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Botelho RG, Monteiro SH, Christofoletti CA, Moura-Andrade GCR, Tornisielo VL. Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Atrazine and Ametrine Induce Micronuclei Formation and Nuclear Abnormalities in Erythrocytes of Fish. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 69:577-585. [PMID: 26081367 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry triple quadrupole direct aqueous injection for analysis of atrazine and ametrine herbicides in surface waters was developed. According to the validation method, water samples from six different locations in the Piracicaba River were collected monthly from February 2011 to January 2012 and injected into a liquid chromatographer/dual mass spectrometer without the need for sample extraction. The method was validated and shown to be precise and accurate; limits of detection and quantification were 0.07 and 0.10 µg L(-1) for atrazine and 0.09 and 0.14 µg L(-1) for ametrine. During the sampling period, concentrations of atrazine ranged from 0.11 to 1.92 µg L(-1) and ametrine from 0.25 to 1.44 µg L(-1). After analysis of the herbicides, Danio rerio were exposed a range of concentrations found in the river water to check the induction of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities (NAs) in erythrocytes. Concentrations of atrazine and ametrine >1.0 and 1.5 µg L(-1), respectively, induced MN formation in D. rerio. Ametrine was shown to be more genotoxic to D. rerio because a greater incidence of NAs was observed compared with atrazine. Therefore, environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine and ametrine found in the Piracicaba River are dangerous to the aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Botelho
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo - CENA/USP, Avenida Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil.
| | - S H Monteiro
- Centro de Pequisa e Desenvolvimento em Proteção Ambiental, Instituto Biológico, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, Vila Madalena, 1252, São Paulo, SP, 04014-002, Brazil
| | - C A Christofoletti
- Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto - FHO/UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - G C R Moura-Andrade
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo - CENA/USP, Avenida Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil
| | - V L Tornisielo
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo - CENA/USP, Avenida Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil
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Shaaban H, Górecki T. Current trends in green liquid chromatography for the analysis of pharmaceutically active compounds in the environmental water compartments. Talanta 2015; 132:739-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Andrus JM, Winter D, Scanlan M, Sullivan S, Bollman W, Waggoner JB, Hosmer AJ, Brain RA. Seasonal synchronicity of algal assemblages in three Midwestern agricultural streams having varying concentrations of atrazine, nutrients, and sediment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 458-460:125-139. [PMID: 23644566 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies characterizing the potential effects of atrazine on algal assemblages have been conducted using micro- or mesocosms; however, few evaluations focused on in situ lotic algal communities, potentially confounding risk assessment conclusions. This exploratory study, conducted at several sites in the midwestern United States where atrazine is commonly used, presents in situ observations of native algal communities relative to atrazine exposure and other parameters. Planktonic and periphytic algae from three streams in three Midwestern states, having historically differing atrazine levels, were sampled over a 16-week period in 2011 encompassing atrazine applications and the summer algal growth period at each site. Changes in abundance, diversity, and composition of algal communities were placed in the context of hydrological, climatic, and water quality parameters (including components sometimes present in agricultural runoff) also collected during the study. Diatoms dominated communities at each of the three sites and periphyton was much more abundant than phytoplankton. As expected, significant variations in algal community and environmental parameters were observed between sites. However, correspondence analysis plots revealed that patterns of temporal variation in algal communities at each site and in periphyton or phytoplankton were dominated by seasonal environmental gradients. Significant concordance in these seasonal patterns was detected among sites and between phytoplankton and periphyton communities (via procrustes Protest analysis), suggesting synchronicity of algal communities across a regional scale. While atrazine concentrations generally exhibited seasonal trends at the study watersheds; no effects on algal abundance, diversity or assemblage structure were observed as a result of atrazine pulses. This lack of response may be due to exposure events of insufficient concentration or duration (consistent with previously reported results) or the composition of the algal assemblages present. This was in contrast to the effects of elevated flow events, which were associated with significant changes in periphyton abundance, diversity and assemblage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Malia Andrus
- Waterborne Environmental, Inc., 2001 South First Street, Suite 109, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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Silva CR, Gomes TF, Andrade GCRM, Monteiro SH, Dias ACR, Zagatto EAG, Tornisielo VL. Banana peel as an adsorbent for removing atrazine and ametryne from waters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:2358-63. [PMID: 23305150 DOI: 10.1021/jf304742h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using banana peel for removal of the pesticides atrazine and ametryne from river and treated waters has been demonstrated, allowing the design of an efficient, fast, and low-cost strategy for remediation of polluted waters. The conditions for removal of these pesticides in a laboratory scale were optimized as sample volume = 50 mL, banana mass = 3.0 g, stirring time = 40 min, and no pH adjustment necessary. KF(sor) values for atrazine and ametryne were evaluated as 35.8 and 54.1 μg g(-1) (μL mL(-1)) by using liquid scintillation spectrometry. Adsorption was also evaluated by LC-ESI-MS/MS. As quantification limits were 0.10 and 0.14 μg L(-1) for both pesticides, sample preconcentration was not needed. Linear analytical curves (up to 10 μg L(-1)), precise results (RSD < 4.5%), good recoveries (82.9-106.6%), and a > 90% removal efficiency were attained for both pesticides. Water samples collected near an intensively cultivated area were adequately remedied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudineia R Silva
- NAPTISA, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo , Box 96, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Reemtsma T, Alder L, Banasiak U. A multimethod for the determination of 150 pesticide metabolites in surface water and groundwater using direct injection liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1271:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brain RA, Hoberg J, Hosmer AJ, Wall SB. Influence of light intensity on the toxicity of atrazine to the submerged freshwater aquatic macrophyte Elodea canadensis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 79:55-61. [PMID: 22204826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Light intensity can have a profound influence on the degree of phytotoxicity experienced by plants exposed to photosystem II (PSII) inhibiting herbicides. This relationship was evaluated in the submerged aquatic macrophyte Elodea canadensis exposed to three different concentrations of atrazine (510, 1000 and 2000 μg a.i./L) plus an untreated control at three different light intensities (0, 500 and 6000 lx) under static-renewal conditions for 14 days. Under 500 lx light intensity, control plants demonstrated a rapid increase in shoot length but minimal increase in dry shoot weight, suggesting limited photosynthesis. Based on shoot-length and biomass, growth was not affected by any atrazine exposure relative to controls under dark conditions (0 lx). Under low-light conditions at 500 lx, exposures to 510, 1000 and 2000 μg a.i./L atrazine significantly decreased net shoot lengths by 34%, 38% and 35%, respectively, relative to corresponding (500 lx) controls. However, atrazine exposure under this light condition did not significantly decrease biomass (dry shoot weight). Compared to 6000 lx, only approximately 8% of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured under 500 lx intensity, indicating that minimal PAR was available for photosynthesis. Under optimal light conditions (6000 lx), net shoot lengths significantly decreased in the treated atrazine groups by 48%, 51% and 68%, and net dry shoot weights (biomass) were significantly decreased by 79%, 81% and 91%, respectively, relative to corresponding (6000 lx) controls. These data show that under low light conditions, atrazine-induced effects on dry shoot weight (biomass) are dependent on available PAR and active photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Brain
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, 410 South Swing Road, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA.
| | - James Hoberg
- Smithers Viscient, LLC (Formerly Springborn Smithers), 790 Main Street, Wareham, MA 02571, USA
| | - Alan J Hosmer
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, 410 South Swing Road, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA
| | - Steven B Wall
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, 410 South Swing Road, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA
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Tobiszewski M, Namieśnik J. Direct chromatographic methods in the context of green analytical chemistry. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Botitsi HV, Garbis SD, Economou A, Tsipi DF. Current mass spectrometry strategies for the analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in food and water matrices. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:907-939. [PMID: 24737632 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in food and water matrices continues to be an active research area closely related to food safety and environmental issues. This review discusses the most widely applied mass spectrometric (MS) approaches to pesticide residues analysis over the last few years. The main techniques for sample preparation remain solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction. The QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) approach is being increasingly used for the development of multi-class pesticide residues methods in various sample matrices. MS detectors-triple quadrupole (QqQ), ion-trap (IT), quadrupole linear ion trap (QqLIT), time-of-flight (TOF), and quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF)-have been established as powerful analytical tools sharing a primary role in the detection/quantification and/or identification/confirmation of pesticides and their metabolites. Recent developments in analytical instrumentation have enabled coupling of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and fast gas chromatography (GC) with MS detectors, and faster analysis for a greater number of pesticides. The newly developed "ambient-ionization" MS techniques (e.g., desorption electrospray ionization, DESI, and direct analysis in real time, DART) hyphenated with high-resolution MS platforms without liquid chromatography separation, and sometimes with minimum pre-treatment, have shown potential for pesticide residue screening. The recently introduced Orbitrap mass spectrometers can provide high resolving power and mass accuracy, to tackle complex analytical problems involved in pesticide residue analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen V Botitsi
- General Chemical State Laboratory, Pesticide Residues Laboratory, 16 An. Tsocha Street, Athens 115 21, Greece
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Trace analysis of pesticides in paddy field water by direct injection using liquid chromatography–quadrupole-linear ion trap-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4790-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dujaković N, Grujić S, Radišić M, Vasiljević T, Laušević M. Determination of pesticides in surface and ground waters by liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 678:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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