1
|
Kang SH, Song WS, Shin KC, Oh DK. Preparation of in vivo intermediate metabolites of soybean saponins with improved bioactivity by in vitro deacetylation and deglucosylation. Food Chem 2024; 460:140589. [PMID: 39083966 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Unlike natural soyasaponins and their aglycones formed by enzymatic hydrolysis in the human intestine, in vivo intermediate soyasaponin metabolites are difficult to prepare. Therefore, the pharmacological activities of in vivo intermediate soyasaponins remain uninvestigated. Herein, in vivo intermediate soyasaponins with purities of >90% were prepared by in vitro deacetylation (alkaline treatment) and deglucosylation (β-glucosidase treatment) of natural soyasaponins using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. These compounds exhibited higher anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities than natural soyasaponins in in vitro bioassays, suggesting that the intermediate soyasaponins can be used as improved bioactive food supplements. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the in vitro preparation and bioassays of in vivo intermediate soyasaponin metabolites formed in the human intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwan Kang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Seok Song
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Mohyein-eup, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17035, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yuan J, Ma L, Wang Y, Xu X, Zhang R, Wang C, Meng W, Tian Z, Zhou Y, Wang G. A recently evolved BAHD acetyltransferase, responsible for bitter soyasaponin A production, is indispensable for soybean seed germination. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2490-2504. [PMID: 37548097 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Soyasaponins are major small molecules that accumulate in soybean (Glycine max) seeds. Among them, type-A soyasaponins, fully acetylated at the terminal sugar of their C22 sugar chain, are responsible for the bitter taste of soybean-derived foods. However, the molecular basis for the acetylation of type-A soyasaponins remains unclear. Here, we identify and characterize GmSSAcT1, encoding a BADH-type soyasaponin acetyltransferase that catalyzes three or four consecutive acetylations on type-A soyasaponins in vitro and in planta. Phylogenetic analysis and biochemical assays suggest that GmSSAcT1 likely evolved from acyltransferases present in leguminous plants involved in isoflavonoid acylation. Loss-of-function mutants of GmSSAcT1 exhibited impaired seed germination, which attribute to the excessive accumulation of null-acetylated type-A soyasaponins. We conclude that GmSSAcT1 not only functions as a detoxification gene for high accumulation of type-A soyasaponins in soybean seeds but is also a promising target for breeding new soybean varieties with lower bitter soyasaponin content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liya Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xindan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institute of Pasteur of Shanghai, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wenxiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhixi Tian
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bljahhina A, Kuhtinskaja M, Kriščiunaite T. Development of Extraction Method for Determination of Saponins in Soybean-Based Yoghurt Alternatives: Effect of Sample pH. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112164. [PMID: 37297409 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of plant-based dairy alternative products on the market is growing rapidly. In the case of soybean-based yoghurt alternatives, it is important to trace the content of saponins, the phytomicronutrients with a disputable health effect, which are likely to be responsible for the bitter off-taste of the products. We present a new sample extraction method followed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (HILIC-MS) for identifying and quantifying soyasaponins in soybean-based yoghurt alternatives. Soyasaponin Bb, soyasaponin Ba, soyasaponin Aa, and soyasaponin Ab were quantified using commercially available standard compounds and with asperosaponin VI as the internal standard. As the recoveries of soyasaponins were unacceptable in yoghurt alternatives at their natural acidic pH, the adjustment of pH was performed as one of the first steps in the sample extraction procedure to achieve the optimum solubility of soyasaponins. The validation of the method included the assessment of linearity, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery, and matrix effect. The average concentrations of soyasaponin Bb, soyasaponin Ba, soyasaponin Ab, and soyasaponin Aa in several measured soybean-based yoghurt alternatives utilising the developed method were 12.6 ± 1.2, 3.2 ± 0.7, 6.0 ± 2.4 mg/100 g, and below the LOQ, respectively. This method provides an efficient and relatively simple procedure for extracting soyasaponins from yoghurt alternatives followed by rapid quantification using HILIC-MS and could find a rightful application in the development of healthier and better-tasting dairy alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia Bljahhina
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies (TFTAK), Mäealuse 2/4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Maria Kuhtinskaja
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tiina Kriščiunaite
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies (TFTAK), Mäealuse 2/4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alrosan M, Tan TC, Koh WY, Easa AM, Gammoh S, Alu'datt MH. Overview of fermentation process: structure-function relationship on protein quality and non-nutritive compounds of plant-based proteins and carbohydrates. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7677-7691. [PMID: 35266840 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2049200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Demands for high nutritional value-added food products and plant-based proteins have increased over the last decade, in line with the growth of the human population and consumer health awareness. The quality of the plant-based proteins depends on their digestibility, amino acid content, and residues of non-nutritive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, anti-nutritional compounds, antioxidants, and saponins. The presence of these non-nutritive compounds could have detrimental effects on the quality of the proteins. One of the solutions to address these shortcomings of plant-based proteins is fermentation, whereby enzymes that present naturally in microorganisms used during fermentation are responsible for the cleavage of the bonds between proteins and non-nutritive compounds. This mechanism has pronounced effects on the non-nutritive compounds, resulting in the enhancement of protein digestibility and functional properties of plant-based proteins. We assert that the types of plant-based proteins and microorganisms used during fermentation must be carefully addressed to truly enhance the quality, functional properties, and health functionalities of plant-based proteins.Supplemental data for this article is available online at here. show.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alrosan
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Thuan-Chew Tan
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Wee Yin Koh
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Azhar Mat Easa
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sana Gammoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Muhammad H Alu'datt
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
dos S. Baião D, da Silva DVT, Paschoalin VMF. Beetroot, a Remarkable Vegetable: Its Nitrate and Phytochemical Contents Can be Adjusted in Novel Formulations to Benefit Health and Support Cardiovascular Disease Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E960. [PMID: 33049969 PMCID: PMC7600128 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardioprotective effects of dietary nitrate from beetroot in healthy and hypertensive individuals are undeniable and irrefutable. Nitrate and nitrate-derived nitrite are precursors for nitric oxide synthesis exhibiting an effect on cardiomyocytes and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, improving endothelial function, reducing arterial stiffness and stimulating smooth muscle relaxation, decreasing systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Beetroot phytochemicals like betanin, saponins, polyphenols, and organic acids can resist simulated gastrointestinal digestion, raising the hypothesis that the cardioprotective effects of beetroots result from the combination of nitrate/nitrite and bioactive compounds that limit the generation of reactive oxygen species and modulate gene expression. Nitrate and phytochemical concentrations can be adjusted in beet formulations to fulfill requirements for acute or long-term supplementations, enhancing patient adherence to beet intervention. Based on in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials, beet nitrate and its bioactive phytochemicals are promising as a novel supportive therapy to ameliorate cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vania M. F. Paschoalin
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (D.d.S.B.); (D.V.T.d.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fahmy NM, Al-Sayed E, Michel HE, El-Shazly M, Singab ANB. Gastroprotective effects of Erythrina speciosa (Fabaceae) leaves cultivated in Egypt against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112297. [PMID: 31606535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Members of the genus Erythrina have been traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments such as inflammation and gastrointestinal disorders. Erythrina speciosa (Fabaceae) is a spiny, deciduous shrub or small tree native to Southern America in Brazil. It is cultivated in Africa and Asia. The traditional usage of E. speciosa indicated its antibacterial, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities. AIM OF THE STUDY Evaluation of the phytochemical constituents, gastroprotective effects and possible mechanism of action of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from the methanol extract of E. speciosa leaves (ESLE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical characterization of ESLE was done using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The gastroprotective activity of ESLE was evaluated using ethanol-induced gastric-ulcer model in rats. Rats were pre-treated with ESLE 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg 1 h before the administration of absolute ethanol. Histological analysis, mucin content, and total acidity were evaluated. The possible mechanism of action of ESLE was studied through the examination of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, PGE2, and NF-κB, iNOS, COX-2, and HSP-70 immunoexpression. In vitro, anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of ESLE was also studied using micro-well dilution method. RESULTS Fourteen compounds were tentatively identified including alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. ESLE exerted a powerful gastroprotective effect. The pre-treatment with ESLE at different doses resulted in a significant reduction in gastric lesions and significant elevation in the mucin production. These effects could be partially mediated by the potent anti-inflammatory activity of ESLE as evidenced by the significant reduction in the immunoexpression of NF-κB, COX-2, iNOS and the reduction in the pro-inflammatory marker, TNF-α. ESLE counteracted the ethanol-induced oxidative stress by increasing the levels of depleted GSH and catalase as well as significantly attenuating the ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation tissue levels. In addition, ESLE exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against H. pylori. CONCLUSIONS The chemical constituents of ESLE strongly support its potent gastroprotective effect suggesting its future potential application in the management of gastric ulcer by eliminating its symptoms and causes including H. pylori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nouran M Fahmy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Eman Al-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Haidy E Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| | - Abdel Nasser B Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt; Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Katano H, Noba S, Taira S, Kambe T, Takahashi M. A Solubility-based Separation of Group B Soyasaponins from the Whole Soybean Flour. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:935-937. [PMID: 30956262 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19n009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This note describes a simple and rapid method to separate specific soyasaponins, including the major and multi-functional bioactive species soyasaponin Bb, from the whole soybean flour. The method is based on the difference in solubility of the soyasaponins and other components in methanol, aqueous borax solution, and 1-octanol. First, the whole soybean flour was mixed with methanol to extract hydrophobic components, and the methanol solution was concentrated. Second, the methanol solution was mixed with a larger volume of aqueous borax solution, and the supernatant was acidified to obtain a precipitate. The precipitate was found to be containing mainly four group B soyasaponins. Two of those are non-conjugated molecules, soyasaponins Bb and Bc, and the other two are 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one conjugated ones, soyasaponins βg and βa. All of them have two cis-diol groups in their structure. Therefore, although they are fundamentally insoluble in water, they became soluble in the aqueous medium in the form of divalent anionic species by the borate ester formation, and that they were re-precipitated by the hydrolysis. Furthermore, the non-conjugated group B soyasaponins could be separated by washing with 1-octanol to remove highly hydrophobic soyasaponins βg and βa. The solubility-based technique would be useful as pretreatment in the purification of these group B soyasaponins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Katano
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Shota Noba
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Shu Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Masakazu Takahashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bianco G, Pascale R, Carbone CF, Acquavia MA, Cataldi TRI, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Buchicchio A, Russo D, Milella L. Determination of soyasaponins in Fagioli di Sarconi beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by LC-ESI-FTICR-MS and evaluation of their hypoglycemic activity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1561-1569. [PMID: 29270658 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Soyasaponins are oleanene-type triterpenoid saponins, naturally occurring in many edible plants that have attracted a great deal of attention for their role in preventing chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to establish the distribution and the content of soyasaponins in 21 ecotypes of Fagioli di Sarconi beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, Leguminosae). High-performance reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) with positive electrospray ionization (ESI(+)) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry (MS) in conjunction with infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) was applied for the unambiguous identification of soyasaponins Ba (m/z 959.5213, [C48H79O19]+), Bb (m/z 943.5273, [C48H79O18]+), Bd (m/z 957.5122, [C48H77O19]+), and Be (m/z 941.5166, [C48H77O18]+), which are the only commercially available reference standards. In addition, the several diagnostic product ions generated by IRMPD in the ICR-MS cell allowed us the putative identification of soyasaponins Bb' (m/z 797.4680, [C42H69O14]+), αg (m/z 1085.5544, [C54H85O22]+), βg (m/z 1069.5600, [C54H85O21]+), and γg (m/z 923.5009, [C48H75O17]+), establishing thus their membership in the soyasaponin group. Quantitative and semiquantitative analysis of identified soyasaponins were also performed by RPLC-ESI(+) FTICR-MS; the total concentration levels were found ranging from 83.6 ± 9.3 to 767 ± 37 mg/kg. In vitro hypoglycemic outcomes of four soyasaponin standards were evaluated; significant inhibitory activities were obtained with IC50 values ranging from 1.5 ± 0.1 to 2.3 ± 0.2 μg/mL and 12.0 ± 1.1 to 29.4 ± 1.4 μg/mL for α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively. This study represents the first detailed investigation on the antidiabetic activity of bioactive constituents found in Fagioli di Sarconi beans. Graphical abstract The first detailed RPLC-ESI(+) FTICR-MS investigation of the qualitative and semiquantitative profile of soyasaponins, occurring in 21 ecotypes of Fagioli di Sarconi beans (P. vulgaris L.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Pascale
- Scuola di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Cecilia F Carbone
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria A Acquavia
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität Muenchen, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Alessandro Buchicchio
- Scuola di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Daniela Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Milella
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shawky E, Sallam SM. Simultaneous Determination of Soyasaponins and Isoflavones in Soy (Glycine max L.) Products by HPTLC-densitometry-Multiple Detection. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 55:1059-1065. [PMID: 28977409 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
A new high-throughput method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of isoflavones and soyasaponnins in Soy (Glycine max L.) products by high-performance thin-layer chromatography with densitometry and multiple detection. Silica gel was used as the stationary phase and ethyl acetate:methanol:water:acetic acid (100:20:16:1, v/v/v/v) as the mobile phase. After chromatographic development, multi-wavelength scanning was carried out by: (i) UV-absorbance measurement at 265 nm for genistin, daidzin and glycitin, (ii) Vis-absorbance measurement at 650 nm for Soyasaponins I and III, after post-chromatographic derivatization with anisaldehyde/sulfuric acid reagent. Validation of the developed method was found to meet the acceptance criteria delineated by ICH guidelines with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. Calibrations were linear with correlation coefficients of >0.994. Intra-day precisions relative standard deviation (RSD)% of all substances in matrix were determined to be between 0.7 and 0.9%, while inter-day precisions (RSD%) ranged between 1.2 and 1.8%. The validated method was successfully applied for determination of the studied analytes in soy-based infant formula and soybean products. The new method compares favorably to other reported methods in being as accurate and precise and in the same time more feasible and cost-effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman Shawky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa M Sallam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Cecchini C, Vila-Donat P, Caprioli G, Cifani C, Coman MM, Cresci A, Fiorini D, Ricciutelli M, Silvi S, Vittori S, Sagratini G. Evaluation of the hypocholesterolemic effect and prebiotic activity of a lentil (Lens culinaris
Medik) extract. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cinzia Cecchini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
- Synbiotec Srl; Spin-Off of University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Cifani
- Pharmacology Unit; School of Pharmacy; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | - Maria Magdalena Coman
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
- Synbiotec Srl; Spin-Off of University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | - Alberto Cresci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
- Synbiotec Srl; Spin-Off of University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | - Dennis Fiorini
- Chemistry Division; School of Science and Technology; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | | | - Stefania Silvi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
- Synbiotec Srl; Spin-Off of University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | - Sauro Vittori
- School of Pharmacy; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peng H, Li W, Li H, Deng Z, Zhang B. Extractable and non-extractable bound phenolic compositions and their antioxidant properties in seed coat and cotyledon of black soybean (Glycinemax (L.) merr). J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
12
|
Singh B, Singh JP, Singh N, Kaur A. Saponins in pulses and their health promoting activities: A review. Food Chem 2017; 233:540-549. [PMID: 28530610 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are a class of natural compounds present in pulses having surface active properties. These compounds show variation in type, structure and composition of their aglycone moiety and oligosaccharide chains. Saponins have plasma cholesterol lowering effect in humans and are important in reducing the risk of many chronic diseases. Moreover, they have shown strong cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines. However, more epidemiological and clinical studies are required for the proper validation of these health promoting activities. Processing and cooking promotes the loss of saponins from foods. The effect of soaking, sprouting and cooking on the stability and bioavailability of saponins in pulses is an important area which should be thoroughly worked out for achieving desirable health benefits. In the present review, the structures, contents and health benefits of saponins present in pulses are discussed. Moreover, the effect of processing (of pulses) on the saponins is also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balwinder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Khalsa College, Amritsar 143002, Punjab, India
| | - Jatinder Pal Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Narpinder Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Amritpal Kaur
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fußbroich D, Schubert R, Schneider P, Zielen S, Beermann C. Impact of soyasaponin I on TLR2 and TLR4 induced inflammation in the MUTZ-3-cell model. Food Funct 2015; 6:1001-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo01065e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory capacity of SoSa I is based on influencing both monocytic TLR2- and TLR4-induced inflammation by inhibiting whole bacteria more effectively than their appropriate PAMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fußbroich
- Department of Food Technology
- University of Applied Sciences
- Fulda
- Germany
| | - Ralf Schubert
- Department of Allergology
- Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis
- Children's Hospital
- Goethe-University
- Frankfurt/Main
| | - Petra Schneider
- Department of Food Technology
- University of Applied Sciences
- Fulda
- Germany
| | - Stefan Zielen
- Department of Allergology
- Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis
- Children's Hospital
- Goethe-University
- Frankfurt/Main
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Katano H, Okamoto N, Takakuwa M, Taira S, Kambe T, Takahashi M. Simple and rapid separation of soyasaponin Bb from a soy extract. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:85-9. [PMID: 25746805 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple method to separate soyasaponin Bb from a soy extract is presented. This method is based on the difference in the solubility of soyasaponin Bb and Ba and other components into 3:7 and 1:1 (v/v) acetone-water mixed solvents. The crude soyasaponin consisting of soyasaponins Aa, Ab, Ba, and Bb at the 10 wt% level and other components was examined as the soy extract. A 10 mg quantity of the crude soyasaponin was mixed with 1 mL of the 3:7 acetone-water containing 0.1 mol/L HCl, and the supernatant was removed to obtain a precipitate, which was found to contain mainly soyasaponins Bb and Ba. The precipitate was mixed with 0.4 mL of the 1:1 acetone-water containing 0.1 mol/L HCl; the supernatant was transferred, and was mixed with 0.6 mL of water to obtain a precipitate, which was found to contain mainly soyasaponin Bb. The yield was ca. 30%, which may be much higher than that by the conventional preparative chromatographic approach. The separation method is rapid and easy to carry out, and is useful for the preparation of a soyasaponin Bb sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Katano
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kamo S, Suzuki S, Sato T. Comparison of bioavailability (I) between soyasaponins and soyasapogenols, and (II) between group A and B soyasaponins. Nutrition 2014; 30:596-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
16
|
Jeong EK, Ha IJ, Kim YS, Na YC. Glycosylated platycosides: identification by enzymatic hydrolysis and structural determination by LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:61-8. [PMID: 24327461 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, enzymatic hydrolysis and chemometric methods were utilized to discriminate glycosylated platycosides in the extract of Platycodi Radix by LC-MS. Laminarinase, whose enzymatic activity was evaluated using gentiobiose and laminaritriose, was a suitable enzyme to identify the glycosylated platycosides. The laminarinase produced deapi-platycodin D and platycodin D from the isolated deapi-platycoside E and platycoside E through the loss of two glucose units by enzymatic reaction, respectively. After hydrolyzing a crude extract by laminarinase, the reconstructed total ion chromatogram generated by a chemometric technique sorted peaks of deglycosylated platycosides easily. Structural information of the glycosylated isomers was revealed through fragment ions generated by the sodiated C0β ion corresponding to reduced disaccharides in the positive MS(4) spectra. Characteristic fragment ions of Glc-(1→6)-Glc moieties were observed through ring cleavages of (0,2)A0β, (0,3)A0β, and (0,4)A0β, whereas Glc-(1→3)-Glc moieties produced only (0,3)A0β ions. Lithium-adducted platycosides allowed more detailed structural analysis of glycosidic bond cleavage corresponding to Y1β and B1β in addition to ring cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Jeong
- Analytical Research Division, Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rao M, Feng L, Ruan L, Ge M, Sheng X. UPLC-MS-Based Metabolomic Study ofStreptomycesStrain HCCB10043 Under Different pH Conditions Reveals Important Pathways Affecting the Biosynthesis of A21978C Compounds. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.800538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
18
|
Sagratini G, Caprioli G, Maggi F, Font G, Giardinà D, Mañes J, Meca G, Ricciutelli M, Sirocchi V, Torregiani E, Vittori S. Determination of soyasaponins I and βg in raw and cooked legumes by solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and assessment of their bioaccessibility by an in vitro digestion model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1702-1709. [PMID: 23305351 DOI: 10.1021/jf304136g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Legumes contain a rich variety of phytochemicals as soyasaponins, triterpenoidal glycosides that possess multiple health-promoting properties, such as lowering of cholesterol. In this work, the quantification of soyasaponins I and βg in 60 raw and cooked legumes by using a solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to a liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) method was carried out. Results showed that lentils are a good source of soyasaponins, with a content of soyasaponin I that ranged from 636 to 735 mg kg(-1) and of soyasaponin βg from 672 to 1807 mg kg(-1). The cooking process produced a small loss of soyasaponins in water, that is, 4.8-8.7%, and partially converted soyasaponin βg into soyasaponin I. In addition, the bioaccessibility of soyasaponins I in lentils was studied; the values ranged from 8.9 ± 0.3 to 10.6 ± 1.1% in the duodenal compartment. On the basis of these results, soyasaponins could be effective in lowering exogenous cholesterol.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao D, Yan M, Huang Y, Sun X. Efficient protocol for isolation and purification of different soyasaponins from soy hypocotyls. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3281-92. [PMID: 23002031 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Soyasaponins are naturally occurring triterpenoid glycosides associated with many biological activities. The aim of the present study was to develop an effective method for isolation and purification of differently glycosylated, acetylated, and 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP)-conjugated soyasaponins from soy hypocotyls. Both gel filtration using Sephadex LH-20 chromatography (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech AB; elution phase: methanol, flow rate: 3.0 mL/min, sample loading: 60 mg) and high-speed countercurrent chromatography (stationary phase: n-butanol-acetic acid (5.0%, v/v), mobile phase: water flow rate: 3.0 mL/min, sample loading: 100 mg) could effectively fractionate isoflavones and soyasaponins from the crude extract with yield of soyasaponin complexes 20.5 mg and 22.3 mg, respectively. After fractionation, the soyasaponin complexes could be purified further using preparative HPLC to separate individuals. A total of nine soyasaponins, triacetyl soyasaponin Ab (yield 1.55%, HPLC purity >98%), Aa (2.68%, >99%), Ab (18.53%, >98%), Ae (0.85%, >98%), Ba (0.63%, >91%), Af (1.12%, >85%), Bb (3.45%, >98%) and Be (0.59%, >76.8%) were obtained. DDMP-conjugated groups, αg (2.06%, >85%), βg (7.59%, >85%), and γg (0.29%, >85%) that were very labile even in mild conditions, were also collected. The method described here can be used as an effective protocol to separate different soyasaponins occurring in the original sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayun Zhao
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Characterization and quantification of saponins and flavonoids in sprouts, seed coats and cotyledons of germinated black beans. Food Chem 2012; 134:1312-9. [PMID: 25005948 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Saponins, flavonols and isoflavones were quantified in sprouts, cotyledons and seed coats of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) subjected to germination over five days. Sprouts had a higher concentration of saponins compared to cotyledons or seed coats (p<0.05). The saponins concentration in hilum increased 2.3-fold after soaking. After the first day of germination, the saponin concentration in sprouts and cotyledons increased 1.9 and 2.1-fold, respectively. Additional germination days decreased the amount of the most abundant soyasaponins in black bean sprouts. Flavonols and isoflavones were associated with seed coats and less than one third of the initial amount remained after the soaking process. The concentrations of flavonols were also reduced during germination process. Aglycones were detected only after soaking and their concentration remained unchanged during germination. Genistein was detected only after three days of germination. In general, one-day germinated black beans could be recommended for increasing the concentration of saponins and non-glycosylated flavonols in sprouts and seed coats, respectively.
Collapse
|
21
|
Eswaranandam S, Salyer J, Chen P, Lee SO. Effect of elicitor spray at different reproductive stages on saponin content of soybean. J Food Sci 2012; 77:H81-6. [PMID: 22225473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial health effects of soybeans may be enhanced by increasing bioactive compounds including soyasaponins (ssp). The objective of this study is to elucidate the effect of elicitors sprayed on Ozark variety soybeans, on ssp content. Different concentrations of elicitors, ethyl acetate (EA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ), were sprayed at 4 different growth stages (1-bloom, 2-pod development, 3-seed development, and 4-seed maturity). Seeds were ground, defatted, ssp was extracted and identified and quantified with HPLC. Elicitor and growth stage had an effect on βg and βa contents of soybeans compared with control (P < 0.05). Elicitor had an effect on total ssp content (P < 0.001) and αg and γg content of soybeans compared with control (P < 0.05). Total ssp content of EA 0.05 M, MJ 0.001 M, and 0.005 M sprayed soybeans were higher than EA 0.001 M, which is higher than control (P < 0.05; 3.62, 3.56, 3.56, 3.29, and 2.98 μmol/g soybean, respectively). The overall effect of elicitor on total ssp content was not dependent on growth stage, however, elicitors sprayed at growth stages 1, 2, and 3 showed differences among elicitor applied soybeans. Elicitors applied at growth stage 4 did not have any effect on total ssp content compared to control. Elicitors EA 0.05 M, MJ 0.001, and 0.005 M can be applied on any growth stage to increase total saponin content of soybean variety Ozark. Higher saponin content may improve the beneficial health effects of soybean consumption.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang W, Popovich DG. Chemical and biological characterization of oleanane triterpenoids from soy. Molecules 2009; 14:2959-75. [PMID: 19701138 PMCID: PMC6255087 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14082959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soyasaponins are a group of complex and structural diverse oleanane triterpenoids found in soy (Glycine max) and other legumes. They are primarily classified into two main groups - group A and B - based on the attachment of sugar moieties at positions C-3 and C-22 of the ring structures. Group A soyasaponins are bidesmosidic, while group B soyasaponins are monodesmosidic. Group B soyasaponins are further classified into two subcategories known as 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP) and non-DDMP conjugated molecules. The preparation and purification of soyasaponin molecules is complicated by the presence of bioactive soy isoflavones, which often overlap with soyasaponin in polarity and must removed from extracts before biological assessment. Soyasaponin extracts, aglycones of group A and B and individual group B soyasaponins such as soyasaponin I have been reported to posses specific bioactive properties, such as in vitro anti-cancer properties by modulating the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis. The isolation, chemical characterization and detection strategies by HPLC and HPLC-MS are reviewed, along with the reported bioactive effects of soyasaponin extracts and individual molecules in cultured cancer cell experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David G. Popovich
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang W, Teng SP, Popovich DG. Generation of group B soyasaponins I and III by hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3620-5. [PMID: 19338335 DOI: 10.1021/jf803663j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soyasaponins are a group of oleanane triterpenoids found in soy and other legumes that have been associated with some of the benefits achieved by consuming plant-based diets. However, these groups of compounds are diverse and structurally complicated to chemically characterize, separate from the isoflavones, and isolate in sufficient quantities for bioactive testing. Therefore, the aim of this study was to maximize the extraction of soyasaponins from soy flour, remove isoflavones, separate group B soyasaponins from group A, and produce an extract that contained a majority of non-DDMP (2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one)-conjugated group B soyasaponins I and III. Room temperature extraction in methanol for 24 or 48 h resulted in the maximum recovery of soyasaponins, and Soxhlet extraction resulted in the least. A solid-phase extraction using methanol (45%) was found to virtually eliminate the interfering isoflavones as compared to butanol-water liquid-liquid extraction and ammonium sulfate precipitation, while maximizing saponin recovery. Alkaline hydrolysis in anhydrous methanol produced the maximum amount of soyasaponins I and III as compared to aqueous methanol and acid hydrolysis in both aqueous and anhydrous methanol. The soyasaponin I amount was increased by 175%, and soyasaponin III was increased by 211% after alkaline hydrolysis. Furthermore, after alkaline hydrolysis, a majority of DDMP-conjugated group B soyasaponins such as betag, betaa, gammag, and gammaa transformed into the non-DDMP-conjugated soyasaponins I and III without affecting the glycosidic bond at position C-3 of the ring structure. Therefore, we have developed a method that maximizes the recovery of DDMP-conjugated saponins and uses alkaline hydrolysis to produce an extract containing mainly soyasaponins I and III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4 Singapore, 117543
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu W, Zhang Q, Zhu Y, Lam HM, Cai Z, Guo D. Comparative metabolic profiling reveals secondary metabolites correlated with soybean salt tolerance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11132-8. [PMID: 19007129 DOI: 10.1021/jf8024024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-ESI-MS) and HPLC-ESI-MS(n) analysis methods were used for metabolic profiling and simultaneous identification of isoflavonoids and saponins in soybean seeds. Comparative targeted metabolic profiling revealed marked differences in the metabolite composition between salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant soybean varieties. Principle component analysis clearly demonstrated that it is possible to use secondary metabolites, for example, isoflavones and saponins, to discriminate between closely related soybean genotypes. Genistin and group B saponins were identified as the key secondary metabolites correlated with salt tolerance. These individual metabolites may provide additional insight into the salt tolerance and adaptation of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., SAR, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Takahashi S, Hori K, Shinbo M, Hiwatashi K, Gotoh T, Yamada S. Isolation of human renin inhibitor from soybean: soyasaponin I is the novel human renin inhibitor in soybean. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72:3232-6. [PMID: 19060406 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We found human renin inhibitory activity in soybean and isolated the active compound, soybean renin inhibitor (SRI). The physico-chemical data on the isolated SRI were identical with those of soyasaponin I. SRI showed significant inhibition against recombinant human renin, with an IC(50) value of 30 microg/ml. Kinetic studies with SRI indicated partial noncompetitive inhibition, with a K(i) value of 37.5 microM. On the other hand, SRI weakly inhibited pepsin, papain, and bromeline activities, but did not inhibit other proteinases, such as trypsin, kallikrein, angiotensin converting enzyme, and aminopeptidase M. Moreover, a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats was observed when partially purified SRI was orally administrated at 40 mg/kg/d for 7 weeks. This is the first demonstration of a renin inhibitor from soybean, soyasaponin I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saori Takahashi
- Institute for Food and Brewing, Akita Prefectural Agricultural, Forestry, and Fisheries Research Center, Arayamachi, Akita, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Murphy PA, Hu J, Barua K, Hauck CC. Group B saponins in soy products in the U.S. Department of Agriculture--Iowa State University isoflavone database and their comparison with isoflavone contents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8534-8540. [PMID: 18710246 DOI: 10.1021/jf800491p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones in soy protein foods are thought to contribute to the cholesterol-lowering effect observed when these products are fed to humans. The group B saponins are another ethanol-soluble phytochemical fraction associated with soy proteins and isoflavones and have also been associated with cholesterol-lowering abilities. We measured the group B soyasaponin concentrations in a variety of soy foods and ingredients in the U.S. Department of AgricultureIowa State University Isoflavone Database. We compared the isoflavone and soy saponin concentrations and distributions in intact soybeans, soy ingredients, and retail soy foods. Group B saponins occur in six predominant forms. There appears to be no correlation between saponin and isoflavone concentrations in intact soybeans ranging from 5 to 11 mumol isoflavones/g soybean and from 2 to 6 mumol saponin/g soybean. Depending upon the type of processing, soy ingredients have quite different saponins/isoflavones as compared to mature soybeans. In soy foods, the saponin:isoflavone ration ranges from 1:1 to 2:5, whereas in soy protein isolates, the ratio is approximately 5:3. Ethanol-washed ingredients have very low saponins and isoflavones. These very different distributions of saponins and isoflavones in soy products may affect how we view the outcome of feeding trials examining a variety of protective effects associated with soy consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Murphy
- Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 5001, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Knudsen D, Jutfelt F, Sundh H, Sundell K, Koppe W, Frøkiaer H. Dietary soya saponins increase gut permeability and play a key role in the onset of soyabean-induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.). Br J Nutr 2008; 100:120-9. [PMID: 18167174 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507886338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Saponins are naturally occurring amphiphilic molecules and have been associated with many biological activities. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether soya saponins trigger the onset of soyabean-induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), and to examine if dietary soya saponins increase the epithelial permeability of the distal intestine in Atlantic salmon. Seven experimental diets containing different levels of soya saponins were fed to seawater-adapted Atlantic salmon for 53 d. The diets included a fishmeal-based control diet, two fishmeal-based diets with different levels of added soya saponins, one diet containing 25% lupin kernel meal, two diets based on 25% lupin kernel meal with different levels of added soya saponins, and one diet containing 25% defatted soyabean meal. The effect on intestinal morphology, intestinal epithelial permeability and faecal DM content was examined. Fish fed 25% defatted soyabean meal displayed severe enteritis, whereas fish fed 25% lupin kernel meal had normal intestinal morphology. The combination of soya saponins and fishmeal did not induce morphological changes but fish fed soya saponins in combination with lupin kernel meal displayed significant enteritis. Increased epithelial permeability was observed in fish fed 25% defatted soyabean meal and in fish fed soya saponin concentrate independent of the protein source in the feed. The study demonstrates that soya saponins, in combination with one or several unidentified components present in legumes, induce an inflammatory reaction in the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon. Soya saponins increase the intestinal epithelial permeability but do not, per se, induce enteritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Knudsen
- BioCentrum-DTU, Nutritional Immunology Group, Centre of Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chapagain BP, Wiesman Z. Determination of saponins in the kernel cake of Balanites aegyptiaca by HPLC-ESI/MS. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2007; 18:354-62. [PMID: 17623371 DOI: 10.1002/pca.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The kernel cake produced from Balanites aegyptiaca fruit of Israeli origin was analysed for its saponin constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The HPLC was equipped with a reversed-phase C18 column and a refractive index detector (RID), and elution was isocratic with methanol and water (70:30). The MS system was equipped with electrospray ionisation (ESI). Nine compounds were chromatographically separated, their masses were determined in the negative ion mode and subsequent fragmentation of each component was carried out. From the nine components, six saponins with molecular masses of 1196, 1064, 1210, 1224, 1078 and 1046 Da were identified, with the compound of mass 1210 Da being the main saponin (ca. 36%). Saponins with masses of 1224 and 1046 Da have not been previously reported in B. aegyptiaca. In all saponins, diosgenin was found to be the sole aglycone. This study shows that HPLC-ESI/MS is a quick and reliable technique for characterizing the saponins from kernel cake of B. aegyptiaca.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P Chapagain
- The Phyto-Lipid Biotechnology Laboratory, the Institutes for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Han J, Ye M, Guo H, Yang M, Wang BR, Guo DA. Analysis of multiple constituents in a Chinese herbal preparation Shuang-Huang-Lian oral liquid by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:430-8. [PMID: 17391890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method for the quality control of Shuang-Huang-Lian oral liquid, an antimicrobial and antipyretic herbal preparation, has been developed. Pure compounds are subjected to tandem mass spectrometry (MS(n)) analysis to clarify their fragmentation rules. Then, the sample of Shuang-Huang-Lian was analyzed by on-line LC-MS(n). A total of 27 compounds, including seven phenylethanoid glycosides, three lignans, seven quinic acids, six saponins and four flavonoids, in the extract of Shuang-Huang-Lian oral liquid have been identified or tentatively characterized. It is expected to develop a comprehensive quality control method of this commonly used herbal preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Saponins are a diverse group of compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom, which are characterized by their structure containing a triterpene or steroid aglycone and one or more sugar chains. Consumer demand for natural products coupled with their physicochemical (surfactant) properties and mounting evidence on their biological activity (such as anticancer and anticholesterol activity) has led to the emergence of saponins as commercially significant compounds with expanding applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors. The realization of their full commercial potential requires development of new processes/processing strategies to address the processing challenges posed by their complex nature. This review provides an update on the sources, properties, and applications of saponins with special focus on their extraction and purification. Also reviewed is the recent literature on the effect of processing on saponin structure/properties and the extraction and purification of sapogenins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Güçlü-Ustündağ
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, V0H 1Z0 Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yang Y, Jin M, Huang M, Su B, Ren Q. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Soyasaponins from Hypocotyls, and Analysis by LC-ESI-MS. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
32
|
Jin M, Yang Y, Su B, Ren Q. Determination of soyasaponins Ba and Bb in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 846:169-75. [PMID: 16978933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method (HPLC-MS-MS) has been developed and validated for the determination of soyasaponins Ba and Bb in human serum using glycyrrhizin as internal standard (I.S.). Soyasaponins Ba and Bb were extracted from human serum by liquid-liquid extraction and cleaned up by C(18) solid-phase extraction (SPE), followed by separation on a C(18) reversed-phase column using acetonitrile/water containing 0.025% acetic acid as a mobile phase for gradient elution. Soyasaponins Ba and Bb, and I.S. were ionized by negative ion pneumatically assisted electrospray and detected by HPLC-MS-MS in the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using precursor-->product ion combinations at m/z 958-->940, 942-->924 and 822-->351, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (r(2)>0.991) in the concentration range of 0.5-100.0 ng/mL, with lower limits of quantification of 0.5 and 0.3 ng/mL for soyasaponins Ba and Bb, respectively, in human serum. Intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) were less than 7.9 and 11.3%, respectively. The mean recoveries of soyasaponins Ba and Bb ranged from 92 to 101% and from 85 to 94%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micong Jin
- National Laboratory of Secondary Resources Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Vincken JP, Heng L, de Groot A, Gruppen H. Saponins, classification and occurrence in the plant kingdom. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:275-97. [PMID: 17141815 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are a structurally diverse class of compounds occurring in many plant species, which are characterized by a skeleton derived of the 30-carbon precursor oxidosqualene to which glycosyl residues are attached. Traditionally, they are subdivided into triterpenoid and steroid glycosides, or into triterpenoid, spirostanol, and furostanol saponins. In this study, the structures of saponins are reviewed and classified based on their carbon skeletons, the formation of which follows the main pathways for the biosynthesis of triterpenes and steroids. In this way, 11 main classes of saponins were distinguished: dammaranes, tirucallanes, lupanes, hopanes, oleananes, taraxasteranes, ursanes, cycloartanes, lanostanes, cucurbitanes, and steroids. The dammaranes, lupanes, hopanes, oleananes, ursanes, and steroids are further divided into 16 subclasses, because their carbon skeletons are subjected to fragmentation, homologation, and degradation reactions. With this systematic classification, the relationship between the type of skeleton and the plant origin was investigated. Up to five main classes of skeletons could exist within one plant order, but the distribution of skeletons in the plant kingdom did not seem to be order- or subclass-specific. The oleanane skeleton was the most common skeleton and is present in most orders of the plant kingdom. For oleanane type saponins, the kind of substituents (e.g. -OH, =O, monosaccharide residues, etc.) and their position of attachment to the skeleton were reviewed. Carbohydrate chains of 18 monosaccharide residues can be attached to the oleanane skeleton, most commonly at the C3 and/or C17 atom. The kind and positions of the substituents did not seem to be plant order-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
JYOTHI T, SINDHU KANYA T, APPU RAO A. INFLUENCE OF GERMINATION ON SAPONINS IN SOYBEAN AND RECOVERY OF SOY SAPOGENOL I. J Food Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2007.00094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
35
|
Preparative chromatographic purification and surfactant properties of individual soyasaponins from soy hypocotyls. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
36
|
Ha YW, Na YC, Seo JJ, Kim SN, Linhardt RJ, Kim YS. Qualitative and quantitative determination of ten major saponins in Platycodi Radix by high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1135:27-35. [PMID: 17007864 PMCID: PMC4142639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 09/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Saponins in Platycodi Radix (platycosides) exhibit potent biological activities in mammalian systems, including several beneficial effects such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-obesity activities. In this study, we developed a new HPLC separation coupled with evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) for the simultaneous quantitative determination of ten major saponins in Platycodi Radix. Simultaneous separation of these saponins was achieved on a C18 analytical column. The mobile phase consisted of a gradient of aqueous acetonitrile. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and quantification. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled with on-line mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS) were applied to identify platycosides in the purified fractions and in the crude extract. Under ESI-MS/MS conditions, the fragmentation patterns of [M-H]- ions exclusively show signals corresponding to cleavage of the glycosidic bonds, thus allowing a rapid identification of saponins in the crude extract of Platycodi Radix. The validated HPLC method provides a new basis of overall assessment on quality of Platycodi Radix, and ESI-MS/MS and LC-ESI MS/MS approaches offers analytical tools for a rapid screening of platycosides in the crude extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Wan Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, South Korea
| | - Yun-Cheol Na
- Korea Basic Science Institute, 126-16 Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ju Seo
- Korea Basic Science Institute, 126-16 Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Soo-Na Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, South Korea
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, South Korea
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 740 8929; fax: +82 2 765 4768. (Y.S. Kim)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Rickert D, Meyer M, Hu J, Murphy P. Effect of Extraction pH and Temperature on Isoflavone and Saponin Partitioning and Profile During Soy Protein Isolate Production. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb09910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
39
|
Jin M, Yang Y, Su B, Ren Q. Rapid quantification and characterization of soyasaponins by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1108:31-7. [PMID: 16448660 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A method using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in the negative mode is presented for the quantification and characterization of different soyasaponins using six authentic soyasaponin standards. This method was successfully applied to the rapid separation of diverse soyasaponins, more than 50, including soyasaponins A in different degrees of acetylation, and soyasaponins B in both their 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP)-conjugated and non-conjugated forms in different samples in one single run for only 30 min. Standard calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.010-1.0 mg/L for each soyasaponin. Within-day and day-to-day relative standard deviations were less than 9.2 and 13.1%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micong Jin
- National Laboratory of Secondary Resources Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li B, Abliz Z, Tang M, Fu G, Yu S. Rapid structural characterization of triterpenoid saponins in crude extract from Symplocos chinensis using liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1101:53-62. [PMID: 16236299 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins in bioactive crude extract from Symplocos chinensis were rapidly identified using electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn) and liquid chromatography coupled with sequential mass spectrometry (LC-MSn). According to the characteristic fragmentation behavior of known glucuronide-type triterpenoid saponins isolated from this plant, a total of fourteen constituents in the crude extract were structurally characterized on the basis of their retention time and tandem mass spectrometric analysis, including five pairs of naturally occurring isomers. Except one known saponin formerly obtained, the other constituents were new compounds. The analytical method of LC-MSn combined with ESI-MSn in positive and negative ion modes has been developed for the direct structural elucidation of triterpenoid saponins of this kind in plant extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gurfinkel DM, Reynolds WF, Rao AV. The isolation of soyasaponins by fractional precipitation, solid phase extraction, and low pressure liquid chromatography. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2005; 56:501-19. [PMID: 16503561 DOI: 10.1080/09637480500460601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive soyasaponins are present in soybean (Glycine max). In this study, the isolation of soyasaponins in relatively pure form (>80%) using precipitation, solid phase extraction and reverse phase low pressure liquid chromatography (RP-LPLC) is described. Soy flour soyasaponins were separated from non-saponins by methanol extraction and precipitation with ammonium sulphate. Acetylated group A soyasaponins were isolated first by solid phase extraction followed by RP-LPLC (solvent: ethanol-water). Soyasaponins, from a commercial preparation, were saponified and fractionated into deacetylated group A and group B soyasaponins by solid phase extraction (methanol-water). Partial hydrolysis of group B soyasaponins produced a mixture of soyasaponin III and soyasapogenol B monoglucuronide. RP-LPLC of deacetylated group A soyasaponins separated soyasaponin A1 and A2 (38% methanol); of group B soyasaponins isolated soyasaponin I (50% ethanol); and of the partial hydrolysate separated soyasaponin III from soyasapogenol B monoglucuronide (50% ethanol). This methodology provides soyasaponin fractions that are suitable for biological evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Gurfinkel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E2, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hubert J, Berger M, Daydé J. Validation of a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Method to Quantify Soy Sapogenols A and B in Soy Germs from Different Cultivars and in Soy Isoflavone-Enriched Supplements. J Food Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb11503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
43
|
Lee SO, Simons AL, Murphy PA, Hendrich S. Soyasaponins lowered plasma cholesterol and increased fecal bile acids in female golden Syrian hamsters. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2005; 230:472-8. [PMID: 15985622 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted in hamsters to determine if group B soyasaponins improve plasma cholesterol status by increasing the excretion of fecal bile acids and neutral sterols, to identify group B soyasaponin metabolites, and to investigate the relationship between a fecal group B soyasaponin metabolite and plasma lipids. Twenty female golden Syrian hamsters, 11-12 weeks old and 85-125 g, were randomly assigned to a control diet or a similar diet containing group B soyasaponins (containing no isoflavones), 2.2 mmol/kg, for 4 weeks. Hamsters fed group B soyasaponins had significantly lower plasma total cholesterol (by 20%), non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (by 33%), and triglycerides (by 18%) compared with those fed casein (P < 0.05). The ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol was significantly lower (by 13%) in hamsters fed group B soyasaponins than in those fed casein (P < 0.05). The excretion of fecal bile acids and neutral sterols was significantly greater (by 105% and 85%, respectively) in soyasaponin-fed hamsters compared with those fed casein (P < 0.05). Compared with casein, group B soyasaponins lowered plasma total cholesterol levels and non-HDL cholesterol levels by a mechanism involving greater excretion of fecal bile acids and neutral sterols. Hamsters fed group B soyasaponins statistically clustered into two fecal soyasaponin metabolite-excretion phenotypes: high excreters (n = 3) and low excreters (n = 7). When high and low producers of this soyasaponin metabolite were compared for plasma cholesterol status, the high producers showed a significantly lower total-cholesterol-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio compared with the low producers (1.38 +/- 0.7 vs. 1.59 +/- 0.13; P < 0.03). Greater production of group B soyasaponin metabolite in hamsters was associated with better plasma cholesterol status, suggesting that gut microbial variation in soyasaponin metabolism may influence the health effects of group B soyasaponins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ok Lee
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, 124 MacKay Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Decroos K, Vincken JP, Heng L, Bakker R, Gruppen H, Verstraete W. Simultaneous quantification of differently glycosylated, acetylated, and 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one-conjugated soyasaponins using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1072:185-93. [PMID: 15887487 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel method utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was developed for the analysis of soyasaponins, a divers group of triterpenic compounds with one or two sugar side chains, occurring in soy. Group A soyasaponins in different degrees of acetylation, as well as group B soyasaponins in both their 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP)-conjugated and non-conjugated forms could be separated and quantified using authentic soyasaponin standards, in one single run. The method was tested by the determination of the soyasaponin content and composition of eight soygerm samples of different origin. Differences in the composition and the degree of acetylation of the group A soyasaponins were observed among these samples. The group B soyasaponins showed much less variability and they were mainly present in their DDMP-conjugated form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Decroos
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology & Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hu J, Reddy MB, Hendrich S, Murphy PA. Soyasaponin I and sapongenol B have limited absorption by Caco-2 intestinal cells and limited bioavailability in women. J Nutr 2004; 134:1867-73. [PMID: 15284368 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.8.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A human study was conducted to evaluate soyasaponin bioavailability in humans. Eight healthy women ingested a single dose of concentrated soy extract containing 434 micromol of group B soyasaponins, the predominant form of soyasaponins in soybeans. Neither soyasaponins nor their metabolites were detected in a 24-h urine collection. Soyasapogenol B, a major metabolite of group B soyasaponins, was found (36.3 +/- 10.2 micromol) in a 5-d fecal collection but no group B soyasaponins were detected. A human colon cancer Caco-2 cell model was used to evaluate the absorbability of soyasaponins at the mucosal level. The mucosal transfers of soyasaponin I and soyasapogenol B were 0.5-2.9 and 0.2-0.8%, respectively, after 4-h incubation on the Caco-2 monolayer. The apical to basolateral absorptions of soyasaponin I and soyasapogenol B were low with P(app) of 0.9 to 3.6 x 10(-6) and 0.3 to 0.6 x 10(-6) cm/s, respectively. The transport rate and cell uptake of soyasaponin I were saturable and concentration-independent. In contrast, soyasapogenol B was taken up by Caco-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Soyasaponin I had no apparent cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 cells at concentrations up to 3 mmol/L, whereas soyasapogenol B at 1 mmol/L or more significantly reduced cell viability. Therefore, ingested soyasaponins have low absorbability in human intestinal cells and seem to be metabolized to soyasapogenol B by human intestinal microorganisms in vivo and excreted in the feces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Hu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nicol RW, Yousef L, Traquair JA, Bernards MA. Ginsenosides stimulate the growth of soilborne pathogens of American ginseng. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 64:257-264. [PMID: 12946424 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng saponins (ginsenosides) were isolated from soil associated with the roots of commercially grown American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.), identified via LC-MS and quantified via analytical HPLC. The ginsenosides, including F(11), Rb(1), Rb(2), Rc, Rd, Re and Rg(1), represented between 0.02 and 0.098% (average 0.06%) of the mass of the soil collected from roots annually between 1999 and 2002. The same ginsenosides were also isolated from run-off of undisturbed plants grown in pots in a greenhouse using a root exudate trapping system. To investigate (1) whether these saponins could influence the growth of pythiaceous fungi pathogenic to ginseng, and (2) whether soil levels of ginsenosides were sufficient to account for any effects, bioassays were completed using a crude saponin extract and an ecologically relevant concentration of purified ginsenosides. Thus, when cultured on media containing crude saponins, the colony weight of both Phytophthora cactorum and Pythium irregulare was significantly greater than that of control, indicating a strong growth stimulation by ginsenosides. The growth of Pythium irregulare was also significantly stimulated after addition of an ecologically relevant, low concentration (i.e. 0.06%) of purified ginsenosides to culture medium. By contrast, growth of the saprotrophic fungus Trichoderma hamatum was slightly (but not significantly) inhibited under the same conditions. These results imply that ginsenosides can act as allelopathic stimulators of the growth of pythiaceous fungi in the rhizosphere, and this may contribute to the disease(s) of this crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Nicol
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|