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Turnaturi R, Montenegro L, Marrazzo A, Parenti R, Pasquinucci L, Parenti C. Benzomorphan skeleton, a versatile scaffold for different targets: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:492-502. [PMID: 29908442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the benzomorphan skeleton has mainly been employed in medicinal chemistry for the development of opioid analgesics, it is a versatile structure. Its stereochemistry, as well as opportune modifications at the phenolic hydroxyl group and at the basic nitrogen, play a pivotal role addressing the benzomorphan-based compounds to a specific target. In this review, we describe the structure activity-relationships (SARs) of benzomorphan-based compounds acting at sigma 1 receptor (σ1R), sigma 2 receptor (σ2R), voltage-dependent sodium channel, N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor-channel complex and other targets. Collectively, the SARs data have highlighted that the benzomorphan nucleus could be regarded as a useful template for the synthesis of drug candidates for different targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Turnaturi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95100, Catania, Italy.
| | - Lucia Montenegro
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lorella Pasquinucci
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmela Parenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
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2
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Neumeyer JL, Zhang B, Zhang T, Sromek AW, Knapp BI, Cohen DJ, Bidlack JM. Synthesis, binding affinity, and functional in vitro activity of 3-benzylaminomorphinan and 3-benzylaminomorphine ligands at opioid receptors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3878-90. [PMID: 22439881 PMCID: PMC3375359 DOI: 10.1021/jm3001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-benzylamino-3-desoxymorphinan (I) and 3-benzylamino-3-desoxymorphine (II) derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their binding affinities, and functional activity data are presented at MOR, KOR, and DOR. Some of these ligands were found to have high binding affinity at MOR and KOR and displayed increased selectivity at MOR over KOR and DOR compared to butorphan or cyclorphan. The most selective compound, 3-(3'-hydroxybenzyl)amino-17-methylmorphinan (4g) (24-fold MOR to KOR and 1700-fold MOR to DOR) also showed high binding affinity (0.42 nM to MOR) and was a full agonist in the [(35)S]GTPγS binding assay. 2-(3'-Hydroxybenzyl)amino-17-cyclopropylmethylmorphinan (17) was found to be a KOR-selective ligand (150-fold over MOR and >10000-fold over the DORs). Most 3-benzylaminomorphinan derivatives were partial agonists at MOR and full agonists at KOR in the [(35)S]GTPγS binding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Neumeyer
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478-9106, USA.
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3
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Ketterer C, Wünsch B. Lipase-Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of 2-Phenylethanol Derivatives and Chiral Oxa-Pictet-Spengler Reaction as the Key Steps in the Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Tricyclic Amines. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Nahas RI, Lever JR, Lever SZ. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of N-(3-phenylpropyl)-N′-benzylpiperazines: Potent ligands for σ1 and σ2 receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:755-61. [PMID: 18029187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 09/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger I Nahas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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5
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Boulanger WA. Improved Resolution of (±)-cis-2′-Hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-6, 7-benzomorphan and Preparation of Racemic, (+)-, and (-)-cis-2-Methylcyclopropyl-2′-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-6,7-benzomorphan (Cyclazocine). SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919908086216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Wentland MP, Ye Y, Cioffi CL, Lou R, Zhou Q, Xu G, Duan W, Dehnhardt CM, Sun X, Cohen DJ, Bidlack JM. Syntheses and opioid receptor binding affinities of 8-amino-2,6-methano-3-benzazocines. J Med Chem 2003; 46:838-49. [PMID: 12593663 DOI: 10.1021/jm020429w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
8-Amino-2,6-methano-3-benzazocine derivatives have been made using Pd-catalyzed amination procedures, and their affinities for opioid receptors were assessed. The 8-amino group was hypothesized to be a replacement for the prototypic 8-OH substituent for 2,6-methano-3-benzazocines and related opiates. This OH group is generally required for binding yet is implicated in unfavorable pharmacokinetic characteristics such as low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance via O-glucuronidation. The core structures in which the 8-OH group was replaced were cyclazocine and its enantiomers, ethylketocyclazocine and its enantiomers, ketocyclazocine, and Mr2034. Many new analogues had high affinity for opioid receptors with several in the subnanomolar range. Highest affinity was seen in analogues with secondary 8-(hetero)arylamino appendages. Binding to opioid receptors was enantioselective with the (2R,6R,11R)-configuration preferred and high selectivity for mu and kappa over delta opioid receptors was observed within the series. Several derivatives were shown to have intrinsic opioid-receptor-mediated activity in [(35)S]GTPgammaS assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Wentland
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA.
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7
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Ronsisvalle G, Prezzavento O, Marrazzo A, Vittorio F, Massimino M, Murari G, Spampinato S. Synthesis of (+)-cis-N-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-N-normetazocine, an isothiocyanate derivative of N-benzylnormetazocine as acylant agent for the sigma(1) receptor. J Med Chem 2002; 45:2662-5. [PMID: 12036376 DOI: 10.1021/jm010501a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(+)-cis-N-(4-Isothiocyanatobenzyl)-N-normetazocine (BNIT) (+)-(4) was designed and synthesized as a derivative of the potent and selective sigma(1) receptor ligand (+)-cis-N-benzyl-N-normetazocine for irreversibly blocking sigma(1) binding sites. Pretreatment of guinea pig brain membranes with BNIT (0.1, 1, and 5 microM) caused a concentration-dependent loss of binding of the selective sigma(1) ligand [(3)H]-(+)-pentazocine. Binding experiments with [(3)H]-1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine ([(3)H]-DTG), a ligand of sigma(1) and sigma(2) receptors, showed that pretreatment with BNIT blocked only the sigma(1) component of [(3)H]-DTG binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ronsisvalle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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8
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Wentland MP, Lou R, Dehnhardt CM, Duan W, Cohen DJ, Bidlack JM. 3-Carboxamido analogues of morphine and naltrexone. synthesis and opioid receptor binding properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1717-21. [PMID: 11425545 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In response to the unexpectedly high affinity for opioid receptors observed in a novel series of cyclazocine analogues where the prototypic 8-OH was replaced by a carboxamido group, we have prepared the corresponding 3-CONH(2) analogues of morphine and naltrexone. High affinity (K(i)=34 and 1.7nM) for mu opioid receptors was seen, however, the new targets were 39- and 11-fold less potent than morphine and naltrexone, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Wentland
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, 12180, Troy, NY, USA.
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9
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Wentland MP, Lou R, Ye Y, Cohen DJ, Richardson GP, Bidlack JM. 8-Carboxamidocyclazocine analogues: redefining the structure-activity relationships of 2,6-methano-3-benzazocines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:623-6. [PMID: 11266156 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Unexpectedly high affinity for opioid receptors has been observed for a novel series of cyclazocine analogues where the prototypic 8-OH was replaced by a carboxamido group. For mu and kappa opioid receptors, the primary carboxamido derivative of cyclazocine ((+/-)-15) displayed high affinity (Ki=0.41 and 0.53 nM, respectively) nearly comparable to cyclazocine. A high enantiopreference ((2R,6R,11R)-) for binding was also observed. Compound (+/-)-15 also displayed potent antinociception activity in mice when administered icv.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Wentland
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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10
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Wentland MP, Duan W, Cohen DJ, Bidlack JM. Selective protection and functionalization of morphine: synthesis and opioid receptor binding properties of 3-amino-3-desoxymorphine derivatives. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3558-65. [PMID: 11000010 DOI: 10.1021/jm000119i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As part of an effort to identify novel opioid receptor interactive agents, we recently prepared a series of 8-(substituted)amino analogues of cyclazocine. We found the chiral 8-phenylamino (NHC(6)H(5)) cyclazocine derivative to have subnanomolar affinity for kappa opioid receptors and a 2-fold lower affinity for mu, opioid receptors. To determine if the benefits of (substituted)amino groups could be extended to the morphine core structure, we have made five novel 3-amino-3-desoxymorphine derivatives of general structure 5 where RR'N = H(2)N, CH(3)NH, (CH(3))(2)N, C(6)H(5)NH, and C(6)H(5)CH(2)NH. Relative to morphine, these derivatives had 38-273-fold, 11-41-fold, and 10-141-fold lower affinity for mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors, respectively. Target compounds were made via Pd-catalyzed amination of a morphine 3-trifluoromethylsulfonate substrate where the 6-OH group was protected with a tert-butyldiphenylsilyl group. To make 6-tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxymorphine selectively, a new high-yield method was developed whereby morphine was bis-silylated using normal conditions followed by selective removal of the 3-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl group with catalytic tetrabutylammonium fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Wentland
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA.
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11
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Wentland MP, Xu G, Cioffi CL, Ye Y, Duan W, Cohen DJ, Colasurdo AM, Bidlack JM. 8-Aminocyclazocine analogues: synthesis and structure-activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:183-7. [PMID: 10673107 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Opioid binding affinities were assessed for a series of cyclazocine analogues where the prototypic 8-OH substituent of cyclazocine was replaced by amino and substituted-amino groups. For mu and kappa opioid receptors, secondary amine derivatives having the (2R,6R,11R)-configuration had the highest affinity. Most targets were efficiently synthesized from the triflate of cyclazocine or its enantiomers using Pd-catalyzed amination procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Wentland
- Departmnent of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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12
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Carroll FI, Bai X, Dehghani A, Mascarella SW, Williams W, Bowen WD. Asymmetric synthesis of 9-alkyl-2-benzyl-6,7-benzomorphans: characterization as novel sigma receptor ligands. J Med Chem 1999; 42:4621-9. [PMID: 10579824 DOI: 10.1021/jm990169r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A convenient enantioselective synthesis of (1R,5R,9R)- and (1S,5S, 9S)-9-alkyl-2-benzyl-6,7-benzomorphans (2a-c) which starts with naphthaldehyde is described. These compounds were designed to gain additional information on the structure-sigma binding relationship of the 6,7-benzomorphan class of sigma ligands. In contrast to pentazocine and most 6,7-benzomorphans, the (1R,5R,9R)-isomers of 2a-c showed greater affinity for the sigma(1) receptor than the (1S, 5S,9S)-isomers. Despite reversal of enantioselectivity at the sigma(1) sites, moderate affinity and enantioselectivity at the sigma(2) sites [greater affinity for (1R,5R,9R)-isomers than (1S,5S, 9S)-isomers] were maintained. A comparison of the binding affinities of 2a-c to the more conformationally flexible trans-2-alkyl-1-benzaminoethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalenes (10a-c) suggested that the relatively rigid structure of 2a-c played an important part in their sigma(1) binding properties. These compounds, particularly (1R,5R,9R)-2-benzyl-9-methyl-6,7-benzomorphan [(-)-2a], which has a K(i) value of 0.96 nM, will be useful in further characterization of the sigma(1) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- F I Carroll
- Chemistry and Life Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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13
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Ronsisvalle G, Marrazzo A, Prezzavento O, Pasquinucci L, Vittorio F, Pittalà V, Pappalardo MS, Cacciaguerra S, Spampinato S. (+)-cis-N-ethyleneamino-N-normetazocine derivatives. Novel and selective sigma ligands with antagonist properties. J Med Chem 1998; 41:1574-80. [PMID: 9572883 DOI: 10.1021/jm970333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of (+)-cis-N-normetazocine derivatives has been described, and their affinities for sigma1, sigma2, and phencyclidine (PCP) sites and opioid, muscarinic (M2), dopamine (D2), and serotonin (5-HT2) receptors were evaluated. The effect of the N-substitution with a substituted ethylamino spacer was investigated. Compounds 8c-11c displayed high affinities for sigma1 sites and for opioid receptors. Substitution of the second basic nitrogen either with alkyl or cycloalkyl substituents give compounds (1a-6a) with high affinity and selectivity for sigma1 binding sites. Compounds 1a-5a were further characterized in vivo, and their agonist/antagonist activity was evaluated. In mouse, compound 1a and 2a as well as haloperidol suppressed in a dose-related manner the stereotyped behavior induced by (+)-SKF 10,047. Compounds 3a-5a and (+)-pentazocine do not affect the stereotyped behavior induced by ip injection of (+)-SKF 10,047. Therefore, from this series of compounds we identified potent and selective sigma1 ligands which might prove useful to unveil the functional role of sigma1 sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ronsisvalle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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14
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Waterhouse RN, Mardon K, Giles KM, Collier TL, O'Brien JC. Halogenated 4-(phenoxymethyl)piperidines as potential radiolabeled probes for sigma-1 receptors: in vivo evaluation of [123I]-1-(iodopropen-2-yl)-4-[(4-cyanophenoxy)methyl]pip eri dine. J Med Chem 1997; 40:1657-67. [PMID: 9171875 DOI: 10.1021/jm960720+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Several halogenated 4-(4-phenoxymethyl)piperidines were synthesized as potential sigma receptor ligands. The affinity and selectivity of these compounds were determined using in vitro receptor binding assays, and their log P values were estimated using HPLC analysis. The effect of various N-substituents on the sigma-1 and sigma-2 dissociation constants was examined. These substituents included fluoroalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, iodopropenyl, and selected ortho-, meta-, and para-substituted benzyl groups. Also determined were the effects of various moieties on the phenoxy ring; specifically 4-iodo, 4-bromo, 4-nitro, 4-cyano, 3-bromo, and pentafluoro substituents were examined. The ranges in the dissociation constants of these compounds for sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors were 0.38-24.3 and 3.9-361 nM, respectively. The ratio of Ki (sigma-2/sigma-1) ranged from 1.19 to 121. One of the most promising of the iodinated ligands, 1-(trans-iodopropen-2-yl)-4-[(4-cyanophenoxy)methyl]piperidi ne (4), was labeled with 123I and studied in vivo in adult male rats. High uptake and good retention of radioactivity was observed in the brain and many other organs known to possess sigma receptors. Blocking studies revealed high specific binding of [123I]-4 to sigma receptors in the brain, lung, kidney, heart, muscle, and other organs known to possess these sites. These results indicate that [123I]-4 and other halogenated 4-(phenoxymethyl)piperidines of this series may provide useful probes for in vivo tomographic studies of sigma receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Waterhouse
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, ANSTO, Menai NSW, Australia
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Dence CS, John CS, Bowen WD, Welch MJ. Synthesis and evaluation of [18F] labeled benzamides: high affinity sigma receptor ligands for PET imaging. Nucl Med Biol 1997; 24:333-40. [PMID: 9257332 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(97)00001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized and characterized four new fluorinated halobenzamides as sigma receptor ligands for use with positron emission tomography (PET). All the compounds were found to have high sigma-1 affinities (Ki = 0.38-0.98 nM), and the 4-fluoro-substituted benzamides were found to be more potent sigma-2 ligands (Ki = 3.77-4.02 nM) than their corresponding 2-fluoro analogs (Ki = 20.3-22.8 nM). The [18F] radiochemical syntheses of two of the analogs gave overall yields between 3-10% (EOS), radiochemical purities > 99%, and specific activities between 800-1200 Ci/mmol (29.6-44.4 TBq/mmol). Rat biodistribution and blocking experiments were performed with 2-[18F](N-fluorobenzylpiperidin-4yl)-4-iodobenzamide, the analog with the best Ki value for sigma-1 sites (0.38 nM). Results of these experiments demonstrate specific uptake of the compound in tissues believed to contain sigma receptors, such as lungs, kidneys, heart, brain, and spleen and indicate its potential as a candidate for use in PET imaging of tissues containing these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Dence
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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