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Narra F, Piragine E, Benedetti G, Ceccanti C, Florio M, Spezzini J, Troisi F, Giovannoni R, Martelli A, Guidi L. Impact of thermal processing on polyphenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and ascorbic acid in fruit and vegetables and their cardiovascular benefits. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024:e13426. [PMID: 39169551 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds in fruit and vegetables have a positive impact on human health by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular (CV) diseases, and metabolic disorders. However, some fruit and vegetables must be heated before consumption and thermal processes can modify the amount of nutraceuticals, that is, polyphenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and ascorbic acid, that can increase or decrease in relation to different factors such as type of processing, temperature, and time but also the plant part (e.g., flower, leaf, tuber, and root) utilized as food. Another important aspect is related to the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of nutraceuticals. Indeed, the key stage of nutraceutical bioefficiency is oral bioavailability, which involves the release of nutraceuticals from fruit and vegetables in gastrointestinal fluids, the solubilization of nutraceuticals and their interaction with other components of gastrointestinal fluids, the absorption of nutraceuticals by the epithelial layer, and the chemical and biochemical transformations into epithelial cells. Several studies have shown that thermal processing can enhance the absorption of nutraceuticals from fruit and vegetable. Once absorbed, they reach the blood vessels and promote multiple biological effects (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, vasoprotective, and cardioprotective). In this review, we described the impact of different thermal processes (such as boiling, steaming and superheated steaming, blanching, and microwaving) on the retention/degradation of bioactive compounds and their health-promoting effects after the intake. We then summarized the impact of heating on the absorption of nutraceuticals and the biological effects promoted by natural compounds in the CV system to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential impact of thermal processing on the CV benefits of fruit and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Narra
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eugenia Piragine
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Costanza Ceccanti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Florio
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Giovannoni
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alma Martelli
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Ai J, Tang X, Mao B, Zhang Q, Zhao J, Chen W, Cui S. Gut microbiota: a superior operator for dietary phytochemicals to improve atherosclerosis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38940319 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2369169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Mounting evidence implicates the gut microbiota as a possible key susceptibility factor for atherosclerosis (AS). The employment of dietary phytochemicals that strive to target the gut microbiota has gained scientific support for treating AS. This study conducted a general overview of the links between the gut microbiota and AS, and summarized available evidence that dietary phytochemicals improve AS via manipulating gut microbiota. Then, the microbial metabolism of several dietary phytochemicals was summarized, along with a discussion on the metabolites formed and the biotransformation pathways involving key gut bacteria and enzymes. This study additionally focused on the anti-atherosclerotic potential of representative metabolites from dietary phytochemicals, and investigated their underlying molecular mechanisms. In summary, microbiota-dependent dietary phytochemical therapy is a promising strategy for AS management, and knowledge of "phytochemical-microbiota-biotransformation" may be a breakthrough in the search for novel anti-atherogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shumao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Ziółkiewicz A, Kasprzak-Drozd K, Rusinek R, Markut-Miotła E, Oniszczuk A. The Influence of Polyphenols on Atherosclerosis Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087146. [PMID: 37108307 PMCID: PMC10139042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols have attracted tremendous attention due to their pro-health properties, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and neuroprotective activities. Atherosclerosis is a vascular disorder underlying several CVDs. One of the main risk factors causing atherosclerosis is the type and quality of food consumed. Therefore, polyphenols represent promising agents in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, as demonstrated by in vitro, animal, preclinical and clinical studies. However, most polyphenols cannot be absorbed directly by the small intestine. Gut microbiota play a crucial role in converting dietary polyphenols into absorbable bioactive substances. An increasing understanding of the field has confirmed that specific GM taxa strains mediate the gut microbiota-atherosclerosis axis. The present study explores the anti-atherosclerotic properties and associated underlying mechanisms of polyphenols. Moreover, it provides a basis for better understanding the relationship between dietary polyphenols, gut microbiota, and cardiovascular benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ziółkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Dr Wiotolda Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamila Kasprzak-Drozd
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Dr Wiotolda Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Rusinek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Markut-Miotła
- Department of Lung Diseases and Children Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Prof. Antoniego Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Oniszczuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Dr Wiotolda Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Wang J, Liu YM, Hu J, Chen C. Trained immunity in monocyte/macrophage: Novel mechanism of phytochemicals in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1109576. [PMID: 36895942 PMCID: PMC9989041 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1109576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the pathology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD), characterized by persistent chronic inflammation in the vessel wall, in which monocytes/macrophages play a key role. It has been reported that innate immune system cells can assume a persistent proinflammatory state after short stimulation with endogenous atherogenic stimuli. The pathogenesis of AS can be influenced by this persistent hyperactivation of the innate immune system, which is termed trained immunity. Trained immunity has also been implicated as a key pathological mechanism, leading to persistent chronic inflammation in AS. Trained immunity is mediated via epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming and occurs in mature innate immune cells and their bone marrow progenitors. Natural products are promising candidates for novel pharmacological agents that can be used to prevent or treat cardiovascular diseases (CVD). A variety of natural products and agents exhibiting antiatherosclerotic abilities have been reported to potentially interfere with the pharmacological targets of trained immunity. This review describes in as much detail as possible the mechanisms involved in trained immunity and how phytochemicals of this process inhibit AS by affecting trained monocytes/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Mei Liu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, China
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Johnson SA, Weir TL. Fresh Take on the Relationship between Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Atherosclerosis: A Food-Based Approach with Brussels Chicory. J Nutr 2022; 152:2181-2183. [PMID: 36054765 PMCID: PMC9535444 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Johnson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Tiffany L Weir
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Oleic acid promotes atherosclerosis via multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Azemi AK, Mokhtar SS, Sharif SET, Rasool AHG. Clinacanthus nutans attenuates atherosclerosis progression in rats with type 2 diabetes by reducing vascular oxidative stress and inflammation. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:1432-1440. [PMID: 34693870 PMCID: PMC8553363 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1990357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Atherosclerosis predisposes individuals to adverse cardiovascular events. Clinacanthus nutans L. (Acanthaceae) is a traditional remedy used for diabetes and inflammatory conditions. OBJECTIVES To investigate the anti-atherosclerotic activity of a C. nutans leaf methanol extract (CNME) in a type 2 diabetic (T2D) rat model induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and low-dose streptozotocin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: non-diabetic fed a standard diet (C), C + CNME (500 mg/kg, orally), diabetic fed an HFD (DM), DM + CNME (500 mg/kg), and DM + Metformin (DM + Met; 300 mg/kg). Treatment with oral CNME and metformin was administered for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum lipid profile, atherogenic index (AI), aortic tissue superoxide dismutase levels (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured. The rats' aortas were stained for histological analysis and intima-media thickness (IMT), a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. RESULTS The CNME-treated diabetic rats had reduced serum total cholesterol (43.74%; p = 0.0031), triglycerides (80.91%; p = 0.0003), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (56.64%; p = 0.0008), AI (51.32%; p < 0.0001), MDA (60.74%; p = 0.0026), TNF-α (61.78%; p = 0.0002), and IMT (39.35%; p < 0.0001) compared to untreated diabetic rats. SOD level, however, increased (53.36%; p = 0.0326). These CNME effects were comparable to those in the metformin-treated diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS C. nutans possesses anti-atherosclerotic properties, which may be due to reductions in vascular tissue oxidative stress, inflammation, and serum AI. Continued studies on atherosclerotic animal models are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Khusairi Azemi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Safiah Mokhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Emilia Tuan Sharif
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Aida Hanum Ghulam Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- CONTACT Aida Hanum Ghulam Rasool ; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (Health Campus), 16150Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Li J, Chu T, Yang M. Oleic acid induces A7r5 cell proliferation and migration associated with increased expression of HGF and p‑p38. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:484. [PMID: 33907848 PMCID: PMC8127074 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypes and mechanisms underlying the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by oleic acid (OA) are not completely understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to further elucidate the effects of OA on the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Using A7r5 cells, the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) inhibitor PHA665752 and the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 were utilized, and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, Transwell assays, flow cytometry, ELISAs, western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were conducted to assess the effects of OA. CCK-8 assays indicated that OA promoted (at 5 and 50 µmol/l) or inhibited (at 800 µmol/l) A7r5 cell proliferation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05). Transwell assays revealed that OA also promoted (at 50 µmol/l) or inhibited (at 800 µmol/l) A7r5 cell migration (P<0.05). Moreover, cell-cycle analysis identified that 50 µmol/l OA reduced the cellular population in the G0/G1 phase and enhanced the cellular population in the S phase (P<0.05), whereas 800 µmol/l OA increased the cell number in the G0/G1 phase and decreased the cell number in the S phase (P<0.05). In addition, OA promoted (at 50 µmol/l) or inhibited (at 800 µmol/l) the expression level of HGF in A7r5 cells, as demonstrated via ELISA, western blotting and RT-qPCR analyses (P<0.05). It was also found that OA promoted (at 50 µmol/l) or inhibited (at 800 µmol/l) the expression level of phosphorylated (p)-p38 in A7r5 cells, as indicated by western blotting (P<0.05). Furthermore, the cell proliferation, migration and HGF expression induced by OA (50 µmol/l) were mitigated by treatment with PHA665752 (0.1 µmol/l) (P<0.05), and the cell proliferation, migration and p-p38 expression induced by OA (50 µmol/l) were mitigated by SB203580 (2 µmol/l) (P<0.05). Thus, the results suggested that OA served a role in the proliferation and migration of VSMCs via HGF and the p38 MAPK pathway. Moreover, the proliferation and migration of VSMCs induced by OA was associated with increased expression levels of HGF and p-p38. Taken together, OA, HGF and p38 MAPK may be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Ting Chu
- Department of Nursing, Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Maosheng Yang
- Laboratory of Disorders Genes and Department of Pharmacology, Jishou University School of Pharmacy, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
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Clinacanthus nutans Leaves Extract Reverts Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Rats by Improving Protein Expression of eNOS. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7572892. [PMID: 32879653 PMCID: PMC7448219 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7572892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with endothelial dysfunction; it causes progressive vascular damage resulting from an impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. In the diabetes state, presence of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance predisposes to endothelial dysfunction. Clinacanthus nutans, widely used as a traditional medicine for diabetes is reported to have hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the possibility of C. nutans affecting the vascular endothelial function in diabetes remains unclear. This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of C. nutans methanolic leaves extract (CNME) on endothelial function in a type 2 diabetes (T2DM) rat model. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n = 12 per group): nondiabetic control, nondiabetic treated with four weeks of CNME (500 mg/kg/daily), untreated diabetic rats, diabetic treated with metformin (300 mg/kg/daily), and diabetic treated with CNME (500 mg/kg/daily). T2DM was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) to rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD). Endothelial-dependent and endothelial-independent relaxations and contractions of the thoracic aorta were determined using the organ bath. Aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression was determined using Western blotting. Endothelial-dependent relaxation was reduced in diabetic rats. Both diabetic groups treated with CNME or metformin significantly improved the impairment in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation; this was associated with increased expression of aortic eNOS protein. CNME- and metformin-treated groups also reduced aortic endothelium-dependent and aortic endothelium-independent contractions in diabetics. Both of these diabetic-treated groups also reduced blood glucose levels and increased body weight compared to the untreated diabetic group. In conclusion, C. nutans improves endothelial-dependent vasodilatation and reduces endothelial-dependent contraction, thus ameliorating endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rats. This may occur due to its effect on increasing eNOS protein expression.
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Song J, He Y, Luo C, Feng B, Ran F, Xu H, Ci Z, Xu R, Han L, Zhang D. New progress in the pharmacology of protocatechuic acid: A compound ingested in daily foods and herbs frequently and heavily. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105109. [PMID: 32738494 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protocatechuic acid is a natural phenolic acid, which widely exists in our daily diet and herbs. It is also one of the main metabolites of complex polyphenols, such as anthocyanins and proanthocyanins. In recent years, a large number of studies on the pharmacological activities of protocatechuic acid have emerged. Protocatechuic acid has a wide range of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antiosteoporotic, analgesia, antiaging activties; protection from metabolic syndrome; and preservation of liver, kidneys, and reproductive functions. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that the absorption and elimination rate of protocatechuic acid are faster, with glucuronidation and sulfation being the major metabolic pathways. However, protocatechuic acid displays a dual-directional regulatory effect on some pharmacological activities. When the concentration is very high, it can inhibit cell proliferation and reduce survival rate. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of protocatechuic acid with emphasis on its pharmacological activities discovered in recent 5 years, so as to provide more up-to-date and thorough information for the preclinical and clinical research of protocatechuic acid in the future. Moreover, it is hoped that the clinical application of protocatechuic acid can be broadened, giving full play to its characteristics of rich sources, low toxicity and wide pharmacological activites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Song
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Yanan He
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Chuanhong Luo
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Bi Feng
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Fei Ran
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Hong Xu
- Chengdu Yongkang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhimin Ci
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Runchun Xu
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Li Han
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
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Pieczynska MD, Yang Y, Petrykowski S, Horbanczuk OK, Atanasov AG, Horbanczuk JO. Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Atherosclerosis Development. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030594. [PMID: 32013236 PMCID: PMC7037843 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota metabolites have a great influence on host digestive function and body health itself. The effects of intestinal microbes on the host metabolism and nutrients absorption are mainly due to regulatory mechanisms related to serotonin, cytokines, and metabolites. Multiple studies have repeatedly reported that the gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in the absorption of bioactive compounds by converting dietary polyphenols into absorbable bioactive substances. Moreover, some intestinal metabolites derived from natural polyphenol products have more biological activities than their own fundamental biological functions. Bioactive like polyphenolic compounds, prebiotics and probiotics are the best known dietary strategies for regulating the composition of gut microbial populations or metabolic/immunological activities, which are called “three “p” for gut health”. Intestinal microbial metabolites have an indirect effect on atherosclerosis, by regulating lipid metabolism and inflammation. It has been found that the diversity of intestinal microbiota negatively correlates with the development of atherosclerosis. The fewer the variation and number of microbial species in the gut, the higher the risk of developing atherosclerosis. Therefore, the atherosclerosis can be prevented and treated from the perspective of improving the number and variability of gut microbiota. In here, we summarize the effects of gut metabolites of natural products on the pathological process of the atherosclerosis, since gut intestinal metabolites not only have an indirect effect on macrophage foaming in the vessel wall, but also have a direct effect on vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena D. Pieczynska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A Street, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (Y.Y.); (S.P.); (A.G.A.)
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5A Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.D.P.); (J.O.H.); Tel.: +48-22-736-70-00
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A Street, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (Y.Y.); (S.P.); (A.G.A.)
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - S. Petrykowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A Street, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (Y.Y.); (S.P.); (A.G.A.)
| | - Olaf K. Horbanczuk
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A Street, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (Y.Y.); (S.P.); (A.G.A.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw O. Horbanczuk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A Street, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (Y.Y.); (S.P.); (A.G.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.P.); (J.O.H.); Tel.: +48-22-736-70-00
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Wang D, Yang Y, Lei Y, Tzvetkov NT, Liu X, Yeung AWK, Xu S, Atanasov AG. Targeting Foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:596-670. [PMID: 31554644 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.017178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foam cell formation and further accumulation in the subendothelial space of the vascular wall is a hallmark of atherosclerotic lesions. Targeting foam cell formation in the atherosclerotic lesions can be a promising approach to treat and prevent atherosclerosis. The formation of foam cells is determined by the balanced effects of three major interrelated biologic processes, including lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and cholesterol efflux. Natural products are a promising source for new lead structures. Multiple natural products and pharmaceutical agents can inhibit foam cell formation and thus exhibit antiatherosclerotic capacity by suppressing lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and/or promoting cholesterol ester hydrolysis and cholesterol efflux. This review summarizes recent findings on these three biologic processes and natural products with demonstrated potential to target such processes. Discussed also are potential future directions for studying the mechanisms of foam cell formation and the development of foam cell-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Yang Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Yingnan Lei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Xingde Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Andy Wai Kan Yeung
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Suowen Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
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13
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Schneider MK, Xue B, Shi H. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system suppresses mouse white adipose tissue hyperplasia through the β1 adrenergic receptor. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13645. [PMID: 29611347 PMCID: PMC5880815 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) expands via both hypertrophy and hyperplasia during the development of obesity. While AT hypertrophy involves the increase in size of existing adipocytes, hyperplasia is the process of creating new adipocytes from the pool of adipocyte precursor cells (APCs), which includes adipocyte progenitor cells and preadipocytes. Prior studies have implicated a role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in regulation of hyperplasia in white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, we aimed to determine the mechanisms underlying SNS regulation of APC proliferation in mouse WAT. Using flow cytometry with antibodies against various cell surface markers, along with an intracellular marker of proliferation (Ki67), we quantitated the percentages and proliferative status of adipocyte progenitor cells and preadipocytes in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of WAT. In vivo SNS activation through cold exposure, as well as in vitro adrenergic stimulation via exposure to the canonical SNS neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), inhibited preadipocyte proliferation. Pretreatment with propranolol, a β1‐ and β2‐adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, trended toward rescuing the inhibitory effects of NE in primary cell culture. The selective β1‐AR agonist dobutamine diminished preadipocyte proliferation both in vivo and in vitro, whereas the selective β2‐AR agonist, salbutamol, promoted proliferation in vitro, suggesting that the β1‐AR may mediate the inhibitory effect of NE on preadipocyte proliferation. Taken together, we conclude that SNS activation suppresses preadipocyte proliferation via activation of the β1 AR in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Schneider
- Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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14
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Xu X, Qin X, Wang L, Wang X, Lu J, Qiu X, Zhu Y. Lanthanide terbium complex: synthesis, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) performance, and sensing application. Analyst 2019; 144:2359-2366. [PMID: 30793728 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new lanthanide terbium complex, Tb(pzda)3(NO3)3·nH2O, was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). It was found that the as-synthesized Tb-complex exhibited good electrochemiluminescence (ECL) behavior in the presence of triethanolamine (TEOA) in a HAc-NaAc buffer solution on a glassy carbon electrode. The possible reaction mechanism has been discussed based on the fluorescence spectra and ECL spectra. For sensing applications, it was found that protocatechuic acid (PCA) had an obvious quenching effect on the ECL signal of the Tb-complex, and this resulted in a decreased ECL signal associated with the concentration of PCA. Therefore, a highly sensitive method for the detection of PCA was established with a linear range of 1.283 × 10-10 M to 3.845 × 10-4 M and a detection limit of 0.085 nM at an S/N ratio of 3. This novel ECL assay strategy with an outstanding ECL efficiency offers great potential for pharmaceutical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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15
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Jia Q, Xie Y, Lu C, Zhang A, Lu Y, Lv S, Zhang J. Endocrine organs of cardiovascular diseases: Gut microbiota. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2314-2323. [PMID: 30688023 PMCID: PMC6433674 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) is a collection of bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses and protozoa, etc. They inhabit human intestines and play an essential role in human health and disease. Close information exchange between the intestinal microbes and the host performs a vital role in digestion, immune defence, nervous system regulation, especially metabolism, maintaining a delicate balance between itself and the human host. Studies have shown that the composition of GM and its metabolites are firmly related to the occurrence of various diseases. More and more researchers have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiota is a virtual 'organ' with endocrine function and the bioactive metabolites produced by it can affect the physiological role of the host. With deepening researches in recent years, clinical data indicated that the GM has a significant effect on the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This article systematically elaborated the relationship between metabolites of GM and its effects, the relationship between intestinal dysbacteriosis and cardiovascular risk factors, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure and hypertension and the possible pathogenic mechanisms. Regulating the GM is supposed to be a potential new therapeutic target for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujin Jia
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingyu Xie
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunmiao Lu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Yanmin Lu
- Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shichao Lv
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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16
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Liu Y, Wang X, Pang J, Zhang H, Luo J, Qian X, Chen Q, Ling W. Attenuation of Atherosclerosis by Protocatechuic Acid via Inhibition of M1 and Promotion of M2 Macrophage Polarization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:807-818. [PMID: 30592218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization has a vital impact on the progression of atherosclerosis (AS). Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a flavonol, displays notable atheroprotective effects, but its mechanisms have not been clearly defined. We investigated whether PCA attenuated AS by regulating macrophage polarization. PCA consumption inhibited HCD-induced plaque formation (17.84 and 8.21% in the HCD and HCD with PCA groups, respectively, p < 0.05) and inflammatory responses in apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. Moreover, PCA suppressed classically activated macrophage (M1) polarization, which decreased the secretion of nitric oxide synthase (54.63 and 32.86% in the HCD and HCD with PCA groups, respectively, p < 0.05) and proinflammatory factors. PCA promoted alternatively activated macrophage (M2) activation, which increased the expression of arginine I (6.97 and 26.19% in the HCD and HCD with PCA groups, respectively, p < 0.001) and anti-inflammatory factors. PCA also regulated M1-M2 polarization in J774 cells and mouse-bone-marrow-derived macrophages. Finally, PCA reduced PI3K-Akt-mediated nuclear-factor-κB activation, thereby suppressing M1 polarization, and provoked signal-transducers-and-activators-of-transcription-6 phosphorylation and peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor-γ activation, leading to enhanced M2 activation. Our data revealed that PCA alleviated AS by regulating M1-M2 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health , Sun Yat-Sen University (North Campus) , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health , Sun Yat-Sen University (North Campus) , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
| | - Juan Pang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health , Sun Yat-Sen University (North Campus) , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health , Sun Yat-Sen University (North Campus) , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health , Sun Yat-Sen University (North Campus) , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Qian
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health , Sun Yat-Sen University (North Campus) , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health , Sun Yat-Sen University (North Campus) , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health , Sun Yat-Sen University (North Campus) , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation , Guangzhou 510080 , PR China
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17
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Liu YD, Sun X, Zhang Y, Wu HJ, Wang H, Yang R. Protocatechuic acid inhibits TGF-β1-induced proliferation and migration of human airway smooth muscle cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 139:9-14. [PMID: 30472056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protocatechuic acid (3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, PCA) is a major metabolite of anthocyanins and was reported to possess anti-allergic response. However, the effects of PCA on airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) proliferation and migration remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of PCA on proliferation and migration of ASMCs. ASMCs were pre-incubated with various concentrations of PCA for 30 min before stimulation with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) for different times. Cell proliferation was determined using the colony formation assay. Cell migration was detected using the Transwell chamber assay. The levels of type I collagen, fibronectin, phosphorylated Smad2, Smad2, phosphorylated Smad3 and Smad3 were detected by western blot analysis. Our results demonstrated that PCA inhibited the proliferation and migration of ASMCs, as well as suppressed the expression levels of type I collagen and fibronectin in ASMCs induced by TGF-β1. Furthermore, PCA obviously down-regulated the phosphorylation levels of Smad2/3 in ASMCs exposed to TGF-β1. Taken together, the present results have revealed that PCA inhibits asthma airway remodeling by suppressing proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition in TGF-β1-mediated ASMCs via the inactivation of Smad2/3 signaling pathway. Therefore, PCA may be useful for the prevention or treatment of asthma airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medial University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medial University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medial University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Hua-Jie Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medial University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medial University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medial University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
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18
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Feng L, Dou C, Wang J, Jiang C, Ma X, Liu J. Upregulated 14‑3‑3β aggravates restenosis by promoting cell migration following vascular injury in diabetic rats with elevated levels of free fatty acids. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1074-1085. [PMID: 29749466 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono‑unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs) can serve as a predictive indicator of vascular restenosis following interventional therapy, particularly in individuals with high‑fat diet‑induced type 2 diabetes. However, the pathogenic mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, the levels of tyrosine 3‑monooxygenase/tryptophan 5‑monooxygenase activation protein β (YWHAB; also known as 14‑3‑3β), in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) treated with different concentrations of oleic acid (OA) were examined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. The migration of VSMCs was examined using wound‑healing and Transwell migration assays. The protein distribution of B‑cell lymphoma 2 (BCL‑2)‑associated death promoter (BAD) in VSMCs treated with OA was examined by immunofluorescence and western blot analyses. In in vivo experiments, the carotid artery morphology of rats in different groups was assessed at 14 days post‑injury by non-invasive ultrasonographic imaging and confirmed by histological staining. The expression of YWHAB was upregulated by OA in a concentration‑dependent manner in VSMCs. In the in vivo experiments, carotid stenosis was more serious among high‑FFA diabetic rats. However, silencing of YWHAB significantly alleviated carotid neointimal hyperplasia among the diabetic rats with elevated FFA levels. In addition, YWHAB silencing alleviated the migration of OA‑treated VSMCs and increased translocation of the BAD protein from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. In conclusion, the results showed that FFA‑induced upregulation of YWHAB was involved in neointimal hyperplasia by enhancing the migration of VSMCs following carotid artery injury. The inhibition of YWHAB may serve as a novel potential pharmacological target for preventing vascular restenosis following interventional therapy in diabetic individuals with high FFA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuai Feng
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Chaoran Dou
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Chunyu Jiang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Xu Ma
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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Desalted Salicornia europaea extract attenuated vascular neointima formation by inhibiting the MAPK pathway-mediated migration and proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:430-438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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20
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Peng L, Huang X, Jin X, Jing Z, Yang L, Zhou Y, Ren J, Zhao Y. Wedelolactone, a plant coumarin, prevents vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia through Akt and AMPK signaling. Exp Gerontol 2017. [PMID: 28634089 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Wedelolactone (WDL) is a natural compound derived from Chinese herbal medicine Eclipta prostrate L, and has been reported to exhibit various effects potentially beneficial for human health. However, the possible preventive effects of WDL toward vascular remodeling and mechanisms involved have not been investigated to date. In this study, we investigated the effects of WDL on proliferation induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and on neointimal hyperplasia resulted from balloon injury in rats. WDL exhibited strong inhibitory effects against PDGF-induced VSMC proliferation. Cell cycle analysis revealed that WDL induced G0/G1 arrest and prevented cell cycle from entering S phase. Immunoblot analysis suggested that the cell cycle arrest induced by WDL was through Akt suppression and adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, with a subsequent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 induction and cyclin D1 inhibition. We also observed that WDL notably reduced neointima-to-media area ratio of balloon-injured rat common carotid arteries (CCAs) in comparison with those untreated balloon-injured CCAs. The regulation of WDL on protein expressions of Akt, AMPK and cyclin D1 in vivo were also consistent with that in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest WDL exhibits potential preventive effects toward vascular remodeling and neointimal hyperplasia through the reduction of VSMC proliferation via inhibition of Akt and activation of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Xuefeng Huang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Zuo Jing
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Lichao Yang
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Xiamen 361000, China.
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21
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Abstract
A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of novel water soluble antioxidants in the form of dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) was described in the framework of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Czerniak
- Department of Chemical Technology
- Poznan University of Technology
- 60-965 Poznan
- Poland
| | - Filip Walkiewicz
- Department of Chemical Technology
- Poznan University of Technology
- 60-965 Poznan
- Poland
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22
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Liu L, Pan Y, Song Y, Su X, Ke R, Yang L, Gao L, Li M. Activation of AMPK α2 inhibits airway smooth muscle cells proliferation. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:235-243. [PMID: 27600020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to examine the effect of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation on airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) proliferation and to address its potential mechanisms. Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, and this in turn up-regulated S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) and consequently reduced cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27) leading to ASMCs proliferation. Pre-incubation of cells with metformin, an AMPK activator, blocked PDGF-induced activation of mTOR and its downstream targets changes of Skp2 and p27 without changing Akt phosphorylation and inhibited ASMCs proliferation. Transfection of ASMCs with AMPK α2-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) reversed the effect of metformin on mTOR phosphorylation, Skp2 and p27 protein expression and cell proliferation. Our study suggests that activation of AMPK, particularly AMPK α2, negatively regulates mTOR activity to suppress ASMCs proliferation and therefore has a potential value in the prevention and treatment of asthma by negatively modulating airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Yilin Pan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Xiaofan Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Rui Ke
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Manxiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
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Talagavadi V, Rapisarda P, Galvano F, Pelicci P, Giorgio M. Cyanidin-3- O -β-glucoside and protocatechuic acid activate AMPK/mTOR/S6K pathway and improve glucose homeostasis in mice. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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