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Spangenberg JE, Lantos I. Fingerprinting of monovarietal olive oils from Argentina and Uruguay via stable isotope, fatty acid profile, and chemometric analyses. Food Chem 2024; 449:139194. [PMID: 38574525 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Tracing methods of non-European EVOOs commercialized worldwide are becoming crucial for effective authenticity controls. Limited analytical studies of these oils are available on a global scale, similar to those of European EVOOs. We report for the first time the fatty acid concentrations, bulk-oil 2H/1H, 13C/12C, and 18O/16O ratios and fatty acid 13C/12C ratios of 43 authentic monovarietal EVOOs from different geographical regions in Argentina and Uruguay. The samples were obtained from a wide range of latitudes and altitudes along an E-W profile, from lowlands near the Atlantic Ocean to the pre-Andean highlands near the Pacific Ocean. Principal component scores were used to cluster EVOOs into three groups- central-western Argentina, central Argentina, and Uruguay-based on nine stable isotope ratios and the oleic-linoleic acid concentration ratio. The bulk 2H/1H and 18O/16O values and 13C/12C of palmitoleic and linoleic acids provide good tools for differentiating these oils via linear discriminant analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Enrique Spangenberg
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics (IDYST), University of Lausanne, Geopolis Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Irene Lantos
- Instituto de las Culturas (IDECU), Universidad de Buenos Aires & Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Moreno 350, C1091AAH Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Athaillah Z, Yarnes C, Wang SC. Bulk and Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis for the Authentication of Walnuts ( Juglans regia) Origins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71. [PMID: 37917953 PMCID: PMC10655176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Walnuts are grown in various countries, and as product origin information is becoming more important to consumers, new techniques to differentiate walnut geographical authenticity are needed. We conducted bulk stable isotope analysis (BSIA) and compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) on walnuts grown in seven countries. The BSIA consisted of δ13Cbulk, δ15Nbulk, and δ34Sbulk, and CSIA covered δ2Hfatty acid, δ13Cfatty acid, δ13Camino acid, δ15Namino acid, and δ2Hamino acid. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used for statistical analysis to compare samples from the USA and China. Parameters that yielded significant variations are δ2HC18:1n-9, δ13CC18:2n-6, δ13CC18:3n-3, δ13CGly, δ13CLeu, δ13CVal, δ2HGlu, δ2HIle, δ2HLeu, and δ2HThr. Our findings suggested that CSIA of fatty acids and amino acids can be useful to differentiate the geographical provenance of walnuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zatil
A. Athaillah
- Food
Science and Technology Department of University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Chris Yarnes
- Stable
Isotope Facility of University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Selina C. Wang
- Food
Science and Technology Department of University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Xia L, Sakaguchi-Söder K, Stanojkovski D, Schebek L. Evaluation of a quick one-step sample preparation method for the determination of the isotopic fingerprint of rapeseed (Brassica napus): Investigation of the influence of the use of 2,2-dimethoxypropane on compound-specific stable carbon and hydrogen isotope analyses by gas chromatography combustion/pyrolysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9064. [PMID: 33554384 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gas chromatographic analyses for vegetable oils require transesterification, which generally involves multiple steps, mainly to generate fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). A quick method based on acid-catalyzed transesterification using 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP) enables the conversion in one step, in a single reactor. For compound-specific stable carbon and hydrogen isotope analyses (C- and H-CSIA) of individual fatty acids (FAs) in oil, the verification of this one-step method has not yet been reported. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of the one-step method for C- and H-CSIA of individual FAMEs in rapeseed samples. The focus was on the investigation of the influence of methanol, which was produced from the reactions of DMP with glycerol and water during transesterification, on the accuracy of isotope composition of FAMEs, consequently of the FAs. The reproducibility of the one-step method was assessed by the measurement of the FAMEs from rapeseed and rapeseed oil. For the C- and H-CSIA of individual FAMEs, a gas chromatography combustion/pyrolysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry system was used. RESULTS Our results showed that no significant differences arise in the carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of the selected main FAMEs produced with and without DMP except for the H-CSIA value of C18:3. The reproducibility of the one-step method for rapeseed was in the range of ±0.1 mUr to ± 0.3 mUr for C-CSIA and ±1 mUr to ±3 mUr for H-CSIA of the main FAMEs. CONCLUSIONS DMP improves the transesterification efficiency without influencing the accuracy of the C- and H-CSIA of FAMEs. The performance of the one-step method for rapeseed samples for the determination of C- and H-CSIA values of FAMEs is satisfactory. Thus, the applicability of the one-step method for isotopic fingerprint analyses of FAs in oilseeds is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xia
- Institute IWAR, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, Darmstadt, Hessen, DE, 64287, Germany
| | - Kaori Sakaguchi-Söder
- Institute IWAR, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, Darmstadt, Hessen, DE, 64287, Germany
| | | | - Liselotte Schebek
- Institute IWAR, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, Darmstadt, Hessen, DE, 64287, Germany
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Lengger SK, Weber Y, Taylor KWR, Kopf SH, Berstan R, Bull ID, Mayser JP, Leavitt WD, Blewett J, Pearson A, Pancost RD. Determination of the δ 2 H values of high molecular weight lipids by high-temperature gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8983. [PMID: 33068049 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The hydrogen isotopic composition of lipids (δ2 Hlipid ) is widely used in food science and as a proxy for past hydrological conditions. Determining the δ2 H values of large, well-preserved triacylglycerides and other microbial lipids, such as glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids, is thus of widespread interest but has so far not been possible due to their low volatility which prohibits analysis by traditional gas chromatography/pyrolysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/P/IRMS). METHODS We determined the δ2 H values of large, polar molecules and applied high-temperature gas chromatography (HTGC) methods on a modified GC/P/IRMS system. The system used a high-temperature 7-m GC column, and a glass Y-splitter for low thermal mass. Methods were validated using authentic standards of large, functionalised molecules (triacylglycerides, TGs), purified standards of GDGTs. The results were compared with δ2 H values determined by high-temperature elemental analyser/pyrolysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (HTEA/P/IRMS), and subsequently applied to the analysis of GDGTs in a sample from a methane seep and a Welsh peat. RESULTS The δ2 H values of TGs agreed within error between HTGC/P/IRMS and HTEA/IRMS, with HTGC/P/IRMS showing larger errors. Archaeal lipid GDGTs with up to three cyclisations could be analysed: the δ2 H values were not significantly different between methods with standard deviations of 5 to 6 ‰. When environmental samples were analysed, the δ2 H values of isoGDGTs were 50 ‰ more negative than those of terrestrial brGDGTs. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the HTGC/P/IRMS method developed here is appropriate to determine the δ2 H values of TGs, GDGTs with up to two cyclisations, and potentially other high molecular weight compounds. The methodology will widen the current analytical window for biomarker and food light stable isotope analyses. Moreover, our initial measurements suggest that bacterial and archaeal GDGT δ2 H values can record environmental and ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine K Lengger
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Yuki Weber
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Kyle W R Taylor
- Elementar UK Ltd, Earl Road, Cheadle Hulme, Stockport, SK8 6PT, UK
| | - Sebastian H Kopf
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert Berstan
- Elementar UK Ltd, Earl Road, Cheadle Hulme, Stockport, SK8 6PT, UK
| | - Ian D Bull
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Jan-Peter Mayser
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - William D Leavitt
- Department of Earth Science, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jerome Blewett
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Ann Pearson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Richard D Pancost
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Earth Sciences and Cabot Institute for the Environment, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RL, UK
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State-of-the-Art of Analytical Techniques to Determine Food Fraud in Olive Oils. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030484. [PMID: 33668346 PMCID: PMC7996354 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of the food industry compared to other sectors are much lower, which is why producers are tempted to commit fraud. Although it is a bad practice committed with a wide variety of foods, it is worth noting the case of olive oil because it is a product of great value and with a high percentage of fraud. It is for all these reasons that the authenticity of olive oil has become a major problem for producers, consumers, and legislators. To avoid such fraud, it is necessary to develop analytical techniques to detect them. In this review, we performed a complete analysis about the available instrumentation used in olive fraud which comprised spectroscopic and spectrometric methodology and analyte separation techniques such as liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Additionally, other methodology including protein-based biomolecular techniques and analytical approaches like metabolomic, hhyperspectral imaging and chemometrics are discussed.
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Jiménez-Morillo NT, Palma V, Garcia R, Dias CB, Cabrita MJ. Combination of Stable Isotope Analysis and Chemometrics to Discriminate Geoclimatically and Temporally the Virgin Olive Oils from Three Mediterranean Countries. Foods 2020; 9:E1855. [PMID: 33322669 PMCID: PMC7763173 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of the isotopic composition of virgin olive oil (VOO) allows the evaluation of authenticity and geographical origin, being an important tool against fraud. This study aimed to assess if VOOs produced in three Mediterranean regions could be discriminated on the basis of multivariate statistical analysis of geoclimatic and isotopic data. A total of 138 geo-referenced VOO samples from Portugal, France and Turkey from two different cultivation years were collected. The isotopic composition (δ13C, δ2H and δ18O) of VOOs was obtained using an elemental analyzer coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). One-way analysis of variance for δ13C, δ2H and δ18O showed some significant differences either between crop years or geoclimatic conditions. Based on multiple regression analyses using meteorological and geographical parameters, a meteoric water line for olive oil from Portugal, France and Turkey, in two harvest years, were created to assess the impact of climate change on their δ2H and δ18O values. Principal component analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis, used to sort samples according to geoclimatic origin, performed best for French and Portuguese olive oils. In light of the results, multivariate isotopic analysis of VOO samples may discriminate not only between geoclimatic regions but also among cultivation years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicasio T. Jiménez-Morillo
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (N.T.J.-M.); (R.G.)
| | - Vera Palma
- HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, 7000-089 Évora, Portugal; (V.P.); (C.B.D.)
| | - Raquel Garcia
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (N.T.J.-M.); (R.G.)
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Cristina Barrocas Dias
- HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, 7000-089 Évora, Portugal; (V.P.); (C.B.D.)
- Departamento de Química, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Cabrita
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (N.T.J.-M.); (R.G.)
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
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Krauß S, Vetter W. Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Red Bell Pepper Samples from Germany, The Netherlands, and Spain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4054-4063. [PMID: 30895777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bell pepper is one of the most cultivated crops in the world. By means of δ13C and δ15N values (‰), red bell peppers from Germany, The Netherlands, and Spain could be distinguished from each other. German fruits cultivated under greenhouse conditions were extremely depleted in 13C with δ13C values for fatty acids of partly less than -50‰. The strong depletion in 13C was in accordance with the use of biomethane-derived CO2 as growth regulator in the greenhouses. Seasonal variations in the δ13C values (‰) of German samples were tentatively assigned to varying CO2 enrichment during the annual production cycle. δ13C values (‰) of Dutch samples also correlated with greenhouse production, whereas Spanish samples most likely originated from open field cultivation. Additionally, the use of color measurement as a tool for presorting the samples was investigated in order to slim the scattering ranges of δ13C and δ15N values (‰) for clearer differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Krauß
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b) , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 28 , D-70599 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b) , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 28 , D-70599 Stuttgart , Germany
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8
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Spangenberg JE, Zufferey V. Carbon isotope compositions of whole wine, wine solid residue, and wine ethanol, determined by EA/IRMS and GC/C/IRMS, can record the vine water status—a comparative reappraisal. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2031-2043. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Perini M, Paolini M, Pace R, Camin F. The use of stable isotope ratio analysis to characterise saw palmetto (Serenoa Repens) extract. Food Chem 2019; 274:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Effects of vegetation type and breed on n-3 and n-6 fatty acid proportions in heart, lung and brain phospholipids of lambs. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Marquardt S, Barsila SR, Amelchanka SL, Devkota NR, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Fatty acid profile of ghee derived from two genotypes (cattle–yak vs yak) grazing different alpine Himalayan pasture sites. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid (FA) profile of ghee produced from milk of cattle–yak hybrids grazing five mountain pasture sites along a high-alpine transhumance route in Nepal was analysed. Pastures differed in altitude above sea level (2600–4500 m), time period of being grazed and phytochemical composition of the swards. Additionally, a comparison of ghee from purebred yak and hybrid was performed, with samples produced at two of the sites. Pasture site had a strong effect on almost all FAs. Proportions of oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acid in ghee were smallest on the highest pasture at 4500 m where the largest condensed tannin concentrations in the forages were found. No systematic site effects were found for c9,t11 conjugated linoleic acid and total polyunsaturated FAs. Ghee produced from the hybrids’ milk was richer in major functional FAs such as α-linolenic and linoleic acid, while yak ghee contained more saturated FAs and eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids.
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Lacombe RJS, Giuliano V, Colombo SM, Arts MT, Bazinet RP. Compound-specific isotope analysis resolves the dietary origin of docosahexaenoic acid in the mouse brain. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2071-2081. [PMID: 28694298 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d077990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DHA (22:6n-3) may be derived from two dietary sources, preformed dietary DHA or through synthesis from α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3). However, conventional methods cannot distinguish between DHA derived from either source without the use of costly labeled tracers. In the present study, we demonstrate the proof-of-concept that compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) by GC-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) can differentiate between sources of brain DHA based on differences in natural 13C enrichment. Mice were fed diets containing either purified ALA or DHA as the sole n-3 PUFA. Extracted lipids were analyzed by CSIA for natural abundance 13C enrichment. Brain DHA from DHA-fed mice was significantly more enriched (-23.32‰ to -21.92‰) compared with mice on the ALA diet (-28.25‰ to -27.49‰). The measured 13C enrichment of brain DHA closely resembled the dietary n-3 PUFA source, -21.86‰ and -28.22‰ for DHA and ALA, respectively. The dietary effect on DHA 13C enrichment was similar in liver and blood fractions. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of CSIA, at natural 13C enrichment, to differentiate between the incorporation of preformed or synthesized DHA into the brain and other tissues without the need for tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Scott Lacombe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Vanessa Giuliano
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Stefanie M Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Michael T Arts
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
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Spangenberg JE. Bulk C, H, O, and fatty acid C stable isotope analyses for purity assessment of vegetable oils from the southern and northern hemispheres. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2447-2461. [PMID: 27596945 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The carbon, hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope composition (δ13 C, δ2 H, and δ18 O values) of plants and their products is linked to photosynthetic fractionation, environmental factors and agricultural practices. Therefore, they contribute to determining the purity of commercial vegetable oils and may provide information on their geographical origin. METHODS Maize, olive, sunflower, groundnut, soybean and rice oils differing in sites of growth in the southern and northern hemispheres were characterized by bulk oil stable isotope ratios (δ13 Cbulk , δ2 Hbulk , and δ18 Obulk values), fatty acid (FA) concentrations and δ13 CFA values using elemental analysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, gas chromatography/flame ionization detection and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis was applied to examine the inherent structure of the data. RESULTS The δ13 Cbulk values of maize oils (-18.4 to -14.9 ‰) are typical for C4 plants, and those of olive (-30.2 to -28.2 ‰), sunflower (-30.2 to -29.2 ‰), groundnut (-29.3 ‰), soybean (-30.6 ‰), and rice (-34.5 ‰) oils are typical for C3 plants. The δ2 Hbulk values vary from -161 to -132 ‰ for maize oils and -171 to -109 ‰ for C3 oils. The δ18 Obulk values of all oils vary between 15.2 and 38.9 ‰. The major δ13 CFA differences (>5 ‰) within plant species render the inter-C3 -species comparison difficult. These differences are explained in terms of variations in the lipid biosynthetic pathways and blend of vegetable oils of different FA composition and δ13 CFA values. The samples from the southern hemisphere are generally enriched in 13 C compared with those from the northern hemisphere. Differences between the southern and northern hemispheres were observed in δ2 H (p < 0.001) and δ18 Obulk (p = 0.129) values for all C3 oils, and in δ13 C18:1 (p = 0.026) and δ18 Obulk (p = 0.160) values for maize oils. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that combining bulk and molecular stable isotope ratios, FA compositions and their statistical analysis helps the characterization of the geographic origin of oils. This methodology can be used to detect and source impurities in valuable vegetable oils commercialized worldwide. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Spangenberg
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Geopolis Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Reiffarth DG, Petticrew EL, Owens PN, Lobb DA. Sources of variability in fatty acid (FA) biomarkers in the application of compound-specific stable isotopes (CSSIs) to soil and sediment fingerprinting and tracing: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:8-27. [PMID: 27155260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Determining soil redistribution and sediment budgets in watersheds is often challenging. One of the methods for making such determinations employs soil and sediment fingerprinting techniques, using sediment properties such as geochemistry, fallout radionuclides, and mineral magnetism. These methods greatly improve the estimation of erosion and deposition within a watershed, but are limited when determining land use-based soil and sediment movement. Recently, compound-specific stable isotopes (CSSIs), which employ fatty acids naturally occurring in the vegetative cover of soils, offer the possibility of refining fingerprinting techniques based on land use, complementing other methods that are currently in use. The CSSI method has been met with some success; however, challenges still remain with respect to scale and resolution due to a potentially large degree of biological, environmental and analytical uncertainty. By better understanding the source of tracers used in CSSI work and the inherent biochemical variability in those tracers, improvement in sample design and tracer selection is possible. Furthermore, an understanding of environmental and analytical factors affecting the CSSI signal will lead to refinement of the approach and the ability to generate more robust data. This review focuses on sources of biological, environmental and analytical variability in applying CSSI to soil and sediment fingerprinting, and presents recommendations based on past work and current research in this area for improving the CSSI technique. A recommendation, based on current information available in the literature, is to use very-long chain saturated fatty acids and to avoid the use of the ubiquitous saturated fatty acids, C16 and C18.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Reiffarth
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - E L Petticrew
- Geography Program and Quesnel River Research Centre, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - P N Owens
- Environmental Science Program and Quesnel River Research Centre, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - D A Lobb
- Watershed Systems Research Program, University of Manitoba, 13 Freedman Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Zhao Y, Zhang B, Guo B, Wang D, Yang S. Combination of multi-element and stable isotope analysis improved the traceability of chicken from four provinces of China. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2015.1057235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jeon H, Lee SC, Cho YJ, Oh JH, Kwon K, Kim BH. A triple-isotope approach for discriminating the geographic origin of Asian sesame oils. Food Chem 2015; 167:363-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Farag MA, Abou Zeid AH, Hamed MA, Kandeel Z, El-Rafie HM, El-Akad RH. Metabolomic fingerprint classification of Brachychiton acerifolius organs via UPLC-qTOF-PDA-MS analysis and chemometrics. Nat Prod Res 2014; 29:116-24. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.964710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini Street, P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aisha H. Abou Zeid
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Manal A. Hamed
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Zeinab Kandeel
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini Street, P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanaa M. El-Rafie
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Radwa H. El-Akad
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt
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van Leeuwen KA, Prenzler PD, Ryan D, Camin F. Gas Chromatography-Combustion-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry for Traceability and Authenticity in Foods and Beverages. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katryna A. van Leeuwen
- Dept. of Food Quality and Nutrition; Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN) Italy
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences; EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation; Charles Sturt Univ; Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
| | - Paul D. Prenzler
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences; EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation; Charles Sturt Univ; Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678 Australia
| | - Danielle Ryan
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences; EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation; Charles Sturt Univ; Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678 Australia
| | - Federica Camin
- Dept. of Food Quality and Nutrition; Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN) Italy
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19
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Kälber T, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows fed green whole-plant buckwheat, phacelia or chicory in their vegetative and reproductive stage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Farag MA, Sharaf Eldin MG, Kassem H, Abou el Fetouh M. Metabolome classification of Brassica napus L. organs via UPLC-QTOF-PDA-MS and their anti-oxidant potential. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:277-87. [PMID: 23055344 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brassica napus L. is a crop widely grown for its oil production and other nutritional components in the seed. In addition to the seed, other organs contain a wide range of phenolic metabolites although they have not been investigated to the same extent as in seeds. OBJECTIVE To define and compare the phytochemical composition of B. napus L. organs, namely the root, stem, leaf, inflorescence and seeds. METHOD Non-targeted metabolomic analysis via UPLC-QTOF-MS was utilised in order to localise compounds belonging to various chemical classes (i.e. oxygenated fatty acids, flavonols, phenolic acids and sinapoyl choline derivatives). RESULTS The vast majority of identified metabolites were flavonol glycosides that accumulated in most of the plant organs. Whereas other classes were detected predominantly in specific organs, i.e. sinapoyl cholines were present uniquely in seeds. Furthermore, variation in the accumulation pattern of metabolites from the same class was observed, particularly in the case of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin flavonols. Anti-oxidant activity, based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl analysis was observed for all extracts, and correlated to some extent with total flavonoid content. CONCLUSION This study provides the most complete map for polyphenol composition in B. napus L. organs. By describing the metabolites profile in B. napus L., this study provides the basis for future investigations of seeds for potential health and/or medicinal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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21
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Liu W, Wang Z, Cui L, Sauer PE, Cao Y. Variation of compound-specific hydrogen isotope ratios under changing temperature program in gas chromatography/thermal conversion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1746-1752. [PMID: 22777775 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In recent experiments, we found that compound-specific δ(2)H values can vary as a result of changing the gas chromatography temperature program under common pyrolysis conditions. To achieve better precision, it is necessary to examine the details and find a solution to this problem when using gas chromatography/thermal conversion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-TC-IRMS) for hydrogen isotope analysis. METHODS A test was designed to find the possible temperature effect under four different GC temperature ramp rates using n-alkanes (n-C(21), n-C(27), and n-C(31)) and fatty acids (n-C(12), n-C(18), and n-C(24)). The common 'hexane' method was used initially to condition the pyrolysis reactor. Experiments were then carried out using the 'methane condition' method because it was considered to improve pyrolysis efficiency. RESULTS Under the 'hexane condition' the measured hydrogen isotope ratios of the n-alkanes and n-fatty acids became more positive with increasing GC temperature ramp rate. The ion current intensity of hydrogen also generally increased. However, when the 'methane condition' method was used, the measured δ(2)H values of the n-alkanes and n-fatty acids showed little change under different GC temperature ramp rates. CONCLUSIONS Higher pyrolysis efficiency could reduce the tailing of the H(2) peak and the related isotopic variations at increased GC temperature ramp rates. In addition, too slow a temperature ramp rate could broaden the peak width and thus increase the background effect and possible isotopic fractionations in the split interface; this could also influence the hydrogen isotope values. We therefore suggest that the appropriate temperature ramp rate is an important factor in improving the precision in analyzing compound-specific hydrogen isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, IEE, CAS, Xi'an, 710075, PR China.
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22
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Zhang Y, Tobias HJ, Sacks GL, Brenna JT. Calibration and data processing in gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:912-22. [PMID: 22362612 DOI: 10.1002/dta.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) by gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCC-IRMS) is a powerful technique for the sourcing of substances, such as determination of the geographic or chemical origin of drugs and food adulteration, and it is especially invaluable as a confirmatory tool for detection of the use of synthetic steroids in competitive sport. We review here principles and practices for data processing and calibration of GCC-IRMS data with consideration to anti-doping analyses, with a focus on carbon isotopic analysis ((13)C/(12)C). After a brief review of peak definition, the isotopologue signal reduction methods of summation, curve-fitting, and linear regression are described and reviewed. Principles for isotopic calibration are considered in the context of the Δ(13)C = δ(13)C(M) - δ(13)C(E) difference measurements required for establishing adverse analytical findings for metabolites (M) relative to endogenous (E) reference compounds. Considerations for the anti-doping analyst are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Richter EK, Spangenberg JE, Willems H, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Stable carbon isotope composition of perirenal adipose tissue fatty acids from Engadine sheep grazing either mountain or lowland pasture. J Anim Sci 2011; 90:905-13. [PMID: 22021810 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide further insights into ruminant lipid digestion and metabolism, and into cis-9,trans-11 18:2 synthesis, 12 growing Engadine lambs grazing either mountain pasture (2,250 m above sea level; n = 6) or lowland pasture (400 m above sea level; n = 6) were studied. Both pastures consisted exclusively of C(3) plants. Before the experiment, all animals grazed a common pasture for 6 wk. Grasses and perirenal adipose tissues of the sheep were analyzed for fatty acids by gas chromatography. Stable C-isotope ratios (δ(13)C values in ‰ vs. the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite standard) were determined in the composite samples by elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The δ(13)C of the individual fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The δ(13)C value of the entire mountain pasture grass was -27.5‰ (SD 0.31), whereas that of the lowland pasture grass was -30.0‰ (SD 0.07). This difference was reflected in the perirenal adipose tissues of the corresponding sheep (P < 0.05), even though the δ(13)C values were less in the animals than in the grass. The δ(13)C values for cis-9 16:1 and cis-9 18:1 in perirenal fat differed between mountain and lowland lambs (P < 0.05). The 16:0 in the adipose tissue was enriched in (13)C by 5‰ compared with the dietary 16:0, likely as a result of partly endogenous synthesis. The δ(13)C values of cis-9,trans-11 18:2 (cis-9,trans-11 CLA) in the adipose tissue were smaller than those of its dietary precursors, cis-9,cis-12 18:2 and cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3; conversely, the δ(13)C values of trans-11 18:1 were not, suggesting that large proportions of perirenal cis-9,trans-11 18:2 were of endogenous origin and discrimination against (13)C occurred during Δ(9)-desaturation. The same discrimination was indicated by the isotopic shift between 16:0 and cis-9 16:1 in the mountain grazing group. Furthermore, the δ(13)C values of cis-9,trans-11 18:2 were smaller relative to the precursor fatty acids in the mountain lambs compared with the lowland group. This result suggests a reduced extent of biohydrogenation in lambs grazing on mountain grass in comparison with those grazing on lowland grass. This was supported by the smaller cis-9,trans-11 18:2 concentrations in total fatty acids found in the adipose tissues of the lowland lambs (P < 0.001). The results of this study demonstrate that natural differences between δ(13)C values of swards from different pastures and the adipose tissue fatty acids could be used as tracers in studies of lipid metabolism in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Richter
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of the perirenal fat of bulls fattened on grass silage and maize silage supplemented with tannins, garlic, maca and lupines. Meat Sci 2011; 89:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Richter EK, Spangenberg JE, Klevenhusen F, Soliva CR, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of c9,t11-Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Cow’s Milk as Related to Dietary Fatty Acids. Lipids 2011; 47:161-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Leiber F, Hochstrasser R, Wettstein HR, Kreuzer M. Feeding transition cows with oilseeds: Effects on fatty acid composition of adipose tissue, colostrum and milk. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Panetta RJ, Jahren AH. Single-step transesterification with simultaneous concentration and stable isotope analysis of fatty acid methyl esters by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1373-1381. [PMID: 21504002 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) is increasingly applied to food and metabolic studies for stable isotope analysis (δ(13) C), with the quantification of analyte concentration often obtained via a second alternative method. We describe a rapid direct transesterification of triacylglycerides (TAGs) for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis by GC-C-IRMS demonstrating robust simultaneous quantification of amount of analyte (mean r(2) =0.99, accuracy ±2% for 37 FAMEs) and δ(13) C (±0.13‰) in a single analytical run. The maximum FAME yield and optimal δ(13) C values are obtained by derivatizing with 10% (v/v) acetyl chloride in methanol for 1 h, while lower levels of acetyl chloride and shorter reaction times skewed the δ(13) C values by as much as 0.80‰. A Bland-Altman evaluation of the GC-C-IRMS measurements resulted in excellent agreement for pure oils (±0.08‰) and oils extracted from French fries (±0.49‰), demonstrating reliable simultaneous quantification of FAME concentration and δ(13) C values. Thus, we conclude that for studies requiring both the quantification of analyte and δ(13) C data, such as authentication or metabolic flux studies, GC-C-IRMS can be used as the sole analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Panetta
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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