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Hubler Z, Friedrich RM, Sax JL, Allimuthu D, Gao F, Rivera-León AM, Pleshinger MJ, Bederman I, Adams DJ. Modulation of lanosterol synthase drives 24,25-epoxysterol synthesis and oligodendrocyte formation. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:866-875.e5. [PMID: 33636107 PMCID: PMC8217109 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules that promote the formation of new myelinating oligodendrocytes from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are potential therapeutics for demyelinating diseases. We recently established inhibition of specific cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes and resulting accumulation of 8,9-unsaturated sterols as a unifying mechanism through which many such molecules act. To identify more potent sterol enhancers of oligodendrocyte formation, we synthesized a collection of 8,9-unsaturated sterol derivatives and found that 24,25-epoxylanosterol potently promoted oligodendrocyte formation. In OPCs, 24,25-epoxylanosterol was metabolized to 24,25-epoxycholesterol via the epoxycholesterol shunt pathway. Increasing flux through the epoxycholesterol shunt using genetic manipulation or small-molecule inhibition of lanosterol synthase (LSS) increased endogenous 24,25-epoxycholesterol levels and OPC differentiation. Notably, exogenously supplied 24,25-epoxycholesterol promoted oligodendrocyte formation despite lacking an 8,9-unsaturation. This work highlights epoxycholesterol shunt usage, controlled by inhibitors of LSS, as a target to promote oligodendrocyte formation. Additionally, sterols beyond the 8,9-unsaturated sterols, including 24,25-epoxycholesterol, drive oligodendrocyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Hubler
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ryan M Friedrich
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Joel L Sax
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Dharmaraja Allimuthu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Farrah Gao
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Adrianna M Rivera-León
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Matthew J Pleshinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Drew J Adams
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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2
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Clare RH, Bardelle C, Harper P, Hong WD, Börjesson U, Johnston KL, Collier M, Myhill L, Cassidy A, Plant D, Plant H, Clark R, Cook DAN, Steven A, Archer J, McGillan P, Charoensutthivarakul S, Bibby J, Sharma R, Nixon GL, Slatko BE, Cantin L, Wu B, Turner J, Ford L, Rich K, Wigglesworth M, Berry NG, O'Neill PM, Taylor MJ, Ward SA. Industrial scale high-throughput screening delivers multiple fast acting macrofilaricides. Nat Commun 2019; 10:11. [PMID: 30602718 PMCID: PMC6315057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematodes causing lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis rely on their bacterial endosymbiont, Wolbachia, for survival and fecundity, making Wolbachia a promising therapeutic target. Here we perform a high-throughput screen of AstraZeneca’s 1.3 million in-house compound library and identify 5 novel chemotypes with faster in vitro kill rates (<2 days) than existing anti-Wolbachia drugs that cure onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. This industrial scale anthelmintic neglected tropical disease (NTD) screening campaign is the result of a partnership between the Anti-Wolbachia consortium (A∙WOL) and AstraZeneca. The campaign was informed throughout by rational prioritisation and triage of compounds using cheminformatics to balance chemical diversity and drug like properties reducing the chance of attrition from the outset. Ongoing development of these multiple chemotypes, all with superior time-kill kinetics than registered antibiotics with anti-Wolbachia activity, has the potential to improve upon the current therapeutic options and deliver improved, safer and more selective macrofilaricidal drugs. Parasitic nematodes causing onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis rely on a bacterial endosymbiont, Wolbachia, which is a validated therapeutic target. Here, Clare et al. perform a high-throughput screen of 1.3 million compounds and identify 5 chemotypes with faster kill rates than existing anti-Wolbachia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Clare
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Catherine Bardelle
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Paul Harper
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - W David Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Ulf Börjesson
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Kelly L Johnston
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Matthew Collier
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Laura Myhill
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Andrew Cassidy
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Darren Plant
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Helen Plant
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Roger Clark
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Darren A N Cook
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Andrew Steven
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - John Archer
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Paul McGillan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Sitthivut Charoensutthivarakul
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jaclyn Bibby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Raman Sharma
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Gemma L Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Barton E Slatko
- Genome Biology Division, New England Biolabs, Inc, Ipswich, 01938, MA, USA
| | - Lindsey Cantin
- Genome Biology Division, New England Biolabs, Inc, Ipswich, 01938, MA, USA
| | - Bo Wu
- Genome Biology Division, New England Biolabs, Inc, Ipswich, 01938, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Turner
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Louise Ford
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Kirsty Rich
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Mark Wigglesworth
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Neil G Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Stephen A Ward
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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3
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Chen D, Xu F, Zhang P, Deng J, Sun H, Wen X, Liu J. Practical Synthesis of α-Amyrin, β-Amyrin, and Lupeol: The Potential Natural Inhibitors of Human Oxidosqualene Cyclase. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [PMID: 29027714 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A practical synthesis of α-amyrin (1), β-amyrin (2), and lupeol (3) was accomplished in total yields of 32, 42, and 40% starting from easily available ursolic acid (4), oleanolic acid (5), and betulin (6), respectively. Remarkably, these three natural pentacyclic triterpenes exhibited potential inhibitory activity against human oxidosqualene cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengguo Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoan Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Rabelo VWH, Romeiro NC, Abreu PA. Design strategies of oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors: Targeting the sterol biosynthetic pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:305-317. [PMID: 28479228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the sterol biosynthesis pathway has been explored for the development of new bioactive compounds. Among the enzymes of this pathway, oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) which catalyzes lanosterol cyclization from 2,3-oxidosqualene has emerged as an attractive target. In this work, we reviewed the most promising OSC inhibitors from different organisms and their potential for the development of new antiparasitic, antifungal, hypocholesterolemic and anticancer drugs. Different strategies have been adopted for the discovery of new OSC inhibitors, such as structural modifications of the natural substrate or the reaction intermediates, the use of the enzyme's structural information to discover compounds with novel chemotypes, modifications of known inhibitors and the use of molecular modeling techniques such as docking and virtual screening to search for new inhibitors. This review brings new perspectives on structural insights of OSC from different organisms and reveals the broad structural diversity of OSC inhibitors which may help evidence lead compounds for further investigations with various therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Won-Held Rabelo
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Pesquisa em Ciências Farmacêuticas, LaMCiFar, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Campus Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto, Macaé 27965-045, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé Professor Aloísio Teixeira, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nelilma Correia Romeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Computação Científica, LICC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Macaé, RJ, 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Paula Alvarez Abreu
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Pesquisa em Ciências Farmacêuticas, LaMCiFar, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Campus Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto, Macaé 27965-045, RJ, Brazil.
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5
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Qu C, Ding M, Zhu Y, Lu Y, Du J, Miller M, Tian J, Zhu J, Xu J, Wen M, Er-Bu AGA, Wang J, Xiao Y, Wu M, McManus OB, Li M, Wu J, Luo HR, Cao Z, Shen B, Wang H, Zhu MX, Hong X. Pyrazolopyrimidines as Potent Stimulators for Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 3/6/7 Channels. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4680-4692. [PMID: 28395140 PMCID: PMC5720685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical 3/6/7 (TRPC3/6/7) are highly homologous receptor-operated nonselective cation channels. Despite their physiological significance, very few selective and potent agonists are available for functional examination of these channels. Using a cell-based high throughput screening approach, a lead compound with the pyrazolopyrimidine skeleton was identified as a TRPC6 agonist. Synthetic schemes for the lead and its analogues were established, and structural-activity relationship studies were carried out. A series of potent and direct agonists of TRPC3/6/7 channels were identified, and among them, 4m-4p have a potency order of TRPC3 > C7 > C6, with 4n being the most potent with an EC50 of <20 nM on TRPC3. Importantly, these compounds exhibited no stimulatory activity on related TRP channels. The potent and selective compounds described here should be suitable for evaluation of the roles of TRPC channels in the physiology and pathogenesis of diseases, including glomerulosclerosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Mingmin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Yingmin Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yungang Lu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Juan Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Melissa Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, High Throughput Biology Center and Johns Hopkins Ion Channel Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jinbin Tian
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jinmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Provincial Key laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
- The International Scientist Working Station of Neuropharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Meng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - AGA Er-Bu
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lasa, Tibet 850000, China
| | - Jule Wang
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lasa, Tibet 850000, China
| | - Yuling Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, High Throughput Biology Center and Johns Hopkins Ion Channel Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Owen B. McManus
- Department of Neuroscience, High Throughput Biology Center and Johns Hopkins Ion Channel Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neuroscience, High Throughput Biology Center and Johns Hopkins Ion Channel Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jilin Wu
- The International Scientist Working Station of Neuropharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huai-Rong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650201, China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Provincial Key laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
| | - Bing Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, Shangdong Province 264005, China
| | - Michael X. Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- The International Scientist Working Station of Neuropharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuechuan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lasa, Tibet 850000, China
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6
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Joy M, Adeniyi AA, Mathews A, Mathew B, Prasanth S, Soliman ME, Malayan JJ, Anabha E. Probing mechanism of α-formylketene dithioacetal towards the facile formation of functionalized pyrimidines: A structural approach. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Watanabe T, Kurata I, Umezawa Y, Takahashi Y, Akamatsu Y. Inhibitors of human 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) discovered by virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:231-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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8
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Trapani L, Segatto M, Ascenzi P, Pallottini V. Potential role of nonstatin cholesterol lowering agents. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:964-71. [PMID: 21990243 DOI: 10.1002/iub.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although statins, 3β-hydroxy-3β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) inhibitors, have revolutionized the management of cardiovascular diseases by lowering serum low density lipoproteins, many patients suffer from their side effects. Whether the statin side effects are related to their intrinsic toxicity or to the decrease of HMGR main isoprenoid end products, which are essential compounds for cell viability, is still debated. In addition to HMGR, the key and rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis, many enzymes are involved in this multi-step pathway whose inhibition could be taken into account for a "nonstatin approach" in the management of hypercholesterolemia. In particular, due to their unique position downstream from HMGR, the inhibition of squalene synthase, farnesyl diphosphate farnesyltransferase (FDFT1), squalene epoxidase (SQLE), and oxidosqualene cyclase:lanosterol synthase (OSC) should decrease plasma levels of cholesterol without affecting ubiquinone, dolichol, and isoprenoid metabolism. Thus, although FDFT1, SQLE and OSC are little studied, they should be considered as perspective targets for the development of novel drugs against hypercholesterolemia. Here, structure-function relationships of FDFT1, SQLE, and OSC are reviewed highlighting the advantages that the downstream inhibition of HMGR could provide when compared to the statin-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Trapani
- Department of Biology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Roma, Italy
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9
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Zhou Q, Qu Y, Mangrum JB, Wang X. DNA Alkylation with N-Methylquinolinium Quinone Methide to N2-dG Adducts Resulting in Extensive Stops in Primer Extension with DNA Polymerases and Subsequent Suppression of GFP Expression in A549 Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:402-11. [PMID: 21306116 DOI: 10.1021/tx100351c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qibing Zhou
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
- Department of medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - John B. Mangrum
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Xing Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
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10
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Watanabe T, Umezawa Y, Takahashi Y, Akamatsu Y. Novel pyrrole- and 1,2,3-triazole-based 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5807-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Fouchet MH, Donche F, Martin C, Bouillot A, Junot C, Boullay AB, Potvain F, Magny SD, Coste H, Walker M, Issandou M, Dodic N. Design and evaluation of a novel series of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors with low systemic exposure, relationship between pharmacokinetic properties and ocular toxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6218-32. [PMID: 18467104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe the discovery of novel potent inhibitors of 2,3-oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase inhibitors (OSCi) from a focused pharmacophore-based screen. Optimization of the most tractable hits gave a series of compounds showing inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis at 2mg/kg in the rat with distinct pharmacokinetic profiles. Two compounds were selected for toxicological study in the rat for 21 days in order to test the hypothesis that low systemic exposure could be used as a strategy to avoid the ocular side effects previously described with OSCi. We demonstrate that for this series of inhibitors, a reduction of systemic exposure is not sufficient to circumvent cataract liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Fouchet
- Department of Medicinal chemistry, Laboratoire GlaxoSmithKline, 25-27 Avenue du Québec, 91951 Les Ulis, France.
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12
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Korošec T, Ačimovič J, Seliškar M, Kocjan D, Tacer KF, Rozman D, Urleb U. Novel cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors targeting human lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51). Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:209-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 09/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Hinshaw JC, Suh DY, Garnier P, Buckner FS, Eastman RT, Matsuda SPT, Joubert BM, Coppens I, Joiner KA, Merali S, Nash TE, Prestwich GD. Oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors as antimicrobial agents. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4240-3. [PMID: 13678402 DOI: 10.1021/jm034126t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) inhibitors were found to be effective in assays against cloned OSC-like enzymes from human pathogens. A combinatorial library was prepared and used to identify lead compounds that inhibit the growth of Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania mexicana amazonensis, and Pneumocystis carinii in culture. Selectivity for the microorganisms in preference to mammalian cells was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald C Hinshaw
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108-1257, USA
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Dehmlow H, Aebi JD, Jolidon S, Ji YH, von der Mark EM, Himber J, Morand OH. Synthesis and structure-activity studies of novel orally active non-terpenoic 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:3354-70. [PMID: 12852766 DOI: 10.1021/jm021120f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New orally active non-terpenoic inhibitors of human 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (hOSC) are reported. The starting point for the optimization process was a set of compounds derived from a fungicide project, which in addition to showing high affinity for OSC from Candida albicans showed also high affinity for human OSC. Common structural elements of these inhibitors are an amine residue and an electrophilic carbonyl C atom embedded in a benzophenone system, which are at a distance of about 10.7 A. Considering that the keto moiety is in a potentially labile position, modifications of the substitution pattern at the benzophenone as well as annelated heteroaryl systems were explored. Our approach combined testing of the compounds first for increased binding affinity and for increased stability in vitro. Most promising compounds were then evaluated for their efficacy in lowering plasma total cholesterol (TC) and plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in hyperlipidemic hamsters. In this respect, the most promising compounds are the benzophenone derivative 1.fumarate and the benzo[d]isothiazol 24.fumarate, which lowered TC by 40% and 33%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Dehmlow
- Pharmaceuticals Division, Preclinical Research, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Walker MA, Langston S. Monitor: molecules and profiles. Drug Discov Today 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(01)02078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Brown GR, Foubister AJ, Johnson MC, Newcombe NJ, Waterson D, Wells SL. Novel 4-piperidinopyridine inhibitors of oxidosqualene cyclase-lanosterol synthase derived by consideration of inhibitor pK(a). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2213-6. [PMID: 11514173 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Potent inhibition of rat microsomal oxidosqualene cyclase-lanosterol synthase (OSC) was maintained after structural modification of the 4-piperidinopyridine OSC inhibitor series. These novel analogues with a much lower pK(a) range (5.8-6.7) gave potent oral inhibition of rat cholesterol biosynthesis (8 ED(80) 0.7 mg/kg), and diminished effects on rat feeding after a 100 mg/kg oral dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Brown
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, Cheshire, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Barrett
- Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Company, 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, 532-8514, Tel: +81 6 6390 12856; fax: +81 6 6304 5435, Osaka, Japan
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