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Cheng J, Gui J, Yao X, Zhao H, Zhou Y, Du Y. Functional Identification of Olfactory Receptors of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) for Plant Odor. INSECTS 2023; 14:930. [PMID: 38132603 PMCID: PMC10744336 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a migratory insect pest on rice crops. The migratory C. medinalis population in a particular location may be immigrants, local populations, emigrants, or a mix of these. Immigrants are strongly attracted to plant odor. We conducted research to identify the olfactory receptors in a floral scent mixture that is strongly attractive to C. medinalis. Through gene cloning, 12 olfactory receptor (OR) genes were amplified and expressed in Xenopus oocytes in vitro, and three of them were found to be responsive to plant foliar and floral volatiles. These were CmedOR31, a specific receptor for geraniol; CmedOR32, a broad-spectrum OR gene that responded to both foliar and floral odors; and CmedOR1, which strongly responded to 10-4 M phenylacetaldehyde. The electrophysiological response to phenylacetaldehyde was extremely high, with a current of 3200 ± 86 nA and an extremely high sensitivity. We compared the phylogenetic tree and sequence similarity of CmedOR genes and found that CmedOR1 belonged to a uniquely conserved OR pedigree in the evolution of Glossata species, and the ORs of this pedigree strongly responded to phenylacetaldehyde. The expression of OR1 was significantly higher in the females than in the males. Localization of CmedOR1 in the antennae of C. medinalis by fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that CmedOR1 was expressed in both males and females. CmedOR1 may be an odor receptor used by females to locate food sources. The function of these ORs and their role in pest monitoring were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Cheng
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China (J.G.)
| | - Jiawei Gui
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China (J.G.)
| | - Xiaoming Yao
- Zhejiang Plant Protection, Quarantine and Pesticide Management Station, Hangzhou 310029, China;
| | - Hong Zhao
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Shengzhou, Shengzhou 312400, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Zhuji, Zhuji 311800, China;
| | - Yongjun Du
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China (J.G.)
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Giri AP, Short BD, Piñero JC. Male and Female Tortricid Moth Response to Non-Pheromonal Semiochemicals. INSECTS 2023; 14:884. [PMID: 37999083 PMCID: PMC10671916 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In eastern North America, apple orchards are often attacked by several species of tortricid moths (Lepidoptera), including Cydia pomonella, Grapholita molesta, Argyrotaenia velutinana, and Pandemis limitata. Sex pheromones are routinely used to monitor male moth populations. Adding plant volatiles to monitoring traps could increase the capture of moths of both sexes and improve the effectiveness of mating disruption systems. This study sought to quantify the attraction of adults of four tortricid moth species to five olfactory treatments, namely (1) Pherocon® CM L2-P, (2) Pherocon Megalure CM 4K Dual® (=Megalure), (3) Megalure + benzaldehyde, (4) TRE 2266 (linalool oxide + (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT)), and (5) TRE 2267 (linalool oxide + DMNT + benzaldehyde), in non-mating disrupted commercial apple orchards in Massachusetts. The commercial lure Megalure was attractive to both sexes of G. molesta and C. pomonella. The addition of benzaldehyde to TRE 2266 or to Megalure significantly increased the capture of male G. molesta during the mid and late season of 2021. Only when benzaldehyde was added to TRE 2266 did the latter lure attract P. limitata in 2020 and 2021. The greatest number of tortricid moths (all four species combined) was captured by TRE 2267. This finding highlights the opportunity to enhance the attractiveness of a commercial lure through the addition of benzaldehyde, an aromatic compound, to Megalure. The potential of these additional volatiles to detect moths in a mating-disrupted orchard and/or remove female moths as a component of a management system is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay P. Giri
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | | | - Jaime C. Piñero
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
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Jaoui M, Docherty KS, Lewandowski M, Kleindienst TE. Yields and molecular composition of gas phase and secondary organic aerosol from the photooxidation of the volatile consumer product benzyl alcohol: formation of highly oxygenated and hydroxy nitroaromatic compounds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2023; 23:4637-4661. [PMID: 38361764 PMCID: PMC10866305 DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-4637-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Recently, volatile chemical products (VCPs) have been increasingly recognized as important precursors for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and ozone in urban areas. However, their atmospheric chemistry, physical transformation, and their impact on climate, environment and human health remain poorly understood. Here, the yields and chemical composition at the molecular level of gas and particle phase products originating from the photooxidation of one of these VCPs, benzyl alcohol (BnOH), is reported. The SOA was generated in the presence of seed aerosol from nebulized ammonium sulfate solution in a 14.5 m3 smog chamber operated in flow mode. More than 50 organic compounds containing nitrogen and/or up to seven oxygen atoms were identified by mass spectrometry. While a detailed non-targeted analysis has been made, our primary focus has been to examine highly oxygenated and nitro-aromatic compounds. The major components include ring-opening products with high oxygen to carbon ratio (e.g., malic acid, tartaric acids, arabic acid, trihydroxy-oxo-pentanoic acids, and pentaric acid), and ring-retaining products (e.g., benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, catechol, 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol, 4-nitrocatechol, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl alcohol, 2-nitrophloroglucinol, 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl alcohol). The presence of some of these products in the gas and particle phases simultaneously provides evidence of their gas/particle partitioning. These oxygenated oxidation products made dominant contributions to the SOA particle composition in both low and high NOx systems. Yields, organic mass to organic carbon ratio, and proposed reaction schemes for selected compounds are provided. The aerosol yield was 5.2% for BnOH/H2O2 at SOA concentration of 52.9 µg m-3 and ranged between 1.7-8.1 % for BnOH/NOx at SOA concentration of 40.0-119.5 µg m-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jaoui
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | | | - Michael Lewandowski
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Tadeusz E. Kleindienst
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
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Yuan GG, Zhao LC, Du YW, Yu H, Shi XB, Chen WC, Chen G. Repellence or attraction: secondary metabolites in pepper mediate attraction and defense against Spodoptera litura. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4859-4870. [PMID: 36181416 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to insect pests is an important self-defense characteristic of pepper plants. However, the resistance of different pepper cultivars to Spodoptera litura larvae, one of the main insect pest species on pepper, is not well understood. RESULTS Among seven pepper cultivars evaluated, cayenne pepper 'FXBX' showed the highest repellency to third instar S. litura larvae, Chao tian chili pepper 'BLTY2' showed the lowest repellency. Plant volatiles (1-hexene, hexanal, β-ionone, (E,E)-2,6-nonadienal, and methyl salicylate) affected host selection by S. litura. Among these, 1-hexene, hexanal, and β-ionone at concentrations naturally-released by pepper leaves were found to repel S. litura. Interestingly, S. litura larvae fed on the larva-attracting pepper cultivar, (BLTY2) had an extended developmental period, which was about 13 days longer than larvae fed on FXBX. Besides, the survival rate of larvae fed on BLTY2 was 22.5 ± 0.0%, indicating that the leaves of BLTY2 can kill S. litura larvae. Correlation analysis showed that larval survival rate, emergence rate, female adult longevity, and pupal weight were positively correlated with the vitamin C, amino acids, protein, cellulose, and soluble sugar contents, but were negatively correlated with wax and flavonoids contents. CONCLUSION We identified two different modes of direct defense exhibited by pepper cultivars against S. litura. One involves the release of repellent volatiles to avoid been fed on (FXBX cultivar). The other involves the inhibition of the growth and development or the direct killing of S. litura larvae which feeds on it (BLTY2 cultivar). © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge-Ge Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Chao Zhao
- Economic Crops Extension department, Tanghe County Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Nanyang, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Wen Du
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Huan Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bin Shi
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Chen
- Hunan Vegetable Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Gong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
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Henneberg B, Meiners T, Mody K, Obermaier E. Morphological and olfactory tree traits influence the susceptibility and suitability of the apple species Malus domestica and M. sylvestris to the florivorous weevil Anthonomus pomorum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). PeerJ 2022; 10:e13566. [PMID: 35860044 PMCID: PMC9291012 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The florivorous apple blossom weevil, Anthonomus pomorum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is the most economically relevant insect pest of European apple orchards in early spring. Neither efficient monitoring nor ecologically sustainable management of this insect pest has yet been implemented. To identify heritable traits of apple trees that might influence the host selection of A. pomorum, we compared the susceptibility of apple tree species using infestation rates of the domesticated apple, Malus domestica (Rosaceae: Pyreae), and the European crab apple, M. sylvestris. We evaluated the suitability of the two apple species for A. pomorum by quantifying the mass of weevil offspring. Because volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from flower buds of the domesticated apple have previously been suggested to mediate female weevil preference via olfactory cues, we conducted bioassay experiments with blossom buds of both apple species to explore the olfactory preference of adult weevils and, furthermore, identified the headspace VOCs of blossom buds of both apple species through GC-MS analysis. The infestation analysis showed that A. pomorum infested the native European crab apple more prevalently than the domesticated apple, which originated from Central Asia. The European crab apple also appeared to be better suited for weevil larval development than the domesticated apple, as weevils emerging from M. sylvestris had a higher body mass than those emerging from M. domestica. These field observations were supported by olfactory bioassays, which showed that A. pomorum significantly preferred the odor of M. sylvestris buds compared to the odor of M. domestica buds. The analysis of headspace VOCs indicated differences in the blossom bud volatiles separating several M. domestica individuals from M. sylvestris individuals. This knowledge might be employed in further studies to repel A. pomorum from M. domestica blossom buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Henneberg
- Ecological-Botanical Garden of the University of Bayreuth, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Torsten Meiners
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Mody
- Department of Applied Ecology, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Obermaier
- Ecological-Botanical Garden of the University of Bayreuth, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Zanchi C, Lo LK, R R, Moritz I, Kurtz J, Müller C. Survival of the Sawfly Athalia rosae Upon Infection by an Entomopathogenic Fungus and in Relation to Clerodanoid Uptake. Front Physiol 2021; 12:637617. [PMID: 33841174 PMCID: PMC8024555 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.637617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the turnip sawfly Athalia rosae are a pest of Brassicacae plants, as their feeding can cause defoliation of various crops of economic importance. The larvae and the adults of this sawfly species are known to take up different classes of chemical compounds from their respective host plants, with potentially deterrent functions against predators. In addition, compounds taken up by the adults, the clerodanoids, are known for their antimicrobial activity. These features could be a challenge to biocontrol strategies. Several natural enemies of A. rosae have been identified, targeting larval and pupal stages of A. rosae, which could potentially be used as biocontrol agents. However, targeting the adult stage of a larval pest in addition to targeting the juvenile stages may improve population control. In this study, we ask whether a strain of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana shows biological activity against A. rosae adults. We also investigate whether the behavior of clerodanoid uptake by the adults, which is commonly found, affects their survival in response to a B. bassiana exposure. We found a clear dose-response relationship, i.e., with increasing fungal conidia concentrations survival of A. rosae decreased. However, there was only a low incidence of mycelial growth and sporulation from A. rosae cadavers, indicating that either the fungus is not successfully developing inside this host, or it is not able to re-emerge from it. Clerodanoid uptake decreased the survival of healthy adults; however, it did not increase their survival to B. bassiana. Our results revealed that this strain of B. bassiana if applied alone is probably not suitable for biocontrol of this sawfly species, because A. rosae showed a high baseline resistance against this fungus. The behavior of clerodanoid uptake is unlikely to have evolved as a defense against this entomopathogenic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Zanchi
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lai Ka Lo
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Reshma R
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Isabel Moritz
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Cortés-Martínez F, Cruz-López L, Liedo P, Rojas JC. The ripeness stage but not the cultivar influences the attraction of Anastrepha obliqua to guava. CHEMOECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-020-00332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Chen L, Tian K, Xu X, Fang A, Cheng W, Wang G, Liu W, Wu J. Detecting Host-Plant Volatiles with Odorant Receptors from Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2711-2717. [PMID: 32040304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Grapholita molesta is a global pest of stone and pome fruits. The sensitive olfactory system plays a crucial role in regulating key behavioral activities of insects and G. molesta relies heavily on general odorant receptors (ORs) to detect host-plant volatiles. In this study, three general OR genes from G. molesta (GmolOR12, GmolOR20, and GmolOR21) were identified. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that GmolORs expression was considerably higher in adults and adult antennae than in any other life stages and body parts, respectively. Moreover, the expression of GmolORs was significantly higher in the antennae of females than in those of males, with a peak in the antennae of 3-days-old adult females. GmolOR20 and GmolOR21 displayed no responses to any of the odorant compounds tested in the Xenopus oocyte system. GmolOR12 was tuned mainly to 5 of the 47 odorant components tested (including decanol, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, and decanal), and the response to aldehydes among the 5 components was the highest. Additionally, they all elicited female and male antennae electroantennogram responses, and the aldehydes elicited the highest response among the 5 components. These results suggested that GmolOR12 in the G. molesta olfactory system plays an important role in sensing aldehydes and that GmolOR12 is involved in sensing host-plant volatiles. These findings provide insight into the possibility of using host-plant volatiles for the control of G. molesta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ke Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Aisheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Weining Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Synergistic Effects of Volatiles from Host-Infested Plants on Host-Searching Behavior in the Parasitoid Wasp Lytopylus rufipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:684-692. [PMID: 31289990 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are important cues for natural enemies to find their hosts. HIPVs are usually present as blends and the effects of combinations of individual components are less studied. Here, we investigated plant volatiles in a tritrophic system, comprising the parasitoid wasp Lytopylus rufipes Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), the Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and Japanese pear, Pyrus pyrifolia 'Kosui', so as to elucidate the effects of single components and blends on wasp behaviors. Bioassays in a four-arm olfactometer, using either shoots or their isolated volatiles collected on adsorbent, revealed that female wasps preferred volatiles from host-infested shoots over those from intact shoots. Analyses identified (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (H), linalool (L), (E)-β-ocimene (O), (E)-3,8-dimethyl-1,4,7-nonatriene (D), and (E,E)-α-farnesene (F). Among them, only F was induced by infestation with G. molesta. When tested singly, only O and D elicited positive responses by L. rufipes. Binary blends of HO and DF elicited a positive response, but that of HD elicited a negative one, even though D alone elicited a positive response. Remarkably, wasps did not prefer either the ODF or HL blends, but showed a highest positive response to a quinary blend (HLODF). These results show that synergism among volatiles released from host-infested plants is necessary for eliciting high behavioral responses in L. rufipes, enabling L. rufipes to find its host efficiently.
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10
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Whitehead SR, Poveda K. Resource allocation trade-offs and the loss of chemical defences during apple domestication. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1029-1041. [PMID: 30770925 PMCID: PMC6589505 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most crops have been dramatically altered from their wild ancestors with the primary goal of increasing harvestable yield. A long-held hypothesis is that increased allocation to yield has reduced plant investment in defence and resulted in crops that are highly susceptible to pests. However, clear demonstrations of these trade-offs have been elusive due to the many selective pressures that occur concurrently during crop domestication. METHODS To provide a robust test of whether increased allocation to yield can alter plant investment in defence, this study examined fruit chemical defence traits and herbivore resistance across 52 wild and 56 domesticated genotypes of apples that vary >26-fold in fruit size. Ninety-six phenolic metabolites were quantified in apple skin, pulp and seeds, and resistance to the codling moth was assessed with a series of bioassays. KEY RESULTS The results show that wild apples have higher total phenolic concentrations and a higher diversity of metabolites than domesticated apples in skin, pulp and seeds. A negative phenotypic relationship between fruit size and phenolics indicates that this pattern is driven in part by allocation-based trade-offs between yield and defence. There were no clear differences in codling moth performance between wild and domesticated apples and no overall effects of total phenolic concentration on codling moth performance, but the results did show that codling moth resistance was increased in apples with higher phenolic diversity. The concentrations of a few individual compounds (primarily flavan-3-ols) also correlated with increased resistance, primarily driven by a reduction in pupal mass of female moths. CONCLUSIONS The negative phenotypic relationship between fruit size and phenolic content, observed across a large number of wild and domesticated genotypes, supports the hypothesis of yield-defence trade-offs in crops. However, the limited effects of phenolics on codling moth highlight the complexity of consequences that domestication has for plant-herbivore interactions. Continued studies of crop domestication can further our understanding of the multiple trade-offs involved in plant defence, while simultaneously leading to novel discoveries that can improve the sustainability of crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Whitehead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
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11
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Njuguna PK, Murungi LK, Fombong A, Teal PEA, Beck JJ, Torto B. Cucumber and Tomato Volatiles: Influence on Attraction in the Melon Fly Zeugodacus cucurbitate (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8504-8513. [PMID: 30041516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The main hosts of the melon fly Zeugodacus cucurbitate are cultivated and wild cucurbitaceous plants. In eastern Africa, the melon fly is a major pest of the Solanaceae plant Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). We hypothesized that shared species-specific volatiles may play a role in host attraction. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the olfactory responses of the melon fly to Cucumis sativus (cucumber) (Cucurbitaceae) and tomato plant odors in behavioral and electrophysiological assays, followed by chemical analysis to identify the key compounds mediating the interactions. Our results identified 13 shared components between cucumber and tomato plant odors. A synthetic blend of seven of the shared components dominated by monoterpenes at concentrations mimicking the volatile bouquet of cucumber and tomato attracted both sexes of the melon fly. Our results suggest that the presence and quantity of specific compounds in host odors are the main predictors for host recognition in Z. cucurbitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Njuguna
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology ( icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi 00100 , Kenya
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology , P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi 00200 , Kenya
| | - Lucy K Murungi
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology , P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi 00200 , Kenya
| | - Ayuka Fombong
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology ( icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi 00100 , Kenya
| | - Peter E A Teal
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology ( icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi 00100 , Kenya
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12
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Ripe coffee berry volatiles repel second instar nymphs of Antestia bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Antestiopsis thunbergii). CHEMOECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-018-0259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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13
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Knight AL, Light DM, Judd GJR, Witzgall P. Pear Ester – From Discovery to Delivery for Improved Codling Moth Management. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1294.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan L. Knight
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, Washington 98951, United States
| | - Douglas M. Light
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany California 94710, United States
| | - Gary J. R. Judd
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Witzgall
- Division of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Njihia TN, Torto B, Murungi LK, Irungu J, Mwenda DM, Babin R. Identification of kairomones of second instar nymphs of the variegated coffee bug Antestiopsis thunbergii (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). CHEMOECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-017-0248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Wearing CH. Distribution Characteristics of Eggs and Neonate Larvae of Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 8:33-53. [PMID: 27429560 PMCID: PMC4939850 DOI: 10.4137/ijis.s38587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Literature is reviewed on the spatial distribution of the eggs and neonate larvae of codling moth on apple trees in relation to research conducted in Nelson, New Zealand. At Nelson, oviposition increased with height and was greater in the north and east of the trees and in those with greater fruit load in some seasons, which matches published reports. All publications and the research recorded high percentages of eggs laid singly within 10-15 cm of the fruit, with most eggs on leaves even within fruit clusters; oviposition on fruit clusters of different sizes was nonrandom because more eggs were laid on those with more fruit, but the aggregation of both per cluster and within clusters was even greater than that caused by the fruit number alone. Oviposition at random with respect to the fruit occurred only at very low population density. The choice of oviposition site between fruit and the adaxial leaf surface and abaxial leaf surface (AbLS) was variable and cultivar related. Cultivars on which eggs predominated on the AbLS were less frequent and characterized by low trichome density. In the literature, neonate larvae from eggs on the AbLS suffered greater mortality, as did those in Nelson that hatched more distant from the fruit. This review discusses the interaction between these distribution characteristics and species-specific host-plant volatiles, egg adhesion to plant surfaces, oviposition deterrents, predation, and their relevance to pest management.
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López-Ley JU, Toledo J, Malo EA, Gomez J, Santiesteban A, Rojas JC. Carambola Cultivar, Fruit Ripeness, and Damage by Conspecific Larvae Influence the Host-Related Behaviors of Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:154-160. [PMID: 26411483 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the influence of cultivar type, fruit ripeness, and damage by conspecific larvae on the attraction of Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to and oviposition on carambola fruit (Averroha carambola L.). The attraction of both sexes of A. obliqua to fruit of different quality was evaluated through cage experiments in the field, and the oviposition preferences of mated females were examined in laboratory tests. Both sexes, mated or virgin, were more attracted to the "Maha" fruit than to the "Golden Star" fruit, and the females oviposited more frequently on the Maha cultivar than the Golden Star cultivar. Both sexes were more attracted to ripe and half-ripe Maha fruits than to mature green fruit, and although females did not show a preference for ovipositing on half-ripe or ripe fruits, they did not oviposit on mature green fruits. Males did not show a preference for the volatiles from uninfested, artificially damaged, or infested Maha fruits, but females were more attracted to uninfested fruits than to artificially damaged and infested Maha fruits. Furthermore, females preferred to oviposit on uninfested fruits compared with artificially damaged fruit, and they did not oviposit on infested fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ulises López-Ley
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico (; ; ; ; ; ) and
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico (; ; ; ; ; ) and
| | - Edi A Malo
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico (; ; ; ; ; ) and
| | - Jaime Gomez
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico (; ; ; ; ; ) and
| | - Antonio Santiesteban
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico (; ; ; ; ; ) and
| | - Julio C Rojas
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico (; ; ; ; ; ) and
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Aphid-deprivation from Brassica plants results in increased isothiocyanate release and parasitoid attraction. CHEMOECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-015-0199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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San Román I, Bartolomé L, Gee WS, Alonso RM, Beck JJ. Comparison of ex situ volatile emissions from intact and mechanically damaged walnuts. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fraternale D, Flamini G, Ricci D, Giomaro G. Flowers volatile profile of a rare red apple tree from Marche region (Italy). J Oleo Sci 2014; 63:1195-201. [PMID: 25354879 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the volatiles emitted by flowers and various parts of the flower of a rare spontaneous Italian red (peel and flesh) apple named "Pelingo", were analyzed by SPME with the aim of identifying the contribution of each one to the whole aroma profile. Linalool was the most abundant volatile of flowers: from 43.0% in the flower buds, to 17.6% in the stylus and stigma headspace. The second most represented volatile was (E,E)-α-farnesene mainly emitted by the mature flowers (32.2%). Benzenoid compounds also have been identified: benzyl-alcohol is the most representative (1.0-16.5%) in all the samples except flower buds, while benzyl acetate (5.7%) and methyl salicylate (7.7%) are mainly present in the calyx and in the mature flowers respectively but not in the flower buds. Benzenoid compounds are the attractors for pollinator, probably for this reason were not detected in the headspace of flower buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fraternale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Sez. di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Urbino "Carlo Bo"
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Collatz J, Dorn S. A host-plant-derived volatile blend to attract the apple blossom weevil Anthonomus pomorum - the essential volatiles include a repellent constituent. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2013; 69:1092-1098. [PMID: 23450733 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant volatiles are promising cues for trapping pest insects. This study started with a recently identified complex blend released by prebloom apple trees and aimed to reduce the number of compounds in the blend while maintaining the attraction of the target pest, the apple blossom weevil Anthonomus pomorum. An evaluation was made to determine whether attraction to plant volatiles is a general feature in this species. RESULTS Laboratory-based bioassays with field-collected weevils demonstrated repellency by volatiles from the non-host walnut, indicating that preference for plant odours is not a general feature in this species. By a subtractive bioassay approach, the original number of compounds in the apple-plant-released blend was stepwise reduced from 12 to 6 while maintaining weevil attraction. This resulting blend was as attractive as the full blend and as a blossom-bud-carrying apple twig. It was found to be composed of two synergistically interacting constituents, of which the first containing benzenoids was behaviourally inactive, and the second comprising the remaining compounds was even repellent. CONCLUSIONS This study enhances knowledge of the interaction of behaviourally effective constituents in complex odour blends and contributes to the development of an efficient monitoring system involving plant volatiles for the apple blossom weevil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Collatz
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences/Applied Entomology, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bernard F, Magneron I, Eyglunent G, Daële V, Wallington TJ, Hurley MD, Mellouki A. Atmospheric chemistry of benzyl alcohol: kinetics and mechanism of reaction with OH radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3182-3189. [PMID: 23448614 DOI: 10.1021/es304600z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidation of benzyl alcohol has been investigated using smog chambers at ICARE, FORD, and EUPHORE. The rate coefficient for reaction with OH radicals was measured and an upper limit for the reaction with ozone was established; kOH = (2.8 ± 0.4) × 10(-11) at 297 ± 3 K (averaged value including results from Harrison and Wells) and kO(3) < 2 × 10(-19) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) at 299 K. The products of the OH radical initiated oxidation of benzyl alcohol in the presence of NOX were studied. Benzaldehyde, originating from H-abstraction from the -CH(2)OH group, was identified using in situ FTIR spectroscopy, HPLC-UV/FID, and GC-PID and quantified in a yield of (24 ± 5) %. Ring retaining products originating from OH-addition to the aromatic ring such as o-hydroxybenzylalcohol and o-dihydroxybenzene as well as ring-cleavage products such as glyoxal were also identified and quantified with molar yields of (22 ± 2)%, (10 ± 3)%, and (2.7 ± 0.7)%, respectively. Formaldehyde was observed with a molar yield of (27 ± 10)%. The results are discussed with respect to previous studies and the atmospheric oxidation mechanism of benzyl alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bernard
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, CNRS, UPR 3021, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en Région Centre, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Season-long volatile emissions from peach and pear trees in situ, overlapping profiles, and olfactory attraction of an oligophagous fruit moth in the laboratory. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:418-29. [PMID: 23440443 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores that have more than one generation per year and reproduce on different host plants are confronted with substantial seasonal variation in the volatile blends emitted by their hosts. One way to deal with such variation is to respond to a specific set of compounds common to all host plants. The oriental fruit moth Cydia (=Grapholita) molesta is a highly damaging invasive pest. The stone fruit peach (Prunus persica) is its primary host, whereas pome fruits such as pear (Pyrus communis) are considered secondary hosts. In some parts of their geographic range, moth populations switch from stone to pome fruit orchards during the growing season. Here, we tested whether this temporal switch is facilitated by female responses to plant volatiles. We collected volatiles from peach and pear trees in situ and characterized their seasonal dynamics by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We also assessed the effects of the natural volatile blends released by the two plant species on female attraction by using Y-tube olfactometry. Finally, we related variations in volatile emissions to female olfactory responses. Our results indicate that the seasonal host switch from peach to pear is facilitated by the changing olfactory effect of the natural volatile blends being emitted. Peach volatiles were only attractive early and mid season, whereas pear volatiles were attractive from mid to late season. Blends from the various attractive stages shared a common set of five aldehydes, which are suggested to play an essential role in female attraction to host plants. Particular attention should be given to these aldehydes when designing candidate attractants for oriental fruit moth females.
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Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Green SA, Chen X, Bailleul EJ, Matich AJ, Wang MY, Atkinson RG. Functional genomics reveals that a compact terpene synthase gene family can account for terpene volatile production in apple. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:787-804. [PMID: 23256150 PMCID: PMC3561019 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are specialized plant metabolites that act as attractants to pollinators and as defensive compounds against pathogens and herbivores, but they also play an important role in determining the quality of horticultural food products. We show that the genome of cultivated apple (Malus domestica) contains 55 putative terpene synthase (TPS) genes, of which only 10 are predicted to be functional. This low number of predicted functional TPS genes compared with other plant species was supported by the identification of only eight potentially functional TPS enzymes in apple 'Royal Gala' expressed sequence tag databases, including the previously characterized apple (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase. In planta functional characterization of these TPS enzymes showed that they could account for the majority of terpene volatiles produced in cv Royal Gala, including the sesquiterpenes germacrene-D and (E)-β-caryophyllene, the monoterpenes linalool and α-pinene, and the homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene. Relative expression analysis of the TPS genes indicated that floral and vegetative tissues were the primary sites of terpene production in cv Royal Gala. However, production of cv Royal Gala floral-specific terpenes and TPS genes was observed in the fruit of some heritage apple cultivars. Our results suggest that the apple TPS gene family has been shaped by a combination of ancestral and more recent genome-wide duplication events. The relatively small number of functional enzymes suggests that the remaining terpenes produced in floral and vegetative and fruit tissues are maintained under a positive selective pressure, while the small number of terpenes found in the fruit of modern cultivars may be related to commercial breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiuyin Chen
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Estelle J.D. Bailleul
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Adam J. Matich
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Mindy Y. Wang
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Ross G. Atkinson
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
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Rodríguez A, Alquézar B, Peña L. Fruit aromas in mature fleshy fruits as signals of readiness for predation and seed dispersal. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:36-48. [PMID: 23127167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The dispersal of seeds away from parent plants seems to be the underlying selective force in the evolution of fleshy fruits attractive to animals. Secondary metabolites, which are not essential compounds for plant survival, are involved in the interaction of fleshy fruits with seed dispersers and antagonists. Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are secondary metabolites that play important roles in biotic interactions and in abiotic stress responses. They are usually accumulated at high levels in specific plant tissues and organs, such as fleshy fruits. The study of VOCs emitted during fruit development and after different biotic challenges may help to determine the interactions of fleshy fruits not only with legitimate vertebrate dispersers, but also with insects and microorganisms. A knowledge of fruit VOCs could be used in agriculture to generate attraction or repellency to pests and resistance to pathogens in fruits. This review provides an examination of specific fruit VOC blends as signals for either seed dispersal or predation through simple or complex trophic chains, which may also have consequences for an understanding of the importance of biodiversity in wild areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodríguez
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Carretera Moncada-Náquera, Km. 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Berta Alquézar
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Carretera Moncada-Náquera, Km. 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Leandro Peña
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Carretera Moncada-Náquera, Km. 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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Klaiber J, Najar-Rodriguez AJ, Piskorski R, Dorn S. Plant acclimation to elevated CO₂ affects important plant functional traits, and concomitantly reduces plant colonization rates by an herbivorous insect. PLANTA 2013; 237:29-42. [PMID: 22968910 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing under elevated CO₂ concentration may acclimatize to this environmental change by modification of chemical, physiological, and/or morphological traits. As a consequence, not only plant functioning but also plant-insect interactions might be altered, with important consequences particularly for agricultural systems. Whereas most studies have focused on the plant acclimation effects of elevated CO₂ with regard to crop growth and productivity, acclimation effects on the behavioral response of insects associated with these plants have been largely neglected. In this study, we used a model system comprised of Brussels sprout Brassica oleraceae var. gemmifera and a specialized herbivorous insect, the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae, to test for the effects of various periods of exposure to an elevated (2× ambient) CO₂ concentration on key plant functional traits and on host plant location behavior by the insect, assessed as plant colonization rates. Elevated CO₂ had no measurable effect on colonization rates or total plant volatile emissions after a 2-week exposure, but it led to 15 and 26 % reductions in plant colonization rates after 6- and 10-week exposures, respectively. This reduction in plant colonization was associated with significant decreases in leaf stomatal conductance and plant volatile emission. Terpene emission, in particular, exhibited a great reduction after the 10-week exposure to elevated CO₂. Our results provide empirical evidence that plants might acclimatize to a future increase in CO₂, and that these acclimation responses might affect host plant choice and colonization behavior by herbivorous insects, which might be advantageous from the plant's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Klaiber
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences/Applied Entomology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Suckling DM, Twidle AM, Gibb AR, Manning LM, Mitchell VJ, Sullivan TES, Wee SL, El-Sayed AM. Volatiles from apple trees infested with light brown apple moth larvae attract the parasitoid Dolichogenidia tasmanica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9562-6. [PMID: 22950817 DOI: 10.1021/jf302874g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The volatile compounds emitted from uninfested apple seedlings, cv. Royal Gala, and apple seedlings infested with generalist herbivore Epiphyas postvittana larvae were sampled using headspace collection and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nine additional compounds were only detected in infested apple seedlings [including benzyl alcohol, (E)-β-ocimene, benzyl cyanide, indole, (E)-nerolidol, and four unidentified compounds]. Infested apple seedlings produced larger amounts of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool, 4,8-dimethyl-1,3(E),7-nonatriene, methyl salicylate, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, (E,E)-α-farnesene, and (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate than uninfested plants. Female parasitoids flew exclusively upwind to infested and not to uninfested apple seedlings in wind tunnel choice tests and preferred infested leaflets in still air, even after the removal of larvae. The attraction of a parasitoid to infested apple seedlings in the laboratory and in the field to apple and many other plants in at least six families supports considerable generality of the tritrophic signaling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Suckling
- The New Zealand Institute Plant and Food Research Limited , Post Office Box 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Corella-Madueño MA, Harris MK, Fu-Castillo AA, Martínez-Téllez MA, Valenzuela-Soto EM, Gálvez-Ruiz JC, Vargas-Arispuro I. Volatiles emitted by Carya illinoinensis (Wang.) K. Koch as a prelude for semiochemical investigations to focus on Acrobasis nuxvorella Nuenzig (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2011; 67:1522-1527. [PMID: 21604354 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant volatiles have complex intra- and interspecific effects in the environment that include plant/herbivore interactions. Identifying the quantity and quality of volatiles produced by a plant is needed to aid the process of determining which chemicals are exerting what effects and then examining whether these effects can be manipulated to benefit society. The qualitative characterization of volatile compounds emitted by pecan, Carya illinoinensis (Wang.) K. Koch, was begun in order to establish a database for investigating how these volatiles affect Acrobasis nuxvorella Nuenzig, a monophagous pest of pecan. Headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for the analysis of the volatile constituents of pecan during three phenological stages (dormant buds, intact new shoot growth and intact nutlets) of the Western Schley and Wichita cultivars. RESULTS About 111 distinct compounds were identified from the two cultivars, accounting for ∼99% of the headspace volatiles. The chromatographic profiles of both varieties revealed variations in the volatile composition and proportion between cultivars, with a predominance of terpene hydrocarbons, of the sesquiterpenes class, as well as monoterpenes. CONCLUSION The significantly higher responsiveness recorded for the larvae of A. nuxvorella to C. illinoinensis shoots indicates that the larvae may be activated by terpenes emanating from the new shoot growth. This is the first study that has examined volatiles of pecan in Mexico.
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Piskorski R, Ineichen S, Dorn S. Ability of the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to detoxify juglone, the main secondary metabolite of the non-host plant walnut. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:1110-6. [PMID: 21901444 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-0015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many plant species produce toxic secondary metabolites that limit attacks by herbivorous insects, and may thereby constrain insect expansion to new hosts. Walnut is a host for the codling moth Cydia pomonella, which efficiently detoxifies the main walnut defensive compound juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone). The oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta, which also belongs to the tribe Grapholitini, does not feed on walnut. We tested the performance of G. molesta, a highly invasive species, on artificial diets containing juglone at levels mimicking those found in walnut over the growing season. Juglone-fed G. molesta survived relatively well to adulthood, but larval and adult body weights were reduced, and larval developmental time was prolonged in a dose-dependent fashion. Chemical analysis of frass from larvae that had been fed a juglone-containing diet suggests that G. molesta reduces juglone to non-toxic 1,4,5-trihydroxynaphthalene in its gut. This unexpected tolerance of G. molesta to high levels of juglone may facilitate expansion of the host range beyond the current rosacean fruit trees used by this invasive pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Piskorski
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Applied Entomology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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Piskorski R, Dorn S. How the oligophage codling moth Cydia pomonella survives on walnut despite its secondary metabolite juglone. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:744-750. [PMID: 21356213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Besides apple, its primary host, the codling moth Cydia pomonella uses walnut as a secondary host. Abundance of toxic naphthoquinones, among which juglone prevails, does not restrain this economically important pest insect from infesting walnut, but processes underlying the suitability of this host were yet unknown. Larvae feeding on an artificial diet supplemented with juglone at naturally occurring concentrations survived to adulthood at a similarly high proportion as those in the juglone-devoid control. However, their development time was prolonged, their weight gain was reduced, and adult sex ratio was distorted. Results from the natural system with walnut and apple fruits were in line with data gained on artificial diet. Remarkably, a twofold increase of the maximal juglone content reported from the walnut husk was lethal to the larvae. Chemical analyses showed that larvae feeding on the artificial diet supplemented with juglone concentrations present in walnut contained 1,4,5-trihydroxynaphthalene and excreted it in their frass, whereas the hemolymph contained neither detectable amounts of juglone nor the product of its reduction. Hence, effective metabolism of juglone in the intestinal system of the larvae underlies their survival on host plants containing this defensive compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Piskorski
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Plant, Animal and Agroecosystem Sciences, Applied Entomology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Attraction and Oviposition of Tuta absoluta Females in Response to Tomato Leaf Volatiles. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:565-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-9961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Choi HS, Kim GJ, Shin HJ. Biocontrol of moth pests in apple orchards: Preliminary field study of application potential for mass trapping. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Piskorski R, Dorn S. Early-season headspace volatiles from apple and their effect on the apple blossom weevil Anthonomus pomorum. Chem Biodivers 2011; 7:2254-60. [PMID: 20860027 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Apple volatiles emitted at early phenological stages are little investigated, although they may influence behavior of early-season pests. The apple blossom weevil Anthonomus pomorum is a herbivore pest of orchards in Europe. It colonizes apple trees in early season and oviposits into developing flower buds, often leading to economic damage. Using in situ radial diffusive sampling and thermal desorption, followed by GC/MS analysis, headspace volatiles from apple twigs with flower buds at three early phenological tree stages were identified and quantified. The volatile blend consisted of 13 compounds for the first, and increased to 15 compounds for the third phenological stage sampled. These blends included benzenoids, terpenes, and derivatives of fatty acids. A recombined synthetic blend served as the odor source in a still-air dual-choice olfactometer bioassay, in which individual male and female weevils were tested. Results from this behavioral test document an attraction of both sexes to odors of their host plant, suggesting that apple volatiles emitted in early season serve as olfactory cues for host location of A. pomorum in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Piskorski
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Plant, Animal and Agroecosystem Sciences, Applied Entomology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, Zurich
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Najar-Rodriguez AJ, Galizia CG, Stierle J, Dorn S. Behavioral and neurophysiological responses of an insect to changing ratios of constituents in host plant-derived volatile mixtures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 213:3388-97. [PMID: 20833933 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.046284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ratios of compounds in host plant odors fluctuate with the phenological stage of the plant. In the present study, we investigated the effect of changing ratios of host plant volatile constituents on herbivore insect attraction and olfactory information processing. We tested a synthetic mixture of bioactive peach shoot volatiles with different concentrations of one of the mixture constituents, benzonitrile, on oriental fruit moth Cydia (=Grapholita) molesta females. Y-tube olfactometer bioassays showed that female attraction to the mixture was maintained while increasing the benzonitrile level up to 100 times. Further increases led to behaviorally ineffective mixtures. Then, we recorded odor-evoked neural activity patterns in the antennal lobes, the main olfactory center of the brain, using calcium imaging. Benzonitrile-containing mixtures elicited strong activation in two glomeruli, which were found to process mixture-related information in specific ways. Activation in one glomerulus directly paralleled behavioral effects of the different ratios tested whereas a deviating pattern was noted in the other glomerulus. Our results indicate that the ratio of constituents in a volatile mixture can be varied to a certain degree without reducing female attraction. Thus, volatile blends in nature might vary quantitatively within a certain range without affecting odor-guided host location. Neurophysiological results showed that the processing of mixture-related information inside the antennal lobes is not uniform across glomeruli. Thus, final processing of this information probably takes place in higher-order brain centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Najar-Rodriguez
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Plant, Animal and Agroecosystem Sciences/Applied Entomology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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PISKORSKI RAFAL, TREMATERRA PASQUALE, DORN SILVIA. Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of codling moth larvae, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), reflect those of their host plant species. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen MH, Dorn S. Microsatellites reveal genetic differentiation among populations in an insect species with high genetic variability in dispersal, the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2010; 100:75-85. [PMID: 19366473 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485309006786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about genetic differentiation and gene flow in populations of insect species that have a high genetic variability in dispersal but lack morphologically visible morphs that disperse. These characteristics apply to the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a major pest of fruits and nuts. Larvae were collected from three orchards each of pome fruits, stone fruits and nut trees in a major fruit growing area of Switzerland (Valais) and from six further (mainly apple) orchards throughout this country. Nine microsatellite loci were used to investigate genetic differentiation and the amount of gene flow among the sampled populations. All the loci were shown to be polymorphic in all populations. The number of alleles ranged from five to 15 over nine loci for the 15 populations. Significant genetic differentiation was noted among the populations from apple, apricot and walnut in the Valais region. Furthermore, among the eight populations sampled from apple in different geographic regions throughout Switzerland, AMOVA and pairwise FST analysis revealed significant population genetic differentiation even between populations collected from orchards 10 km apart. These results indicate that a distinct prevailing characteristic, in the present case the sedentary behaviour of the moth, can shape population architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Chen
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Plant Sciences/Applied Entomology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Vogler U, Rott AS, Gessler C, Dorn S. Terpene-mediated parasitoid host location behavior on transgenic and classically bred apple genotypes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6630-6635. [PMID: 19722568 DOI: 10.1021/jf901024y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Terpene-mediated interactions between transgenic or classically bred apple genotypes and associated insects were investigated. Apple genotypes were either resistant or susceptible to Venturia inaequalis that causes apple scab. They were subjected to infestation by Phyllonorycter leafminers and/or inoculation with V. inaequalis. Apple leaf extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to quantify squalene, a triterpene known to mediate host location by Pholetesor parasitoids that are specialized on leafminers. Squalene contents in leafminer-infested leaves differed between the transgenic apple scab resistant line and a classically bred cultivar sharing the same resistance gene. This resistant cultivar showed an increase in squalene contents from healthy to leafminer-infested leaves. This was not the case in the transgenic resistant line. However, there was also no increase in the susceptible isogenic cultivar. Behavioral bioassays with parasitoid females also reflected these findings. Hence, alterations in leaf chemistry and corresponding responses of the parasitoid are apparent among classically bred cultivars, rather than in the genetically modified resistant line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Vogler
- Applied Entomology, Institute of Plant Sciences, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Vogler U, Rott AS, Gessler C, Dorn S. Comparison between volatile emissions from transgenic apples and from two representative classically bred apple cultivars. Transgenic Res 2009; 19:77-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cha DH, Nojima S, Hesler SP, Zhang A, Linn CE, Roelofs WL, Loeb GM. Identification and field evaluation of grape shoot volatiles attractive to female grape berry moth (Paralobesia viteana). J Chem Ecol 2008; 34:1180-9. [PMID: 18649104 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-008-9517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) were used to identify volatile compounds from shoots of riverbank grape (Vitis riparia) that attract the female grape berry moth (GBM, Paralobesia viteana). Consistent EAD activity was obtained for 11 chemicals: (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, (E)-linalool oxide, (Z)-linalool oxide, nonanal, linalool, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, methyl salicylate, decanal, beta-caryophyllene, germacrene-D, and alpha-farnesene. In flight-tunnel tests that involved female GBM and rubber septa loaded with subsets of these 11 compounds, we found that both the 11-component blend and a seven-component blend, composed of (E)-linalool oxide, (Z)-linalool oxide, nonanal, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, decanal, beta-caryophyllene and germacrene-D, elicited equivalent levels of upwind flight as freshly cut grape shoots. The removal of any of the seven compounds from the seven-component blend resulted in a significant decrease in female upwind flight responses. In a field trial with these two synthetic blends, traps equipped with either blend captured more female GBM compared to traps baited with hexane only (control), although the number of females caught was generally low. There were no differences in the number of males captured among treatments. Although in flight-tunnel trials, moths readily flew upwind to both grape shoots and rubber septa loaded with the best lures, they landed on shoots but not on rubber septa. Coupled with relatively low field catches, this suggests that additional host finding cues need to be identified to improve trap efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong H Cha
- Department of Entomology, NYS Agricultural Experimental Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
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40
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Casado D, Gemeno C, Avilla J, Riba M. Diurnal variation of walnut tree volatiles and electrophysiological responses in Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2008; 64:736-747. [PMID: 18300208 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, many studies have been carried out on the behavioural and electrophysiological responses of Cydia pomonella (L.) to host volatile emissions, to find alternative attractants to the sex pheromone for pest monitoring. These studies have focused on apple and pear, and very little has been done on walnut. In the present work, the diurnal and seasonal variation in walnut volatile emissions and the electrophysiological response of C. pomonella have been studied. RESULTS Ninety compounds were detected in walnut emissions, mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The most abundant compound was beta-pinene, which, together with (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-beta-ocimene, limonene, germacrene D, 1,8-cineole, sabinene, (E)-beta-farnesene, (E)-beta-caryophyllene, beta-myrcene and beta-phellandrene, constituted between 81.9 and 90.5% of the total chromatographic area. Differences between seasonal periods were significant for 39 compounds, and between daytimes for 14 compounds. Discernible and consistent EAD responses were detected to 11 walnut-origin compounds, and confirmed with synthetics to seven of them. Except for alloocimene, pinocarvone and caryophyllene oxide, all these compounds are also emitted by apple. CONCLUSION Walnut volatile emissions differ widely from apple ones, but both share many compounds that are EAD-active in C. pomonella. However, among EAD-active compounds there are three walnut-specific ones, which should be further tested in behavioural assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Casado
- Centre UdL-IRTA de R + D, Area de Protecció de Conreus, 191 Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, E-25198 Lleida, Spain.
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41
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Piñero JC, Giovanni Galizia C, Dorn S. Synergistic behavioral responses of female oriental fruit moths (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) to synthetic host plant-derived mixtures are mirrored by odor-evoked calcium activity in their antennal lobes. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:333-343. [PMID: 17997410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Attraction of many gravid female herbivore insects to suitable host plants is mediated largely by olfactory cues. Behaviorally, synergism among odor mixtures constituents underlies this attraction in some systems. Yet, the representation of synergistic odor-mixture effects is unknown in the antennal lobe, the first processing center for olfactory information in insect brains. Using both behavioral and physiological data we demonstrate that in the oriental fruit moth, Cydia (Grapholita) molesta, a minor constituent of a plant-derived synthetic mixture plays a key role in behavioral discrimination and in neural representation of mixtures. Behaviorally, minute amounts of benzonitrile added to an unattractive 4-compound mixture resulted in a bioactive 5-compound mixture that was as attractive to mated female moths as the natural blend. Physiologically, the bioactive benzonitrile-containing mixture elicited strong activation of one additional, new type of glomerulus that showed specific synergisms for this mixture. The specific pattern of activated glomeruli elicited by the addition of benzonitrile demonstrates a physiological correlate to the behaviorally observed synergism, and emphasizes the key role of a minor component of a complex mixture. While minor constituents of mixtures are often overlooked, they may, as conclusively documented here, be determinant for successful recognition and behavioral discrimination of suitable host plants by herbivore insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime C Piñero
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Plant Sciences/Applied Entomology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, Zurich, Switzerland
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Witzgall P, Stelinski L, Gut L, Thomson D. Codling moth management and chemical ecology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2008; 53:503-22. [PMID: 17877451 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects use sex pheromones to communicate for mating. Olfactory communication and mate-finding can be prevented by permeating the atmosphere with synthetic pheromone. Pheromone-mediated mating disruption has become a commercially viable pest management technique and is used to control the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, a key insect pest of apple, on 160,000 ha worldwide. The codling moth sex pheromone, codlemone, is species specific and nontoxic. Orchard treatments with up to 100 grams of synthetic codlemone per hectare effectively control codling moth populations over the entire growing season. Practical implementation of the mating disruption technique has been realized at an opportune time, as codling moth has become resistant to many insecticides. We review codling moth chemical ecology and factors underlying the behavioral mechanisms and practical implementation of mating disruption. Area-wide programs are the result of collaborative efforts between academic research institutions, extension, chemical industries, and grower organizations, and they demonstrate the environmental and economic relevance of pheromone research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Witzgall
- Chemical Ecology Group, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.
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Landolt PJ, Suckling DM, Judd GJR. Positive interaction of a feeding attractant and a host kairomone for trapping the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). J Chem Ecol 2007; 33:2236-44. [PMID: 17992562 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-007-9391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Codling moths are attracted to acetic acid and to ethyl-(E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate, the pear ester, when presented individually. The attraction to acetic acid is thought to be a food finding behavior, whereas the pear odorant, ethyl-(E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate, may be a host kairomone. We found, in a flight tunnel study, that more male and female codling moths were captured in traps when the compounds were presented together compared to tested separately. The combination of odorants provides a stronger lure for female codling moths than exists with pear ester alone and increases the potential for using lures in managing this pest of pome fruits and walnuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Landolt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA.
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Cook SM, Khan ZR, Pickett JA. The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2007; 52:375-400. [PMID: 16968206 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Push-pull strategies involve the behavioral manipulation of insect pests and their natural enemies via the integration of stimuli that act to make the protected resource unattractive or unsuitable to the pests (push) while luring them toward an attractive source (pull) from where the pests are subsequently removed. The push and pull components are generally nontoxic. Therefore, the strategies are usually integrated with methods for population reduction, preferably biological control. Push-pull strategies maximize efficacy of behavior-manipulating stimuli through the additive and synergistic effects of integrating their use. By orchestrating a predictable distribution of pests, efficiency of population-reducing components can also be increased. The strategy is a useful tool for integrated pest management programs reducing pesticide input. We describe the principles of the strategy, list the potential components, and present case studies reviewing work on the development and use of push-pull strategies in each of the major areas of pest control.
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Abstract
This review presents more than 260 naturally occurring (as well as 47 synthesized) neo fatty (carboxylic) acids, neo alkanes, and their analogs and derivatives, isolated and identified from plants, algae, fungi, marine invertebrates, and microorganisms, that demonstrate different biological activities. These natural metabolites are good prospects for future chemical preparations as antioxidants, and also as anticancer, antimicrobial, and antibacterial agents. Described also are some synthetic bioactive compounds containing a tertiary butyl group(s) that have shown high anticancer, antifungal, and other activities. Applications of some neo fatty (carboxylic) acid derivatives in cosmetic, agronomic, and pharmaceutical industries also are considered. This is the first review to consider naturally occurring neo fatty (carboxylic) acids, neo alkanes, and other metabolites containing a tertiary butyl group(s) [or tert-butyl unit(s)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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46
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Faucher C, Forstreuter M, Hilker M, de Bruyne M. Behavioral responses of Drosophila to biogenic levels of carbon dioxide depend on life-stage, sex and olfactory context. J Exp Biol 2006; 209:2739-48. [PMID: 16809465 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) detects and uses many volatiles for its survival. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is detected in adults by a special class of olfactory receptor neurons, expressing the gustatory receptor Gr21a. The behavioral responses to CO2 were investigated in a four-field olfactometer bioassay that is new for Drosophila. We determined (1) whether the sensitivity of this response changes with odor context, and (2) if it depends on sex and life stage. When CO2 was added to ambient air in one field and tested against ambient air in the three other fields, individually observed adults avoided CO2 (0.1-1%above ambient), but did not respond to a low rise of 0.02%. We relate this behavior to measurements of CO2 production in bananas and flies. When 0.02% CO2 was combined with the odor of apple cider vinegar in one field of the olfactometer and tested against ambient air in the three other fields, the addition of CO2 did not affect the attractiveness of apple cider vinegar alone. However, this combination of CO2 and vinegar became repellent when it was tested against vinegar at ambient CO2 concentrations in the three other fields. This `odor background effect' was female-specific, revealing a sexually dimorphic behavior. The new assay allowed us to test larvae under similar conditions and compare their behavior to that of adults. Like adults, they avoided CO2, but with lower sensitivity. Larvae lacking neurons expressing Gr21a lost their avoidance behavior to CO2, but kept their positive response to vinegar odor. Hence, Gr21a-expressing neurons mediate similar behaviors in larvae and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Faucher
- Freie Universität Berlin, Neurobiologie, Königin-Luise-Strasse 28-30, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Casado D, Gemeno C, Avilla J, Riba M. Day-Night and Phenological Variation of Apple Tree Volatiles and Electroantennogram Responses in Cydia pomonella(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2006. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1603/0046-225x-35.2.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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Hausmann C, Mattiacci L, Dorn S. Role of host feeding niches and host refuges in habitat-related behaviour of Hyssopus pallidus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a larval parasitoid of the codling moth. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2005; 95:429-36. [PMID: 16197563 DOI: 10.1079/ber2005374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid fitness depends largely on the capability to locate a host in an ecosystem. A parasitoid of a polyphagous host might not be able to find or to access the host in all its feeding niches. This study evaluated the niche selection of Hyssopus pallidus (Askew), a larval parasitoid of Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus), at the plant level with the goal of assessing its potential for biological control on different fruit crops throughout the plant cycle. Parasitoid behaviour during host location and reproduction rate were investigated on host caterpillars actively feeding on apple, pear, apricot or plum, and on caterpillars diapausing under the bark. Under laboratory conditions, the host searching behaviour of H. pallidus varied depending on the fruit species offered and the infestation of the fruits. Parasitoid females searched longer on apples than on other fruit species, and they searched longer on infested than on uninfested apples. Female wasps were able to locate and parasitize host caterpillars under the tree bark, and their behaviour did not vary with host accessibility. The numbers of caterpillars attacked by H. pallidus depended on the fruit species. The highest numbers of caterpillars were parasitized in apples and apricots. Their accessibility (i.e. position) within the fruit or on the branch did not influence parasitism success. Although hosts were parasitized throughout the season, the best results were achieved with early and late releases. Therefore, the host niche selection behaviour of H. pallidus most likely co-evolved with the host C. pomonella on apples, which renders H. pallidus a valuable biocontrol agent for successful release at different times of the season into apple orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hausmann
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Applied Entomology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Clausiusstrasse 25, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Vallat A, Gu H, Dorn S. How rainfall, relative humidity and temperature influence volatile emissions from apple trees in situ. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:1540-50. [PMID: 15949824 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Headspace volatiles from apple-bearing twigs were collected in the field with a Radiello sampler during three different diurnal periods over the complete fruit growing season. Analyses by thermal desorption-GC-MS identified a total of 62 compounds in changing quantities, including the terpenoids alpha-pinene, camphene, beta-pinene, limonene, beta-caryophyllene and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, the aldehydes (E)-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde and nonanal, and the alcohol (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol. The variations in emission of these plant odours were statistically related to temperature, humidity and rainfall in the field. Remarkably, rainfall had a significant positive influence on changes in volatile release during all three diurnal periods, and further factors of significance were temperature and relative humidity around noon, relative humidity in the late afternoon, and temperature and relative humidity during the night. Rainfall was associated consistently with an increase in the late afternoon in terpene and aldehyde volatiles with a known repellent effect on the codling moth, one of the key pests of apple fruit. During the summer of 2003, a season characterized by below-average rainfall, some postulated effects of drought on trees were tested by establishing correlations with rainfall. Emissions of the wood terpenes alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and limonene were negatively correlated with rainfall. Another monoterpene, camphene, was only detected in this summer but not in the previous years, and its emissions were negatively correlated with rainfall, further supporting the theory that drought can result in higher formation of secondary metabolites. Finally, the two green leaf volatiles (E)-2-hexenal and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol were negatively correlated with rainfall, coinciding well with the expectation that water deficit stress increases activity of lipoxygenase. To our knowledge, this work represents the first empirical study concerning the influence of abiotic factors on volatile emissions from apple trees in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Vallat
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Applied Entomology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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