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Arinbasarova AY, Botin AS, Medentsev AG, Makrushin KV, Vetcher AA, Stanishevskiy YM. Synthesis of Extracellular L-lysine-α-oxidase along with Degrading Enzymes by Trichoderma cf. aureoviride Rifai VKM F-4268D: Role in Biocontrol and Systemic Plant Resistance. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:323. [PMID: 38786678 PMCID: PMC11121954 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
When cultivating on wheat bran or deactivated fungal mycelium as a model of "natural growth", the ability of Trichoderma to synthesize extracellular L-lysine-α-oxidase (LysO) simultaneously with cell-wall-degrading enzymes (proteases, xylanase, glucanases, chitinases, etc.), responsible for mycoparasitism, was shown. LysO, in turn, causes the formation of H2O2 and pipecolic acid. These compounds are known to be signaling molecules and play an important role in the induction and development of systemic acquired resistance in plants. Antagonistic effects of LysO have been demonstrated against phytopathogenic fungi and Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria with dose-dependent cell death. The antimicrobial effect of LysO decreased in the presence of catalase. The generating intracellular ROS in the presence of LysO was also shown in both bacteria and fungi, which led to a decrease in viable cells. These results suggest that the antimicrobial activity of LysO is due to two factors: the formation of exogenous hydrogen peroxide as a product of the enzymatic oxidative deamination of L-lysine and the direct interaction of LysO with the cell wall of the micro-organisms. Thus, LysO on its own enhances the potential of the producer in the environment; namely, the enzyme complements the strategy of the fungus in biocontrol and indirectly participates in inducing SAR and regulating the relationship between pathogens and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Yu. Arinbasarova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.G.M.); (K.V.M.)
| | - Alexander S. Botin
- Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology (IBTN), Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia na. P.Lumumba (RUDN), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.B.); (Y.M.S.)
- N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Emergency Medicine, 129090 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Medentsev
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.G.M.); (K.V.M.)
| | - Kirill V. Makrushin
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.G.M.); (K.V.M.)
| | - Alexandre A. Vetcher
- Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology (IBTN), Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia na. P.Lumumba (RUDN), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.B.); (Y.M.S.)
| | - Yaroslav M. Stanishevskiy
- Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology (IBTN), Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia na. P.Lumumba (RUDN), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.B.); (Y.M.S.)
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2
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Costa MN, Silva RN. Cytotoxic activity of l-lysine alpha-oxidase against leukemia cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:590-599. [PMID: 34606983 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit higher proliferation rates than normal cells, and as a consequence, a higher nutritional demand for metabolites such as amino acids. Such cells demonstrate high expression of amino acid transporters and are significantly dependent on the external uptake of amino acids. Moreover, some types of cancer cells exhibit oncogenic mutations that render them auxotrophic to certain amino acids. This metabolic difference between tumor and normal cells has been explored for developing anticancer drugs. Enzymes capable of depleting certain amino acids in the bloodstream can be employed to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and promote cell death. Certain microbial enzymes, such as l-asparaginase and l-amino acid oxidases, have been studied for this purpose. In this paper, we discuss the role of l-asparaginase, the only enzyme currently used as a chemotherapeutic agent. We also review the studies on a new potential antineoplastic agent, l-lysine α-oxidase, an enzyme of l-amino acid oxidase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana N Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
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3
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Abbas A, Mubeen M, Zheng H, Sohail MA, Shakeel Q, Solanki MK, Iftikhar Y, Sharma S, Kashyap BK, Hussain S, del Carmen Zuñiga Romano M, Moya-Elizondo EA, Zhou L. Trichoderma spp. Genes Involved in the Biocontrol Activity Against Rhizoctonia solani. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:884469. [PMID: 35694310 PMCID: PMC9174946 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.884469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a pathogen that causes considerable harm to plants worldwide. In the absence of hosts, R. solani survives in the soil by forming sclerotia, and management methods, such as cultivar breeding, crop rotations, and fungicide sprays, are insufficient and/or inefficient in controlling R. solani. One of the most challenging problems facing agriculture in the twenty-first century besides with the impact of global warming. Environmentally friendly techniques of crop production and improved agricultural practices are essential for long-term food security. Trichoderma spp. could serve as an excellent example of a model fungus to enhance crop productivity in a sustainable way. Among biocontrol mechanisms, mycoparasitism, competition, and antibiosis are the fundamental mechanisms by which Trichoderma spp. defend against R. solani, thereby preventing or obstructing its proliferation. Additionally, Trichoderma spp. induce a mixed induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants against R. solani, known as Trichoderma-ISR. Stimulation of every biocontrol mechanism involves Trichoderma spp. genes responsible for encoding secondary metabolites, siderophores, signaling molecules, enzymes for cell wall degradation, and plant growth regulators. Rhizoctonia solani biological control through genes of Trichoderma spp. is summarized in this paper. It also gives information on the Trichoderma-ISR in plants against R. solani. Nonetheless, fast-paced current research on Trichoderma spp. is required to properly utilize their true potential against diseases caused by R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqleem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mustansar Mubeen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Hongxia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir Sohail
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qaiser Shakeel
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Manoj Kumar Solanki
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Yasir Iftikhar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Yasir Iftikhar,
| | - Sagar Sharma
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Brijendra Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India
| | - Sarfaraz Hussain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Lei Zhou,
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4
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Dautt-Castro M, Jijón-Moreno S, Gómez-Hernández N, del Carmen González-López M, Hernández-Hernández EJ, Rosendo-Vargas MM, Rebolledo-Prudencio OG, Casas-Flores S. New Insights on the Duality of Trichoderma as a Phytopathogen Killer and a Plant Protector Based on an Integrated Multi-omics Perspective. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Ali NS, Syafiq TM, Saad MM. Induction of Hydrolytic Enzymes: A Criterion for Biological Control Candidates against Fungal Pathogen. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04805-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lukasheva EV, Babayeva G, Karshieva SS, Zhdanov DD, Pokrovsky VS. L-Lysine α-Oxidase: Enzyme with Anticancer Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1070. [PMID: 34832852 PMCID: PMC8618108 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
L-lysine α-oxidase (LO), one of L-amino acid oxidases, deaminates L-lysine with the yield of H2O2, ammonia, and α-keto-ε-aminocaproate. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies have reported cytotoxic, antitumor, antimetastatic, and antitumor activity of LO. Unlike asparaginase, LO has a dual mechanism of action: depletion of L-lysine and formation of H2O2, both targeting tumor growth. Prominent results were obtained on murine and human tumor models, including human colon cancer xenografts HCT 116, LS174T, and T47D with maximum T/C 12, 37, and 36%, respectively. The data obtained from human cancer xenografts in immunodeficient mice confirm the potential of LO as an agent for colon cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss recently discovered molecular mechanisms of biological action and the potential of LO as anticancer enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Lukasheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho—Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Gulalek Babayeva
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho—Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.L.); (G.B.)
- Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Kashirskoe Shosse 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Saida Sh. Karshieva
- Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Kashirskoe Shosse 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vadim S. Pokrovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho—Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.L.); (G.B.)
- Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Kashirskoe Shosse 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, 1 Olimpiisky Prospect, 354340 Sochi, Russia
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7
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Heß MC, Grollius M, Duhay V, Koopmeiners S, Bloess S, Fischer von Mollard G. Analysis of N-glycosylation in fungal l-amino acid oxidases expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1224. [PMID: 34459552 PMCID: PMC8364938 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
l-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of l-amino acids to corresponding α-keto acids. Here, we describe the heterologous expression of four fungal LAAOs in Pichia pastoris. cgLAAO1 from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and ncLAAO1 from Neurospora crassa were able to convert substrates not recognized by recombinant 9His-hcLAAO4 from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum described earlier thereby broadening the substrate spectrum for potential applications. 9His-frLAAO1 from Fibroporia radiculosa and 9His-laLAAO2 from Laccaria amethystine were obtained only in low amounts. All four enzymes were N-glycosylated. We generated mutants of 9His-hcLAAO4 lacking N-glycosylation sites to further understand the effects of N-glycosylation. All four predicted N-glycosylation sites were glycosylated in 9His-hcLAAO4 expressed in P. pastoris. Enzymatic activity was similar for fully glycosylated 9His-hcLAAO4 and variants without one or all N-glycosylation sites after acid activation of all samples. However, activity without acid treatment was low in a variant without N-glycans. This was caused by the absence of a hypermannosylated N-glycan on asparagine residue N54. The lack of one or all of the other N-glycans was without effect. Our results demonstrate that adoption of a more active conformation requires a specific N-glycosylation during biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Christian Heß
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Marvin Grollius
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Valentin Duhay
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Simon Koopmeiners
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Svenja Bloess
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
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8
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Peng KC, Lin CC, Liao CF, Yu HC, Lo CT, Yang HH, Lin KC. Expression of L-amino acid oxidase of Trichoderma harzianum in tobacco confers resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110772. [PMID: 33487356 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidase (ThLAAO) secreted by Trichoderma harzianum ETS323 is a flavoenzyme with antimicrobial characteristics. In this study, we transformed the ThLAAO gene into tobacco to elucidate whether ThLAAO can activate defense mechanisms and confer resistance against phytopathogens. Transgenic tobacco overexpressing ThLAAO showed enhanced resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea and activated the expression of defense-related genes and the genes involved in salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene biosynthesis accompanied by substantial accumulation of H2O2 in chloroplasts, cytosol around chloroplasts, and cell membranes of transgenic tobacco. Scavenge of H2O2 with ascorbic acid abolished disease resistance against B. cinerea infection and decreased the expression of defense-related genes. ThLAAO-FITC application on tobacco protoplast or overexpression of ThLAAO-GFP in tobacco revealed the localization of ThLAAO in chloroplasts. Chlorophyll a/b binding protein (CAB) was isolated through ThLAAO-ConA affinity chromatography. The pull down assay results confirmed ThLAAO-CAB binding. Application of ThLAAO-Cy5.5 on cabbage roots promptly translocated to the leaves. Treatment of ThLAAO on cabbage roots induces systemic resistance against B. cinerea. Overall, these results demonstrate that ThLAAO may target chloroplast and activate defense mechanisms via H2O2 signaling to confer resistance against S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou-Cheng Peng
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chi Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Fu Liao
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chiao Yu
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Chaur-Tsuen Lo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 63208, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chih Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan.
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9
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Liu CM, Liu SY, Liao CK, Lo CT, Lin KC, Peng KC. Cabbage defense response provoked by Trichoderma Th-LAAO. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1641-1647. [PMID: 33432379 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanism of Trichoderma L-amino acid oxidase (Th-LAAO) in protecting and in promoting growth of cabbage infected with Botrytis cinerea, a three-way interaction system was established. Cabbage leaves treated with purified Th-LAAO significantly constrained damaged leaf area caused by B. cinerea infection. In response to Th-LAAO treatment, the expression levels of genes involved in photosynthesis, such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, Rubisco activase, and ATP synthase increased 2.54, 2.18, and 1.41 folds, respectively. The transcription levels of sucrose transport protein 1 increased 7.6 fold. As to the expression of defense-related genes, the transcription level of ascorbate peroxidase increased 1.46 fold. On the contrary, pathogenesis-related protein 1, chitinase, β-1,3 glucanase, and glutathione S-transferase decreased significantly. Overall, the results indicated that Th-LAAO may stimulate CO2 fixation and sucrose transport and elicit host defense responses in cabbage against B. cinerea, and this elicitation of defense response is likely to contribute to induced systemic resistance of host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Min Liu
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Ying Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chuan-Kai Liao
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chaur-Tsuen Lo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Chih Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kou-Cheng Peng
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC.
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10
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Heß MC, Bloess S, Risse JM, Friehs K, Fischer von Mollard G. Recombinant expression of an l-amino acid oxidase from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum in Pichia pastoris including fermentation. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1112. [PMID: 32852125 PMCID: PMC7568252 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
l‐amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) are flavoenzymes that catalyze the oxidative deamination of l‐amino acids to the corresponding α‐keto acids, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. Here, we show the overexpression, purification, and the characterization of LAAO4 from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum in the yeast Pichia pastoris with a 9His‐tag and compare this with the recently characterized 6His‐hcLAAO4 expressed in E. coli. The expression of the enzyme with an ER‐signal sequence in P. pastoris resulted in a glycosylated, secreted protein. The enzymatic activity without activation was higher after expression in P. pastoris compared to E. coli. Due to treatment with acidic pH, a striking increase of activity could be detected for both expression systems resulting in similar specific activities after acid activation. Regarding the substrate spectrum, temperature stability, Km, and vmax values, hcLAAO4 showed very few differences when produced in these two expression systems. A higher yield of hcLAAO4 could be obtained by fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Christian Heß
- Biochemistry III, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Svenja Bloess
- Biochemistry III, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Joe Max Risse
- Fermentation Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl Friehs
- Fermentation Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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11
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Sabotič J, Brzin J, Erjavec J, Dreo T, Tušek Žnidarič M, Ravnikar M, Kos J. L-Amino Acid Oxidases From Mushrooms Show Antibacterial Activity Against the Phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:977. [PMID: 32508788 PMCID: PMC7248570 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanaceraum is the quarantine plant pathogenic bacterium that causes bacterial wilt in over 200 host plants, which include economically important crops such as potato, tomato, tobacco, banana, and ginger. Alternative biological methods of disease control that can be used in integrated pest management are extensively studied. In search of new proteins with antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum, we identified L-amino acid oxidases (LAOs) from fruiting bodies of Amanita phalloides (ApLAO) and Infundibulicybe geotropa (CgLAO). We describe an optimized isolation procedure for their biochemical characterization, and show that they are dimeric proteins with estimated monomer molecular masses of 72 and 66 kDa, respectively, with isoelectric point of pH 6.5. They have broad substrate specificities for hydrophobic and charged amino acids, with highest Km for L-Leu, and broad pH optima at pH 5 and pH 6, respectively. An enzyme with similar properties is also characterized from the mycelia of I. geotropa (CgmycLAO). Fractionated aqueous extracts of 15 species of mushrooms show that LAO activity against L-Leu correlates with antibacterial activity. We confirm that the LAO activities mediate the antibacterial actions of ApLAO, CgLAO, and CgmycLAO. Their antibacterial activities are greater against Gram-negative versus Gram-positive bacteria, with inhibition of growth rate, prolongation of lag-phase, and decreased endpoint biomass. In Gram-positive bacteria, they mainly prolong the lag phase. These in vitro antibacterial activities of CgLAO and CgmycLAO are confirmed in vivo in tomato plants, while ApLAO has no effect on disease progression in planta. Transmission electron microscopy shows morphological changes of R. solanacearum upon LAO treatments. Finally, broad specificity of the antibacterial activities of these purified LAOs were seen for in vitro screening against 14 phytopathogenic bacteria. Therefore, these fungal LAOs show great potential as new biological phytoprotective agents and show the fruiting bodies of higher fungi to be a valuable source of antimicrobials with unique features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Brzin
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Erjavec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Dreo
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Magda Tušek Žnidarič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Ravnikar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Zhang J, Miao Y, Rahimi MJ, Zhu H, Steindorff A, Schiessler S, Cai F, Pang G, Chenthamara K, Xu Y, Kubicek CP, Shen Q, Druzhinina IS. Guttation capsules containing hydrogen peroxide: an evolutionarily conserved NADPH oxidase gains a role in wars between related fungi. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:2644-2658. [PMID: 30815928 PMCID: PMC6850483 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
When resources are limited, the hypocrealean fungus Trichoderma guizhouense can overgrow another hypocrealean fungus Fusarium oxysporum, cause sporadic cell death and arrest growth. A transcriptomic analysis of this interaction shows that T. guizhouense undergoes a succession of metabolic stresses while F. oxysporum responded relatively neutrally but used the constitutive expression of several toxin‐encoding genes as a protective strategy. Because of these toxins, T. guizhouense cannot approach it is potential host on the substrate surface and attacks F. oxysporum from above. The success of T. guizhouense is secured by the excessive production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is stored in microscopic bag‐like guttation droplets hanging on the contacting hyphae. The deletion of NADPH oxidase nox1 and its regulator, nor1 in T. guizhouense led to a substantial decrease in H2O2 formation with concomitant loss of antagonistic activity. We envision the role of NOX proteins in the antagonism of T. guizhouense as an example of metabolic exaptation evolved in this fungus because the primary function of these ancient proteins was probably not linked to interfungal relationships. In support of this, F. oxysporum showed almost no transcriptional response to T. guizhouense Δnox1 strain indicating the role of NOX/H2O2 in signalling and fungal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Microbiology and Applied Genomics Group, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Youzhi Miao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mohammad Javad Rahimi
- Microbiology and Applied Genomics Group, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hong Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Andrei Steindorff
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Sabine Schiessler
- Microbiology and Applied Genomics Group, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Feng Cai
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Microbiology and Applied Genomics Group, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guan Pang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Komal Chenthamara
- Microbiology and Applied Genomics Group, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yu Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Christian P Kubicek
- Microbiology and Applied Genomics Group, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Steinschoetelgasse 7,1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Microbiology and Applied Genomics Group, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Bloess S, Beuel T, Krüger T, Sewald N, Dierks T, Fischer von Mollard G. Expression, characterization, and site-specific covalent immobilization of an L-amino acid oxidase from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2229-2241. [PMID: 30631897 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-09609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
L-Amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) are flavoproteins, which use oxygen to deaminate L-amino acids and produce the corresponding α-keto acids, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. Here we describe the heterologous expression of LAAO4 from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum without signal sequence as fusion protein with a 6His tag in Escherichia coli and its purification. 6His-hcLAAO4 could be activated by exposure to acidic pH, the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate, or freezing. The enzyme converted 14 proteinogenic L-amino acids with L-glutamine, L-leucine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-lysine being the best substrates. Methyl esters of these L-amino acids were also accepted. Even ethyl esters were converted but with lower activity. Km values were below 1 mM and vmax values between 19 and 39 U mg-1 for the best substrates with the acid-activated enzyme. The information for an N-terminal aldehyde tag was added to the coding sequence. Co-expressed formylglycine-generating enzyme was used to convert a cysteine residue in the aldehyde tag to a Cα-formylglycine residue. The aldehyde tag did not change the properties of the enzyme. Purified Ald-6His-hcLAAO4 was covalently bound to a hexylamine resin via the Cα-formylglycine residue. The immobilized enzyme could be reused repeatedly to generate phenylpyruvate from L-phenylalanine with a total turnover number of 17,600 and was stable for over 40 days at 25 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Bloess
- Biochemie III, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Beuel
- Biochemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Krüger
- Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Biochemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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14
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Hahn K, Hertle Y, Bloess S, Kottke T, Hellweg T, Fischer von Mollard G. Activation of Recombinantly Expressed l-Amino Acid Oxidase from Rhizoctonia solani by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate. Molecules 2017; 22:E2272. [PMID: 29261108 PMCID: PMC6149798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Amino acid oxidases (l-AAO) catalyze the oxidative deamination of l-amino acids to the corresponding α-keto acids. The non-covalently bound cofactor FAD is reoxidized by oxygen under formation of hydrogen peroxide. We expressed an active l-AAO from the fungus Rhizoctonia solani as a fusion protein in E. coli. Treatment with small amounts of the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stimulated the activity of the enzyme strongly. Here, we investigated whether other detergents and amphiphilic molecules activate 9His-rsLAAO1. We found that 9His-rsLAAO1 was also activated by sodium tetradecyl sulfate. Other detergents and fatty acids were not effective. Moreover, effects of SDS on the oligomerization state and the protein structure were analyzed. Native and SDS-activated 9His-rsLAAO1 behaved as dimers by size-exclusion chromatography. SDS treatment induced an increase in hydrodynamic radius as observed by size-exclusion chromatography and dynamic light scattering. The activated enzyme showed accelerated thermal inactivation and an exposure of additional protease sites. Changes in tryptophan fluorescence point to a more hydrophilic environment. Moreover, FAD fluorescence increased and a lower concentration of sulfites was sufficient to form adducts with FAD. Taken together, these data point towards a more open conformation of SDS-activated l-amino acid oxidase facilitating access to the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hahn
- Biochemistry III, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 25, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Hertle
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 25, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Svenja Bloess
- Biochemistry III, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 25, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 25, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 25, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Fischer von Mollard
- Biochemistry III, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 25, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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15
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Zhang J, Yang D, Yan Q, Jiang Z. Characterization of a novel l -phenylalanine oxidase from Coprinopsis cinereus and its application for enzymatic production of phenylpyruvic acid. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Abstract
Mycoparasitism is a lifestyle where one fungus establishes parasitic interactions with other fungi. Species of the genus Trichoderma together with Clonostachys rosea are among the most studied fungal mycoparasites. They have wide host ranges comprising several plant pathogens and are used for biological control of plant diseases. Trichoderma as well as C. rosea mycoparasites efficiently overgrow and kill their fungal prey by using infection structures and by applying lytic enzymes and toxic metabolites. Most of our knowledge on the putative signals and signaling pathways involved in prey recognition and activation of the mycoparasitic response is derived from studies with Trichoderma. These fungi rely on G-protein signaling, the cAMP pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades during growth and development as well as during mycoparasitism. The signals being recognized by the mycoparasite may include surface molecules and surface properties as well as secondary metabolites and other small molecules released from the prey. Their exact nature, however, remains elusive so far. Recent genomics-based studies of mycoparasitic fungi of the order Hypocreales, i.e., Trichoderma species, C. rosea, Tolypocladium ophioglossoides, and Escovopsis weberi, revealed not only several gene families with a mycoparasitism-related expansion of gene paralogue numbers, but also distinct differences between the different mycoparasites. We use this information to illustrate the biological principles and molecular basis of necrotrophic mycoparasitism and compare the mycoparasitic strategies of Trichoderma as a "model" mycoparasite with the behavior and special features of C. rosea, T. ophioglossoides, and E. weberi.
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17
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Campillo-Brocal JC, Lucas-Elío P, Sanchez-Amat A. Distribution in Different Organisms of Amino Acid Oxidases with FAD or a Quinone As Cofactor and Their Role as Antimicrobial Proteins in Marine Bacteria. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:7403-18. [PMID: 26694422 PMCID: PMC4699246 DOI: 10.3390/md13127073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid oxidases (AAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of amino acids releasing ammonium and hydrogen peroxide. Several kinds of these enzymes have been reported. Depending on the amino acid isomer used as a substrate, it is possible to differentiate between l-amino acid oxidases and d-amino acid oxidases. Both use FAD as cofactor and oxidize the amino acid in the alpha position releasing the corresponding keto acid. Recently, a novel class of AAOs has been described that does not contain FAD as cofactor, but a quinone generated by post-translational modification of residues in the same protein. These proteins are named as LodA-like proteins, after the first member of this group described, LodA, a lysine epsilon oxidase synthesized by the marine bacterium Marinomonas mediterranea. In this review, a phylogenetic analysis of all the enzymes described with AAO activity has been performed. It is shown that it is possible to recognize different groups of these enzymes and those containing the quinone cofactor are clearly differentiated. In marine bacteria, particularly in the genus Pseudoalteromonas, most of the proteins described as antimicrobial because of their capacity to generate hydrogen peroxide belong to the group of LodA-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan C Campillo-Brocal
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Patricia Lucas-Elío
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Antonio Sanchez-Amat
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
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18
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Daguerre Y, Siegel K, Edel-Hermann V, Steinberg C. Fungal proteins and genes associated with biocontrol mechanisms of soil-borne pathogens: a review. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Advances in Detection Methods of l-Amino Acid Oxidase Activity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:13-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Pollegioni L, Motta P, Molla G. L-amino acid oxidase as biocatalyst: a dream too far? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 97:9323-41. [PMID: 24077723 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) is a flavoenzyme containing non-covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide, which catalyzes the stereospecific oxidative deamination of l-amino acids to α-keto acids and also produces ammonia and hydrogen peroxide via an imino acid intermediate. LAAOs purified from snake venoms are the best-studied members of this family of enzymes, although a number of LAAOs from bacterial and fungal sources have been also reported. From a biochemical point of view, LAAOs from different sources are distinguished by molecular mass, substrate specificity, post-translational modifications and regulation. In analogy to the well-known biotechnological applications of d-amino acid oxidase, important results are expected from the availability of suitable LAAOs; however, these expectations have not been fulfilled yet because none of the "true" LAAOs has successfully been expressed as a recombinant protein in prokaryotic hosts, such as Escherichia coli. In enzyme biotechnology, recombinant production of a protein is mandatory both for the production of large amounts of the catalyst and to improve its biochemical properties by protein engineering. As an alternative, flavoenzymes active on specific l-amino acids have been identified, e.g., l-aspartate oxidase, l-lysine oxidase, l-phenylalanine oxidase, etc. According to presently available information, amino acid oxidases with "narrow" or "strict" substrate specificity represent as good candidates to obtain an enzyme more suitable for biotechnological applications by enlarging their substrate specificity by means of protein engineering.
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21
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Shibu MA, Yang HH, Lo CT, Lin HS, Liu SY, Peng KC. Characterization of a novel resistance-related deoxycytidine deaminase from Brassica oleracea var. capitata. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1796-1801. [PMID: 24475736 DOI: 10.1021/jf4048513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Brassica oleracea deoxycytidine deaminase (BoDCD), a deoxycytidine deaminase (DCD, EC 3.5.4.14) enzyme, is known to play an important role in the Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 mediated resistance mechanism in young leaves of B. oleracea var. capitata during Rhizoctonia solani infection. BoDCD potentially neutralizes cytotoxic products of host lipoxygenase activity, and thereby BoDCD restricts the hypersensitivity-related programmed cell death induced in plants during the initial stages of infection. To determine the biochemical characteristics and to partially elucidate the designated functional properties of BoDCD, the enzyme was cloned into an Escherichia coli expression system, and its potential to neutralize the toxic analogues of 2'-deoxycytidine (dC) was examined. BoDCD transformants of E. coli cells were found to be resistant to 2'-deoxycytidine analogues at all of the concentrations tested. The BoDCD enzyme was also overexpressed as a histidine-tagged protein and purified using nickel chelating affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of BoDCD was determined to be 20.8 kDa as visualized by SDS-PAGE. The substrate specificity and other kinetic properties show that BoDCD is more active in neutralizing cytotoxic cytosine β-d-arabinofuranoside than in deaminating 2'-deoxycytinde to 2'-deoxyuridine in nucleic acids or in metabolizing cytidine to uridine. The optimal temperature and pH of the enzyme were 27 °C and 7.5. The Km and Vmax values of BoDCD were, respectively, 91.3 μM and 1.475 mM for its natural substrate 2'-deoxycytidine and 63 μM and 2.072 mM for cytosine β-d-arabinofuranoside. The phenomenon of neutralization of cytotoxic dC analogues by BoDCD is discussed in detail on the basis of enzyme biochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthandam Asokan Shibu
- Department of Life Science and the Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University , Hualien 97401, Taiwan, Republic of China
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22
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L-Amino acid oxidases from microbial sources: types, properties, functions, and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1507-15. [PMID: 24352734 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
L-Amino acid oxidases (LAAOs), which catalyze the stereospecific oxidative deamination of L-amino acids to α-keto acids and ammonia, are flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing homodimeric proteins. L-Amino acid oxidases are widely distributed in diverse organisms and have a range of properties. Because expressing LAAOs as recombinant proteins in heterologous hosts is difficult, their biotechnological applications have not been thoroughly advanced. LAAOs are thought to contribute to amino acid catabolism, enhance iron acquisition, display antimicrobial activity, and catalyze keto acid production, among other roles. Here, we review the types, properties, structures, biological functions, heterologous expression, and applications of LAAOs obtained from microbial sources. We expect this review to increase interest in LAAO studies.
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23
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Shibu MA, Lin HS, Yang HH, Peng KC. Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323-mediated resistance in Brassica oleracea var. capitata to Rhizoctonia solani involves the novel expression of a glutathione S-transferase and a deoxycytidine deaminase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:10723-10732. [PMID: 23046447 DOI: 10.1021/jf3025634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant interactions with microbial biocontrol agents are used as experimental models to understand resistance-related molecular adaptations of plants. In a hydroponic three-way interaction study, a novel Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 mediated mechanism was found to induce resistance to Rhizoctonia solani infection in Brassica oleracea var. capitata plantlets. The R. solani challenge on leaves initiate an increase in lipoxygenase activity and associated hypersensitive tissue damage with characteristic "programmed cell death" that facilitate the infection. However, B. oleracea plantlets whose roots were briefly (6 h) colonized by T. harzianum ETS 323 developed resistance to R. solani infection through a significant reduction of the host hypersensitive tissue damage. The resistance developed in the distal leaf tissue was associated with the expression of a H(2)O(2)-inducible glutathione S-transferase (BoGST), which scavenges cytotoxic reactive electrophiles, and of a deoxycytidine deaminase (BoDCD), which modulates the host molecular expression and potentially neutralizes the DNA adducts and maintains DNA integrity. The cDNAs of BoGST and BoDCD were cloned and sequenced; their expressions were verified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis and were found to be transcriptionally activated during the three-way interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthandam Asokan Shibu
- Department of Life Science and the Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan (ROC)
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Yang CA, Cheng CH, Lee JW, Lo CT, Liu SY, Peng KC. Monomeric L-amino acid oxidase-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in Rhizoctonia solani Reveals a novel antagonistic mechanism of Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:2464-2471. [PMID: 22352318 DOI: 10.1021/jf203883u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The monomeric L-amino acid oxidase (mTh-LAAO) of Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 has been suggested to antagonize Rhizoctonia solani by an unknown mechanism. Here, the mTh-LAAO-treated R. solani exhibited hyphal lysis and apoptotic characteristics such as DNA fragmentation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization. This hyphal lysis was suppressed by the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis inhibitor oligomycin while accompanied by reduction of ROS accumulation. This result suggested that mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in R. solani was involved in mTh-LAAO-induced growth inhibition, which was supported by the evidence of cytocheome c release and activation of caspases 9 and 3. Furthermore, the data indicated that the mTh-LAAO-induced fungal cell death was also closely interrelated with the interaction of mTh-LAAO with R. solani hyphal cell wall proteins. These results illuminate the biological function and mechanism underlying the antagonistic action of T. harzianum mTh-LAAO against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ann Yang
- Institute of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Yang CA, Cheng CH, Liu SY, Lo CT, Lee JW, Peng KC. Identification of antibacterial mechanism of L-amino acid oxidase derived from Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323. FEBS J 2011; 278:3381-94. [PMID: 21781279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although L-amino oxidase (LAAO; EC 1.4.3.2) has been reported to be a potent antibacterial agent, the mechanism responsible for its antibacterial activity has not been identified. The present study aimed to identify the mechanism responsible for the antibacterial activity of Th-LAAO, an LAAO recently isolated from the extracellular proteins of Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323, at the same time as elucidating the nature of this enzyme. The results obtained indicate that the enzyme activity and structure of Th-LAAO are stable at pH 6-8 and less stable at both pH 4-5.5 and pH 9. At pH 7.0, the optimum temperature for Th-LAAO was found to be 40 °C, comprising the temperature at which enzymatic activity is greatest, with enzymatic activity deceasing with further increases in temperature as a result of thermal denaturation of the enzyme, leading to partial denaturation at 50 °C. The results obtained by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry indicate that Th-LAAO interacts with bacteria to cause membrane permeabilization, and this interaction may be promoted by the amphipathic sequence in Th-LAAO and other cytotoxic LAAOs located at the N-terminus. The findings of increased exogenous H(2) O(2) production and reactive oxidative species accumulation in Th-LAAO-treated bacteria indicate that reactive oxidative species accumulation may trigger forms of cell damage, including lipid peroxidation and DNA strand breakage that results in bacterial growth inhibition. Taken together, the results indicate that the processes of bacterial interaction, membrane permeabilization and H(2)O(2) production are involved in the mechanism responsible for the antibacterial activity of Th-LAAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ann Yang
- Institute of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, Taiwan
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26
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Cheng CH, Yang CA, Liu SY, Lo CT, Huang HC, Liao FC, Peng KC. Cloning of a novel L-amino acid oxidase from Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 and bioactivity analysis of overexpressed L-amino acid oxidase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9142-9149. [PMID: 21797276 DOI: 10.1021/jf201598z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases (L-AAOs) have been isolated from many organisms, such as snake, and are known to have antibacterial activity. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the cloning of cDNA encoding a novel Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 L-amino acid oxidase (Th-L-AAO). The protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Comparisons of its deduced amino acid sequence with the sequence of other L-AAOs revealed the similarity to be between 9 and 24%. The molecular mass of the purified protein was 52 kDa, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme substrate specificity was highest for L-phenylalanine, and its optimal pH and temperature for activity were 7 and 40 °C, respectively; exogenous metal ions had no significant effect on activity. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that the secondary structure of Th-L-AAO is composed of 17% α-helices, 28% β-sheets, and 55% random coils. The bacterially expressed Th-L-AAO also mediated antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative food spoilage microorganisms. Furthermore, a three-dimensional protein structure was created to provide more information about the structural composition of Th-L-AAO, suggesting that the N-terminal sequence of Th-L-AAO may have contributed to the antibacterial activity of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hua Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, Republic of China
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