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Qin Y, Pillidge C, Harrison B, Adhikari B. Pathways in formulating foods for the elderly. Food Res Int 2024; 186:114324. [PMID: 38729692 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The growth of the elderly population worldwide is posing significant challenges to human society. The progressive physical and physiological changes occur with aging, including decreased appetite, incomplete digestion, and reduced absorption of nutrients. A common feature of many elderly people's diets is a deficiency in proteins (especially easily digestible ones) and micronutrients (e.g., vitamins, zinc, iron, and calcium). One of the solutions to this problem is the incorporation of these components into suitably texture-modified foods. There is a dearth of products that meet the needs of the elderly with special medical/health conditions such as dysphagia, osteoporosis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, as well as those who are in hospital and palliative care. Future research and development of foods for the elderly must address specific dietary needs of different subgroups of elderly people with underlying health conditions. The existence of different physical and physiological stages of the elderly means that their specific dietary requirements must be considered. This review summarizes current knowledge on nutritional requirements including those with underlying health problems and outlines the research and innovation pathways for developing new foods considering nutrition, texture, flavor, and other sensory aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qin
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | | | | | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; The Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia.
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2
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Chang TY, Lan KC, Hua KT, Liu SH. In vitro genotoxicity assessment and 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study of steady-calcium formula in rats. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:834-841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Kunihiro AG, Brickey JA, Frye JB, Cheng JN, Luis PB, Schneider C, Funk JL. Curcumin Inhibition of TGFβ signaling in bone metastatic breast cancer cells and the possible role of oxidative metabolites. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 99:108842. [PMID: 34407450 PMCID: PMC8628222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
TGFβ signaling promotes progression of bone-metastatic (BMET) breast cancer (BCa) cells by driving tumor-associated osteolysis, a hallmark of BCa BMETs, thus allowing for tumor expansion within bone. Turmeric-derived bioactive curcumin, enriched in bone via local enzymatic deconjugation of inactive circulating curcumin-glucuronides, inhibits osteolysis and BMET progression in human xenograft BCa BMET models by blocking tumoral TGFβ signaling pathways mediating osteolysis. This is a unique antiosteolytic mechanism in contrast to current osteoclast-targeting therapeutics. Therefore, experiments were undertaken to elucidate the mechanism for curcumin inhibition of BCa TGFβ signaling and the application of this finding across multiple BCa cell lines forming TGFβ-dependent BMETs, including a possible role for bioactive curcumin metabolites in mediating these effects. Immunoblot analysis of TGFβ signaling proteins in bone tropic human (MDA-SA, MDA-1833, MDA-2287) and murine (4T1) BCa cells revealed uniform curcumin blockade of TGFβ-induced Smad activation due to down-regulation of plasma membrane associated TGFβR2 and cellular receptor Smad proteins that propagate Smad-mediated gene expression, resulting in downregulation of PTHrP expression, the osteolytic factor driving in vivo BMET progression. With the exception of early decreases in TGFβR2, inhibitory effects appeared to be mediated by oxidative metabolites of curcumin and involved inhibition of gene expression. Interestingly, while not contributing to changes in Smad-mediated TGFβ signaling, curcumin caused early activation of MAPK signaling in all cell lines, including JNK, an effect possibly involving interactions with TGFβR2 within lipid rafts. Treatment with curcumin or oxidizable analogs of curcumin may have clinical relevancy in the management of TGFβ-dependent BCa BMETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Kunihiro
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Julia A Brickey
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jennifer B Frye
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Julia N Cheng
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Paula B Luis
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Janet L Funk
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Funk JL, Schneider C. Perspective on Improving the Relevance, Rigor, and Reproducibility of Botanical Clinical Trials: Lessons Learned From Turmeric Trials. Front Nutr 2021; 8:782912. [PMID: 34926556 PMCID: PMC8678600 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.782912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived compounds, without doubt, can have significant medicinal effects since many notable drugs in use today, such as morphine or taxol, were first isolated from botanical sources. When an isolated and purified phytochemical is developed as a pharmaceutical, the uniformity and appropriate use of the product are well defined. Less clear are the benefits and best use of plant-based dietary supplements or other formulations since these products, unlike traditional drugs, are chemically complex and variable in composition, even if derived from a single plant source. This perspective will summarize key points-including the premise of ethnobotanical and preclinical evidence, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and safety-inherent and unique to the study of botanical dietary supplements to be considered when planning or evaluating botanical clinical trials. Market forces and regulatory frameworks also affect clinical trial design since in the United States, for example, botanical dietary supplements cannot be marketed for disease treatment and submission of information on safety or efficacy is not required. Specific challenges are thus readily apparent both for consumers comparing available products for purchase, as well as for commercially sponsored vs. independent researchers planning clinical trials to evaluate medicinal effects of botanicals. Turmeric dietary supplements, a top selling botanical in the United States and focus of over 400 clinical trials to date, will be used throughout to illustrate both the promise and pitfalls associated with the clinical evaluation of botanicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Funk
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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Cheng JN, Frye JB, Whitman SA, Kunihiro AG, Brickey JA, Funk JL. Osteolytic effects of tumoral estrogen signaling in an estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer bone metastasis model. JOURNAL OF CANCER METASTASIS AND TREATMENT 2021; 7:17. [PMID: 34790880 PMCID: PMC8594878 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2021.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Estrogen receptor α-positive (ER+) subtypes of breast cancer have the greatest predilection for forming osteolytic bone metastases (BMETs). Because tumor-derived factors mediate osteolysis, a possible role for tumoral ERα signaling in driving ER+ BMET osteolysis was queried using an estrogen (E2)-dependent ER+ breast cancer BMET model. METHODS Female athymic Foxn1nu mice were inoculated with human ER+ MCF-7 breast cancer cells via the left cardiac ventricle post-E2 pellet placement, and age- and dose-dependent E2 effects on osteolytic ER+ BMET progression, as well as direct bone effects of E2, were determined. RESULTS Osteolytic BMETs, which did not form in the absence of E2 supplementation, occurred with the same frequency in young (5-week-old) vs. skeletally mature (16-week-old) E2 (0.72 mg)-treated mice, but were larger in young mice where anabolic bone effects of E2 were greater. However, in mice of a single age and across a range of E2 doses, anabolic E2 bone effects were constant, while osteolytic ER+ BMET lesion incidence and size increased in an E2-dose-dependent fashion. Osteoclasts in ER+ tumor-bearing (but not tumor-naive) mice increased in an E2-dose dependent fashion at the bone-tumor interface, while histologic tumor size and proliferation did not vary with E2 dose. E2-inducible tumoral secretion of the osteolytic factor parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was dose-dependent and mediated by ERα, with significantly greater levels of secretion from ER+ BMET-derived tumor cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that tumoral ERα signaling may contribute to ER+ BMET-associated osteolysis, potentially explaining the greater predilection for ER+ tumors to form clinically-evident osteolytic BMETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N. Cheng
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Frye
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Susan A. Whitman
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Andrew G. Kunihiro
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Julia A. Brickey
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Janet L. Funk
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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6
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Kunihiro AG, Luis PB, Frye JB, Chew W, Chow HHS, Schneider C, Funk JL. Bone-Specific Metabolism of Dietary Polyphenols in Resorptive Bone Diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000072. [PMID: 32506808 PMCID: PMC7712627 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Curcumin prevents bone loss in resorptive bone diseases and inhibits osteoclast formation, a key process driving bone loss. Curcumin circulates as an inactive glucuronide that can be deconjugated in situ by bone's high β-glucuronidase (GUSB) content, forming the active aglycone. Because curcumin is a common remedy for musculoskeletal disease, effects of microenvironmental changes consequent to skeletal development or disease on bone curcumin metabolism are explored. METHODS AND RESULTS Across sexual/skeletal development or between sexes in C57BL/6 mice ingesting curcumin (500 mg kg-1 ), bone curcumin metabolism and GUSB enzyme activity are unchanged, except for >twofold higher (p < 0.05) bone curcumin-glucuronide substrate levels in immature (4-6-week-old) mice. In ovariectomized (OVX) or bone metastasis-bearing female mice, bone substrate levels are also >twofold higher. Aglycone curcumin levels tend to increase proportional to substrate such that the majority of glucuronide distributing to bone is deconjugated, including OVX mice where GUSB decreases by 24% (p < 0.01). GUSB also catalyzes deconjugation of resveratrol and quercetin glucuronides by bone, and a requirement for the aglycones for anti-osteoclastogenic bioactivity, analogous to curcumin, is confirmed. CONCLUSION Dietary polyphenols circulating as glucuronides may require in situ deconjugation for bone-protective effects, a process influenced by bone microenvironmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Kunihiro
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Paula B Luis
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Wade Chew
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - H-H. Sherry Chow
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Janet L Funk
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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El-Borm HT, Badawy GM, El-Nabi SH, El-Sherif WA, Atallah MN. The ameliorative effect of curcumin extract on the morphological and skeletal abnormalities induced by sunset yellow and tartrazine in the developing chick embryo Gallus domesticus. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03305. [PMID: 32051872 PMCID: PMC7002855 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that food dyes are responsible for causing number of health problems. The study under consideration aims to show the possible morphological and skeletal malformation induced due to in ovo administration of sunset yellow (SY) and tartrazine (Tz) with or without curcumin (Cur) during organogenesis of developing chick embryo at doses 1.575mg/egg, 0.375mg/egg and 3mg/kg eggs for SY, Tz and Cur comparing with control. The investigation revealed evident reduction in the weight and length of embryos as well as malformations in feather, head, and limbs. Most of the congenital malformations were seen in SY and Tz injected groups such as short beak, excencephaly, kniked tail and pygostyle, curved scapula and retardation in the degree of ossification were the most evident in endoskeleton malformation. In addition, the length of ossified long bones in SY and Tz groups was affected. Co-administration of Cur with SY and Tz ameliorate the reversed effect of SY and Tz on the shape, length, body weight and skeleton of embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend T. El-Borm
- Vertebrates, Comparative Anatomy and Embryology– Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Gamal M. Badawy
- Experimental Embryology- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Sobhy H. El-Nabi
- Molecular Biology- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | | | - Marwa N. Atallah
- Vertebrates, Comparative Anatomy and Embryology– Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Egypt
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Kunihiro AG, Luis PB, Brickey JA, Frye JB, Chow HHS, Schneider C, Funk JL. Beta-Glucuronidase Catalyzes Deconjugation and Activation of Curcumin-Glucuronide in Bone. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:500-509. [PMID: 30794412 PMCID: PMC6528680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biological basis for documented in vivo bone-protective effects of turmeric-derived curcumin is unclear since curcumin is barely detectable in serum, being rapidly conjugated to form what is thought to be an inactive glucuronide. Studies were therefore undertaken to test the postulate that antiresorptive effects of curcumin require deconjugation within bone to form the bioactive aglycone and that β-glucuronidase (GUSB), a deconjugating enzyme expressed by hematopoietic marrow cells, facilitates this site-specific transformation. Consistent with this postulate, aglycone, but not glucuronidated, curcumin inhibited RANKL-stimulated osteoclastogenesis, a key curcumin target in bone. Aglycone curcumin, expressed relative to total curcumin, was higher in bone marrow than in serum of curcumin-treated C57BL/6J mice, while remaining a minor component. Ex vivo, under conditions preventing further metabolism of the unstable aglycone, the majority of curcumin-glucuronide delivered to marrow in vivo was hydrolyzed to the aglycone, a process that was inhibited by treatment with saccharolactone, a GUSB inhibitor, or in mice having reduced (C3H/HeJ) or absent (mps/mps) GUSB activity. These findings suggest that curcumin, despite low systemic bioavailability, may be enzymatically activated (deconjugated) within GUSB-enriched bone to exert protective effects, a metabolic process that could also contribute to bone-protective effects of other highly glucuronidated dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Kunihiro
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Paula B Luis
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Julia A Brickey
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Jen B Frye
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - H-H. Sherry Chow
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Janet L Funk
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
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Marques MAA, Lourenço BHLB, Reis MDP, Pauli KB, Soares AL, Belettini ST, Donadel G, Palozi RAC, Froehlich DL, Lívero FADR, Gasparotto Junior A, Lourenço ELB. Osteoprotective Effects of Tribulus terrestris L.: Relationship Between Dehydroepiandrosterone Levels and Ca 2+-Sparing Effect. J Med Food 2019; 22:241-247. [PMID: 30888914 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease that is characterized by impairments in bone strength that predispose an individual to a higher risk of fractures. Despite the various etiologies, undoubtedly the most important factors are aging of the population and hypogonadism. Although several therapeutic options are available, pharmacological treatments have some risks. Among these are increases in the incidence of thrombosis, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and muscle injury, among others. Herbal medication may be an alternative for the treatment of osteoporosis. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of a standardized extract of Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss in rats. Female rats were first subjected to OVX and treated with TT (3, 30, and 300 mg/[kg·day]) or furosemide (25 mg/kg) orally for 28 days. Bone densitometry and tibial histology were performed, and acute renal function and testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and estradiol levels were assessed. Prolonged treatment with TT stimulated bone mass gain in all ovariectomized animals, raising bone mass to levels that were similar to sham-operated rats. DHEA levels significantly increased in TT-treated rats. The TT group also had lower calcium (Ca2+) excretion that OVX control and furosemide-treated rats. Finally, the histopathological analyses showed the maintenance of bone turnover in all TT-treated groups. Overall, the results indicate that the standardized extract of T. terrestris exerted a bone-protective effect by increasing bone mineral density. This activity may be at least partially attributable to an increase in serum DHEA levels and a Ca2+-sparing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michelle de Paula Reis
- 1 Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research of Natural Products, Paranaense University, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Karoline Bach Pauli
- 1 Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research of Natural Products, Paranaense University, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Soares
- 1 Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research of Natural Products, Paranaense University, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Donadel
- 1 Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research of Natural Products, Paranaense University, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Rhanany Alan Calloi Palozi
- 2 Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Diego Lacir Froehlich
- 3 Laboratory of Prevention and Diagnosis, Assis Gurgacz Faculty, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior
- 2 Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
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Kunihiro AG, Brickey JA, Frye JB, Luis PB, Schneider C, Funk JL. Curcumin, but not curcumin-glucuronide, inhibits Smad signaling in TGFβ-dependent bone metastatic breast cancer cells and is enriched in bone compared to other tissues. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 63:150-156. [PMID: 30393127 PMCID: PMC6296872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) bone metastases (BMETs) drive osteolysis via a feed-forward loop involving tumoral secretion of osteolytic factors (e.g., PTHrP) induced by bone-matrix-derived growth factors (e.g., TGFβ). In prior experiments, turmeric-derived curcumin inhibited in vivo BMET progression and in vitro TGFβ/Smad-signaling in a TGFβ-stimulated PTHrP-dependent human xenograft BCa BMET model (MDA-SA cells). However, it is unclear whether curcumin or curcumin-glucuronide mediates in vivo protection since curcumin-glucuronide is the primary circulating metabolite in rodents and in humans. Thus, effects of curcumin vs. curcumin-glucuronide on Smad-dependent TGFβ signaling were compared in a series of BCa cell lines forming TGFβ-dependent BMET in murine models, and tissue-specific metabolism of curcumin in mice was examined by LC-MS. While curcumin inhibited TGFβ-receptor-mediated Smad2/3 phosphorylation in all BCa cells studied (human MDA-SA, MDA-1833, MDA-2287 and murine 4T1 cells), curcumin-glucuronide did not. Similarly, curcumin, but not curcumin-glucuronide, blocked TGFβ-stimulated secretion of PTHrP from MDA-SA and 4T1 cells. Because the predominant serum metabolite, curcumin-glucuronide, lacked bioactivity, we examined tissue-specific metabolism of curcumin in mice. Compared to serum and other organs, free curcumin (both absolute and percentage of total) was significantly increased in bone, which was also a rich source of enzymatic deglucuronidation activity. Thus, curcumin, and not curcumin-glucuronide, appears to inhibit bone-tropic BCa cell TGFβ-signaling and to undergo site-specific activation (deconjugation) within the bone microenvironment. These findings suggest that circulating curcumin-glucuronide may act as a prodrug that preferentially targets bone, a process that may contribute to the bone-protective effects of curcumin and other highly glucuronidated dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Kunihiro
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, 1656 E. Mabel St, Medical Research Building Rm 418, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
| | - Julia A Brickey
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1656 E. Mabel St, Medical Research Building Rm 418, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
| | - Jennifer B Frye
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1656 E. Mabel St, Medical Research Building Rm 418, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
| | - Paula B Luis
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 23(rd) Ave S at Pierce RRB, Rm 514, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 23(rd) Ave S at Pierce RRB, Rm 514, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.
| | - Janet L Funk
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, 1656 E. Mabel St, Medical Research Building Rm 418, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1656 E. Mabel St, Medical Research Building Rm 418, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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11
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Lv GP, Hu DJ, Zhou YQ, Zhang QW, Zhao J, Li SP. Preparation and Application of Standardized Typical Volatile Components Fraction from Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Step Molecular Distillation. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071831. [PMID: 30041445 PMCID: PMC6099931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A green and reliable method using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and molecular distillation (MD) was optimized for the separation and purification of standardized typical volatile components fraction (STVCF) from turmeric to solve the shortage of reference compounds in quality control (QC) of volatile components. A high quality essential oil with 76.0% typical components of turmeric was extracted by SFE. A sequential distillation strategy was performed by MD. The total recovery and purity of prepared STVCF were 97.3% and 90.3%, respectively. Additionally, a strategy, i.e., STVCF-based qualification and quantitative evaluation of major bioactive analytes by multiple calibrated components, was proposed to easily and effectively control the quality of turmeric. Compared with the individual calibration curve method, the STVCF-based quantification method was demonstrated to be credible and was effectively adapted for solving the shortage of reference volatile compounds and improving the QC of typical volatile components in turmeric, especially its functional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ping Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - De-Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Yan-Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Qing-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
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12
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Funk JL, Frye JB, Oyarzo JN, Chen J, Zhang H, Timmermann BN. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Essential Oils of Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe ) in Experimental Rheumatoid Arthritis. PHARMANUTRITION 2016; 4:123-131. [PMID: 27872812 DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ginger and its extracts have been used traditionally as anti-inflammatory remedies, with a particular focus on the medicinal properties of its phenolic secondary metabolites, the gingerols. Consistent with these uses, potent anti-arthritic effects of gingerol-containing extracts were previously demonstrated by our laboratory using an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis, streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis. In this study, anti-inflammatory effects of ginger's other secondary metabolites, the essential oils (GEO), which contain terpenes with reported phytoestrogenic activity, were assessed in female Lewis rats with SCW-induced arthritis. GEO (28 mg/kg/d ip) prevented chronic joint inflammation, but altered neither the initial acute phase of joint swelling nor granuloma formation at sites of SCW deposition in liver. Pharmacologic doses of 17-β estradiol (200 or 600 μg/kg/d sc) elicited the same pattern of anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting that GEO could be acting as a phytoestrogen. However, contrary to this hypothesis, GEO had no in vivo effect on classic estrogen target organs, such as uterus or bone. En toto, these results suggest that ginger's anti-inflammatory properties are not limited to the frequently studied phenolics, but may be attributable to the combined effects of both secondary metabolites, the pungent-tasting gingerols and as well as its aromatic essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Funk
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer B Frye
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janice N Oyarzo
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jianling Chen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Huaping Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Barbara N Timmermann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Xu J, Ji F, Kang J, Wang H, Li S, Jin DQ, Zhang Q, Sun H, Guo Y. Absolute Configurations and NO Inhibitory Activities of Terpenoids from Curcuma longa. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5805-5812. [PMID: 26027687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Curcuma longa L., belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, is a perennial herb and has been used as a spice and a pigment in the food industry. In the ongoing search for inhibitory reagents of NO production and survey of the chemical composition of natural vegetable foods, the chemical constituents of C. longa used as spice were investigated. This investigation resulted in the isolation of 2 new terpenoids and 14 known analogues. Their structures were established on the basis of the extensive analyses of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, and the absolute configurations of 1-4 were elucidated by comparison of the calculated and experimental ECD spectra. Among them, compound 1 is a rare norditerpene with an ent-labdane skeleton, and 2 is a skeletally novel sesquiterpene having an eight-membered ring. All of the compounds were found to possess NO inhibitory activities in murine microglial BV-2 cells. The discovery of two new compounds in this chemical investigation further disclosed the chemical composition of C. longa used a food spice, and the bioassay implied that the natural food spice C. longa, containing terpenoids with NO inhibitory activities, may be potentially promotive to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- †State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
- ‡Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Ji
- §College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Kang
- §College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- †State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
- ‡Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Li
- †State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
- ‡Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Qing Jin
- ⊥School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Hongwei Sun
- ΠComputational Centre for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanqiang Guo
- †State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
- ‡Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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Preventive effect of crocin on osteoporosis in an ovariectomized rat model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:825181. [PMID: 25202337 PMCID: PMC4150429 DOI: 10.1155/2014/825181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of crocin on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a sham-operated group (sham) and five ovariectomy (OVX) subgroups, that is, OVX with vehicle (OVX), OVX with 17β-estradiol (E2, 25 μg/kg/day), and OVX with graded crocin doses (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day). Daily oral administration of E2 or crocin started 4 weeks after OVX and lasted for 16 weeks. Our results showed that crocin dose-dependently inhibited the BMD reduction of L4 vertebrae and femurs caused by OVX and prevented the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture, which were accompanied by a significant decrease in skeletal remodeling as evidenced by the lower levels of bone turnover markers. Furthermore, crocin reversed the oxidative stress status in both serum and bone tissue. The present study indicates that the administration of crocin at higher doses over a 16-week period can prevent OVX-induced osteoporosis in rats without hyperplastic effects on the uterus, which may, at least partially, be attributed to crocin's antioxidative property. In brief, crocin is a natural alternative for postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment in elderly women.
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Mukudai Y, Kondo S, Koyama T, Li C, Banka S, Kogure A, Yazawa K, Shintani S. Potential anti-osteoporotic effects of herbal extracts on osteoclasts, osteoblasts and chondrocytes in vitro. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:29. [PMID: 24438322 PMCID: PMC3904926 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis (OP) is one of the most serious diseases in the modern world, and OP patients frequently suffer from fragility fractures in the hip, spine and wrist, resulting in a limited quality of life. Although bisphosphonates (BPs) are the most effective class of anti-bone-resorptive drugs currently available and the most commonly prescribed for the clinical treatment of OP, they are known to cause serious side effects such as bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Novel therapeutic materials that can replace the use of BPs have therefore been developed. METHODS We commenced an institutional collaborative project in which candidates of herbal extracts were selected from more than 400 bioactive herbal products for their potential therapeutic effects not only in OP, but also in oral and skeletal diseases. In the present study, we report on 3 Chinese medical herbal extracts from the root barks of Melia azedarach, Corydalis turtschaninovii, and Cynanchum atratum. RESULTS All of these extracts inhibited osteoclast proliferation and induced apoptosis by up-regulation of caspase activity and increase of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins expression. Furthermore, the extracts enhanced differentiation, but did not affect proliferation of both osteoblasts and chondrocytes. The osteo-inducible effect was also observed in cultured primary bone marrow cells. CONCLUSIONS Although these extracts have been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for hundreds of years, there are no reports to our knowledge, on their therapeutic effects in OP. In this study, we elucidate the potency of these herbal extracts as novel candidates for OP therapy.
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Shieh JM, Chen YC, Lin YC, Lin JN, Chen WC, Chen YY, Ho CT, Way TD. Demethoxycurcumin inhibits energy metabolic and oncogenic signaling pathways through AMPK activation in triple-negative breast cancer cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6366-6375. [PMID: 23777448 DOI: 10.1021/jf4012455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Demethoxycurcumin (DMC), curcumin (Cur), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) are major forms of curcuminoids found in the rhizomes of turmeric. This study examined the effects of three curcuminoid analogues on breast cancer cells. The results revealed that DMC demonstrated the most potent cytotoxic effects on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Compared with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive or HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells, DMC demonstrated the most efficient cytotoxic effects on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. However, nonmalignant MCF-10A cells were unaffected by DMC treatment. The study showed that DMC activated AMPK in TNBC cells. Once activated, AMPK inhibited eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1) signaling and mRNA translation via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and decreased the activity and/or expression of lipogenic enzymes, such as fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). DMC also targeted multiple AMPK downstream pathways. Among these, the dephosphorylation of Akt is noteworthy because it circumvents the feedback activation of Akt that results from mTOR inhibition. Moreover, DMC suppressed LPS-induced IL-6 production, thereby blocking subsequent Stat3 activation. In addition, DMC also sustained epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation by suppressing the phosphatases, PP2a and SHP-2. These results suggest that DMC is a potent AMPK activator that acts through a broad spectrum of anti-TNBC activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Min Shieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Wright LE, Frye JB, Lukefahr AL, Timmermann BN, Mohammad KS, Guise TA, Funk JL. Curcuminoids block TGF-β signaling in human breast cancer cells and limit osteolysis in a murine model of breast cancer bone metastasis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:316-21. [PMID: 23145932 PMCID: PMC3596492 DOI: 10.1021/np300663v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Effects of curcuminoids on breast cancer cell secretion of the bone-resorptive peptide parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and on lytic breast cancer bone metastasis were evaluated. In vitro, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-stimulated PTHrP secretion was inhibited by curcuminoids (IC50 = 24 μM) in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells independent of effects on cell growth inhibition. Effects on TGF-β signaling revealed decreases in phospho-Smad2/3 and Ets-1 protein levels with no effect on p-38 MAPK-mediated TGF-β signaling. In vivo, mice were inoculated with MDA-MB-231 cells into the left cardiac ventricle and treated ip every other day with curcuminoids (25 or 50 mg/kg) for 21 days. Osteolytic bone lesion area was reduced up to 51% (p < 0.01). Consistent with specific effects on bone osteolysis, osteoclast number at the bone-tumor interface was reduced up to 53% (p < 0.05), while tumor area within bone was unaltered. In a separate study, tumor mass in orthotopic mammary xenografts was also unaltered by treatment. These data suggest that curcuminoids prevent TGF-β induction of PTHrP and reduce osteolytic bone destruction by blockade of Smad signaling in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Wright
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Jennifer B. Frye
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Ashley L. Lukefahr
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Barbara N. Timmermann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, KS 66045
| | - Khalid S. Mohammad
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Theresa A. Guise
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Janet L. Funk
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
- Corresponding Author: Tel/Fax: +1 520 626 3242.
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Hung CM, Su YH, Lin HY, Lin JN, Liu LC, Ho CT, Way TD. Demethoxycurcumin modulates prostate cancer cell proliferation via AMPK-induced down-regulation of HSP70 and EGFR. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8427-8434. [PMID: 22849866 DOI: 10.1021/jf302754w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (Cur), demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) are major forms of curcuminoids found in the rhizomes of turmeric. This study examined the effects of three curcuminoid analogues on prostate cancer cells. The results revealed that DMC demonstrated the most efficient cytotoxic effects on prostate cancer PC3 cells. DMC activated AMPK and in turn decreased the activity and/or expression of lipogenic enzymes, such as fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). AICAR, an AMPK activator, and DMC down-regulated heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and increased the activity of the pro-apoptotic effector, caspase-3. In addition, DMC sustained epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation by suppressing the phosphatases PP2a and SHP-2. DMC also increased the interaction between EGFR and Cbl and induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of Cbl. The results suggest that DMC may have antitumor effects on prostate cancer cells via AMPK-induced down-regulation of HSP70 and EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ming Hung
- Department of General Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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