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Duan X, Lu D, Zheng X, Jiang Q, Liu Y, Xue H, You J, Yin L, Shi M. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS assay with multiple stage fragmentation for the quantification of alachlor in McF-7 cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1214:123550. [PMID: 36459856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alachlor is one of the most widely used herbicides and can also be a carcinogenic compound. It is of great significance to establish a sensitive analytical method for the determination of alachlor in the environment and organisms. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry cubed (LC/MS3) method was developed and validated to quantify alachlor in human breast cancer cells (McF-7 cells). The cell samples were processed by simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile, then the analytes were separated on a Waters AcQuity® UPLC BEH (2.1 × 50 mm I.D, 1.7 μm) column using the gradient elution with solvent A (0.1 % formic acid) and solvent B (acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. MS3 detection in positive ion mode was used to detect the analytes. The MRM3 transitions at m/z 270.1 → 238.0 → 162.1 and 312.2 → 238.1 → 147.2 were used to determine alachlor and butachlor, respectively. The run time for each sample was only 4 min. This method was validated for various parameters including accuracy, precision, selectivity, linearity, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), etc. The LC/MS3 assay was linear in the concentration range 0.5-50 ng/mL (R2 ≥ 0.995). For all concentrations, the precision is < 9.49 %, and the intra-day and intra-day accuracy is < 13.05 %. Cytotoxic potential of alachlor against McF-7 cell lines was measured by MTT method after 48 h of incubation. For alachlor, half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on McF-7 cells was 87.95 µg/mL. This method was successfully applied to cellular pharmacokinetic study of alachlor in McF-7 cells after administration with a dose of 20 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujian Duan
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, PR China
| | - Di Lu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, PR China
| | - Xinyue Zheng
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, PR China
| | - Qiuhong Jiang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, PR China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, PR China
| | - Hongyu Xue
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, PR China
| | - Jiansong You
- Aim Honesty Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Dalian 116600, PR China
| | - Lei Yin
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, PR China; JenKem Technology Co. LTD, Tianjin 300450, PR China.
| | - Meiyun Shi
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, PR China; Aim Honesty Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Dalian 116600, PR China.
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Takahashi M, Yada M, Morimoto K, Nemoto S, Akiyama H, Inoue K. Simultaneous determination of alachlor and its metabolites in beef muscle, liver, milk, and egg by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Takahashi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ritsumeikan University 1‐1‐1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Maito Yada
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ritsumeikan University 1‐1‐1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Koji Morimoto
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ritsumeikan University 1‐1‐1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Satoru Nemoto
- National Institute of Health Sciences 3–25–26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki–ku Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akiyama
- National Institute of Health Sciences 3–25–26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki–ku Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
| | - Koichi Inoue
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ritsumeikan University 1‐1‐1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga Japan
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Aly AA, Górecki T. Green Approaches to Sample Preparation Based on Extraction Techniques. Molecules 2020; 25:E1719. [PMID: 32283595 PMCID: PMC7180442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparing a sample for analysis is a crucial step of many analytical procedures. The goal of sample preparation is to provide a representative, homogenous sample that is free of interferences and compatible with the intended analytical method. Green approaches to sample preparation require that the consumption of hazardous organic solvents and energy be minimized or even eliminated in the analytical process. While no sample preparation is clearly the most environmentally friendly approach, complete elimination of this step is not always practical. In such cases, the extraction techniques which use low amounts of solvents or no solvents are considered ideal alternatives. This paper presents an overview of green extraction procedures and sample preparation methodologies, briefly introduces their theoretical principles, and describes the recent developments in food, pharmaceutical, environmental and bioanalytical chemistry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshymaa A. Aly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Menia Governorate 61519, Egypt
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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Applications of Hollow-Fiber and Related Microextraction Techniques for the Determination of Pesticides in Environmental and Food Samples—A Mini Review. SEPARATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides represent one of the most important groups of analytes in environmental analysis. Moreover, their levels are very frequently determined in food and beverages due to the concern over their possible adverse health effects. Their concentration in samples is usually very low; thus, they have to be preconcentrated. Conventional solvent and solid-phase extractions are mainly used for this purpose, but miniaturized approaches are also being applied more and more often. The present review covers solvent microextractions that use a semi-permeable membrane barrier between the sample and the solvent. The main representatives of this approach are hollow-fiber microextraction (HFME), solvent bar microextraction (SBME), electromembrane extraction (EME), and different variations of those, such as combinations with other sorbent or solvent microextractions, electromigration, etc. The relevant research from the last decade, dealing with the application of these microextractions to the isolation of pesticides from various environmental and food samples, is critically discussed with emphasis on their strengths and weak points.
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Du F, Cheng Z, Lai Z, Ruan G, Zhao C. Red-emissive nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots for highly selective and sensitive fluorescence detection of the alachlor herbicide in soil samples. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04232f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of red-emissive nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots and their applications in the highly selective and sensitive detection of the alachlor herbicide in soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyou Du
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University
- Changsha
- China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
| | - Zhenfang Cheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Zhan Lai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Guihua Ruan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University
- Changsha
- China
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Adsorption, leaching and phytotoxicity of some herbicides as single and mixtures to some crops. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaubas.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Szewczyk R, Soboń A, Słaba M, Długoński J. Mechanism study of alachlor biodegradation by Paecilomyces marquandii with proteomic and metabolomic methods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 291:52-64. [PMID: 25765177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alachlor is an herbicide that is widely used worldwide to protect plant crops against broadleaf weeds and annual grasses. However, due to its endocrine-disrupting activity, its application had been banned in the European Union. As described in our earlier work, Paecilomyces marquandii is a microscopic fungus capable of alachlor removal by N-acetyl oxidation. Our current work uses proteomics and metabolomics to gain a better understanding of alachlor biodegradation by the microscopic fungus P. marquandii. The data revealed that the addition of alachlor reduced the culture growth and glucose consumption rates. Moreover, the rates of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acids (TCA) cycle increased during the initial stage of growth, and there was a shift toward the formation of supplementary materials (UDP-glucose/galactose) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers (ascorbate). Proteomic analysis revealed that the presence of xenobiotics resulted in a strong upregulation of enzymes related to energy, sugar metabolism and ROS production. However, the unique overexpression of cyanide hydratase in alachlor-containing cultures may implicate this enzyme as the key protein involved in the alachlor biodegradation pathway. The characterization of P. marquandii-mediated alachlor removal in terms of cell structure and function provides a deeper insight into the strategies of microorganisms toward xenobiotic biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Szewczyk
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź Poland
| | - Adrian Soboń
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź Poland
| | - Mirosława Słaba
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź Poland
| | - Jerzy Długoński
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź Poland.
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Pan J, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Li G. Review of online coupling of sample preparation techniques with liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 815:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Słaba M, Szewczyk R, Piątek MA, Długoński J. Alachlor oxidation by the filamentous fungus Paecilomyces marquandii. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 261:443-450. [PMID: 23974531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Alachlor, a popular chloroacetanilide herbicide, can be a potential health risk factor. Soil microorganisms are primarily responsible for conversion and migration of alachlor in natural environment, but knowledge concerning alachlor biodegradation is not complete. Therefore, we studied the ability of Paecilomyces marquandii, soil fungus tolerant to heavy metals, to eliminate alachlor and proposed a new pathway of its transformation. After 7 days of incubation only 3.3% of alachlor was detected from an initial concentration 50 mg L(-1) and 20.1% from a concentration 100 mg L(-1). The qualitative IDA LC-MS analysis showed the presence of ten metabolites. All of them were dechlorinated mainly through oxidation, but also reductive dechlorination was observed. The main route of alachlor conversion progressed via N-acetyl oxidation resulting in the formation of mono-, di- and trihydroxylated byproducts. N-acetyl oxidation as a dominant route of alachlor metabolism by fungi has not been described so far. The toxicity of alachlor tested with Artemia franciscana did not increase after treatment with P. marquandii cultures. Paecilomyces marquandii strain seems to be an interesting model for the research on alachlor conversion by soil microscopic fungi, due to its dechlorination and hydroxylation ability as well as high tolerance to heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Słaba
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
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