inflammation against viruses like SARS-CoV-2, and the connection between nutritional interventions, inflammation, and immunity was systematically explored.

Results

Enhancing immune function involves mitigating the impact of key factors that negatively influence the immune response. Strengthening the immune system against emerging diseases can be achieved through nonpharmaceutical measures such as maintaining a balanced nutrition, engaging in regular exercise, ensuring adequate sleep, and managing stress.

Conclusion

This review aims to convey the significance of and provide recommendations for immune-strengthening strategies amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Vegetable as a Source of Bioactive Compounds with Photoprotective Properties: Implication in the Aging Process

The skin, as an external organ, protects the entire body against harmful external factors. One of these factors is ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which in excessive amounts can lead to premature skin aging, DNA damage, and even skin cancer. Therefore, it is worth supporting skin protection not only with commercially available preparations, but also with a proper diet. Consuming certain vegetables and applying them topically may reduce the effects of UV radiation. The aim of the review was to collect information on the effects of vegetables and their compounds on the skin when used externally or included in the diet. This review summarizes studies on vegetables, such as broccoli, cucumber, kale, tomato, and carrot, which have shown significant activity in skin photoprotection. Additionally, it outlines the bioactive substances present in these vegetables and their effects.

Solarplast®-An Enzymatically Treated Spinach Extract

In the modern world we are constantly bombarded by environmental and natural stimuli that can result in oxidative stress. Antioxidant molecules and enzymes help the human body scavenge reactive oxygen species and prevent oxidative damage. Most organisms possess intrinsic antioxidant activity, but also benefit from the consumption of antioxidants from their diet. Leafy green vegetables such as spinach are a well-researched rich source of dietary antioxidant molecules. However, plant cell walls are difficult to digest for many individuals and the bio-accessibility of nutrients and antioxidants from these sources can be limited by the degree of digestion and assimilation. Through a specific enzymatic process, Solarplast^® contains organic spinach protoplasts without the cell wall, which may facilitate higher yield and efficacy of beneficial antioxidant molecules. In this study, analytical techniques coupled to in vitro bioassays were used to determine the potential antioxidant activity of Solarplast^® and determine its antioxidant enzymatic capabilities. Solarplast^® demonstrated superior antioxidant activity when compared to frozen spinach leaves in TOC, FRAP and TEAC antioxidant assays. Several antioxidant enzymes were also increased in Solarplast^®, when compared to frozen spinach. As a functional readout, Solarplast^® attenuated hydrogen peroxide-, ethanol- and acetaminophen-induced increases in oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in both intestinal (HT-29) and liver (HepG2) cell lines. These findings suggest that Solarplast^® may represent a non-GMO, plant-based food supplement to help reduce oxidative stress in the human body.

Antioxidant potential and factors influencing the content of antioxidant compounds of pepper: A review with current knowledge

The use of natural food items as antioxidants has gained increasing popularity and attention in recent times supported by scientific studies validating the antioxidant properties of natural food items. Peppers (Capsicum spp.) are also important sources of antioxidants and several studies published during the last few decades identified and quantified various groups of phytochemicals with antioxidant capacities as well as indicated the influence of several pre- and postharvest factors on the antioxidant capacity of pepper. Therefore, this review summarizes the research findings on the antioxidant activity of pepper published to date and discusses their potential health benefits as well as the factors influencing the antioxidant activity in pepper. The major antioxidant compounds in pepper include capsaicinoids, capsinoids, vitamins, carotenoids, phenols, and flavonoids, and these antioxidants potentially modulate oxidative stress related to aging and diseases by targeting reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, lipid peroxidation products, as well as genes for transcription factors that regulate antioxidant response elements genes. The review also provides a systematic understanding of the factors that maintain or improve the antioxidant capacity of peppers and the application of these strategies offers options to pepper growers and spices industries for maximizing the antioxidant activity of peppers and their health benefits to consumers. In addition, the efficacy of pepper antioxidants, safety aspects, and formulations of novel products with pepper antioxidants have also been covered with future perspectives on potential innovative uses of pepper antioxidants in the future.

Flavor Characterization of Native Xinjiang Flat Peaches Based on Constructing Aroma Fingerprinting and Stoichiometry Analysis

The flat peach is a high economic value table fruit possessing excellent quality and a unique aroma. This article investigated the quality characteristics and aroma fingerprinting of flat peaches (Qingpan, QP; Ruipan 2, R2; Ruipan 4, R4; Wanpan, WP) from Xinjiang in terms of taste, antioxidant capacity, and volatile aroma compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HS-SPME-GC-MS. The results showed that the flat peaches had a good taste and high antioxidant capacity, mainly due to the high sugar-low acid property and high levels of phenolic compounds. This study found that sucrose (63.86~73.86%) was the main sugar, and malic acid (5.93~14.96%) and quinic acid (5.25~15.01%) were the main organic acids. Furthermore, chlorogenic acid (main phenolic compound), epicatechin, rutin, catechin, proanthocyanidin B1, and neochlorogenic acid were positively related to the antioxidant activity of flat peaches. All flat peaches had similar aroma characteristics and were rich in aromatic content. Aldehydes (especially benzaldehyde and 2-hexenal) and esters were the main volatile compounds. The aroma fingerprinting of flat peaches consisted of hexanal, 2-hexenal, nonanal, decanal, benzaldehyde, 2,4-decadienal, dihydro-β-ionone, 6-pentylpyran-2-one, 2-hexenyl acetate, ethyl caprylate, γ-decalactone, and theaspirane, with a "peach-like", "fruit", and "coconut-like" aroma. Among them, 2,4-decadienal, 2-hexenyl acetate, and theaspirane were the characteristic aroma compounds of flat peaches. The results provide a theoretical basis for the industrial application of the special aroma of flat peaches.

Antioxidant evaluation and computational prediction of prospective drug-like compounds from polyphenolic-rich extract of Hibiscus cannabinus L. seed as antidiabetic and neuroprotective targets: assessment through in vitro and in silico studies

BACKGROUND

Reports have implicated diabetes mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) as some of the global persistent health challenges with no lasting solutions, despite of significant inputs of modern-day pharmaceutical firms. This study therefore, aimed to appraise the in vitro antioxidant potential, enzymes inhibitory activities, and as well carry out in silico study on bioactive compounds from polyphenolic-rich extract of Hibiscus cannabinus seed (PEHc).

METHODS

In vitro antioxidant assays were performed on PEHc using standard methods while the identification of phytoconstituents was carried out with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For the in silico molecular docking using Schrodinger's Grid-based ligand docking with energetics software, seven target proteins were retrieved from the database ( https://www.rcsb.org/ ).

RESULTS

HPLC technique identified twelve chemical compounds in PEHc, while antioxidant quantification revealed higher total phenolic contents (243.5 ± 0.71 mg GAE/g) than total flavonoid contents (54.06 ± 0.09 mg QE/g) with a significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of ABTS (IC₅₀ = 218.30 ± 0.87 µg/ml) and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals (IC₅₀ = 227.79 ± 0.74 µg/ml). In a similar manner, the extract demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) inhibitory activity against α-amylase (IC₅₀ = 256.88 ± 6.15 µg/ml) and α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 183.19 ± 0.23 µg/ml) as well as acetylcholinesterase (IC₅₀ = 262.95 ± 1.47 µg/ml) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC₅₀ = 189.97 ± 0.82 µg/ml), respectively. Furthermore, In silico study showed that hibiscetin (a lead) revealed a very strong binding affinity energies for DPP-4, (PDB ID: 1RWQ) and α-amylase (PDB ID: 1SMD), gamma-tocopherol ( for peptide-1 receptor; PDB ID: 3C59, AChE; PDB ID: 4EY7 and BChE; PDB ID: 7B04), cianidanol for α-glucosidase; PDB ID: 7KBJ and kaempferol for Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1); PDB ID: 6BHV, respectively. More so, ADMET scores revealed drug-like potentials of the lead compounds identified in PEHc.

CONCLUSION

As a result, the findings of this study point to potential drug-able compounds in PEHc that could be useful for the management of DM and AD.

Dual Burst and Sustained Release of p-Coumaric Acid from Shape Memory Polymer Foams for Polymicrobial Infection Prevention in Trauma-Related Hemorrhagic Wounds

Hemorrhage is the primary cause of trauma-related death. Of patients that survive, polymicrobial infection occurs in 39% of traumatic wounds within a week of injury. Moreover, traumatic wounds are susceptible to hospital-acquired and drug-resistant bacterial infections. Thus, hemostatic dressings with antimicrobial properties could reduce morbidity and mortality to enhance traumatic wound healing. To that end, p-coumaric acid (PCA) was incorporated into hemostatic shape memory polymer foams by two mechanisms (chemical and physical) to produce dual PCA (DPCA) foams. DPCA foams demonstrated excellent antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties against native Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis; co-cultures of E. coli and S. aureus; and drug-resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis at short (1 h) and long (7 days) time points. Resistance against biofilm formation on the sample surfaces was also observed. In ex vivo experiments in a porcine skin wound model, DPCA foams exhibited similarly high antimicrobial properties as those observed in vitro, indicating that PCA was released from the DPCA foam to successfully inhibit bacterial growth. DPCA foams consistently showed improved antimicrobial properties relative to those of clinical control foams containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against single and mixed species bacteria, single and mixed species biofilms, and bacteria in the ex vivo wound model. This system could allow for physically incorporated PCA to first be released into traumatic wounds directly after application for instant wound disinfection. Then, more tightly tethered PCA can be continuously released into the wound for up to 7 days to kill additional bacteria and protect against biofilms.

Effects of Novel Preparation Technology on Flavor of Vegetable-Soy Sauce Compound Condiment

Vegetables contain important bioactive substances which have unique tastes and aromas and provide beneficial effects to human health. In this study, multiflavor blended soy sauce was prepared with the juice of eight kinds of vegetables, dried shrimp boiled stock, and six kinds of commercial soy sauce as raw materials, and thermal ultrasound was used as the sterilization method. The effects of adding different formulas of vegetable and seafood stock on the basic physical and chemical parameters, nutrition, antioxidant activity, flavor, and taste of soy sauce were investigated. The results showed that the basic physicochemical indices such as pH, total acid, color, soluble solids, and amino acid nitrogen of the product with a ratio of soy sauce to vegetable-seafood stock of 1:0.5 (v/v) could meet the production standards of soy sauce, and its flavor, taste, and sensory scores were relatively good, with the highest likeability (overall acceptability). The mixed soy sauce with a ratio of 1:2 (v/v) had higher vegetable and seafood flavors, and different vegetable flavors (celery, carrot, and onion) were more obvious, but its nutritional index was relatively low. Multiflavor vegetable-soy sauce can be used for quick cooking by chefs of catering enterprises, and may be used as a seasoning bag for prefabricated dishes and convenient foods, attracting increasing attention from manufacturers and consumers.

Investigation of some bioactive compounds, in vitro bioaccessibility, and sensory acceptability of couscous produced by pre-gelatinized rice flour

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sensory properties, antioxidant capacities, total phenolic content, and their bioaccessibility in gluten-free rice couscous that is produced without additives. Since rice does not contain gluten, pre-gelatinized rice flour (GRF) was added instead of gum and enzymes in order to provide the desired structure in the couscous samples.

RESULTS

According to the results, the total phenolic content of couscous samples was increased with GRF addition. The highest extractable and hydrolyzable antioxidant capacity values were observed in the couscous samples supplemented with 30% GRF using the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation, cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity, and ferric reducing antioxidant capacity methods. The bioaccessibility of antioxidant capacity was found to be significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the control sample in all methods except the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical method in the couscous samples.

CONCLUSION

According to the data obtained, it has been determined that couscous, which has a very small round shape, can be produced with GRF without additives. In this context, gluten-free rice couscous could be used as an alternative valuable food in terms of nutrition and can be an alternative traditional food for celiac diseases as well as for individuals preferring the consumption of gluten-free products. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Polyphenol-Dietary Fiber Conjugates from Fruits and Vegetables: Nature and Biological Fate in a Food and Nutrition Perspective

In the past few years, numerous studies have investigated the correlation between polyphenol intake and the prevention of several chronic diseases. Research regarding the global biological fate and bioactivity has been directed to extractable polyphenols that can be found in aqueous-organic extracts, obtained from plant-derived foods. Nevertheless, significant amounts of non-extractable polyphenols, closely associated with the plant cell wall matrix (namely with dietary fibers), are also delivered during digestion, although they are ignored in biological, nutritional, and epidemiological studies. These conjugates have gained the spotlight because they may exert their bioactivities for much longer than extractable polyphenols. Additionally, from a technological food perspective, polyphenols combined with dietary fibers have become increasingly interesting as they could be useful for the food industry to enhance technological functionalities. Non-extractable polyphenols include low molecular weight compounds such as phenolic acids and high molecular weight polymeric compounds such as proanthocyanidins and hydrolysable tannins. Studies concerning these conjugates are scarce, and usually refer to the compositional analysis of individual components rather than to the whole fraction. In this context, the knowledge and exploitation of non-extractable polyphenol-dietary fiber conjugates will be the focus of this review, aiming to access their potential nutritional and biological effect, together with their functional properties.

Justicia carnea extracts ameliorated hepatocellular damage in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic male rats via decrease in oxidative stress, inflammation and increasing other risk markers

IntroductionDiabetes mellitus is still a raging disease not fully subdued globally, especially in Africa. Our study aims to evaluate the anti-diabetic potentials of Justicia carnea extracts [crude (JCC), free (JFP) and bound phenol (JBP) fractions], in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type-1 diabetes in male albino rats.Materials and MethodsAbout thirty (30) animals were induced for type 1 diabetes with STZ; thereafter, treatment began for 14 days, after which the animals were euthanized, blood/serum was collected, the liver was removed and divided into two portions, for biochemical and histopathological analyses. Standard procedures were used to evaluate the liver biomarkers, like alanine transaminase (ALT), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6- phosphatase, hexokinase activities, albumin, bilirubin, hepatic glucose concentrations; antioxidant status and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were similarly assessed.ResultsThese results revealed that the extracts ameliorated the harmful effects of STZ-induced diabetes in the liver by enhancing the activities of liver-based biomarkers, reducing the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine.DiscussionThe results agreed with previous research, and the free phenol fraction showed excellent results compared to othersConclusionThese suggested that J. carnea could serve as an alternative remedy in ameliorating liver complications linked to oxidative damage and inflammation in STZ-induced type-1 diabetes.

Valorization of Peels of Eight Peach Varieties: GC-MS Profile, Free and Bound Phenolics and Corresponding Biological Activities

Sustainability, becoming essential for food processing and technology, sets goals for the characterization of resources considered as food waste. In this work, information about the GC-MS metabolites of peach peels was provided as a tool that can shed more light on the studied biological activities. In addition, distribution patterns and contribution of the chemical profile and free and bound phenolic compounds as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzymatic clusters in peach peels of different varieties of Bulgarian origin were studied. The two applied techniques (alkaline and acid hydrolysis) for releasing the bound phenolics reveal that alkaline hydrolysis is a better extraction approach. Still, the results indicate the prevalence of the free phenolics in the studied peach peel varieties. Total phenolics of peach wastes were positively correlated with their antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity results certainly defined the need of an individual interpretation for each variety, but the free phenolics fractions could be outlined with the strongest potential. The limited ability of the peels' extracts to inhibit α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase, and the moderate antimicrobial activity, on the other hand, indicate that the potential of peach peels is still sufficient to seek ways to valorize this waste. Indeed, this new information about peach peels can be used to characterize peach fruits from different countries and/or different food processes, as well as to promote the use of this fruit waste in food preparation.

Biological and medicinal application of Cucumis sativus Linn. - review of current status with future possibilities

OBJECTIVES

The increasing demand for herbal drugs for the human application is causing a growing demand for the cultivation of Medicinal Plants. This demand has developed because of cost-effective, plant-derived products rather than commercially available synthetic drugs. Cucumis sativus Linn. (Ver. Kheera) is a vegetable climber, species belongs to family Cucurbitaceae This species has a wide range of medicinal and biological applications thanks to its richness in carbohydrate, proteins, minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc) and secondary metabolites like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds These phytoconstituents may be responsible for allied therapeutic application. So, C. sativus possess wider applications for preventing certain ailments.

CONTENT

The literature in various national and international journals and reports pertaining to the medicinal and nutritional uses were reviewed. The result revealed the current therapeutic applications of C. sativus whole plants other than the nutritional value. C. sativus pharmacological action includes antioxidant, anti-diabetic, UV protectant, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, anti-helminthic, wound healing, antimicrobial, and anticancer. So, it could be useful for both preventive and additive therapy along with modern medicine for the better management of certain disorders.

SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK

This review furnishes updated information about the phytoconstituents and their medicinal applications so that it can pose a path for the young researchers to do future findings.

Spray-dried and freeze-dried protein-spinach particles; effect of drying technique and protein type on the bioaccessibility of carotenoids, chlorophylls, and phenolics

The effects of protein carrier and drying technique on the concentration and bioaccessibility of lipophilic compounds (lutein, β-carotene, chlorophylls a and b) and hydrophilic flavonoids in freeze-dried (FD) or spray-dried (SD) spinach juice and protein-spinach particles were investigated. Carotenoid and chlorophyll contents were highest in FD spinach juice without protein (147 and 1355 mg/100 g, respectively). For both SD and FD protein-spinach particles, SPI best protected carotenoids and chlorophylls (123 and 1160 mg/g, respectively), although the bioaccessibility of lipophilic compounds in WPI particles was higher than SPI particles (p < 0.05). For flavonoids, the drying technique was more important than the type of carrier, since FD particles had higher total flavonoids than SD. However, SD particles had higher bioaccessibility for most flavonoids (40-90 %) compared to FD (<20 %). The drying method and protein carrier can be designed to produce protein-spinach ingredients with desired concentration of compounds and bioaccessibility.

Deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from different potato genotypes: Comparison of free and bound phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity

Potato phenolics exhibit health-promoting effects. Studies on bound phenolics are scarce. Here, significant differences in total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity in free and bound forms were found among 19 potato genotypes. 7 free and 24 bound phenolics were characterized and quantified using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry, among which 22 bound phenolics are reported for the first time in potato. The number and content of identified free and bound phenolics changed considerably among the genotypes. Chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid and rutin in free form, and benzoic and caftaric acids in bound form were predominant. Heijingang showed the highest free and total TPC and antioxidant activity, and the largest number of phenolic compounds, whereas S17-1-1 contained the highest free and total TFC and Longshu 7 contained the highest bound phenolic content. Cluster analysis segregated the genotypes into 6 groups. This study provides useful information on benefits of potato in human health.

Identification of hepatoprotective traditional Chinese medicines based on the structure–activity relationship, molecular network, and machine learning techniques

The efforts focused on discovering potential hepatoprotective drugs are critical for relieving the burdens caused by liver diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important resource for discovering hepatoprotective agents. Currently, there are hundreds of hepatoprotective products derived from TCM available in the literature, providing crucial clues to discover novel potential hepatoprotectants from TCMs based on predictive research. In the current study, a large-scale dataset focused on TCM-induced hepatoprotection was established, including 676 hepatoprotective ingredients and 205 hepatoprotective TCMs. Then, a comprehensive analysis based on the structure–activity relationship, molecular network, and machine learning techniques was performed at molecular and holistic TCM levels, respectively. As a result, we developed an in silico model for predicting the hepatoprotective activity of ingredients derived from TCMs, in which the accuracy exceeded 85%. In addition, we originally proposed a material basis and a drug property-based approach to identify potential hepatoprotective TCMs. Consequently, a total of 12 TCMs were predicted to hold potential hepatoprotective activity, nine of which have been proven to be beneficial to the liver in previous publications. The high rate of consistency between our predictive results and the literature reports demonstrated that our methods were technically sound and reliable. In summary, systematical predictive research focused on the hepatoprotection of TCM was conducted in this work, which would not only assist screening of potential hepatoprotectants from TCMs but also provide a novel research mode for discovering the potential activities of TCMs.

Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Antihypertension Inhibitory Potentials of Phenolic Rich Medicinal Plants

Veronica (Plantaginaceae) and Schoenoplectus have a unique chemotaxonomic and phytochemical importance and are widely utilized in Turkish and Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine (TCM) for treating tonics, influenza, diuretics, expectorants, restoratives, and respiratory diseases, and both are very useful in treating infectious and metabolic disorders as well. This study evaluates two medicinal plant species, Veronica biloba and Schoenoplectus triqueter (L.) Palla; extraction was performed through Soxhlet and maceration methods as well as determination of free and bound phenolics. Evaluated biological screening of (extracts and phenolics) angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE), Type-II diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), and antioxidants potential was performed using modified assays. The angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) 50% inhibition potential in Veronica biloba was found at IC50 = 210.68 μg/mL and in Schoenoplectus triqueter (L.) Palla at IC50 = 229.40 µg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile Type-II diabetes with α-amylase 50% inhibition shown by bound phenolics of Veronica biloba at IC50 = 219.66 µg/mL and its water extract at IC50 = 110.09 µg/mL possesses higher potential, and α-glucosidase potential by free phenolics was found to be active at IC50 = 469.56 µg/mL, while water and ethyl acetate extracts showed higher potential, IC50 = 78.65 µg/mL and IC50 = 97.03 µg/mL, than the standard acarbose, recorded lower. In case of amylase, α-glucosidase showed IC50 = 88.73 μg/mL. Our results showed that both plants possess a direct relationship with the increase in the concentration of extracts and inhibited very strongly angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) and Type-II diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). The properties of enzyme hindrance may be associated with phenolic compounds and rich phenolic plant antioxidant potential provides a route to the elucidation of natural antihypertension and antidiabetes.

Bioactivity of Biomass and Crude Exopolysaccharides Obtained by Controlled Submerged Cultivation of Medicinal Mushroom Trametes versicolor

The aim of this study is to characterize the bioactivity of mycelial biomass and crude exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by Trametes versicolor NBIMCC 8939 and to reveal its nutraceutical potential. The EPS (1.58 g/L) were isolated from a culture broth. The macrofungal biomass was rich in protein, insoluble dietary fibers and glucans. The amino acid composition of the biomass was analyzed and 18 amino acids were detected. Three mycelial biomass extracts were prepared and the highest total polyphenol content (16.11 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g DW) and the total flavonoid content (5.15 ± 0.03 mg QE/g DW) were found in the water extract. The results indicated that the obtained EPS were heteropolysaccharides with glucose as the main building monosaccharide and minor amounts of mannose, xylose, galactose, fucose and glucuronic acid. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the complex structure of the crude EPS. Five probiotic lactic acid bacteria strains were used for the determination of the prebiotic effect of the crude EPS. The anti-inflammatory potential was tested in vitro using cell line HT-29. The significant decrease of IL-1 and IL-8 and increase of TGF-beta expression revealed anti-inflammatory potential of the crude exopolysaccharides from T. versicolor.

The hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of Kavolì® aqueous extract, a mixture of Brassica oleracea leaves, in a rat model of NAFLD

Herein we characterized the bioactive metabolites of the aqueous extract of Kavolì®, a commercial product composed of a mixture of Brassica oleracea leaves, and assessed its potential ameliorating effects in a rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Kavolì® extract showed high levels of bioactive compounds and strong in vitro antioxidant activities. Chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids were identified as the most representative polyphenols. The administration of brassica extract to steatotic rats significantly ameliorated the levels of blood lipids and transaminases, and lipid content and inflammatory markers in liver. Oxidative stress parameters were significantly improved in both liver and brain of steatotic rats. Moreover, plasma and feces levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were bring back close to control values by Kavolì® treatment, in spite of high fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)-induced alterations. The efficacy of Kavolì® in treating hypercholesterolemia, reducing the level of inflammation and cardiovascular disease biomarkers, steatosis and oxidative stress parameters, as well as the ability in modulating SCFAs levels is probably related to the bioactive compounds of the water extract administered to the rat model of NAFLD. In particular, the ameliorating effects are largely attributable to the high content in polyphenols observed in our study.

Shape Memory Polymer Foams with Phenolic Acid-Based Antioxidant Properties

Phenolic acids (PAs) are natural antioxidant agents in the plant kingdom that are part of the human diet. The introduction of naturally occurring PAs into the network of synthetic shape memory polymer (SMP) polyurethane (PU) foams during foam fabrication can impart antioxidant properties to the resulting scaffolds. In previous work, PA-containing SMP foams were synthesized to provide materials that retained the desirable shape memory properties of SMP PU foams with additional antimicrobial properties that were derived from PAs. Here, we explore the impact of PA incorporation on SMP foam antioxidant properties. We investigated the antioxidant effects of PA-containing SMP foams in terms of in vitro oxidative degradation resistance and cellular antioxidant activity. The PA foams showed surprising variability; p-coumaric acid (PCA)-based SMP foams exhibited the most potent antioxidant properties in terms of slowing oxidative degradation in H₂O₂. However, PCA foams did not effectively reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in short-term cellular assays. Vanillic acid (VA)- and ferulic acid (FA)-based SMP foams slowed oxidative degradation in H₂O₂ to lesser extents than the PCA foams, but they demonstrated higher capabilities for scavenging ROS to alter cellular activity. All PA foams exhibited a continuous release of PAs over two weeks. Based on these results, we hypothesize that PAs must be released from SMP foams to provide adequate antioxidant properties; slower release may enable higher resistance to long-term oxidative degradation, and faster release may result in higher cellular antioxidant effects. Overall, PCA, VA, and FA foams provide a new tool for tuning oxidative degradation rates and extending potential foam lifetime in the wound. VA and FA foams induced cellular antioxidant activity that could help promote wound healing by scavenging ROS and protecting cells. This work could contribute a wound dressing material that safely releases antimicrobial and antioxidant PAs into the wound at a continuous rate to ideally improve healing outcomes. Furthermore, this methodology could be applied to other oxidatively degradable biomaterial systems to enhance control over degradation rates and to provide multifunctional scaffolds for healing.

Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Fresh-Cut Fruits and Vegetables

Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites and widely distributed in higher plants. When plants are subjected to injury stress, the rapid synthesis of more phenols is induced to result in injury defense response for wound healing and repair. Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables undergo substantial mechanical injury caused by pre-preparations such as peeling, coring, cutting and slicing. These processing operations lead to activate the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds as secondary metabolite. Phenolic compounds are important sources of antioxidant activity in fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. The wound-induced biosynthesis and accumulation of phenolic compounds in fresh-cut fruits and vegetables have been widely reported in recent years. This article provides a brief overview of research published over the last decade on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. It is suggested that fresh-cut processing as mechanical wounding stress can be used as an effective way to improve the nutritional composition and function of fresh-cut produces.

Metabolomic Fingerprinting and Molecular Characterization of the Rock Samphire Germplasm Collection from the Balkan Botanic Garden of Kroussia, Northern Greece

The traditionally edible aerial parts of rock samphire (Crithmum maritimum L.) could be a valuable functional food or feed ingredient due to their high antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid content, and rich content in secondary metabolites such as phenolics and flavonoids. The first objective of this study was to evaluate eighteen genotypes derived from different regions of Greece regarding the phytochemical contents of their soluble extracts in total phenolics, total flavonoids, and individual polyphenols as determined by LC-MS analysis, as well as ascorbic acid content and their antioxidant capacity as determined by different assays, including ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. The second objective of the study was the molecular characterization of native Greek C. maritimum genotypes. Great variation among genotypes was observed in terms of the antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid content, and phenolic compounds (total phenolic content and total flavonoid content), as well as in caffeolquinic acids and flavonoids. The principal component analysis highlighted genotypes with a higher potential in antioxidants and polyphenolics. The most promising genotypes were G9 from Kefalonia, followed by G4 from Ikaria, where both clearly exhibited a similar response with high values of evaluated traits. The molecular characterization of genotypes revealed low variability and low to moderate genetic diversity between populations. Our data indicated that the rock samphire germplasm collection from the Balkan Botanic Garden of Kroussia could serve as an important source of documented genetic material and, thus, it is suggested for further investigation to provide insight regarding cultivation and agro-processing aspects, artificial selection, or plant breeding aimed at developing C. maritimum genotypes of high-bioactive value.

Increase in thermal stability of strawberry anthocyanins with amino acid copigmentation

Copigmentation effects of aspartic acid, proline and valine on individual anthocyanins in strawberry juice (SJ) were investigated during heating at 90, 105 and 150 °C. Aspartic acid increased (4.5-45.6%) total anthocyanin stability at all temperatures, while proline and valine had no effect at 90 °C but reduced (2.2-19.4%) stability at 150 °C. At 90 °C, aspartic acid and valine caused the highest A_max. Evaluating changes in individual anthocyanin contents, A_max, colour density and polymeric colour of SJs together revealed that aspartic acid had copigmentation effects on pelargonidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-rutinoside, whereas valine on pelargonidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside. At 105 °C, all amino acids increased (7.9-33.1%) stabilities of pelargonidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-rutinoside, A_max and colour density all of which together pointed out the copigmentation. At 150 °C, interactions between "aspartic acid-pelargonidin-3-glucoside," "proline-pelargonidin-3-rutinoside" and "valine-pelargonidin-3-rutinoside" resulted in high colour density. Thus, among these amino acids, selection should be based on the heating temperature and anthocyanin profile of the product.

Bioactive compounds in lettuce: Highlighting the benefits to human health and impacts of preharvest and postharvest practices

Lettuce is one of the most commonly consumed leafy vegetables worldwide and is available throughout the entire year. Lettuce is also a significant source of natural phytochemicals. These compounds, including glycosylated flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, the vitamin B groups, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, and sesquiterpene lactones, are essential nutritional bioactive compounds. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the composition of health-promoting compounds in different types of lettuce, the potential health benefits of lettuce in reducing the risks of chronic diseases, and the effect of preharvest and postharvest practices on the biosynthesis and accumulation of health-promoting compounds in lettuce.

Phenolic content, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of fractions of Vigna subterraenea (L.) verdc from Mpumalanga, South Africa

Consistent intake of legumes has been correlated with decreased possibility of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) due to the content of some phytochemicals like polyphenols. Bambara groundnut (BGN) is an underutilized crop with a rich nutritional profile, but have not been exploited for its nutraceutical and medicinal benefits. In this study, total polyphenol, flavonoid (flavonol and flavanol) content, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity/antiproliferative properties of 70% ethanolic extracts of whole BGN, cotyledon and seed coat on Caco-2 and HT-29 colon cancer cells were evaluated. Seed coat had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher composition of total polyphenol, flavonol and flavan-3-ol (flavanol) compared to whole seed and cotyledon. Antioxidant activity determined with ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2- azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays, showed that seed coat with higher polyphenolic content had significantly (p < 0.05) greater antioxidant activity. BGN fractions demonstrated cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects against HT-29 and Caco-2 colon cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, with seed coat and whole seed exhibiting greater cytotoxicity and higher antiproliferative activity and colon cancer cell inhibition. Extracts of the cotyledon also showed cytotoxic activity and hindered cancer cell growth/division but to a significantly (p < 0.05) lower magnitude. BGN parts indicated a greater cytotoxic effect and potential to slow down Caco-2 colon cancer cell growth and division over HT-29. This result provides new knowledge on the possible health benefits of BGN, as well as the potential for product development and may influence its consumption and utilisation.

Types of carbohydrate intake and breast cancer survival

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the associations of different types of carbohydrate intake after breast cancer diagnosis with breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality.

METHODS

We prospectively assessed post-diagnostic intake of total sugar, added sugar, and natural sugar as well as carbohydrate from different sources, among 8932 women with stage I-III breast cancer that were identified in the Nurses' Health Study from 1980 to 2010 and Nurses' Health Study II from 1991 to 2011. Participants completed a validated food frequency questionnaire every four years after diagnosis and were followed up for death.

RESULTS

We prospectively documented 1071 deaths due to breast cancer and 2532 all-cause deaths, over a mean of 11.5 years of follow-up. After adjustment for confounding variables, greater post-diagnostic total sugar intake was suggestively associated with greater risk of breast cancer-specific mortality [hazard ratio (HR)_Q5vsQ1 = 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI ) = 0.95-1.41; P_trend = 0.02] and significantly associated with greater risk of all-cause mortality (HR_Q5vsQ1 = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.08-1.41; P_trend = 0.0001). Greater post-diagnostic added sugar intake was significantly associated with greater risk of all-cause mortality (HR_Q5vsQ1 = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.06-1.36; P_trend = 0.001). Post-diagnostic natural sugar (occurring in foods and not added as an ingredient) intake was not associated with mortality risk. Greater post-diagnostic fructose intake was significantly associated with greater risk of breast cancer-specific mortality (HR_Q5vsQ1 = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.10-1.64; P_trend = 0.005) and all-cause mortality (HR_Q5vsQ1 = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.02-1.32; P_trend = 0.01). High post-diagnostic intake of sucrose was associated with higher risk of breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality. Increased post-diagnostic intake of carbohydrate from fruit juice was significantly associated with higher risk of breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality and carbohydrate from vegetables was significantly associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality. High post-diagnostic intake of carbohydrate from potatoes was suggestively associated with higher risk of breast cancer-specific mortality and carbohydrate from refined grains was suggestively associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that higher total sugar intake, especially added sugar, sucrose, and fructose, as well as carbohydrate from fruit juice after a breast cancer diagnosis were associated with poorer prognosis. High post-diagnostic intake of carbohydrate from vegetables was associated with reduced risk of mortality.

Plantain based dough meal: nutritional property, antioxidant activity and dyslipidemia ameliorating potential in high-fat induced rats

Background

Dyslipidemia is an aberrant rise in blood lipids due to diet and lifestyle. It has implicated as the major risk factor for developing hypertension among other diseases. This study was designed to evaluate plantain based dough meal nutritional property, antioxidant activity and dyslipidemia ameliorating potential in high-fat induced rats.

Methods

The flour blends, i.e., PSC (Plantain 70%, Soycake 30%), PSR (Plantain 65%, Soycake 30%, Rice-bran 5%), PSO (Plantain 65%, Soycake 30%, Oat-bran 5%), PSRO (Plantain 60%, Soycake 30%, Rice-bran 5%, Oat-bran 5%) and controls (100% Plantain flour & Cerolina) were evaluated for chemical, antioxidants and antihyperlipidemia.

Results

Protein, fiber and energy composition varied from 2.2–4.97 g/100 g, 16.44–19.59 g/100 g and 369.7–385.5 kcal/100 g, respectively. Essential amino acid index and predicted-biological values of the foods ranged from 68.31–76.31% and 62.19–71.48%, respectively. Phenolic profiles (mg/g) were gallic acid (25.33–31.26), caffeic acid (2.75–4.61), ferulic acid (5.16–12.73), luteolin (16.31–23.60), kaempferol (21.51–30.64), quercetin (24.28–37.13), chlorogenic acid (42.25–59.78), myricetin (28.41–38.41), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (27.17–41.59) and 4, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (39.96–51.28). The antioxidant activity of PSRO on ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, Fe2+ chelation and OH free radicals was higher than other foods. Atherogenic index, coronary risk index and log (TG/HDL-conc.) of rats fed on experimental foods were lower than recommended values.

Conclusion

The study established that PSRO had higher antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemia properties; hence, it may be suitable as a functional food.

Bitter Gourd Honey Ameliorates Hepatic and Renal Diabetic Complications on Type 2 Diabetes Rat Models by Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanisms

Honey has several pharmacological effects, including anti-diabetic activity. However, the effectiveness of bitter gourd honey (BGH) in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties of BGH on the kidney and liver of a streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model.

METHODS

A single dose (nicotinamide 110 mg/kg, streptozotocin (STZ) 55 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) was used to induce DM in male rats. For 28 days, normal or diabetic rats were administered 1 g/kg/day and 2 g/kg/day of BGH orally. After the treatment, blood, liver, and kidney samples were collected and analysed for biochemical, histological, and molecular parameters. In addition, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify the major bioactive components in BGH.

RESULTS

The administration of BGH to diabetic rats resulted in significant reductions in alanine transaminase (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, and urea levels. Diabetic rats treated with BGH showed lesser pathophysiological alterations in the liver and kidney as compared to non-treated control rats. BGH-treated diabetic rats exhibited reduced levels of oxidative stress (MDA levels), inflammatory (MYD88, NFKB, p-NFKB, IKKβ), and apoptotic (caspase-3) markers, as well as higher levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) in the liver and kidney. BGH contains many bioactive compounds that may have antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.

CONCLUSION

BGH protected the liver and kidney in diabetic rats by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis-induced damage. As a result, BGH can be used as a potential therapy to ameliorate diabetic complications.

Effect of biostimulants on the growth, yield and nutritional value of Capsicum annuum grown in an unheated plastic tunnel

Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in the cultivation and consumption of peppers. Therefore, new solutions are being sought to provide pepper plants with the most favorable conditions for growth and development. In view of the above, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selected biostimulants on the biometric parameters, yield and nutritional value of Capsicum annuum fruit. The research hypothesis postulates that biostimulants can increase the yield and improve the nutritional quality of pepper fruit. The experiment was conducted in an unheated plastic tunnel. The experimental materials comprised three sweet (‘Solario F₁’, ‘Turbine F₁’ and ‘Whitney F₁’) and two hot (‘Cyklon’ and ‘Palivec’) cultivars of C. annuum. It was found that the combined application of environmentally-friendly microbial-based biostimulants (BB Soil, BB Foliar, Multical, MK5 and Biocin F) did not clearly improve the morphological traits of pepper fruit, yield or the concentrations of sugars and organic acids in fruit, therefore their use is not economically justified. Hot peppers had a higher content of dry matter, total sugars and L-ascorbic acid than sweet peppers. The analyzed biostimulants increased nitrate (V) concentrations in the fruit of both hot and sweet peppers. ‘Turbine F₁’ and ‘Solario F₁’ were particularly prone to nitrate (V) accumulation in fruit, therefore the use of biostimulants should be limited in their cultivation. Pepper fruits with the largest horizontal diameter and the thickest skin should be preferred because these traits are associated with high sugar content.

Consumption of Fruits, Vegetables and Bladder Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

We examined the association between fruit/vegetable consumption and bladder cancer (BC) risk in a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies stratifying results by gender, smoking status and geographical region. Eligible studies were sought in MEDLINE and EMBASE up to April 20, 2020. Random-effects (DerSimonian-Laird) models were implemented for the calculation of pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Fifteen eligible studies were identified (1,993,881 subjects, 11,097 BC cases). Vegetable consumption (pooled RR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.87-1.04, n = 10) as well as combined fruit/vegetable consumption was not associated with BC risk. Regarding fruit intake, the overall protective trend did not reach significance (pooled RR = 0.91, 95%CI: 0.81-1.02, n = 11); we found however a significant association in East Asians. A trend toward a protective association with citrus fruit consumption was also noted (pooled RR = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.69-1.01, n = 6), once again with a significant effect in East Asians. Moreover, no association was found regarding the subgroups of leafy vegetables, dark green vegetables, and berries. Single studies pointed to a reduced BC risk in never smoking males consuming cruciferous vegetables and East Asians consuming yellow vegetables. In conclusion, our study reveals possible protective effects; larger studies are needed to investigate the emerging trends.

Inhibition of phospholipase A2, platelet aggregation and egg albumin induced rat paw oedema as anti-inflammatory effect of Peltophorun pterocarpus stem-bark

Background

Most medicinal plants presently employed in traditional medicine are used without scientific evidence, thereby suggesting a need to explore efficient and reliable investigations of their potential. We, therefore, conducted the present study to ascertain the efficacy of flavonoid-rich extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum sterm-bark in the treatment and management of inflammatory disorders as employed in folk medicine.

Materials and methods

Flavonoid-rich extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum sterm-bark and a total of fifty-five (55) Wistar rats were used for this study. Eighteen (18) mice were used for toxicity testing, and the phytochemical analysis was done using the Trease and Evans method, while the acute toxicity was done using Lorke’s method. In vivo anti-inflammatory study was done using the egg albumin-induced paw oedema method, while the in vitro anti-inflammatory studies were performed for the extract using phospholipase A2 inhibition and calcium chloride-induced platelet aggregation assays.

Results

The phytochemical analysis revealed that the extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum sterm-bark contains tannins, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, and saponins ranging from 0.307 ± 0.02 to 1279.567 ± 149.868. The acute toxicity test of the extract showed no toxicity up to 5000 mg/kg body weight. In the systemic oedema of the rat paw, scalar doses of the extract significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed the development of paw oedema induced by egg albumin, particularly with the Indomethacin (1.77 ± 0.41) when compared with the control (5.50 ± 0.26). However, varying doses of the extract significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited phospholipase A2 activity and CaCl2-Induced platelet aggregation in a concentration, dose, and time-dependent manner, in comparison to prednisolone.

Conclusion

These results indicate that the extract exhibited anti-inflammatory potential, and the mechanism of this activity has a promising ability to inhibit phospholipase A2 activity and platelet aggregation in rats inflicted with paw oedema.

Extraction of Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Activity from Strawberries: Modelling with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)

This research study focuses on the evaluation of the total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AOA) of strawberries according to different experimental extraction conditions by applying the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) technique. The experimental data were applied to train ANNs using feed- and cascade-forward backpropagation models with Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) and Bayesian Regulation (BR) algorithms. Three independent variables (solvent concentration, volume/mass ratio and extraction time) were used as ANN inputs, whereas the three variables of total phenolic compounds, DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activities were considered as ANN outputs. The results demonstrate that the best cascade- and feed-forward backpropagation topologies of ANNs for the prediction of total phenolic compounds and DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity factors were the 3-9-1, 3-4-4-1 and 3-13-10-1 structures, with the training algorithms of trainlm, trainbr, trainlm and threshold functions of tansig-purelin, tansig-tansig-tansig and purelin-tansig-tansig, respectively. The best R² values for the predication of total phenolic compounds and DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity factors were 0.9806 (MSE = 0.0047), 0.9651 (MSE = 0.0035) and 0.9756 (MSE = 0.00286), respectively. According to the comparison of ANNs, the results showed that the cascade-forward backpropagation network showed better performance than the feed-forward backpropagation network for predicting the TPC, and the FFBP network, in predicting the DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity factors, had more precision than the cascade-forward backpropagation network. The ANN technique is a potential method for estimating targeted total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of strawberries.

Administration of hydro-alcoholic extract of spinach improves oxidative stress and inflammation in high-fat diet-induced NAFLD rats

Background

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of spinach (HES) on hepatic and serum measurements of NAFLD in a rat model.

Methods

In the prevention phase, 18 Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet, a high-fat diet plus 400 mg/kg HES, or a chow diet for seven weeks. For the treatment phase, after the induction of NAFLD, they were fed a high-fat diet, a high-fat diet plus 400 mg/kg HES, a chow diet, or a chow diet plus 400 mg/kg HES for four weeks (n = 6).

Results

Administration of HES combined with high-fat diet in rats was associated with decreased food intake (P < 0.01), weight loss (P = 0.01), and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P = 0.02) enzyme activity in the liver, at the end of the prevention phase. hs-CRP (P < 0.05), PTX-3 (P < 0.05), and TNF-α (P < 0.05) gene expression in the liver were decreased and PPAR-γ (P < 0.05) gene expression in the liver was increased by spinach intake, both in the prevention and treatment phases. Furthermore, administration of spinach in the treatment phase increased serum TAC (P = 0.03) and hepatic GPX (P = 0.01) enzyme activity.

Conclusion

Taking into account the potential beneficial effects of HES on prevention and treatment of NAFLD in the present study, to confirm these findings, we propose that further clinical trials be conducted on human subjects with NAFLD.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03396-x.

Fruit and vegetable consumption and incident breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies

BACKGROUND

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies to clarify the relation of fruit and vegetable consumption with incident breast cancer.

METHODS

We searched systematically PubMed and EMBASE databases up to November 2020 to include prospective studies that reported the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with incident breast cancer. The pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the highest versus the lowest category of total fruit and vegetable, total fruit and total vegetable consumption, as well as fruit juice and subgroups of vegetables in relation to breast cancer incidence, using a random-effect model.

RESULTS

Total fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with lower overall (RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.87-0.95) and postmenopausal breast cancer risk (RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.79-0.99). Total fruit consumption was associated with lower overall (RR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.88-0.99) and postmenopausal breast cancer risk (RR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.87-0.99). Total fruit and vegetable intake were associated with 11% and 26% lower risk of oestrogen- and progesterone-receptor-positive (ER+/PR+) and -negative (ER-/PR-) breast cancer, respectively. Total vegetable consumption was associated with 27% lower risk of ER-/PR- breast cancer. Fruit juice consumption was associated with increased overall breast cancer risk (RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01-1.07). We did not find significant associations for subgroups of vegetable intake and breast cancer risk.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that high total fruit and vegetable consumption are associated with reduced risk of overall, postmenopausal, ER+/PR+ and ER-/PR- breast cancer.