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Volpe V, Chialva M, Mazzarella T, Crosino A, Capitanio S, Costamagna L, Kohlen W, Genre A. Long-lasting impact of chitooligosaccharide application on strigolactone biosynthesis and fungal accommodation promotes arbuscular mycorrhiza in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2316-2331. [PMID: 36564991 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) between plants and Glomeromycotina fungi is preceded by the exchange of chemical signals: fungal released Myc-factors, including chitooligosaccharides (CO) and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCO), activate plant symbiotic responses, while root-exuded strigolactones stimulate hyphal branching and boost CO release. Furthermore, fungal signaling reinforcement through CO application was shown to promote AM development in Medicago truncatula, but the cellular and molecular bases of this effect remained unclear. Here, we focused on long-term M. truncatula responses to CO treatment, demonstrating its impact on the transcriptome of both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots over several weeks and providing an insight into the mechanistic bases of the CO-dependent promotion of AM colonization. CO treatment caused the long-lasting regulation of strigolactone biosynthesis and fungal accommodation-related genes. This was mirrored by an increase in root didehydro-orobanchol content, and the promotion of accommodation responses to AM fungi in root epidermal cells. Lastly, an advanced downregulation of AM symbiosis marker genes was observed at the latest time point in CO-treated plants, in line with an increased number of senescent arbuscules. Overall, CO treatment triggered molecular, metabolic, and cellular responses underpinning a protracted acceleration of AM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Volpe
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Chialva
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Teresa Mazzarella
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Crosino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Serena Capitanio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Costamagna
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Wouter Kohlen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Wakabayashi T, Moriyama D, Miyamoto A, Okamura H, Shiotani N, Shimizu N, Mizutani M, Takikawa H, Sugimoto Y. Identification of novel canonical strigolactones produced by tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1064378. [PMID: 36589093 PMCID: PMC9794758 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1064378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Canonical strigolactones (SLs), such as orobanchol, consist of a tricyclic lactone ring (ABC-ring) connected to a methylbutenolide (D-ring). Tomato plants have been reported to produce not only orobanchol but also various canonical SLs related to the orobanchol structure, including orobanchyl acetate, 7-hydroxyorobanchol isomers, 7-oxoorobanchol, and solanacol. In addition to these, structurally unidentified SL-like compounds known as didehydroorobanchol isomers (DDHs), whose molecular mass is 2 Da smaller than that of orobanchol, have been found. Although the SL biosynthetic pathway in tomato is partially characterized, structural elucidation of DDHs is required for a better understanding of the entire biosynthetic pathway. In this study, three novel canonical SLs with the same molecular mass as DDHs were identified in tomato root exudates. The first was 6,7-didehydroorobanchol, while the other two were not in the DDH category. These two SLs were designated phelipanchol and epiphelipanchol because they induced the germination of Phelipanche ramosa, a noxious root parasitic weed of tomato. We also proposed a putative biosynthetic pathway incorporating these novel SLs from orobanchol to solanacol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Wakabayashi
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daisuke Moriyama
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kameoka, Japan
| | - Ayumi Miyamoto
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hironori Okamura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nanami Shiotani
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Shimizu
- Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kameoka, Japan
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hirosato Takikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sugimoto
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Bai J, Wei Q, Shu J, Gan Z, Li B, Yan D, Huang Z, Guo Y, Wang X, Zhang L, Cui Y, Lu X, Lu J, Pan C, Hu J, Du Y, Liu L, Li J. Exploration of resistance to Phelipanche aegyptiaca in tomato. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3806-3821. [PMID: 32483849 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultivated tomatoes are highly susceptible to the destructive parasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca. Wild relatives show the potential resistance for genetic improvement. However, their genetic and molecular mechanisms are still unknown. RESULTS Among 50 wild tomato accessions were evaluated for resistance to P. aegyptiaca, most of the wild relatives exhibited varying degrees of resistance compared to the cultivars. Solanum pennellii LA0716 performed the most promising and solid resistance with very low infection by the broomrape. The resistance involved in LA0716 was further confirmed by cytological analysis, and explored by employing a permanent introgression line (IL) population. Thirteen putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring the different resistance traits were identified. They are located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9. The most attractive QTLs are positioned in IL6-2 and overlap with IL6-3. Specially, IL6-2 showed the highest and most consistent resistance for multiple traits and explained the major phenotypic variation of LA0716. Analysis of candidate genes involved in these regions showed that Beta (Solyc06g074240) and P450 (Solyc06g073570, Solyc06g074180 and Solyc06g074420) genes are substantially related to the strigolactone (SL) pathway. Transcript analysis further demonstrated that both Solyc06g073570 and Solyc06g074180 might play an important role in the reduction of P. aegyptiaca infection. CONCLUSION Germplasms resistant to P. aegyptiaca were found in wild tomato species. QTLs conferring P. aegyptiaca tolerance in LA0716 were identified. IL6-2 is identified as a prospective line possessing the major QTLs. The candidate genes would provide the availability to assist the introgression of the resistance in future breeding programmes. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- COFCO Tunhe Seed, Co., Ltd, Xinjiang, 831100, China
| | - Jinshuai Shu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | | | - Beijin Li
- COFCO Tunhe Seed, Co., Ltd, Xinjiang, 831100, China
| | - Delin Yan
- COFCO Tunhe Seed, Co., Ltd, Xinjiang, 831100, China
| | - Zejun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanmei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Luxia Zhang
- COFCO Tunhe Seed, Co., Ltd, Xinjiang, 831100, China
| | - Yanan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunyang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongchen Du
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junming Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Gamir J, Torres-Vera R, Rial C, Berrio E, de Souza Campos PM, Varela RM, Macías FA, Pozo MJ, Flors V, López-Ráez JA. Exogenous strigolactones impact metabolic profiles and phosphate starvation signalling in roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1655-1668. [PMID: 32222984 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are important ex-planta signalling molecules in the rhizosphere, promoting the association with beneficial microorganisms, but also affecting plant interactions with harmful organisms. They are also plant hormones in-planta, acting as modulators of plant responses under nutrient-deficient conditions, mainly phosphate (Pi) starvation. In the present work, we investigate the potential role of SLs as regulators of early Pi starvation signalling in plants. A short-term pulse of the synthetic SL analogue 2'-epi-GR24 promoted SL accumulation and the expression of Pi starvation markers in tomato and wheat under Pi deprivation. 2'-epi-GR24 application also increased SL production and the expression of Pi starvation markers under normal Pi conditions, being its effect dependent on the endogenous SL levels. Remarkably, 2'-epi-GR24 also impacted the root metabolic profile under these conditions, promoting the levels of metabolites associated to plant responses to Pi limitation, thus partially mimicking the pattern observed under Pi deprivation. The results suggest an endogenous role for SLs as Pi starvation signals. In agreement with this idea, SL-deficient plants were less sensitive to this stress. Based on the results, we propose that SLs may act as early modulators of plant responses to P starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Gamir
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
- Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Rocío Torres-Vera
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CeiA3), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Estefanía Berrio
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro M de Souza Campos
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Micorrizas y Sustentabilidad Agroambiental (CIMYSA-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CeiA3), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CeiA3), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - María J Pozo
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Victor Flors
- Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan A López-Ráez
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
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5
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Halouzka R, Zeljković SĆ, Klejdus B, Tarkowski P. Analytical methods in strigolactone research. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:76. [PMID: 32514284 PMCID: PMC7257151 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are important plant hormones that are produced via the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and occur at extremely low concentrations in various plant species. They regulate root development, play important roles in symbioses between higher plants and mycorrhizal fungi, and stimulate germination of plant-parasitic Orobanche and Striga species. Chemical analysis is central to research on the biochemistry of SLs and their roles in developmental biology and plant physiology. Here we summarize key issues relating to the identification and quantification of SLs isolated from plant tissues and exudates. The advantages and drawbacks of different protocols used for strigolactone analysis are discussed, and guidelines for selecting a procedure that will minimize losses during isolation and purification prior to final analysis are proposed. Hyphenated techniques suitable for SL analysis such as GC-MS and LC-MS/MS are also discussed, and newer ambient techniques such as HR-DART-MS and DESI-MS are highlighted as tools with considerable potential in SL research. A key advantage of these methods is that they require only simply sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostislav Halouzka
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Sanja Ćavar Zeljković
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czechia
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371 Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Bořivoj Klejdus
- Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czechia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czechia
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371 Olomouc, Czechia
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Ravazzolo L, Trevisan S, Manoli A, Boutet-Mercey SP, Perreau FO, Quaggiotti S. The Control of Zealactone Biosynthesis and Exudation is Involved in the Response to Nitrogen in Maize Root. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2100-2112. [PMID: 31147714 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate acts as a signal in regulating plant development in response to environment. In particular nitric oxide, auxin and strigolactones (SLs) were supposed to cooperate to regulate the maize root response to this anion. In this study, a combined approach based on liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and on physiological and molecular analyses was adopted to specify the involvement of SLs in the maize response to N. Our results showed that N deficiency strongly induces SL exudation, likely through stimulating their biosynthesis. Nitrate provision early counteracts and also ammonium lowers SL exudation, but less markedly. Exudates obtained from N-starved and ammonium-provided seedlings stimulated Phelipanche germination, whereas when seeds were treated with exudates harvested from nitrate-provided plants no germination was observed. Furthermore, our findings support the idea that the inhibition of SL production observed in response to nitrate and ammonium would contribute to the regulation of lateral root development. Moreover, the transcriptional regulation of a gene encoding a putative maize WBC transporter, in response to various nitrogen supplies, together with its mRNA tissue localization, supported its role in SL allocation. Our results highlight the dual role of SLs as molecules able to signal outwards a nutritional need and as endogenous regulators of root architecture adjustments to N, thus synchronizing plant growth with nitrogen acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ravazzolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale dell'Universit� 16, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Trevisan
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale dell'Universit� 16, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Manoli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale dell'Universit� 16, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Stï Phanie Boutet-Mercey
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Universit� Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Franï Ois Perreau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Universit� Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Silvia Quaggiotti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale dell'Universit� 16, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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7
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Feng YJ, Chen YH, Huang SL, Liu YH, Lin YC. Cyclization Reactions of Aryl Propargyl Acetates with Tethered Epoxide Induced by Ruthenium Complex. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:3027-3038. [PMID: 28980768 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of the ruthenium complex [Ru]Cl ([Ru]=Cp(PPh3 )2 Ru; Cp=η5 -C5 H5 ) with several aryl propargyl acetates, each with an ortho-substituted chain of various length containing an epoxide on the aromatic ring and with or without methyl substitutents on the epoxide ring, bring about novel cyclizations. The cyclization reactions of HC≡CCH(OAc)(C6 H4 )CH2 (RC2 H2 O) (R=H, 6 a; R=CH3 , 6 b, where RC2 H2 O is an epoxide ring) in MeOH give the vinylidene complexes 5 a-b, respectively, each with the Cβ integrated into a tetrahydro-5H-benzo[7]annulen-6-ol ring. A C-C bond formation takes place between the propargyl acetate and the less substituted carbon of the epoxide ring. Further cyclizations of 5 a-b induced by HBF4 give the corresponding vinylidene complexes 8 a-b each with a new 8-oxabicyclo-[3.2.1]octane ring by removal of a methanol molecule in high yield. For similar aryl propargyl acetates with a shorter epoxide chain, the cyclization gives a mixture of a vinylidene complex with a tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol ring and a carbene complex with a tricyclic indeno-furan ring. For the cyclization of 18, with a longer epoxide chain, opening of the epoxide is required to afford the vicinal bromohydrin 22, then tandem cyclization occurs in one pot. Products are characterized by spectroscopic methods as well as by XRD analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jhen Feng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan), Fax: (+886) 223636359
| | - Yi-Hsin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan), Fax: (+886) 223636359
| | - Shou-Ling Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan), Fax: (+886) 223636359
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan), Fax: (+886) 223636359
| | - Ying-Chih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan), Fax: (+886) 223636359
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9
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Saeed W, Naseem S, Ali Z. Strigolactones Biosynthesis and Their Role in Abiotic Stress Resilience in Plants: A Critical Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1487. [PMID: 28894457 PMCID: PMC5581504 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs), being a new class of plant hormones, play regulatory roles against abiotic stresses in plants. There are multiple hormonal response pathways, which are adapted by the plants to overcome these stressful environmental constraints to reduce the negative impact on overall crop plant productivity. Genetic modulation of the SLs could also be applied as a potential approach in this regard. However, endogenous plant hormones play central roles in adaptation to changing environmental conditions, by mediating growth, development, nutrient allocation, and source/sink transitions. In addition, the hormonal interactions can fine-tune the plant response and determine plant architecture in response to environmental stimuli such as nutrient deprivation and canopy shade. Considerable advancements and new insights into SLs biosynthesis, signaling and transport has been unleashed since the initial discovery. In this review we present basic overview of SL biosynthesis and perception with a detailed discussion on our present understanding of SLs and their critical role to tolerate environmental constraints. The SLs and abscisic acid interplay during the abiotic stresses is particularly highlighted. Main Conclusion: More than shoot branching Strigolactones have uttermost capacity to harmonize stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zahid Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
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10
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Tokunaga T, Hayashi H, Akiyama K. Medicaol, a strigolactone identified as a putative didehydro-orobanchol isomer, from Medicago truncatula. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 111:91-7. [PMID: 25593009 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A major strigolactone produced by the model legume Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) has been tentatively identified as a didehydro-orobanchol isomer. In this study, a putative didehydro-orobanchol isomer was isolated from root exudates collected from barrel medic grown hydroponically under phosphate-starved conditions. The structure and absolute configurations of this strigolactone, named medicaol, were determined by a combination of spectroscopic analysis and spectral comparison with 4-deoxymedicaol which was synthesized using solvolysis and rearrangement of hydroxymethylhexahydroindenone to tetrahydroazulenone as a key step. Medicaol has a seven-membered cycloheptadiene in the A ring instead of a typical six-membered cyclohexene. Medicaol and 4-deoxymedicaol showed activity comparable to their corresponding six-membered A ring relatives, orobanchol and 4-deoxyorobanchol (ent-2'-epi-5-deoxystrigol), in inducing hyphal branching of germinating spores of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita. Plausible biosynthetic pathways from 4-deoxyorobanchol to medicaol are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamami Tokunaga
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hideo Hayashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kohki Akiyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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11
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Vinoth P, Vivekanand T, Suryavanshi PA, Menéndez JC, Sasai H, Sridharan V. Palladium(ii)-catalyzed intramolecular carboxypalladation–olefin insertion cascade: direct access to indeno[1,2-b]furan-2-ones. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:5175-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00458f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An efficient intramolecular carboxypalladation–olefin insertion cascade was developed for the synthesis of indeno[1,2-b]furan-2-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Vinoth
- Organic Synthesis Group
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur 613401
| | - Thavaraj Vivekanand
- Organic Synthesis Group
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur 613401
| | - Padmakar A. Suryavanshi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad Complutense
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - J. Carlos Menéndez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad Complutense
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Hiroaki Sasai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR)
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki-shi
- Japan
| | - Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Organic Synthesis Group
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur 613401
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Tian SL, Li L, Chai WG, Shah SNM, Gong ZH. Effects of silencing key genes in the capsanthin biosynthetic pathway on fruit color of detached pepper fruits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:314. [PMID: 25403855 PMCID: PMC4245796 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many varieties of carotenoids in pepper fruits. Capsanthin is a red carotenoid that gives mature pepper fruits their red color. The red color in pepper fruits is regulated mainly by the genes capsanthin/capsorubin synthase(Ccs), phytoene synthase(Psy), lycopene-β-cyclase(Lcyb) and β-carotene hydroxylase(Crtz). There has been very limited research work related to the development and change in the red color during fruit formation and when a certain gene or several genes are deleted. In this paper, we constructed viral vectors, using the tobacco rattle virus (TRV), to carry the target gene to infect detached pepper fruits, and observed the fruits' color change. We used real-time quantitative PCR to analyze the gene silencing efficiency. At the same time, HPLC was used to determine the content of capsanthin and carotenoids that are associated with capsanthin synthesis when key genes in the pepper fruits were silenced. RESULTS These genes (Ccs, Psy, Lcyb and Crtz) were individually silenced through virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology, and pepper fruits from red fruit cultivars showed an orange or yellow color. When several genes were silenced simultaneously, the fruit also did not show the normal red color. Gene expression analysis by real-time quantitative PCR showed 70-80% efficiency of target gene silencing when using the VIGS method. HPLC analysis showed that the contents of carotenoids associated with capsanthin synthesis (e.g. β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin or zeaxanthin) were decreased in varying degrees when silencing a gene or several genes together, however, the content of capsanthin reduced significantly. The synthesis of capsanthin was influenced either directly or indirectly when any key gene was silenced. The influence of the target genes on color changes in pepper fruits was confirmed via the targeted silencing of them. CONCLUSIONS VIGS was a good method to study the molecular mechanism of pepper fruit color formation. By using virus induced gene silencing technology, capsanthin synthesis genes in pepper fruits were silenced individually or simultaneously, and pepper fruit color changes were observed. This provides a platform to further explore the molecular mechanism of pepper fruit color formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Lin Tian
- />College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 P. R. China
- />Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan 463000 P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- />Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan 463000 P. R. China
| | - Wei-Guo Chai
- />Institute of Vegetables, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024 P. R. China
| | - Syed Noor Muhammad Shah
- />College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 P. R. China
- />Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- />College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 P. R. China
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13
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Fernández-Aparicio M, Kisugi T, Xie X, Rubiales D, Yoneyama K. Low strigolactone root exudation: a novel mechanism of broomrape (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) resistance available for faba bean breeding. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7063-71. [PMID: 24974726 DOI: 10.1021/jf5027235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Faba bean yield is severely constrained in the Mediterranean region and Middle East by the parasitic weeds Orobanche crenata, O. foetida, and Phelipanche aegyptiaca. Seed germination of these weeds is triggered upon recognition of host root exudates. Only recently faba bean accessions have been identified with resistance based in low induction of parasitic seed germination, but the underlying mechanism was not identified. Strigolactones are a group of terpenoid lactones involved in the host recognition by parasitic plants. Our LC-MS/MS analysis of root exudates of the susceptible accession Prothabon detected orobanchol, orobanchyl acetate, and a novel germination stimulant. A time course analysis indicated that their concentration increased with plant age. However, low or undetectable amounts of these germination stimulants were detected in root exudates of the resistant lines Quijote and Navio at all plant ages. A time course analysis of seed germination induced by root exudates of each faba bean accession indicated important differences in the ability to stimulate parasitic germination. Results presented here show that resistance to parasitic weeds based on low strigolactone exudation does exist within faba bean germplasm. Therefore, selection for this trait is feasible in a breeding program. The remarkable fact that low induction of germination is similarly operative against O. crenata, O. foetida, and P. aegyptiaca reinforces the value of this resistance.
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14
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Chen VX, Boyer FD, Rameau C, Pillot JP, Vors JP, Beau JM. New synthesis of A-ring aromatic strigolactone analogues and their evaluation as plant hormones in pea (Pisum sativum). Chemistry 2013; 19:4849-57. [PMID: 23420702 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
A new general access to A-ring aromatic strigolactones, a new class of plant hormones, has been developed. The key transformations include in sequence ring-closing metathesis, enzymatic kinetic resolution and a radical cyclization with atom transfer to install the tricyclic ABC-ring system. The activity as plant hormones for the inhibition of shoot branching in pea of various analogues synthesized by this strategy is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor X Chen
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, INRA, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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15
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Kohlen W, Charnikhova T, Bours R, López-Ráez JA, Bouwmeester H. Tomato strigolactones: a more detailed look. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e22785. [PMID: 23221743 PMCID: PMC3745585 DOI: 10.4161/psb.22785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are plant signaling molecules that induce germination of parasitic plant seeds, initiate host plant - arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus symbiosis and act as plant hormones controlling shoot branching and root architecture. To date four unique strigolactones (e.g., orobanchol, didehydroorobanchol isomers 1 and 2 and the aromatic strigolactone solanacol) have been reported in the root exudates and extracts of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Here we report on the presence of several additional strigolactones in tomato root exudates and extracts, orobanchyl acetate, two 7-hydroxyorobanchol isomers, 7-oxoorobanchol and two additional didehydroorobanchol isomers and discuss their possible biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Kohlen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology; Wageningen University; Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research; Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence to: Wouter Kohlen,
| | - Tatsiana Charnikhova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology; Wageningen University; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph Bours
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology; Wageningen University; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan A. López-Ráez
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology; Wageningen University; Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems; Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC); Granada, Spain
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology; Wageningen University; Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics; Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Kohlen W, Charnikhova T, Lammers M, Pollina T, Tóth P, Haider I, Pozo MJ, de Maagd RA, Ruyter-Spira C, Bouwmeester HJ, López-Ráez JA. The tomato CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE8 (SlCCD8) regulates rhizosphere signaling, plant architecture and affects reproductive development through strigolactone biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:535-547. [PMID: 22924438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are plant hormones that regulate both above- and belowground plant architecture. Strigolactones were initially identified as rhizosphere signaling molecules. In the present work, the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 8 (SlCCD8) was cloned and its role in rhizosphere signaling and plant physiology assessed by generating knock-down lines. Transgenic SlCCD8 plants were generated by RNAi-mediated silencing. Lines with different levels of strigolactone reduction--confirmed by UPLC-MS/MS--were selected and their phenotypes investigated. Lines exhibiting reduced SlCCD8 levels displayed increased shoot branching, reduced plant height, increased number of nodes and excessive adventitious root development. In addition, these lines exhibited reproductive phenotypes such as smaller flowers, fruits, as well as fewer and smaller seeds per fruit. Furthermore, we show that strigolactone loading to the xylem sap is possibly restricted to orobanchol. Infestation by Phelipanche ramosa was reduced by 90% in lines with a relatively mild reduction in strigolactone biosynthesis and secretion while arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, apical dominance and fruit yield were only mildly affected. This demonstrates that reduction of strigolactone biosynthesis could be a suitable tool in parasitic weed management. Furthermore, our results suggest that strigolactones are involved in even more physiological processes than so far assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Kohlen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tatsiana Charnikhova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Lammers
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tobia Pollina
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Tóth
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Protection, Slovak Agricultural University, A. Hlinku 2, 94976, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Imran Haider
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Prof. Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Ruud A de Maagd
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, PO Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien Ruyter-Spira
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, PO Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan A López-Ráez
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Prof. Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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17
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Vollsnes AV, Melø TB, Futsaether CM. Photomorphogenesis and pigment induction in lentil seedling roots exposed to low light conditions. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:467-474. [PMID: 22117590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although roots are normally hidden in soil, they may inadvertently be exposed to low light levels in experiments or in natural conditions through cracks or light transmittance through the soil. Light has been implicated in root morphogenesis. Thus, effects of low light conditions on lentil (Lens culinaris L. cv. Verte du Puy) root morphology and root pigmentation were studied. Lentil seedlings were grown in peat or transparent, nutrient-fortified agar at a 12-h light (PAR 240 μmol · m(-2) · s(-1)), 12-h dark cycle. Roots were exposed to low levels (≈ 1-10 μmol · m(-2) · s(-1)) of broadband white light, either directly or indirectly by aboveground light penetrating the growth medium. Control roots were grown in darkness. In situ spectroscopy was used to measure transmittance and reflectance spectra of intact root tissue by mounting the upper part of the primary root directly in a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere attachment. The transmittance and reflectance spectra were used to calculate the in situ root absorbance spectrum. Absorbance bands were found in the regions 480-500 nm and 650-680 nm, possibly due to low levels of root-localised carotenoids and chlorophylls, respectively. Low light levels (≈ 1-10 μmol · m(-2) · s(-1) ) transmitted through the growth medium significantly increased root pigment concentration and root biomass, and altered root morphology by enhancing lateral root formation and inhibiting root elongation relative to roots grown in complete darkness. The light-induced changes in root morphogenesis and pigmentation appear to be primarily due to upper root light perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Vollsnes
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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18
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Wahyuni Y, Ballester AR, Sudarmonowati E, Bino RJ, Bovy AG. Metabolite biodiversity in pepper (Capsicum) fruits of thirty-two diverse accessions: variation in health-related compounds and implications for breeding. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1358-70. [PMID: 21514607 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study on morphology and biochemical compounds of 32 Capsicum spp. accessions has been performed. Accessions represented four pepper species, Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum chinense and Capsicum baccatum which were selected by their variation in morphological characters such as fruit color, pungency and origin. Major metabolites in fruits of pepper, carotenoids, capsaicinoids (pungency), flavonoid glycosides, and vitamins C and E were analyzed and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that composition and level of metabolites in fruits varied greatly between accessions and was independent of species and geographical location. Fruit color was determined by the accumulation of specific carotenoids leading to salmon, yellow, orange, red and brown colored fruits. Levels of both O- and C-glycosides of quercetin, luteolin and apigenin varied strongly between accessions. All non-pungent accessions were devoid of capsaicins, whereas capsaicinoid levels ranged from 0.07 up to 80 mg/100g fr. wt. in fruit pericarp. In general, pungent accessions accumulated the highest capsaicinoid levels in placenta plus seed tissue compared to pericarp. The non-pungent capsaicinoid analogs, capsiates, could be detected at low levels in some pungent accessions. All accessions accumulated high levels of vitamin C, up to 200 mg/100g fr. wt. The highest vitamin E concentration found was 16 mg/100g fr. wt. Based on these metabolic data, five accessions were selected for further metabolic and molecular analysis, in order to isolate key genes involved in the production of these compounds and to assist future breeding programs aimed at optimizing the levels of health-related compounds in pepper fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Wahyuni
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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19
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López-Ráez JA, Charnikhova T, Fernández I, Bouwmeester H, Pozo MJ. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis decreases strigolactone production in tomato. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:294-7. [PMID: 20934776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are a new class of plant hormones emerging as important signals in the control of plant architecture. In addition, they are key elements in plant communication with several rhizosphere organisms. Strigolactones are exuded into the soil, where they act as host detection signals for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, but also as germination stimulants for root parasitic plant seeds. Under phosphate limiting conditions, plants up-regulate the secretion of strigolactones into the rhizosphere to promote the formation of AM symbiosis. Using tomato as a model plant, we have recently shown that AM symbiosis induces changes in transcriptional and hormonal profiles. Using the same model system, here we analytically demonstrate, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, that strigolactone production is also significantly reduced upon AM symbiosis. Considering the dual role of the strigolactones in the rhizosphere as signals for AM fungi and parasitic plants, we discuss the potential implications of these changes in the plant interaction with both organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A López-Ráez
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Professor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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20
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Kohlen W, Charnikhova T, Liu Q, Bours R, Domagalska MA, Beguerie S, Verstappen F, Leyser O, Bouwmeester H, Ruyter-Spira C. Strigolactones are transported through the xylem and play a key role in shoot architectural response to phosphate deficiency in nonarbuscular mycorrhizal host Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:974-87. [PMID: 21119045 PMCID: PMC3032481 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.164640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the recently identified novel class of plant hormones, strigolactones, is up-regulated upon phosphate deficiency in many plant species. It is generally accepted that the evolutionary origin of strigolactone up-regulation is their function as a rhizosphere signal that stimulates hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In this work, we demonstrate that this induction is conserved in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), although Arabidopsis is not a host for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We demonstrate that the increase in strigolactone production contributes to the changes in shoot architecture observed in response to phosphate deficiency. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, column chromatography, and multiple reaction monitoring-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, we identified two strigolactones (orobanchol and orobanchyl acetate) in Arabidopsis and have evidence of the presence of a third (5-deoxystrigol). We show that at least one of them (orobanchol) is strongly reduced in the putative strigolactone biosynthetic mutants more axillary growth1 (max1) and max4 but not in the signal transduction mutant max2. Orobanchol was also detected in xylem sap and up-regulated under phosphate deficiency, which is consistent with the idea that root-derived strigolactones are transported to the shoot, where they regulate branching. Moreover, two additional putative strigolactone-like compounds were detected in xylem sap, one of which was not detected in root exudates. Together, these results show that xylem-transported strigolactones contribute to the regulation of shoot architectural response to phosphate-limiting conditions.
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21
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Chen VX, Boyer FD, Rameau C, Retailleau P, Vors JP, Beau JM. Stereochemistry, Total Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of the New Plant Hormone Solanacol. Chemistry 2010; 16:13941-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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López-Ráez JA, Kohlen W, Charnikhova T, Mulder P, Undas AK, Sergeant MJ, Verstappen F, Bugg TDH, Thompson AJ, Ruyter-Spira C, Bouwmeester H. Does abscisic acid affect strigolactone biosynthesis? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 187:343-354. [PMID: 20487312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
*Strigolactones are considered a novel class of plant hormones that, in addition to their endogenous signalling function, are exuded into the rhizosphere acting as a signal to stimulate hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and germination of root parasitic plant seeds. Considering the importance of the strigolactones and their biosynthetic origin (from carotenoids), we investigated the relationship with the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA). *Strigolactone production and ABA content in the presence of specific inhibitors of oxidative carotenoid cleavage enzymes and in several tomato ABA-deficient mutants were analysed by LC-MS/MS. In addition, the expression of two genes involved in strigolactone biosynthesis was studied. *The carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) inhibitor D2 reduced strigolactone but not ABA content of roots. However, in abamineSG-treated plants, an inhibitor of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), and the ABA mutants notabilis, sitiens and flacca, ABA and strigolactones were greatly reduced. The reduction in strigolactone production correlated with the downregulation of LeCCD7 and LeCCD8 genes in all three mutants. *The results show a correlation between ABA levels and strigolactone production, and suggest a role for ABA in the regulation of strigolactone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A López-Ráez
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Wouter Kohlen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tatsiana Charnikhova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Mulder
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Bornsesteeg 45, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna K Undas
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, PO Box 98, NL-6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin J Sergeant
- Warwick-HRI, Wellesbourne, University of Warwick, Warwickshire, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Francel Verstappen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, PO Box 98, NL-6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Timothy D H Bugg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Warwick-HRI, Wellesbourne, University of Warwick, Warwickshire, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Carolien Ruyter-Spira
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, PO Box 98, NL-6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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23
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Vogel JT, Walter MH, Giavalisco P, Lytovchenko A, Kohlen W, Charnikhova T, Simkin AJ, Goulet C, Strack D, Bouwmeester HJ, Fernie AR, Klee HJ. SlCCD7 controls strigolactone biosynthesis, shoot branching and mycorrhiza-induced apocarotenoid formation in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 61:300-11. [PMID: 19845881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of shoot branching is an essential determinant of plant architecture, integrating multiple external and internal signals. One of the signaling pathways regulating branching involves the MAX (more axillary branches) genes. Two of the genes within this pathway, MAX3/CCD7 and MAX4/CCD8, encode carotenoid cleavage enzymes involved in generating a branch-inhibiting hormone, recently identified as strigolactone. Here, we report the cloning of SlCCD7 from tomato. As in other species, SlCCD7 encodes an enzyme capable of cleaving cyclic and acyclic carotenoids. However, the SlCCD7 protein has 30 additional amino acids of unknown function at its C terminus. Tomato plants expressing a SlCCD7 antisense construct display greatly increased branching. To reveal the underlying changes of this strong physiological phenotype, a metabolomic screen was conducted. With the exception of a reduction of stem amino acid content in the transgenic lines, no major changes were observed. In contrast, targeted analysis of the same plants revealed significantly decreased levels of strigolactone. There were no significant changes in root carotenoids, indicating that relatively little substrate is required to produce the bioactive strigolactones. The germination rate of Orobanche ramosa seeds was reduced by up to 90% on application of extract from the SlCCD7 antisense lines, compared with the wild type. Additionally, upon mycorrhizal colonization, C(13) cyclohexenone and C(14) mycorradicin apocarotenoid levels were greatly reduced in the roots of the antisense lines, implicating SlCCD7 in their biosynthesis. This work demonstrates the diverse roles of MAX3/CCD7 in strigolactone production, shoot branching, source-sink interactions and production of arbuscular mycorrhiza-induced apocarotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Vogel
- Horticultural Sciences Department and the Plant Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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24
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López-Ráez JA, Matusova R, Cardoso C, Jamil M, Charnikhova T, Kohlen W, Ruyter-Spira C, Verstappen F, Bouwmeester H. Strigolactones: ecological significance and use as a target for parasitic plant control. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2009; 65:471-7. [PMID: 19115242 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic weeds cause severe damage to important agricultural crops. Although some promising control methods against these parasitic plants have been developed, new strategies continue to be relevant in integrated approaches. The life cycle for root parasitic weeds is intimately associated with their host and is a suitable target for such new control strategies, particularly when directed at the early stages of the host-parasite interaction. Here, the authors focus on knowledge of the germination stimulants-strigolactones-for the root parasitic plants Striga and Orobanche spp. and discuss their biosynthetic origin, ecological significance and physiological and biochemical regulation. In addition, the existing and possible new control strategies that are based on this knowledge, and that could lead to more efficient control methods against these root parasitic weeds, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A López-Ráez
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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