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Eyilcim Ö, Günay F, Ng YY, Ulucan Açan Ö, Turgut Z, Günkara ÖT. Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of a New Series of Maleimide Derivatives. ChemistryOpen 2024:e202400058. [PMID: 39313991 DOI: 10.1002/open.202400058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of novel maleimide derivatives were synthesized, with various heterocyclic compounds serving as side chains in the synthesis process. The structural characteristics of these compounds were elucidated through the application of 1H-NMR spectroscopy, 13C-NMR (APT) spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The anti-cancer potential of these compounds was subsequently assessed in vitro, utilizing two distinct breast cancer cell lines, namely MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, via MTT assay. Among the 12 newly synthesized compounds, 4 a, 4 b, 4 c, 4 d, 5 a, 5 b, 5 c and 5 d were determined to show the most promising anti-cancer activity against both breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, the morphological changes induced in the cells following a 24-hour incubation period with these compounds were observed using light microscopy. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to assess the stability of the bound conformations of the compounds to the target protein GSK-3β as obtained through molecular docking calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Öznur Eyilcim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Science, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpaşa Campus, 34220, Esenler, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Food Technology Programme, Vocational School of Health Services, Üsküdar University, Carsi Campus, Üsküdar, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Fulya Günay
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yuk Yin Ng
- Hogeshooldocent Life Science, Instıtue for Life Science & Chemistry, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Özlem Ulucan Açan
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zuhal Turgut
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Science, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpaşa Campus, 34220, Esenler, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ömer Tahir Günkara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Science, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpaşa Campus, 34220, Esenler, Istanbul, Türkiye
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2
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Cooney LN, O’Shea KD, Winfield HJ, Cahill MM, Pierce LT, McCarthy FO. Bisindolyl Maleimides and Indolylmaleimide Derivatives-A Review of Their Synthesis and Bioactivity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1191. [PMID: 37764999 PMCID: PMC10534823 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of bisindolyl maleimides and indolyl maleimide derivatives and their unique biological activities have stimulated great interest in medicinal chemistry programs. Bisindolylmaleimide (BIM)-type compounds arise from natural sources such as arcyriarubin and are biosynthetically related to indolocarbazoles. BIMs are commonly the immediate synthetic precursors of indolocarbazoles, lacking a central bond between the two aromatic units and making them more flexible and drug-like. Synthetic endeavours within this class of compounds are broad and have led to the development of both remarkably potent and selective protein kinase inhibitors. Clinical BIM examples include ruboxistaurin and enzastaurin, which are highly active inhibitors of protein kinase C-β. While BIMs are widely recognised as protein kinase inhibitors, other modes of activity have been reported, including the inhibition of calcium signalling and antimicrobial activity. Critically, structural differences can be used to exploit new bioactivity and therefore it is imperative to discover new chemical entities to address new targets. BIMs can be highly functionalised or chemically manipulated, which provides the opportunity to generate new derivatives with unique biological profiles. This review will collate new synthetic approaches to BIM-type compounds and their associated bioactivities with a focus on clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Florence O. McCarthy
- School of Chemistry and ABCRF, University College Cork, Western Road, T12K8AF Cork, Ireland; (L.N.C.); (K.D.O.); (H.J.W.); (M.M.C.); (L.T.P.)
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3
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Development of inhibitors targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3β for human diseases: Strategies to improve selectivity. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114301. [PMID: 35390715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase that participates in the transmission of multiple signaling pathways and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of human diseases, such as metabolic diseases, neurological diseases and cancer, making it to be a potential and promising drug target. To date, copious GSK-3β inhibitors have been synthesized, but only few have entered clinical trials. Most of them exerts poor selectivity, concomitant off-target effects and side effects. This review summarizes the structural characteristics, biological functions and relationship with diseases of GSK-3β, as well as the selectivity profile and therapeutic potential of different categories of GSK-3β inhibitors. Strategies for increasing selectivity and reducing adverse effects are proposed for the future design of GSK-3β inhibitors.
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4
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Gianferrara T, Cescon E, Grieco I, Spalluto G, Federico S. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Involvement in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4631-4697. [PMID: 35170406 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220216113517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GSK-3β activity has been strictly related to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Alzheimer's disease is the most studied neurodegenerative disease, but GSK-3β seems to be involved in almost all neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease and the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to help researchers both working on this research topic or not to have a comprehensive overview on GSK-3β in the context of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. METHOD Literature has been searched using PubMed and SciFinder databases by inserting specific keywords. A total of more than 500 articles have been discussed. RESULTS First of all, the structure and regulation of the kinase were briefly discussed and then, specific GSK-3β implications in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases were illustrated also with the help of figures, to conclude with a comprehensive overview on the most important GSK-3β and multitarget inhibitors. For all discussed compounds, the structure and IC50 values at the target kinase have been reported. CONCLUSION GSK-3β is involved in several signaling pathways both in neurons as well as in glial cells and immune cells. The fine regulation and interconnection of all these pathways are at the base of the rationale use of GSK-3β inhibitors in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In fact, some compounds are now under clinical trials. Despite this, pharmacodynamic and ADME/Tox profiles of the compounds were often not fully characterized and this is deleterious in such a complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gianferrara
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cescon
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilenia Grieco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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5
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Vignaux P, Minerali E, Foil DH, Puhl AC, Ekins S. Machine Learning for Discovery of GSK3β Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:26551-26561. [PMID: 33110983 PMCID: PMC7581251 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting approximately 35 million people worldwide. The current treatment options for people with AD consist of drugs designed to slow the rate of decline in memory and cognition, but these treatments are not curative, and patients eventually suffer complete cognitive injury. With the substantial amounts of published data on targets for this disease, we proposed that machine learning software could be used to find novel small-molecule treatments that can supplement the AD drugs currently on the market. In order to do this, we used publicly available data in ChEMBL to build and validate Bayesian machine learning models for AD target proteins. The first AD target that we have addressed with this method is the serine-threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), which is a proline-directed serine-threonine kinase that phosphorylates the microtubule-stabilizing protein tau. This phosphorylation prompts tau to dissociate from the microtubule and form insoluble oligomers called paired helical filaments, which are one of the components of the neurofibrillary tangles found in AD brains. Using our Bayesian machine learning model for GSK3β consisting of 2368 molecules, this model produced a five-fold cross validation ROC of 0.905. This model was also used for virtual screening of large libraries of FDA-approved drugs and clinical candidates. Subsequent testing of selected compounds revealed a selective small-molecule inhibitor, ruboxistaurin, with activity against GSK3β (avg IC50 = 97.3 nM) and GSK3α (IC50 = 695.9 nM). Several other structurally diverse inhibitors were also identified. We are now applying this machine learning approach to additional AD targets to identify approved drugs or clinical trial candidates that can be repurposed as AD therapeutics. This represents a viable approach to accelerate drug discovery and do so at a fraction of the cost of traditional high throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia
A. Vignaux
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., 840 Main Campus
Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Eni Minerali
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., 840 Main Campus
Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Daniel H. Foil
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., 840 Main Campus
Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Ana C. Puhl
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., 840 Main Campus
Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., 840 Main Campus
Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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6
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Discovery and optimization of novel pyridines as highly potent and selective glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 30:126930. [PMID: 31926786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 plays an essential role in multiple biochemical pathways in the cell, particularly in regards to energy regulation. As such, Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is an attractive target for pharmacological intervention in a variety of disease states, particularly non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. However, due to homology with other crucial kinases, such as the cyclin-dependent protein kinase CDC2, developing compounds that are both potent and selective is challenging. A novel series of derivatives of 5-nitro-N2-(2-(pyridine-2ylamino)ethyl)pyridine-2,6-diamine were synthesized and have been shown to potently inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). Potency in the low nanomolar range was obtained along with remarkable selectivity. The compounds activate glycogen synthase in insulin receptor-expressing CHO-IR cells and in primary rat hepatocytes, and have acceptable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to allow for oral dosing. The X-ray co-crystal structure of human GSK3-β in complex with compound 2 is reported and provides insights into the structural determinants of the series responsible for its potency and selectivity.
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7
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Winfield HJ, Cahill MM, O'Shea KD, Pierce LT, Robert T, Ruchaud S, Bach S, Marchand P, McCarthy FO. Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel bisindolylhydroxymaleimide derivatives with potent GSK-3 kinase inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4209-4224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Yang Z, Liu H, Pan B, He F, Pan Z. Design and synthesis of (aza)indolyl maleimide-based covalent inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:4127-4140. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00642c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of both non-covalent interactions and reactive groups led to azaindolyl maleimide compound 38b as a selective and covalent inhibitor against GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Xili University Town
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Xili University Town
| | - Botao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Xili University Town
| | - Fengli He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Xili University Town
| | - Zhengying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Xili University Town
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9
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Saraswati AP, Ali Hussaini SM, Krishna NH, Babu BN, Kamal A. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and its inhibitors: Potential target for various therapeutic conditions. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 144:843-858. [PMID: 29306837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase which is ubiquitously expressed and is regarded as a regulator for various cellular events and signalling pathways. It exists in two isoforms, GSK-3α and GSK-3β and can phosphorylate a wide range of substrates. Aberrancy in the GSK-3 activity can lead to various diseases like Alzheimer's, diabetes, cancer, neurodegeneration etc., rendering it an attractive target to develop potent and specific inhibitors. The present review focuses on the recent developments in the area of GSK-3 inhibitors and also enlightens its therapeutic applicability in various disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prasanth Saraswati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - S M Ali Hussaini
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Namballa Hari Krishna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India; Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Bathini Nagendra Babu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India; Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India; School Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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10
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Li X, Liu D, Ma Y, Du X, Jing J, Wang L, Xie B, Sun D, Sun S, Jin X, Zhang X, Zhao T, Guan J, Yi Z, Lai W, Zheng P, Huang Z, Chang Y, Chai Z, Xu J, Deng H. Direct Reprogramming of Fibroblasts via a Chemically Induced XEN-like State. Cell Stem Cell 2017. [PMID: 28648365 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Direct lineage reprogramming, including with small molecules, has emerged as a promising approach for generating desired cell types. We recently found that during chemical induction of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mouse fibroblasts, cells pass through an extra-embryonic endoderm (XEN)-like state. Here, we show that these chemically induced XEN-like cells can also be induced to directly reprogram into functional neurons, bypassing the pluripotent state. The induced neurons possess neuron-specific expression profiles, form functional synapses in culture, and further mature after transplantation into the adult mouse brain. Using similar principles, we were also able to induce hepatocyte-like cells from the XEN-like cells. Cells in the induced XEN-like state were readily expandable over at least 20 passages and retained genome stability and lineage specification potential. Our study therefore establishes a multifunctional route for chemical lineage reprogramming and may provide a platform for generating a diverse range of cell types via application of this expandable XEN-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Defang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yantao Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaomin Du
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Science Joint Graduate Program, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junzhan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lipeng Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Da Sun
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shaoqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xueqin Jin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingyang Guan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zexuan Yi
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Science Joint Graduate Program, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weifeng Lai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhen Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongkui Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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11
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Pharmacophore-based screening and drug repurposing exemplified on glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors. Mol Divers 2017; 21:385-405. [PMID: 28108896 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-016-9724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to elaborate a novel pharmacophore model to accurately map selective glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitors, and perform virtual screening and drug repurposing. Pharmacophore modeling was developed using PHASE on a data set of 203 maleimides. Two benchmarking validation data sets with focus on selectivity were assembled using ChEMBL and PubChem GSK-3 confirmatory assays. A drug repurposing experiment linking pharmacophore matching with drug information originating from multiple data sources was performed. A five-point pharmacophore model was built consisting of a hydrogen bond acceptor (A), hydrogen bond donor (D), hydrophobic (H), and two rings (RR). An atom-based 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model showed good correlative and satisfactory predictive abilities (training set [Formula: see text]; test set: [Formula: see text]; whole data set: stability [Formula: see text]). Virtual screening experiments revealed that selective GSK-3 inhibitors are ranked preferentially by Hypo-1, but fail to retrieve nonselective compounds. The pharmacophore and 3D QSAR models can provide assistance to design novel, potential GSK-3 inhibitors with high potency and selectivity pattern, with potential application for the treatment of GSK-3-driven diseases. A class of purine nucleoside antileukemic drugs was identified as potential inhibitor of GSK-3, suggesting the reassessment of the target range of these drugs.
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12
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Natarajan P, Priyadarshini V, Pradhan D, Manne M, Swargam S, Kanipakam H, Bhuma V, Amineni U. E-pharmacophore-based virtual screening to identify GSK-3β inhibitors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:445-58. [PMID: 27305963 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1122043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a serine/threonine kinase which has attracted significant attention during recent years in drug design studies. The deregulation of GSK-3β increased the loss of hippocampal neurons by triggering apoptosis-mediating production of neurofibrillary tangles and alleviates memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given its role in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles leading to AD, it has been a major therapeutic target for intervention in AD, hence was targeted in the present study. Twenty crystal structures were refined to generate pharmacophore models based on energy involvement in binding co-crystal ligands. Four common e-pharmacophore models were optimized from the 20 pharmacophore models. Shape-based screening of four e-pharmacophore models against nine established small molecule databases using Phase v3.9 had resulted in 1800 compounds having similar pharmacophore features. Rigid receptor docking (RRD) was performed for 1800 compounds and 20 co-crystal ligands with GSK-3β to generate dock complexes. Interactions of the best scoring lead obtained through RRD were further studied with quantum polarized ligand docking (QPLD), induced fit docking (IFD) and molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area. Comparing the obtained leads to 20 co-crystal ligands resulted in 18 leads among them, lead1 had the lowest docking score, lower binding free energy and better binding orientation toward GSK-3β. The 50 ns MD simulations run confirmed the stable nature of GSK-3β-lead1 docking complex. The results from RRD, QPLD, IFD and MD simulations confirmed that lead1 might be used as a potent antagonist for GSK-3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Natarajan
- a Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University , Tirupati , India and
| | - Vani Priyadarshini
- a Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University , Tirupati , India and
| | - Dibyabhaba Pradhan
- a Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University , Tirupati , India and
| | - Munikumar Manne
- a Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University , Tirupati , India and
| | - Sandeep Swargam
- a Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University , Tirupati , India and
| | - Hema Kanipakam
- a Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University , Tirupati , India and
| | - Vengamma Bhuma
- b Department of Neurology , SVIMS University , Tirupati , India
| | - Umamaheswari Amineni
- a Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University , Tirupati , India and
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13
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Furlotti G, Alisi MA, Cazzolla N, Dragone P, Durando L, Magarò G, Mancini F, Mangano G, Ombrato R, Vitiello M, Armirotti A, Capurro V, Lanfranco M, Ottonello G, Summa M, Reggiani A. Hit Optimization of 5-Substituted-N-(piperidin-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamides: Potent Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) Inhibitors with in Vivo Activity in Model of Mood Disorders. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8920-37. [PMID: 26486317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Novel treatments for bipolar disorder with improved efficacy and broader spectrum of activity are urgently needed. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) has been suggested to be a key player in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. A series of novel GSK-3β inhibitors having the common N-[(1-alkylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide scaffold were prepared taking advantage of an X-ray cocrystal structure of compound 5 with GSK-3β. We probed different substitutions at the indazole 5-position and at the piperidine-nitrogen to obtain potent ATP-competitive GSK-3β inhibitors with good cell activity. Among the compounds assessed in the in vivo PK experiments, 14i showed, after i.p. dosing, encouraging plasma PK profile and brain exposure, as well as efficacy in a mouse model of mania. Compound 14i was selected for further in vitro/in vivo pharmacological evaluation, in order to elucidate the use of ATP-competitive GSK-3β inhibitors as new tools in the development of new treatments for mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Furlotti
- Angelini S.p.A., Angelini Research Center , P.le della Stazione s.n.c., Santa Palomba-Pomezia, 00071 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Alessandra Alisi
- Angelini S.p.A., Angelini Research Center , P.le della Stazione s.n.c., Santa Palomba-Pomezia, 00071 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cazzolla
- Angelini S.p.A., Angelini Research Center , P.le della Stazione s.n.c., Santa Palomba-Pomezia, 00071 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Dragone
- Angelini S.p.A., Angelini Research Center , P.le della Stazione s.n.c., Santa Palomba-Pomezia, 00071 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Durando
- Angelini S.p.A., Angelini Research Center , P.le della Stazione s.n.c., Santa Palomba-Pomezia, 00071 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Magarò
- Angelini S.p.A., Angelini Research Center , P.le della Stazione s.n.c., Santa Palomba-Pomezia, 00071 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- Angelini S.p.A., Angelini Research Center , P.le della Stazione s.n.c., Santa Palomba-Pomezia, 00071 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgina Mangano
- Angelini S.p.A., Angelini Research Center , P.le della Stazione s.n.c., Santa Palomba-Pomezia, 00071 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosella Ombrato
- Angelini S.p.A., Angelini Research Center , P.le della Stazione s.n.c., Santa Palomba-Pomezia, 00071 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Vitiello
- Angelini S.p.A., Angelini Research Center , P.le della Stazione s.n.c., Santa Palomba-Pomezia, 00071 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Valeria Capurro
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Lanfranco
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giuliana Ottonello
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Summa
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Angelo Reggiani
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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14
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Živković JV, Trutić NV, Veselinović JB, Nikolić GM, Veselinović AM. Monte Carlo method based QSAR modeling of maleimide derivatives as glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitors. Comput Biol Med 2015; 64:276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Mérour JY, Buron F, Plé K, Bonnet P, Routier S. The azaindole framework in the design of kinase inhibitors. Molecules 2014; 19:19935-79. [PMID: 25460315 PMCID: PMC6271083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191219935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article illustrates the growing use of azaindole derivatives as kinase inhibitors and their contribution to drug discovery and innovation. The different protein kinases which have served as targets and the known molecules which have emerged from medicinal chemistry and Fragment-Based Drug Discovery (FBDD) programs are presented. The various synthetic routes used to access these compounds and the chemical pathways leading to their synthesis are also discussed. An analysis of their mode of binding based on X-ray crystallography data gives structural insights for the design of more potent and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Mérour
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans F-45067, France.
| | - Frédéric Buron
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans F-45067, France.
| | - Karen Plé
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans F-45067, France.
| | - Pascal Bonnet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans F-45067, France.
| | - Sylvain Routier
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans F-45067, France.
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16
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Quesada-Romero L, Mena-Ulecia K, Tiznado W, Caballero J. Insights into the interactions between maleimide derivates and GSK3β combining molecular docking and QSAR. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102212. [PMID: 25010341 PMCID: PMC4092126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many protein kinase (PK) inhibitors have been reported in recent years, but only a few have been approved for clinical use. The understanding of the available molecular information using computational tools is an alternative to contribute to this process. With this in mind, we studied the binding modes of 77 maleimide derivates inside the PK glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) using docking experiments. We found that the orientations that these compounds adopt inside GSK3β binding site prioritize the formation of hydrogen bond (HB) interactions between the maleimide group and the residues at the hinge region (residues Val135 and Asp133), and adopt propeller-like conformations (where the maleimide is the propeller axis and the heterocyclic substituents are two slanted blades). In addition, quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models using CoMSIA methodology were constructed to explain the trend of the GSK3β inhibitory activities for the studied compounds. We found a model to explain the structure–activity relationship of non-cyclic maleimide (NCM) derivatives (54 compounds). The best CoMSIA model (training set included 44 compounds) included steric, hydrophobic, and HB donor fields and had a good Q2 value of 0.539. It also predicted adequately the most active compounds contained in the test set. Furthermore, the analysis of the plots of the steric CoMSIA field describes the elements involved in the differential potency of the inhibitors that can be considered for the selection of suitable inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Quesada-Romero
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Karel Mena-Ulecia
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - William Tiznado
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Julio Caballero
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- * E-mail:
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17
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Scope and Post-Transformations for the Borane-Isocyanide Multicomponent Reactions: Concise Access to Structurally Diverse Heterocyclic Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of 7-azaindazolyl-indolyl-maleimides as glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:361-71. [PMID: 23994329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of 7-azaindazolyl-indolyl-maleimides were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their GSK-3β inhibitory activity. Most compounds exhibited potent activity against GSK-3β. Among them, compounds 17a, 17b, 17g, 17i, 29a and 30 significantly reduced Aβ-induced Tau hyperphosphorylation, showin;g the inhibition of GSK-3β at the cell level. Preliminary structure-activity relationships were discussed based on the experimental data obtained.
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19
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Ye Q, Li M, Zhou YB, Cao JY, Xu L, Li YJ, Han L, Gao JR, Hu YZ, Li J. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of 3-Aryl-4-pyrrolyl-maleimides as Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2013; 346:349-58. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Design, synthesis and anticancer activity of 1-acyl-3-amino-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6947-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Small-Molecule Inhibitors of GSK-3: Structural Insights and Their Application to Alzheimer's Disease Models. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:381029. [PMID: 22888461 PMCID: PMC3408674 DOI: 10.1155/2012/381029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The world health organization (WHO) estimated that 18 million people are struck by Alzheimer's disease (AD). The USA, France, Germany, and other countries launched major programmes targeting the identification of risk factors, the improvement of caretaking, and fundamental research aiming to postpone the onset of AD. The glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is implicated in multiple cellular processes and has been linked to the pathogenesis of several diseases including diabetes mellitus, cancer, and AD. Inhibition of GSK-3 leads to neuroprotective effects, decreased β-amyloid production, and a reduction in tau hyperphosphorylation, which are all associated with AD. Various classes of small molecule GSK-3 inhibitors have been published in patents and original publications. Herein, we present a comprehensive summary of small molecules reported to interact with GSK-3. We illustrate the interactions of the inhibitors with the active site. Furthermore, we refer to the biological characterisation in terms of activity and selectivity for GSK-3, elucidate in vivo studies and pre-/clinical trials.
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22
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Gaina C, Gaina V. New Functional Maleimides and Citraconimides for Amide, Urea or Parabanic Aromatic Bismaleimides. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/156855508x332478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. Gaina
- a Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry ‘Petru Poni’, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41 A, Iasi RO-700487, Romania;,
| | - V. Gaina
- b Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry ‘Petru Poni’, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41 A, Iasi RO-700487, Romania
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23
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Verspohl EJ. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:188-237. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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24
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Structure–activity relationship of the 7-hydroxy benzimidazole analogs as glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1891-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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25
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Gu G, Wang H, Liu P, Fu C, Li Z, Cao X, Li Y, Fang Q, Xu F, Shen J, Wang PG. Discovery and structural insight of a highly selective protein kinase inhibitor hit through click chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2788-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15851a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Kuai L, Ong SE, Madison JM, Wang X, Duvall JR, Lewis TA, Luce CJ, Conner SD, Pearlman DA, Wood JL, Schreiber SL, Carr SA, Scolnick EM, Haggarty SJ. AAK1 identified as an inhibitor of neuregulin-1/ErbB4-dependent neurotrophic factor signaling using integrative chemical genomics and proteomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:891-906. [PMID: 21802010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Target identification remains challenging for the field of chemical biology. We describe an integrative chemical genomic and proteomic approach combining the use of differentially active analogs of small molecule probes with stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture-mediated affinity enrichment, followed by subsequent testing of candidate targets using RNA interference-mediated gene silencing. We applied this approach to characterizing the natural product K252a and its ability to potentiate neuregulin-1 (Nrg1)/ErbB4 (v-erb-a erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4)-dependent neurotrophic factor signaling and neuritogenesis. We show that AAK1 (adaptor-associated kinase 1) is a relevant target of K252a, and that the loss of AAK1 alters ErbB4 trafficking and expression levels, providing evidence for a previously unrecognized role for AAK1 in Nrg1-mediated neurotrophic factor signaling. Similar strategies should lead to the discovery of novel targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letian Kuai
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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27
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Eldar-Finkelman H, Martinez A. GSK-3 Inhibitors: Preclinical and Clinical Focus on CNS. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:32. [PMID: 22065134 PMCID: PMC3204427 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity via pharmacological intervention has become an important strategy for treating neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. The known GSK-3 inhibitors are of diverse chemotypes and mechanisms of action and include compounds isolated from natural sources, cations, synthetic small-molecule ATP-competitive inhibitors, non-ATP-competitive inhibitors, and substrate-competitive inhibitors. Here we describe the variety of GSK-3 inhibitors with a specific emphasis on their biological activities in neurons and neurological disorders. We further highlight our current progress in the development of non-ATP-competitive inhibitors of GSK-3. The available data raise the hope that one or more of these drug design approaches will prove successful at stabilizing or even reversing the aberrant neuropathology and cognitive deficits of certain central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Eldar-Finkelman
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
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28
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Lu SY, Jiang YJ, Lv J, Zou JW, Wu TX. Role of bridging water molecules in GSK3β-inhibitor complexes: insights from QM/MM, MD, and molecular docking studies. J Comput Chem 2011; 32:1907-18. [PMID: 21469159 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of water molecules is increasingly gaining interest in drug design, and several studies have highlighted their paramount contributions to the specificity and the affinity of ligand binding. In this study, we employ the two-layer ONIOM-based quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and molecular docking studies to investigate the effect of bridging water molecules at the GSK3β-inhibitors interfaces. The results obtained from the ONIOM geometry optimization and AIM analysis corroborated the presence of bridging water molecules that form hydrogen bonds with protein side chain of Thr138 and/or backbone of Gln185, and mediate interactions with inhibitors in the 10 selected GSK3β-inhibitor complexes. Subsequently, MD simulations carried out on a representative system of 1R0E demonstrated that the bridging water molecule is stable at the GSK3β-inhibitor interface and appears to contribute to the stability of the protein-inhibitor interactions. Furthermore, molecular docking studies of GSK3β-inhibitor complexes indicated that the inhibitors can increase binding affinities and the better docked conformation of inhibitors can be obtained by inclusion of the bridging water molecules, especially for the flexible inhibitors, in docking experiments into individual protein conformations. Our results elucidate the importance of bridging water molecules at the GSK3β-inhibitor interfaces and suggest that they might prove useful in rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yong Lu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Design and Nutrition Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315104, China
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29
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Gebhardt R, Lerche KS, Götschel F, Günther R, Kolander J, Teich L, Zellmer S, Hofmann HJ, Eger K, Hecht A, Gaunitz F. 4-Aminoethylamino-emodin--a novel potent inhibitor of GSK-3beta--acts as an insulin-sensitizer avoiding downstream effects of activated beta-catenin. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:1276-93. [PMID: 19228266 PMCID: PMC3828845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a key target and effector of downstream insulin signalling. Using comparative protein kinase assays and molecular docking studies we characterize the emodin-derivative 4-[N-2-(aminoethyl)-amino]-emodin (L4) as a sensitive and potent inhibitor of GSK-3β with peculiar features. Compound L4 shows a low cytotoxic potential compared to other GSK-3β inhibitors determined by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and cellular ATP levels. Physiologically, L4 acts as an insulin-sensitizing agent that is able to enhance hepatocellular glycogen and fatty acid biosynthesis. These functions are particularly stimulated in the presence of elevated concentrations of glucose and in synergy with the hormone action at moderate but not high insulin levels. In contrast to other low molecular weight GSK-3β inhibitors (SB216763 and LiCl) or Wnt-3α-conditioned medium, however, L4 does not induce reporter and target genes of activated β-catenin such as TOPflash, Axin2 and glutamine synthetase. Moreover, when present together with SB216763 or LiCl, L4 counteracts expression of TOPflash or induction of glutamine synthetase by these inhibitors. Because L4 slightly activates β-catenin on its own, these results suggest that a downstream molecular step essential for activation of gene transcription by β-catenin is also inhibited by L4. It is concluded that L4 represents a potent insulin-sensitizing agent favouring physiological effects of insulin mediated by GSK-3β inhibition but avoiding hazardous effects such as activation of β-catenin-dependent gene expression which may lead to aberrant induction of cell proliferation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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30
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Khanfar MA, Asal BA, Mudit M, Kaddoumi A, El Sayed KA. The marine natural-derived inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta phenylmethylene hydantoins: In vitro and in vivo activities and pharmacophore modeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6032-9. [PMID: 19616957 PMCID: PMC2743475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Red Sea sponge Hemimycale arabica afforded the known (Z)-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-hydantoin (1). This natural phenylmethylene hydantoin (PMH) 1 and the synthetic (Z)-5-(4-(ethylthio)benzylidene)-hydantoin (2) showed potent in vitro and in vivo anti-growth and anti-invasive properties against PC-3M prostate cancer cells in MTT, spheroid disaggregation, and in mice models. To explore a possible molecular target of PMHs, the most potent synthetic analogue 2 has been virtually screened against various protein kinases. Molecular modeling study has shown that 2 can be successfully docked within the binding pocket of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) similar to the well-known GSK-3beta inhibitor I-5. Several PMHs showed potent in vitro GSK-3beta inhibitory activity with an IC(50) range of 4-20microM. The most potent analogue 3 showed a significant increase in liver glycogen level at the 5, 15, and 25mg/kg dose levels, in vivo. Pharmacophore model was built and validated using in-house database of active and inactive GSK-3beta inhibitors. The GSK-3beta inhibitory activity of PMHs entitles them to be potential leads for the treatment of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, bipolar disorders, stroke, different tau pathologies, and type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Khanfar
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, LA 71201, United States
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31
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Kim KH, Gaisina I, Gallier F, Holzle D, Blond SY, Mesecar A, Kozikowski AP. Use of molecular modeling, docking, and 3D-QSAR studies for the determination of the binding mode of benzofuran-3-yl-(indol-3-yl)maleimides as GSK-3beta inhibitors. J Mol Model 2009; 15:1463-79. [PMID: 19440740 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular modeling and docking studies along with three-dimensional quantitative structure relationships (3D-QSAR) studies have been used to determine the correct binding mode of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta) inhibitors. The approaches of comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) are used for the 3D-QSAR of 51 substituted benzofuran-3-yl-(indol-3-yl)maleimides as GSK-3beta inhibitors. Two binding modes of the inhibitors to the binding site of GSK-3beta are investigated. The binding mode 1 yielded better 3D-QSAR correlations using both CoMFA and CoMSIA methodologies. The three-component CoMFA model from the steric and electrostatic fields for the experimentally determined pIC(50) values has the following statistics: R(2)(cv) = 0.386 nd SE(cv) = 0.854 for the cross-validation, and R(2) = 0.811 and SE = 0.474 for the fitted correlation. F (3,47) = 67.034, and probability of R(2) = 0 (3,47) = 0.000. The binding mode suggested by the results of this study is consistent with the preliminary results of X-ray crystal structures of inhibitor-bound GSK-3beta. The 3D-QSAR models were used for the estimation of the inhibitory potency of two additional compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hwan Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA.
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32
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Bone HK, Damiano T, Bartlett S, Perry A, Letchford J, Ripoll YS, Nelson AS, Welham MJ. Involvement of GSK-3 in regulation of murine embryonic stem cell self-renewal revealed by a series of bisindolylmaleimides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:15-27. [PMID: 19171302 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to propagate embryonic stem cells (ESCs) while maintaining their pluripotency is critical if their potential use in regenerative medicine is to be realized. The mechanisms controlling ESC self-renewal are under intense investigation, and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) has been implicated in regulating both self-renewal and differentiation. To clarify its role in ESCs we have used chemical genetics. We synthesized a series of bisindolylmaleimides, a subset of which inhibit GSK-3 in murine ESCs and robustly enhance self-renewal in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and serum, but not in the absence of LIF. Importantly, these molecules appear selective for GSK-3 and do not perturb other signaling pathways regulating self-renewal. Our study clarifies the functional importance of GSK-3 in regulation of ESC self-renewal and provides tools for investigating its role further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Bone
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Rayasam GV, Tulasi VK, Sodhi R, Davis JA, Ray A. Glycogen synthase kinase 3: more than a namesake. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:885-98. [PMID: 19366350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), a constitutively acting multi-functional serine threonine kinase is involved in diverse physiological pathways ranging from metabolism, cell cycle, gene expression, development and oncogenesis to neuroprotection. These diverse multiple functions attributed to GSK3 can be explained by variety of substrates like glycogen synthase, tau protein and beta catenin that are phosphorylated leading to their inactivation. GSK3 has been implicated in various diseases such as diabetes, inflammation, cancer, Alzheimer's and bipolar disorder. GSK3 negatively regulates insulin-mediated glycogen synthesis and glucose homeostasis, and increased expression and activity of GSK3 has been reported in type II diabetics and obese animal models. Consequently, inhibitors of GSK3 have been demonstrated to have anti-diabetic effects in vitro and in animal models. However, inhibition of GSK3 poses a challenge as achieving selectivity of an over achieving kinase involved in various pathways with multiple substrates may lead to side effects and toxicity. The primary concern is developing inhibitors of GSK3 that are anti-diabetic but do not lead to up-regulation of oncogenes. The focus of this review is the recent advances and the challenges surrounding GSK3 as an anti-diabetic therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Vani Rayasam
- Department of Pharmacology, Research & Development (R&D III), Ranbaxy Research Labs, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
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Saitoh M, Kunitomo J, Kimura E, Hayase Y, Kobayashi H, Uchiyama N, Kawamoto T, Tanaka T, Mol CD, Dougan DR, Textor GS, Snell GP, Itoh F. Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationships of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives as novel inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2017-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bourderioux A, Kassis P, Mérour JY, Routier S. Synthesis of new fused and substituted benzo and pyrido carbazoles via C-2 (het)arylindoles. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Freitas MP. A 2D image-based approach for modelling some glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-007-9086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Koryakova AG, Ivanenkov YA, Ryzhova EA, Bulanova EA, Karapetian RN, Mikitas OV, Katrukha EA, Kazey VI, Okun I, Kravchenko DV, Lavrovsky YV, Korzinov OM, Ivachtchenko AV. Novel aryl and heteroaryl substituted N-[3-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazole-5-carboxamides as selective GSK-3 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 18:3661-6. [PMID: 18502121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and SAR dependencies for a series of novel aryl and heteroaryl substituted N-[3-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazole-5-carboxamide inhibitors of GSK-3beta kinase are described. The inhibitory activity of the synthesized compounds is highly dependent on the character of substituents in the phenyl ring and the nature of terminal heterocyclic fragment of the core molecular scaffold. The most potent compounds from this series contain 3,4-di-methyl or 2-methoxy substituents within the phenyl ring and 3-pyridine fragment connected to the 1,2,4-oxadiazole heterocycle. These compounds selectively inhibit GSK-3beta kinase with IC(50) value of 0.35 and 0.41 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela G Koryakova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Diversity Research Institute, 114401 Khimki, Moscow Reg., Russia
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Dessalew N, Bharatam PV. 3D-QSAR and molecular docking study on bisarylmaleimide series as glycogen synthase kinase 3, cyclin dependent kinase 2 and cyclin dependent kinase 4 inhibitors: An insight into the criteria for selectivity. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:1014-27. [PMID: 17335939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Selective glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibition over cyclin dependent kinases such as cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) is an important requirement for improved therapeutic profile of GSK3 inhibitors. The concepts of selectivity and additivity fields have been employed in developing selective CoMFA models for these related kinases. Initially, sets of three individual CoMFA models were developed, using 36 compounds of bisarylmaleimide series to correlate with the GSK3, CDK2 and CDK4 inhibitory potencies. These models showed a satisfactory statistical significance: CoMFA-GSK3 (r(2)(con), r(2)(cv): 0.931, 0.519), CoMFA-CDK2 (0.937, 0.563), and CoMFA-CDK4 (0.892, 0.725). Three different selective CoMFA models were then developed using differences in pIC(50) values. These three models showed a superior statistical significance: (i) CoMFA-Selective1 (r(2)(con), r(2)(cv): 0.969, 0.768), (ii) CoMFA-Selective 2 (0.974, 0.835) and (iii) CoMFA-Selective3 (0.963, 0.776). The selective models were found to outperform the individual models in terms of the quality of correlation and were found to be more informative in pinpointing the structural basis for the observed quantitative differences of kinase inhibition. An in-depth comparative investigation was carried out between the individual and selective models to gain an insight into the selectivity criterion. To further validate this approach, a set of new compounds were designed which show selectivity and were docked into the active site of GSK3, using FlexX based incremental construction algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigus Dessalew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Dessalew N, Bharatam PV. Identification of potential glycogen kinase-3 inhibitors by structure based virtual screening. Biophys Chem 2007; 128:165-75. [PMID: 17482749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is a serine/threonine kinase that has attracted much drug discovery attention in recent years. Structural crystallography of the kinase has produced several high resolution inhibitor-GSK3 complexes and this is offering valuable information about the important pharmacophoric features present in the inhibitor, the protein target and the bioactive conformation. The availability of several GSK3-inhibitor co-crystals was successfully exploited to derive a pharmacophore query which retains the all important inhibitor-GSK3 interaction chemistry. A hypothesis containing three features: two hydrogen bond donors and one hydrogen acceptor was found to explain much of the inhibitor-GSK3 interaction. Subsequently, the query has been submitted to three databases for electronic screening. The hits obtained were docked into glycogen synthase kinase-3beta active site. A total of 21 novel potential leads were proposed after thorough examination by a combination of methods: (i) visual examination of how well they dock into the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta binding site, (ii) detailed analysis of their FlexX, G_Score, PMF_Score, ChemScore and D_Score values, (iii) comparative investigation of the docking scores of the hits with that of the thus far reported inhibitors (iv) determination of the binding mode and examination of how the hits retain interactions with the important amino acid residues of the kinase binding site. The hydrophobic heterocycles identified in this investigation are expected to be important additions to the armamentarium of GSK3 hyperactivity antagonism. Further more, the present work may further our current knowledge of the molecular basis of activation, inhibition and regulation of this pharmaceutically important kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigus Dessalew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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41
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Zhang HC, Boñaga LVR, Ye H, Derian CK, Damiano BP, Maryanoff BE. Novel bis(indolyl)maleimide pyridinophanes that are potent, selective inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2863-8. [PMID: 17350261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel bis(indolyl)maleimide pyridinophanes 3, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, and 11 were prepared by cobalt-mediated [2+2+2] cycloaddition of an appropriate alpha,omega-diyne with an N,N-dialkylcyanamide. These macrocyclic heterophanes were found to be potent, selective inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. An X-ray structure of a co-crystal of GSK-3beta and 3 (IC(50)=3nM) depicts the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions in the ATP-binding pocket of this serine/threonine protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Cheng Zhang
- Vascular Research Team, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA.
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Storm MP, Bone HK, Beck CG, Bourillot PY, Schreiber V, Damiano T, Nelson A, Savatier P, Welham MJ. Regulation of Nanog expression by phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent signaling in murine embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:6265-73. [PMID: 17204467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610906200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cell pluripotency is regulated by a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Previously we have demonstrated that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent signaling is required for efficient self-renewal of murine ES cells. In the study presented here, we have investigated the downstream molecular mechanisms that contribute to the ability of PI3Ks to regulate pluripotency. We show that inhibition of PI3K activity with either pharmacological or genetic tools results in decreased expression of RNA for the homeodomain transcription factor Nanog and decreased Nanog protein levels. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) activity by PI3Ks plays a key role in regulation of Nanog expression, because blockade of GSK-3 activity effectively reversed the effects of PI3K inhibition on Nanog RNA, and protein expression and self-renewal under these circumstances were restored. Furthermore, GSK-3 mutants mimicked the effects of PI3K or GSK-3 inhibition on Nanog expression. Importantly, expression of an inducible form of Nanog prevented the loss of self-renewal observed upon inhibition of PI3Ks, supporting a functional relationship between PI3Ks and Nanog expression. In addition, expression of a number of putative Nanog target genes was sensitive to PI3K inhibition. Thus, the new evidence provided in this study shows that PI3K-dependent regulation of ES cell self-renewal is mediated, at least in part, by the ability of PI3K signaling to maintain Nanog expression. Regulation of GSK-3 activity by PI3Ks appears to play a key role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike P Storm
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Sivaprakasam P, Xie A, Doerksen RJ. Probing the physicochemical and structural requirements for glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha inhibition: 2D-QSAR for 3-anilino-4-phenylmaleimides. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8210-8. [PMID: 17010615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha (GSK-3alpha) was recently found to be an attractive target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease due to its dual action in the formation of both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. It is also a viable target for many other diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. Reported herein is a 2D-QSAR exploration of the physicochemical (hydrophobic, electronic, and steric) and structural requirements among 3-anilino-4-phenylmaleimides toward GSK-3alpha binding. Using Fujita-Ban and Hansch QSAR analysis, electronic and steric interactions at the 4-phenyl ring and hydrophobic interactions at the 3-anilino ring are shown to be crucial. Analysis of the 4-phenyl ring of these compounds using common aromatic substituent constants showed electron-withdrawing and bulky ortho substituents as imperative for GSK-3alpha inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Sivaprakasam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677-1848, USA
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45
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Kozikowski AP, Gaisina IN, Petukhov PA, Sridhar J, King LT, Blond SY, Duka T, Rusnak M, Sidhu A. Highly potent and specific GSK-3beta inhibitors that block tau phosphorylation and decrease alpha-synuclein protein expression in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:256-66. [PMID: 16892358 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research by Klein and co-workers suggests that the inhibition of GSK-3beta by small molecules may offer an important strategy in the treatment of a number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and bipolar disorders. Based on results from kinase-screening assays that identified a staurosporine analogue as a modest inhibitor of GSK-3beta, a series of 3-indolyl-4-indazolylmaleimides was prepared for study in both enzymatic and cell-based assays. Most strikingly, whereas we identified ligands having poor to high potency for GSK-3beta inhibition, only ligands with a Ki value of less than 8 nM, namely maleimides 18 and 22, were found to inhibit Tau phosphorylation at a GSK-3beta-specific site (Ser 396/404). Accordingly, maleimides 18 and 22 may protect neuronal cells against cell death by decreasing the level of alpha-Syn protein expression. We conclude that the GSK-3beta inhibitors described herein offer promise in defending cells against MPP+-induced neurotoxicity and that such compounds will be valuable to explore in animal models of Parkinson's disease as well as in other Tau-related neurodegenerative disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Kozikowski
- Drug Discovery Program, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Sánchez C, Méndez C, Salas JA. Indolocarbazole natural products: occurrence, biosynthesis, and biological activity. Nat Prod Rep 2006; 23:1007-45. [PMID: 17119643 DOI: 10.1039/b601930g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The indolocarbazole family of natural products, including the biosynthetically related bisindolylmaleimides, is reviewed (with 316 references cited). The isolation of indolocarbazoles from natural sources and the biosynthesis of this class of compounds are thoroughly reviewed, including recent developments in molecular genetics, enzymology and metabolic engineering. The biological activities and underlying modes of action displayed by natural and synthetic indolocarbazoles is also presented, with an emphasis on the development of analogs that have entered clinical trials for its future use against cancer or other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional & Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A.), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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Dessalew N, Bharatam PV. Investigation of Potential Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Inhibitors Using Pharmacophore Mapping and Virtual Screening. Chem Biol Drug Des 2006; 68:154-65. [PMID: 17062013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2006.00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is a serine/threonine kinase that has attracted significant drug discovery attention in recent years. To investigate the identification of new potential glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors, a pharmacophore mapping study was carried out using a set of 21 structurally diverse glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors. A hypothesis containing four features: two hydrophobic, one hydrogen bond donor and another hydrogen bond acceptor was found to be the best from the 10 common feature hypotheses produced by HipHop module of Catalyst. The best hypothesis has a high cost of 156.592 and higher best fit values were obtained for the 21 inhibitors using this best hypothesis than the other HipHop hypotheses. The best hypothesis was then used to screen electronically the NCI2000 database. The hits obtained were docked into glycogen synthase kinase-3beta active site. A total of five novel potential leads were proposed after: (i) visual examination of how well they dock into the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta-binding site, (ii) comparative analysis of their FlexX, G-Score, PMF-Score, ChemScore and D-Scores values, (iii) comparison of their best fit value with the known inhibitors and (iv) examination of the how the hits retain interactions with the important amino acid residues of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigus Dessalew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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48
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Bellina F, Rossi R. Synthesis and biological activity of pyrrole, pyrroline and pyrrolidine derivatives with two aryl groups on adjacent positions. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shirinian VZ, Krayushkin MM, Nabatov BV, Kuznetsova OY, Shimkin AA. Synthesis and Spectral Properties of Fluorescent Dithienylmaleimides. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2006. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.79.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Alfonsi M, Arcadi A, Bianchi G, Marinelli F, Nardini A. Gold-Catalyzed C-3-Alkylation of 7-Azaindoles Through Michael-Type Addition to α,β-Enones. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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