1
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Merritt CR, Garcia EJ, Brehm VD, Fox RG, Moeller FG, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA. Ghrelin receptor antagonist JMV2959 blunts cocaine and oxycodone drug-seeking, but not self-administration, in male rats. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1268366. [PMID: 37795028 PMCID: PMC10545966 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1268366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug overdose crisis has spawned serious health consequences, including the increased incidence of substance use disorders (SUDs), conditions manifested by escalating medical and psychological impairments. While medication management is a key adjunct in SUD treatment, this crisis has crystallized the need to develop additional therapeutics to facilitate extended recovery from SUDs. The "hunger hormone" ghrelin acts by binding to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1α (GHS1αR) to control homeostatic and hedonic aspects of food intake and has been implicated in the mechanisms underlying SUDs. Preclinical studies indicate that GHS1αR antagonists and inverse agonists suppress reward-related signaling associated with cocaine and opioids. In the present study, we found that the GHS1αR antagonist JMV2959 was efficacious to suppress both cue-reinforced cocaine and oxycodone drug-seeking, but not cocaine or oxycodone self-administration in male Sprague-Dawley rats. These data suggest a role of the ghrelin-GHS1αR axis in mediating overlapping reward-related aspects of cocaine and oxycodone and premises the possibility that a GHS1αR antagonist may be a valuable therapeutic strategy for relapse vulnerability in SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R. Merritt
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Erik J. Garcia
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Victoria D. Brehm
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Robert G. Fox
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - F. Gerard Moeller
- C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Noelle C. Anastasio
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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2
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Meanti R, Licata M, Rizzi L, Bresciani E, Molteni L, Coco S, Locatelli V, Omeljaniuk RJ, Torsello A. Protective Effects of Hexarelin and JMV2894 in a Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line Expressing the SOD1-G93A Mutated Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020993. [PMID: 36674509 PMCID: PMC9863688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable motor neuron disease whose etiology remains unresolved; nonetheless, mutations of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) have been associated with several variants of ALS. Currently available pharmacologic interventions are only symptomatic and palliative in effect; therefore, there is a pressing demand for more effective drugs. This study examined potential therapeutic effects of growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs), a large family of synthetic compounds, as possible candidates for the treatment of ALS. Human neuroblastoma cells expressing the SOD1-G93A mutated protein (SH-SY5Y SOD1G93A cells) were incubated for 24 h with H2O2 (150 µM) in the absence, or presence, of GHS (1 µM), in order to study the protective effect of GHS against increased oxidative stress. The two GHSs examined in this study, hexarelin and JMV2894, protected cells from H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by activating molecules that regulate apoptosis and promote cell survival processes. These findings suggest the possibility of developing new GHS-based anti-oxidant and neuroprotective drugs with improved therapeutic potential. Further investigations are required for the following: (i) to clarify GHS molecular mechanisms of action, and (ii) to envisage the development of new GHSs that may be useful in ALS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Meanti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy
| | - Martina Licata
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-6448-8224
| | - Elena Bresciani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Molteni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Coco
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy
| | - Vittorio Locatelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy
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3
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Péraldi-Roux S, Bayle M, M'Kadmi C, Damian M, Vaillé J, Fernandez G, Paula Cornejo M, Marie J, Banères JL, Ben Haj Salah K, Fehrentz JA, Cantel S, Perello M, Denoyelle S, Oiry C, Neasta J. Design and Characterization of a Triazole-Based Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Modulator Inhibiting the Glucoregulatory and Feeding Actions of Ghrelin. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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4
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Giorgioni G, Del Bello F, Quaglia W, Botticelli L, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Piergentili A. Advances in the Development of Nonpeptide Small Molecules Targeting Ghrelin Receptor. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3098-3118. [PMID: 35157454 PMCID: PMC8883476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an octanoylated peptide acting by the activation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, namely, GHS-R1a. The involvement of ghrelin in several physiological processes, including stimulation of food intake, gastric emptying, body energy balance, glucose homeostasis, reduction of insulin secretion, and lipogenesis validates the considerable interest in GHS-R1a as a promising target for the treatment of numerous disorders. Over the years, several GHS-R1a ligands have been identified and some of them have been extensively studied in clinical trials. The recently resolved structures of GHS-R1a bound to ghrelin or potent ligands have provided useful information for the design of new GHS-R1a drugs. This perspective is focused on the development of recent nonpeptide small molecules acting as GHS-R1a agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists, bearing classical or new molecular scaffolds, as well as on radiolabeled GHS-R1a ligands developed for imaging. Moreover, the pharmacological effects of the most studied ligands have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - E Micioni Di Bonaventura
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - M V Micioni Di Bonaventura
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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5
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Žukauskas M, Grybaitė B, Jonutė P, Vaickelionienė R, Gibieža P, Vaickelionis G, Dragūnaitė B, Anusevičius K, Mickevičius V, Petrikaitė V. Evaluation of N-aryl-β-alanine derivatives as anticancer agents in triple-negative breast cancer and glioblastoma in vitro models. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105214. [PMID: 34426161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of β-amino acid derivatives containing hydrazone and azole moieties is described. For this purpose, the appropriate hydrazide was treated with aromatic aldehydes, ketones and phenyl iso(thio)cyanates to obtain the desired outcome. The synthesized target compounds were evaluated for their anticancer properties. The assay displayed 3,3'-((2,6-diethylphenyl)azanediyl)bis(N'-(benzylidene)propanehydrazide) to possess the convincing anticancer effect against triple-negative breast cancer cells in vitro. To further study the anticancer properties of compounds containing a hydrazone moiety in breast cancer, series of previously and newly prepared dihydrazones were investigated. It was determined that derivatives with the bis(N'-(4-bromobenzylidene) fragment in the structure are exclusively cytotoxic to cancer cells. The most active compounds against both cell lines were those containing electron withdrawing 4-BrPh or 4-ClPh moieties, together with either chlorine, bromine or iodine groups in para position of phenyl ring. Selected two representative compounds showed migrastatic activity in MDA-MB-231 cell line, where both of them reduced the growth of breast cancer and glioblastoma cell 3D cultures and inhibited cell colony formation. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birutė Grybaitė
- Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas 50254, Lithuania.
| | - Paulina Jonutė
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, Kaunas LT-44307, Lithuania
| | | | - Paulius Gibieža
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, Kaunas LT-44307, Lithuania
| | | | - Bertina Dragūnaitė
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, Kaunas LT-44307, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Vilma Petrikaitė
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, Kaunas LT-44307, Lithuania; Life Sciences Center of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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6
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Liang Y, Yin W, Yin Y, Zhang W. Ghrelin Based Therapy of Metabolic Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2565-2576. [PMID: 32538716 PMCID: PMC11213490 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200615152804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin, a unique 28 amino acid peptide hormone secreted by the gastric X/A like cells, is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin-GHSR signaling has been found to exert various physiological functions, including stimulation of appetite, regulation of body weight, lipid and glucose metabolism, and increase of gut motility and secretion. This system is thus critical for energy homeostasis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to highlight the strategies of ghrelin-GHSR based intervention for therapy of obesity and its related metabolic diseases. RESULTS Therapeutic strategies of metabolic disorders targeting the ghrelin-GHSR pathway involve neutralization of circulating ghrelin by antibodies and RNA spiegelmers, antagonism of ghrelin receptor by its antagonists and inverse agonists, inhibition of ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), as well as potential pharmacological approach to decrease ghrelin synthesis and secretion. CONCLUSION Various compounds targeting the ghrelin-GHSR system have shown promising efficacy for the intervention of obesity and relevant metabolic disorders in animals and in vitro. Further clinical trials to validate their efficacy in human beings are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenzhen Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA
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7
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Haj Salah KB, Maingot M, Blayo AL, M'Kadmi C, Damian M, Mary S, Cantel S, Neasta J, Oiry C, Péraldi-Roux S, Fernandez G, Romero GG, Perello M, Marie J, Banères JL, Fehrentz JA, Denoyelle S. Development of Nonpeptidic Inverse Agonists of the Ghrelin Receptor (GHSR) Based on the 1,2,4-Triazole Scaffold. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10796-10815. [PMID: 32882134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
GHSR controls, among others, growth hormone and insulin secretion, adiposity, feeding, and glucose metabolism. Therefore, an inverse agonist ligand capable of selectively targeting GHSR and reducing its high constitutive activity appears to be a good candidate for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic diseases. In this context, we present a study that led to the development of several highly potent and selective inverse agonists of GHSR based on the 1,2,4-triazole scaffold. We demonstrate that, depending on the nature of the substituents on positions 3, 4, and 5, this scaffold leads to ligands that exert an intrinsic inverse agonist activity on GHSR-catalyzed G protein activation through the stabilization of a specific inactive receptor conformation. Thanks to an in vivo evaluation, we also show that one of the most promising ligands not only exerts an effect on insulin secretion in rat pancreatic islets but also affects the orexigenic effects of ghrelin in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathieu Maingot
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Laure Blayo
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Céline M'Kadmi
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Marjorie Damian
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Mary
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Sonia Cantel
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémie Neasta
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Oiry
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Péraldi-Roux
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell, La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe García Romero
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell, La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell, La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina
| | - Jacky Marie
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Banères
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Séverine Denoyelle
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34000 Montpellier, France
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8
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Biotinylated non-ionic amphipols for GPCR ligands screening. Methods 2020; 180:69-78. [PMID: 32505829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present herein the synthesis of biotin-functionalized polymers (BNAPols) that have been developed for the fixation of membrane proteins (MPs) onto surfaces. BNAPols were synthesized by free-radical polymerization of a tris(hydroxymethyl)acrylamidomethane (THAM)-derived amphiphilic monomer in the presence of a thiol-based transfer agent with an azido group. Then a Huisgen-cycloaddition reaction was performed with Biotin-(PEG)8-alkyne that resulted in formation of the biotinylated polymers. The designed structure of BNAPols was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, and a HABA/avidin assay was used for estimating the percentage of biotin grafted on the polymer end chain. The colloidal characterization of these biotin-functionalized polymers was done using both dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. BNAPols were used to stabilize a model G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the human Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHSR), out of its membrane environment. Subsequent immobilization of the BNAPols:GHSR complex onto a streptavidin-coated surface allowed screening of ligands based on their ability to bind the immobilized receptor. This opens the way to the use of biotinylated NAPols to immobilize functional, unmodified, membrane proteins, providing original sensor devices for multiple applications including innovative ligand screening assays.
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9
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Zhang Q, Queneau Y, Soulère L. Biological Evaluation and Docking Studies of New Carbamate, Thiocarbamate, and Hydrazide Analogues of Acyl Homoserine Lactones as Vibrio fischeri-Quorum Sensing Modulators. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030455. [PMID: 32183409 PMCID: PMC7175117 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of carbamate, thiocarbamate, and hydrazide analogues of acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) were synthesized and their ability to modulate Vibrio fischeri-quorum sensing was evaluated. The compounds in the series exhibit variable side chain length and the possible presence of a diversely substituted phenyl substituent. Biological evaluation on the Vibrio fischeri quorum sensing system revealed that the ethyl substituted carbamate (1) display a weak agonistic activity whereas compounds with longer chain length or benzyl substituents display significant antagonistic activity. The most active compounds in the series were the 4-nitrobenzyl carbamate and thiocarbamate 7 and 11 which exhibited an IC50 value of about 20 µM. These activities are in the range of other reported of AHL-structurally related quorum sensing (QS) inhibitors. Docking experiments conducted on the LuxR model showed that, compared to the natural ligand OHHL, the additional heteroatom of the carbamate group induces a new hydrogen bond with Tyr70 leading to a different global hydrogen-bond network. Tyr70 is an important residue in the binding site and is strictly conserved in the LuxR family. For the 4-nitrobenzyl carbamate and thiocarbamate analogues, the docking results highlight an additional hydrogen bond between the nitro group and Lys178. For hydrazide analogues, which are deprived of any activity, docking shows that the orientation of the carbonyl group is opposite as compared with the natural ligand, leading to the absence of a H-bond between the C=O with Tyr62. This suggests that, either this later interaction, or the influence of the C=O orientation on the overall ligand conformation, are essential for the biological activity.
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10
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Jain A, Piplani P. Exploring the Chemistry and Therapeutic Potential of Triazoles: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1298-1368. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190312162601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
:
Triazole is a valuable platform in medicinal chemistry, possessing assorted pharmacological
properties, which could play a major role in the common mechanisms associated with various disorders
like cancer, infections, inflammation, convulsions, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Structural
modification of this scaffold could be helpful in the generation of new therapeutically useful
agents. Although research endeavors are moving towards the growth of synthetic analogs of triazole,
there is still a lot of scope to achieve drug discovery break-through in this area. Upcoming therapeutic
prospective of this moiety has captured the attention of medicinal chemists to synthesize novel triazole
derivatives. The authors amalgamated the chemistry, synthetic strategies and detailed pharmacological
activities of the triazole nucleus in the present review. Information regarding the marketed triazole derivatives
has also been incorporated. The objective of the review is to provide insights to designing and
synthesizing novel triazole derivatives with advanced and unexplored pharmacological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh- 160014, India
| | - Poonam Piplani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh- 160014, India
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity is affecting over 600 million adults worldwide and has numerous negative effects on health. Since ghrelin positively regulates food intake and body weight, targeting its signaling to induce weight loss under conditions of obesity seems promising. Thus, the present work reviews and discusses different possibilities to alter ghrelin signaling. RECENT FINDINGS Ghrelin signaling can be altered by RNA Spiegelmers, GHSR/Fc, ghrelin-O-acyltransferase inhibitors as well as antagonists, and inverse agonists of the ghrelin receptor. PF-05190457 is the first inverse agonist of the ghrelin receptor tested in humans shown to inhibit growth hormone secretion, gastric emptying, and reduce postprandial glucose levels. Effects on body weight were not examined. Although various highly promising agents targeting ghrelin signaling exist, so far, they were mostly only tested in vitro or in animal models. Further research in humans is thus needed to further assess the effects of ghrelin antagonism on body weight especially under conditions of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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12
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Growth Hormone Secretagogues and the Regulation of Calcium Signaling in Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184361. [PMID: 31491959 PMCID: PMC6769538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) are a family of synthetic molecules, first discovered in the late 1970s for their ability to stimulate growth hormone (GH) release. Many effects of GHS are mediated by binding to GHS-R1a, the receptor for the endogenous hormone ghrelin, a 28-amino acid peptide isolated from the stomach. Besides endocrine functions, both ghrelin and GHS are endowed with some relevant extraendocrine properties, including stimulation of food intake, anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory effects, and protection of muscle tissue in different pathological conditions. In particular, ghrelin and GHS inhibit cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell apoptosis and improve cardiac left ventricular function during ischemia–reperfusion injury. Moreover, in a model of cisplatin-induced cachexia, GHS protect skeletal muscle from mitochondrial damage and improve lean mass recovery. Most of these effects are mediated by GHS ability to preserve intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. In this review, we address the muscle-specific protective effects of GHS mediated by Ca2+ regulation, but also highlight recent findings of their therapeutic potential in pathological conditions characterized by skeletal or cardiac muscle impairment.
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13
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van der Vlag R, Guo H, Hapko U, Eleftheriadis N, Monjas L, Dekker FJ, Hirsch AK. A combinatorial approach for the discovery of drug-like inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase-1. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 174:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Bogolyubsky AV, Savych O, Zhemera AV, Pipko SE, Grishchenko AV, Konovets AI, Doroshchuk RO, Khomenko DN, Brovarets VS, Moroz YS, Vybornyi M. Facile One-Pot Parallel Synthesis of 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazoles. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:461-466. [PMID: 29874036 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.8b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A 1,2,4-triazole motif is present in numerous commercialized and investigational bioactive molecules. Despite its importance for medicinal chemistry, there is a lack of convenient combinatorial approaches toward this molecular core. Herein, we present a synthetic strategy suitable for the quick preparation of a library of structurally diverse 1,2,4-triazoles in a one-pot setting. The key steps include the formation of thioureas followed by S-alkylation using 1,3-propane sultone and consecutive ring closure leading to the desired 1,2,4-triazoles. Parallel synthesis yields thousands of 1,2,4-triazoles in a cost- and time-efficient manner from commercially available chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olena Savych
- Enamine, Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Bases, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | | | - Sergey E. Pipko
- ChemBioCenter, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 61 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | | | - Anzhelika I. Konovets
- Enamine, Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
- The Institute of High Technologies, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 4 Glushkov Street, Building 5, Kyiv, 03187, Ukraine
| | - Roman O. Doroshchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 64 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro N. Khomenko
- Department of Chemistry, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 64 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr S. Brovarets
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Bases, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Yurii S. Moroz
- ChemBioCenter, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 61 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
- Chemspace, Ilukstes iela 38-5, Riga, LV-1082, Latvia
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15
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Holubová M, Blechová M, Kákonová A, Kuneš J, Železná B, Maletínská L. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of Novel Stable Peptidic Ghrelin Analogs: Beneficial Effects in the Settings of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Anorexia in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:422-432. [PMID: 29914876 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, the only known orexigenic gut hormone produced primarily in the stomach, has lately gained attention as a potential treatment of anorexia and cachexia. However, its biologic stability is highly limited; therefore, a number of both peptide and nonpeptide ghrelin analogs have been synthesized. In this study, we provide in vitro and in vivo characterization of a series of novel peptide growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) agonists, both under nonpathologic conditions and in the context of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced anorexia. These analogs were based on our previous series modified by replacing the Ser3 with diaminopropionic acid (Dpr), the N-terminal Gly with sarcosine, and Phe4 with various noncoded amino acids. New analogs were further modified by replacing the n-octanoyl bound to Dpr3 with longer or unsaturated fatty acid residues, by incorporation of the second fatty acid residue into the molecule, or by shortening the peptide chain. These modifications preserved the ability of ghrelin analogs to bind to the membranes of cells transfected with GHS-R1a, as well as the GHS-R1a signaling activation. The selected analogs exhibited long-lasting and potent orexigenic effects after a single s.c. administration in mice. The stability of new ghrelin analogs in mice after s.c. administration was significantly higher when compared with ghrelin and [Dpr3]ghrelin, with half-lives of approximately 2 hours. A single s.c. injection of the selected ghrelin analogs in mice with LPS-induced anorexia significantly increased food intake via the activation of orexigenic pathways and normalized blood levels of proinflammatory cytokines, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory potential of the analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Holubová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (M.H., M.B., A.K., J.K., B.Ž., L.M.) and Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.)
| | - Miroslava Blechová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (M.H., M.B., A.K., J.K., B.Ž., L.M.) and Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.)
| | - Anna Kákonová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (M.H., M.B., A.K., J.K., B.Ž., L.M.) and Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.)
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (M.H., M.B., A.K., J.K., B.Ž., L.M.) and Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.)
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (M.H., M.B., A.K., J.K., B.Ž., L.M.) and Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.)
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (M.H., M.B., A.K., J.K., B.Ž., L.M.) and Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.)
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16
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Ben Haj Salah K, Legrand B, Bibian M, Wenger E, Fehrentz JA, Denoyelle S. Synthesis of [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3- a]piperazin-6-ones: An Approach to the Triazole-Fused Ketopiperazine Scaffold. Org Lett 2018; 20:3250-3254. [PMID: 29763330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A stereoconservative synthesis to access the triazole-fused ketopiperazine (TKP) scaffold is presented. This underexplored platform offers a wide range of structural modulations with several points of diversity and chiral centers. A series of [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- a]piperazin-6-ones was synthesized from optically pure dipeptides. The methodology was then successfully applied to access the pyrrolo[1,2- a]triazolo[3,4- c]piperazin-6-one tricycle. Importantly, the crystal structures of representative TKPs confirmed that the configuration of the chiral centers was controlled during the synthetic route and facilitated description of the orientation of the substituents depending on their nature and position on the TKP scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoubaib Ben Haj Salah
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier , CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie , 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 , France
| | - Baptiste Legrand
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier , CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie , 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 , France
| | - Mathieu Bibian
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier , CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie , 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 , France
| | - Emmanuel Wenger
- CRM2 (UMR UL-CNRS 7036), Faculté des Sciences et Technologies , Université de Lorraine , 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier , CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie , 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 , France
| | - Séverine Denoyelle
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier , CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie , 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 , France
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17
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Sirago G, Conte E, Fracasso F, Cormio A, Fehrentz JA, Martinez J, Musicco C, Camerino GM, Fonzino A, Rizzi L, Torsello A, Lezza AMS, Liantonio A, Cantatore P, Pesce V. Growth hormone secretagogues hexarelin and JMV2894 protect skeletal muscle from mitochondrial damages in a rat model of cisplatin-induced cachexia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13017. [PMID: 29026190 PMCID: PMC5638899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy can cause cachexia, which consists of weight loss associated with muscle atrophy. The exact mechanisms underlying this skeletal muscle toxicity are largely unknown and co-therapies to attenuate chemotherapy-induced side effects are lacking. By using a rat model of cisplatin-induced cachexia, we here characterized the mitochondrial homeostasis in tibialis anterior cachectic muscle and evaluated the potential beneficial effects of the growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) hexarelin and JMV2894 in this setting. We found that cisplatin treatment caused a decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, NRF-1, TFAM, mtDNA, ND1), mitochondrial mass (Porin and Citrate synthase activity) and fusion index (MFN2, Drp1), together with changes in the expression of autophagy-related genes (AKT/FoxO pathway, Atg1, Beclin1, LC3AII, p62) and enhanced ROS production (PRX III, MnSOD). Importantly, JMV2894 and hexarelin are capable to antagonize this chemotherapy-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, our findings reveal a key-role played by mitochondria in the mechanism responsible for GHS beneficial effects in skeletal muscle, strongly indicating that targeting mitochondrial dysfunction might be a promising area of research in developing therapeutic strategies to prevent or limit muscle wasting in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sirago
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Conte
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Flavio Fracasso
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Cormio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Clara Musicco
- IBBE Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Adriano Fonzino
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Serena Lezza
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Liantonio
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Palmiro Cantatore
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Pesce
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy.
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18
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Bresciani E, Rizzi L, Molteni L, Ravelli M, Liantonio A, Ben Haj Salah K, Fehrentz JA, Martinez J, Omeljaniuk RJ, Biagini G, Locatelli V, Torsello A. JMV2894, a novel growth hormone secretagogue, accelerates body mass recovery in an experimental model of cachexia. Endocrine 2017; 58:106-114. [PMID: 27896546 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oncologic patients subjected to chemotherapy frequently present aphagia, malnutrition, and cachexia. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether selected growth hormone secretagogues including hexarelin, JMV2894 and JMV2951 could antagonize body weight loss and wasting induced by cisplatin administration in rats. The three growth hormone secretagogues behaved as full agonists of the growth hormone secretagogues receptor both in terms of ability to stimulate calcium mobilization in Chinese hamster ovary cells and stimulation of growth hormone release in neonatal rats. Adult rats were (i) treated with vehicle throughout (controls), or (ii) treated with cisplatin (days 1-3) and a growth hormone secretagogues or vehicle, (days 1-12). Body weight and food consumption were measured daily. Although all growth hormone secretagogues caused initial transient acute increases in food intake, the total amount of food eaten by controls and growth hormone secretagogues treated groups over the 12 experimental days was not significantly different. All groups pre-treated with cisplatin lost up to 5-10 % body weight in the first 4 days; they subsequently gained weight at a rate comparable with controls. Interestingly, rats which received JMV2894 demonstrated a faster gain in body weight than any other growth hormone secretagogues treated group and at the end of the protocol reached a weight similar to that of controls. JMV2894 did not stimulate perirenal and epididymal fat accumulation but reduced MuRF mRNA levels in skeletal muscles. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that JMV2894 antagonizes cisplatin induced weight loss in rats and may prove useful in antagonizing cachexia associated with cancer and chemotherapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bresciani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Rizzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Molteni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Monica Ravelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Khoubaib Ben Haj Salah
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert J Omeljaniuk
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Vittorio Locatelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Antonio Torsello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
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19
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Mosa R, Huang L, Wu Y, Fung C, Mallawakankanamalage O, LeRoith D, Chen C. Hexarelin, a Growth Hormone Secretagogue, Improves Lipid Metabolic Aberrations in Nonobese Insulin-Resistant Male MKR Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3174-3187. [PMID: 28977588 PMCID: PMC5659698 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the occurrence of dyslipidemia and its contribution to the development of insulin resistance in obese subjects, a growing number of studies have described abnormal lipid profiles among leaner persons. For example, individuals with an abnormal paucity or distribution of fat (lipodystrophy) develop severe insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis. Deranged adipocyte metabolism and differentiation contribute to ectopic fat deposition and consequent development of insulin resistance. Growth hormone (GH) therapy has been shown to correct body composition abnormalities in some lipodystrophy patients. However, little is known about the effects of GH-releasing peptides in this regard. Hexarelin, a GH secretagogue, has recently been shown to have beneficial effects on fat metabolism via the CD36 receptor. In this study, the effects of twice daily intraperitoneal injections of hexarelin (200 μg/kg body weight) were examined in nonobese insulin-resistant MKR mice and corresponding wild-type FVB mice for 12 days. Hexarelin treatment significantly improved glucose and insulin intolerance and decreased plasma and liver triglycerides in MKR mice. These beneficial metabolic effects could be due to the improved lipid metabolism and enhanced adipocyte differentiation of white adipose tissue with hexarelin treatment. Interestingly, although food intake of hexarelin-treated MKR mice was significantly increased, this did not change total body weight. Moreover, hexarelin treatment corrected the abnormal body composition of MKR mice, as demonstrated by a decrease in fat mass and an increase in lean mass. Our results suggest a possible application of hexarelin in treatment of lipid disorders associated with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Mosa
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lili Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yeda Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Chungyan Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Oshini Mallawakankanamalage
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Clinical Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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20
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Conte E, Camerino GM, Mele A, De Bellis M, Pierno S, Rana F, Fonzino A, Caloiero R, Rizzi L, Bresciani E, Ben Haj Salah K, Fehrentz J, Martinez J, Giustino A, Mariggiò MA, Coluccia M, Tricarico D, Lograno MD, De Luca A, Torsello A, Conte D, Liantonio A. Growth hormone secretagogues prevent dysregulation of skeletal muscle calcium homeostasis in a rat model of cisplatin-induced cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:386-404. [PMID: 28294567 PMCID: PMC5703021 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia is a wasting condition associated with cancer types and, at the same time, is a serious and dose-limiting side effect of cancer chemotherapy. Skeletal muscle loss is one of the main characteristics of cachexia that significantly contributes to the functional muscle impairment. Calcium-dependent signaling pathways are believed to play an important role in skeletal muscle decline observed in cachexia, but whether intracellular calcium homeostasis is affected in this situation remains uncertain. Growth hormone secretagogues (GHS), a family of synthetic agonists of ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a), are being developed as a therapeutic option for cancer cachexia syndrome; however, the exact mechanism by which GHS interfere with skeletal muscle is not fully understood. METHODS By a multidisciplinary approach ranging from cytofluorometry and electrophysiology to gene expression and histology, we characterized the calcium homeostasis in fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of adult rats with cisplatin-induced cachexia and established the potential beneficial effects of two GHS (hexarelin and JMV2894) at this level. Additionally, in vivo measures of grip strength and of ultrasonography recordings allowed us to evaluate the functional impact of GHS therapeutic intervention. RESULTS Cisplatin-treated EDL muscle fibres were characterized by a ~18% significant reduction of the muscle weight and fibre diameter together with an up-regulation of atrogin1/Murf-1 genes and a down-regulation of Pgc1-a gene, all indexes of muscle atrophy, and by a two-fold increase in resting intracellular calcium, [Ca2+ ]i , compared with control rats. Moreover, the amplitude of the calcium transient induced by caffeine or depolarizing high potassium solution as well as the store-operated calcium entry were ~50% significantly reduced in cisplatin-treated rats. Calcium homeostasis dysregulation parallels with changes of functional ex vivo (excitability and resting macroscopic conductance) and in vivo (forelimb force and muscle volume) outcomes in cachectic animals. Administration of hexarelin or JMV2894 markedly reduced the cisplatin-induced alteration of calcium homeostasis by both common as well as drug-specific mechanisms of action. This effect correlated with muscle function preservation as well as amelioration of various atrophic indexes, thus supporting the functional impact of GHS activity on calcium homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a direct evidence that a dysregulation of calcium homeostasis plays a key role in cisplatin-induced model of cachexia gaining insight into the etiopathogenesis of this form of muscle wasting. Furthermore, our demonstration that GHS administration efficaciously prevents cisplatin-induced calcium homeostasis alteration contributes to elucidate the mechanism of action through which GHS could potentially ameliorate chemotherapy-associated cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Conte
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug SciencesUniversity of BariVia Orabona 470125BariItaly
| | | | - Antonietta Mele
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug SciencesUniversity of BariVia Orabona 470125BariItaly
| | - Michela De Bellis
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug SciencesUniversity of BariVia Orabona 470125BariItaly
| | - Sabata Pierno
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug SciencesUniversity of BariVia Orabona 470125BariItaly
| | - Francesco Rana
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug SciencesUniversity of BariVia Orabona 470125BariItaly
| | - Adriano Fonzino
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug SciencesUniversity of BariVia Orabona 470125BariItaly
| | - Roberta Caloiero
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug SciencesUniversity of BariVia Orabona 470125BariItaly
| | - Laura Rizzi
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaVia Cadore 4820900MonzaItaly
| | - Elena Bresciani
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaVia Cadore 4820900MonzaItaly
| | - Khoubaib Ben Haj Salah
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR5247, CNRSUniversity of Montpellier, ENSCMAvenue Charles Flahault BP 14491Montpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Jean‐Alain Fehrentz
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR5247, CNRSUniversity of Montpellier, ENSCMAvenue Charles Flahault BP 14491Montpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR5247, CNRSUniversity of Montpellier, ENSCMAvenue Charles Flahault BP 14491Montpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Arcangela Giustino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human OncologyUniversity of BariPiazza Giulio Cesare70125BariItaly
| | - Maria Addolorata Mariggiò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human OncologyUniversity of BariPiazza Giulio Cesare70125BariItaly
| | - Mauro Coluccia
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug SciencesUniversity of BariVia Orabona 470125BariItaly
| | - Domenico Tricarico
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug SciencesUniversity of BariVia Orabona 470125BariItaly
| | | | - Annamaria De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug SciencesUniversity of BariVia Orabona 470125BariItaly
| | - Antonio Torsello
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaVia Cadore 4820900MonzaItaly
| | - Diana Conte
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug SciencesUniversity of BariVia Orabona 470125BariItaly
| | - Antonella Liantonio
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug SciencesUniversity of BariVia Orabona 470125BariItaly
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21
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Hassouna R, Labarthe A, Tolle V. Hypothalamic regulation of body growth and appetite by ghrelin-derived peptides during balanced nutrition or undernutrition. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 438:42-51. [PMID: 27693419 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the gastrointestinal hormones that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis, ghrelin plays a unique role as the first one identified to increases appetite and stimulate GH secretion. This review highlights the latest mechanism by which ghrelin modulates body growth, appetite and energy metabolism by exploring pharmacological actions of the hormone and consequences of genetic or pharmacological blockade of the ghrelin/GHS-R (Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor) system on physiological responses in specific nutritional situations. Within the hypothalamus, novel mechanisms of action of this hormone involve its interaction with other ghrelin-derived peptides, such as desacyl ghrelin and obestatin, which are thought to act as functional ghrelin antagonists, and possible modulation of the GHS-R with other G-protein coupled receptors. During chronic undernutrition such as anorexia nervosa, variations of ghrelin-derived peptides may be an adaptative metabolic response to maintain normal glycemic control. Interestingly, some of ghrelin's metabolic actions are thought to be relayed through modulation of GH, an anabolic and hyperglycemic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Hassouna
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014, Paris, France; Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Alexandra Labarthe
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014, Paris, France.
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22
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Thaler F, Mercurio C. Compounds and methods for inhibiting histone demethylases: a patent evaluation of US20160102096A1. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1367-1370. [PMID: 27730846 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1246539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Jumonji C (JmjC) domain containing histone lysine demethylases have a clear role both in the development and in some diseases including inflammation and cancer. The histone lysine demethylases represent an attractive target for the identification of therapeutic agents and the pyridine derivatives are a scaffolds largely investigated for the identification and development of inhibitors of enzymes of the Jumonji family. This commentary is a scientific evaluation of a patent application US20160102096A1 that describes novel pyridine derivatives in which the introduction of specific substituents is used to modulate the selectivity profile of the inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Thaler
- a Experimental Therapeutics Unit , IFOM - The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology , Milan , Italy
| | - Ciro Mercurio
- a Experimental Therapeutics Unit , IFOM - The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology , Milan , Italy
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23
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Steyn FJ, Tolle V, Chen C, Epelbaum J. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:687-735. [PMID: 27065166 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the main findings that emerged in the intervening years since the previous volume on hormonal control of growth in the section on the endocrine system of the Handbook of Physiology concerning the intra- and extrahypothalamic neuronal networks connecting growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin hypophysiotropic neurons and the integration between regulators of food intake/metabolism and GH release. Among these findings, the discovery of ghrelin still raises many unanswered questions. One important event was the application of deconvolution analysis to the pulsatile patterns of GH secretion in different mammalian species, including Man, according to gender, hormonal environment and ageing. Concerning this last phenomenon, a great body of evidence now supports the role of an attenuation of the GHRH/GH/Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis in the control of mammalian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J Steyn
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research and the School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research and the School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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24
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Prabhu G, Nagendra G, Sagar NR, Pal R, Guru Row TN, Sureshbabu VV. A Facile Synthesis of 1,5-Disubstituted Tetrazole Peptidomimetics by Desulfurization/Electrocyclization of Thiopeptides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Girish Prabhu
- #109, Peptide Research Laboratory; Department of Studies in Chemistry; Central College Campus, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi; Bangalore University; Bangalore 560001 India
| | - Govindappa Nagendra
- #109, Peptide Research Laboratory; Department of Studies in Chemistry; Central College Campus, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi; Bangalore University; Bangalore 560001 India
| | - N. R. Sagar
- #109, Peptide Research Laboratory; Department of Studies in Chemistry; Central College Campus, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi; Bangalore University; Bangalore 560001 India
| | - Rumpa Pal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560 012 India
| | - Tayur N. Guru Row
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560 012 India
| | - Vommina V. Sureshbabu
- #109, Peptide Research Laboratory; Department of Studies in Chemistry; Central College Campus, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi; Bangalore University; Bangalore 560001 India
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25
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Abstract
There are many reported examples of small structural modifications to GPCR-targeted ligands leading to major changes in their functional activity, converting agonists into antagonists or vice versa. These shifts in functional activity are often accompanied by negligible changes in binding affinity. The current perspective focuses on outlining and analyzing various approaches that have been used to interconvert GPCR agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists in order to achieve the intended functional activity at a GPCR of therapeutic interest. An improved understanding of specific structural modifications that are likely to alter the functional activity of a GPCR ligand may be of use to researchers designing GPCR-targeted drugs and/or probe compounds, specifically in cases where a particular ligand exhibits good potency but not the preferred functional activity at the GPCR of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Dosa
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ambrose Amin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute for Advanced Computational Research, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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Orr STM, Beveridge R, Bhattacharya SK, Cameron KO, Coffey S, Fernando D, Hepworth D, Jackson MV, Khot V, Kosa R, Lapham K, Loria PM, McClure KF, Patel J, Rose C, Saenz J, Stock IA, Storer G, von Volkenburg M, Vrieze D, Wang G, Xiao J, Zhang Y. Evaluation and synthesis of polar aryl- and heteroaryl spiroazetidine-piperidine acetamides as ghrelin inverse agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:156-61. [PMID: 25699143 DOI: 10.1021/ml500414n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Several polar heteroaromatic acetic acids and their piperidine amides were synthesized and evaluated as ghrelin or type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) inverse agonists. Efforts to improve pharmacokinetic and safety profile was achieved by modulating physicochemical properties and, more specifically, emphasizing increased polarity of our chemical series. ortho-Carboxamide containing compounds provided optimal physicochemical, pharmacologic, and safety profile. pH-dependent chemical stability was also assessed with our series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi T. M. Orr
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 10770
Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ramsay Beveridge
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Samit K. Bhattacharya
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kimberly O. Cameron
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Steven Coffey
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dilinie Fernando
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Hepworth
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Margaret V. Jackson
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vishal Khot
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rachel Kosa
- Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kimberly Lapham
- Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Paula M. Loria
- Primary
Pharmacology Group, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kim F. McClure
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jigna Patel
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Colin Rose
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - James Saenz
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ingrid A. Stock
- Primary
Pharmacology Group, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory Storer
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Maria von Volkenburg
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Derek Vrieze
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Kumar S, Kumar A, Agarwal A, Awasthi SK. Synthetic application of gold nanoparticles and auric chloride for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13461c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective one-pot, convenient gold catalyzed synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanand Kumar
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Alka Agarwal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- IMS
- BHU
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Satish Kumar Awasthi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
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29
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Madhu C, Prabhu G, Pal R, Guru Row TN, Sureshbabu VV. Synthesis of Optically Active 2-Amino-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and their Hybrid Peptides. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chilakapati Madhu
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus; Bangalore University; Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi Bangalore 560 001 India
| | - Girish Prabhu
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus; Bangalore University; Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi Bangalore 560 001 India
| | - Rumpa Pal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - T. N. Guru Row
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Vommina V. Sureshbabu
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus; Bangalore University; Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi Bangalore 560 001 India
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30
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Holubová M, Nagelová V, Lacinová Z, Haluzík M, Sýkora D, Moulin A, Blayo AL, Fehrentz JA, Martinez J, Stofkova A, Jurčovičová J, Zelezná B, Maletínská L. Triazole GHS-R1a antagonists JMV4208 and JMV3002 attenuate food intake, body weight, and adipose tissue mass in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 393:120-8. [PMID: 24953973 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The only peripherally released orexigenic hormone, ghrelin, plays a key role in food intake and body weight regulation. Antagonizing the ghrelin receptor, GHS-R1a, represents a promising approach for anti-obesity therapy. In our study, two novel GHS-R1a antagonists JMV4208 and JMV3002, which are trisubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles, decreased food intake in fasted lean mice in a dose-dependent manner, with ED50 values of 5.25 and 2.05 mg/kg, respectively. Both compounds were stable in mouse blood, with half-lives of 90 min (JMV4208) and 60 min (JMV3002), and disappeared from the blood 8h after administration. Fourteen days of treatment with the ghrelin antagonists (20 mg/kg twice a day) decreased food intake, body weight and adipose tissue mass in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). These results are likely attributable to an impact on food intake reduction and an attenuated expression of the lipogenesis-promoting enzymes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 in subcutaneous fat and fatty acid synthase in subcutaneous and intraperitoneal fat). The decrease in fat mass negatively impacted circulating leptin levels. These data suggest that JMV4208 and JMV3002 could be useful therapeutic agents for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holubová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic; Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Nagelová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Z Lacinová
- Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Haluzík
- Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Sýkora
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Moulin
- IBMM UMR 5274, CNRS - Universités Montpellier 1- Montpellier 2, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - A L Blayo
- IBMM UMR 5274, CNRS - Universités Montpellier 1- Montpellier 2, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - J A Fehrentz
- IBMM UMR 5274, CNRS - Universités Montpellier 1- Montpellier 2, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - J Martinez
- IBMM UMR 5274, CNRS - Universités Montpellier 1- Montpellier 2, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - A Stofkova
- Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Jurčovičová
- Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - B Zelezná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past 3 years, several patents appeared dealing with the discovery of compounds able to modulate ghrelin actions: agonists for the treatment of cachexia, as diagnostic agents for GH deficiency or for the increase in gastrointestinal motility, antagonists and inverse agonists as anorexigenic agents for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. This research has been conducted by several pharmaceutical companies and some compounds have entered clinical trials, but, to date, compounds acting on the ghrelin receptor do not represent clinical options yet. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive description and categorization of patents related to each type of compounds is provided, together with data related to these compounds that appeared in the scientific literature. EXPERT OPINION Ghrelin appears to mediate a myriad of actions, and some of these appear to be due to unknown mechanisms (a second putative ghrelin receptor, putative receptors for unacylated ghrelin); several agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists at ghrelin receptor have been developed but their mechanism of action into CNS is poorly understood. The therapeutic potential of compounds acting on ghrelin receptor is still to be fully assessed, but the results obtained to date are encouraging for the successful clinical translation of compounds able to treat several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Costantino
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita , Via Campi 183, 41100 Modena , Italy +39 059 2055749 ; +39 059 2055131 ;
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Giordano C, Marchiò M, Timofeeva E, Biagini G. Neuroactive peptides as putative mediators of antiepileptic ketogenic diets. Front Neurol 2014; 5:63. [PMID: 24808888 PMCID: PMC4010764 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various ketogenic diet (KD) therapies, including classic KD, medium chain triglyceride administration, low glycemic index treatment, and a modified Atkins diet, have been suggested as useful in patients affected by pharmacoresistant epilepsy. A common goal of these approaches is to achieve an adequate decrease in the plasma glucose level combined with ketogenesis, in order to mimic the metabolic state of fasting. Although several metabolic hypotheses have been advanced to explain the anticonvulsant effect of KDs, including changes in the plasma levels of ketone bodies, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and brain pH, direct modulation of neurotransmitter release, especially purinergic (i.e., adenosine) and γ-aminobutyric acidergic neurotransmission, was also postulated. Neuropeptides and peptide hormones are potent modulators of synaptic activity, and their levels are regulated by metabolic states. This is the case for neuroactive peptides such as neuropeptide Y, galanin, cholecystokinin, and peptide hormones such as leptin, adiponectin, and growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs). In particular, the GHRP ghrelin and its related peptide des-acyl ghrelin are well-known controllers of energy homeostasis, food intake, and lipid metabolism. Notably, ghrelin has also been shown to regulate the neuronal excitability and epileptic activation of neuronal networks. Several lines of evidence suggest that GHRPs are upregulated in response to starvation and, particularly, in patients affected by anorexia and cachexia, all conditions in which also ketone bodies are upregulated. Moreover, starvation and anorexia nervosa are accompanied by changes in other peptide hormones such as adiponectin, which has received less attention. Adipocytokines such as adiponectin have also been involved in modulating epileptic activity. Thus, neuroactive peptides whose plasma levels and activity change in the presence of ketogenesis might be potential candidates for elucidating the neurohormonal mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of KDs. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for altered regulation of the synthesis of neuropeptides and peripheral hormones in response to KDs, and we try to define a possible role for specific neuroactive peptides in mediating the antiepileptic properties of diet-induced ketogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Giordano
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maddalena Marchiò
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, Policlinico Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, NOCSAE Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Timofeeva
- Département Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, NOCSAE Hospital, Modena, Italy
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Al-Sheikh M, Medrasi HY, Sadek KU, Mekheimer RA. Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of new azo dyes derived from 3-ethylthio-5-cyanomethyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole. Molecules 2014; 19:2993-3003. [PMID: 24609019 PMCID: PMC6271515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19032993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New 1,2,4-triazole colorants were obtained, in high yields, by coupling 3-ethylthio-5-cyanomethyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole (1) with diazotized aniline derivatives 2, 4 and 6. The azo dyes prepared in this work may exist in three tautomeric forms. We found that the tautomerism is influenced mainly by the nature of substituent at the para position of the aniline coupling component. This tautomerisation was observed in the NMR spectra of the dyes. The dyes were characterized by IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and MS spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Al-Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science for Girls, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, P.O. Box 50918, Jeddah 21533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanadi Y Medrasi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science for Girls, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, P.O. Box 50918, Jeddah 21533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal Usef Sadek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, El-Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ramadan Ahmed Mekheimer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science for Girls, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, P.O. Box 50918, Jeddah 21533, Saudi Arabia.
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Curia G, Lucchi C, Vinet J, Gualtieri F, Marinelli C, Torsello A, Costantino L, Biagini G. Pathophysiogenesis of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: is prevention of damage antiepileptogenic? Curr Med Chem 2014; 21:663-88. [PMID: 24251566 PMCID: PMC4101766 DOI: 10.2174/0929867320666131119152201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is frequently associated with hippocampal sclerosis, possibly caused by a primary brain injury that occurred a long time before the appearance of neurological symptoms. This type of epilepsy is characterized by refractoriness to drug treatment, so to require surgical resection of mesial temporal regions involved in seizure onset. Even this last therapeutic approach may fail in giving relief to patients. Although prevention of hippocampal damage and epileptogenesis after a primary event could be a key innovative approach to TLE, the lack of clear data on the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to TLE does not allow any rational therapy. Here we address the current knowledge on mechanisms supposed to be involved in epileptogenesis, as well as on the possible innovative treatments that may lead to a preventive approach. Besides loss of principal neurons and of specific interneurons, network rearrangement caused by axonal sprouting and neurogenesis are well known phenomena that are integrated by changes in receptor and channel functioning and modifications in other cellular components. In particular, a growing body of evidence from the study of animal models suggests that disruption of vascular and astrocytic components of the blood-brain barrier takes place in injured brain regions such as the hippocampus and piriform cortex. These events may be counteracted by drugs able to prevent damage to the vascular component, as in the case of the growth hormone secretagogue ghrelin and its analogues. A thoroughly investigation on these new pharmacological tools may lead to design effective preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - G Biagini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Laboratorio di Epilettologia Sperimentale, Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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KATHROTIYA HARSHADG, PATEL MANISHP. An efficient synthesis of 3′-indolyl substituted pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles as potential antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. J CHEM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-013-0468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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Liantonio A, Gramegna G, Carbonara G, Sblendorio VT, Pierno S, Fraysse B, Giannuzzi V, Rizzi L, Torsello A, Camerino DC. Growth hormone secretagogues exert differential effects on skeletal muscle calcium homeostasis in male rats depending on the peptidyl/nonpeptidyl structure. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3764-75. [PMID: 23836033 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The orexigenic and anabolic effects induced by ghrelin and the synthetic GH secretagogues (GHSs) are thought to positively contribute to therapeutic approaches and the adjunct treatment of a number of diseases associated with muscle wasting such as cachexia and sarcopenia. However, many questions about the potential utility and safety of GHSs in both therapy and skeletal muscle function remain unanswered. By using fura-2 cytofluorimetric technique, we determined the acute effects of ghrelin, as well as of peptidyl and nonpeptidyl synthetic GHSs on calcium homeostasis, a critical biomarker of muscle function, in isolated tendon-to-tendon male rat skeletal muscle fibers. The synthetic nonpeptidyl GHSs, but not peptidyl ghrelin and hexarelin, were able to significantly increase resting cytosolic calcium [Ca²⁺]i. The nonpeptidyl GHS-induced [Ca²⁺]i increase was independent of GHS-receptor 1a but was antagonized by both thapsigargin/caffeine and cyclosporine A, indicating the involvement of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Evaluation of the effects of a pseudopeptidyl GHS and a nonpeptidyl antagonist of the GHS-receptor 1a together with a drug-modeling study suggest the conclusion that the lipophilic nonpeptidyl structure of the tested compounds is the key chemical feature crucial for the GHS-induced calcium alterations in the skeletal muscle. Thus, synthetic GHSs can have different effects on skeletal muscle fibers depending on their molecular structures. The calcium homeostasis dysregulation specifically induced by the nonpeptidyl GHSs used in this study could potentially counteract the beneficial effects associated with these drugs in the treatment of muscle wasting of cachexia- or other age-related disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Appetite Stimulants/adverse effects
- Appetite Stimulants/pharmacology
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cytosol/drug effects
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Ghrelin/analogs & derivatives
- Ghrelin/metabolism
- Growth Hormone/metabolism
- Male
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/adverse effects
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Piperidines/adverse effects
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/drug effects
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Ghrelin/agonists
- Receptors, Ghrelin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Ghrelin/metabolism
- Sarcolemma/drug effects
- Sarcolemma/metabolism
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/drug effects
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Spiro Compounds/adverse effects
- Spiro Compounds/pharmacology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Liantonio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, Campus, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
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Hassouna R, Labarthe A, Zizzari P, Videau C, Culler M, Epelbaum J, Tolle V. Actions of Agonists and Antagonists of the ghrelin/GHS-R Pathway on GH Secretion, Appetite, and cFos Activity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:25. [PMID: 23515849 PMCID: PMC3600614 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stimulatory effects of ghrelin, a 28-AA acylated peptide originally isolated from stomach, on growth hormone (GH) secretion and feeding are exclusively mediated through the growth hormone secretagogue 1a receptor (GHS-R1a), the only ghrelin receptor described so far. Several GHS-R1a agonists and antagonists have been developed to treat metabolic or nutritional disorders but their mechanisms of action in the central nervous system remain poorly understood. In the present study, we compared the activity of BIM-28163, a GHS-R1a antagonist, and of several agonists, including native ghrelin and the potent synthetic agonist, BIM-28131, to modulate food intake, GH secretion, and cFos activity in arcuate nucleus (ArcN), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and area postrema (AP) in wild-type and NPY-GFP mice. BIM-28131 was as effective as ghrelin in stimulating GH secretion, but more active than ghrelin in inducing feeding. It stimulated cFos activity similarly to ghrelin in the NTS and AP but was more powerful in the ArcN, suggesting that the super-agonist activity of BIM-28131 is mostly mediated in the ArcN. BIM-28163 antagonized ghrelin-induced GH secretion but not ghrelin-induced food consumption and cFos activation, rather it stimulated food intake and cFos activity without affecting GH secretion. The level of cFos activation was dependent on the region considered: BIM-28163 was as active as ghrelin in the NTS, but less active in the ArcN and AP. All compounds also induced cFos immunoreactivity in ArcN NPY neurons but BIM-28131 was the most active. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that two peptide analogs of ghrelin, BIM-28163, and BIM-28131, are powerful stimulators of appetite in mice, acting through pathways and key brain regions involved in the control of appetite that are only partially superimposable from those activated by ghrelin. A better understanding of the molecular pathways activated by these compounds could be useful in devising future therapeutic applications, such as for cachexia and anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Hassouna
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Alexandra Labarthe
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Catherine Videau
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | | | - Jacques Epelbaum
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
- *Correspondence: Virginie Tolle, UMR894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 2 ter rue d’Alésia, 75014 Paris, France. e-mail:
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Costantino L. Novel triazole derivatives with improved receptor activity and bioavailability properties as ghrelin antagonists of growth hormone secretagogue receptors (WO2012035124): a patent evaluation. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:1099-104. [PMID: 22809244 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.701283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The patent claims triazole compounds as inhibitors of the ghrelin receptor, the growth-hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). These compounds are potent GHS-R1a ligands with an improved in vitro antagonistic activity against ghrelin receptors of at least factor 3 compared with a representative compound disclosed in a previous patent, and are expected to possess, on the basis of the results of in vitro assays, improved safety and human oral bioavailability with respect to the lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Costantino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Modena e R.E, Via Campi 183 41100, Modena, Italy.
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The 1,2,4-triazole as a scaffold for the design of ghrelin receptor ligands: development of JMV 2959, a potent antagonist. Amino Acids 2012; 44:301-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Proulx C, Picard É, Boeglin D, Pohankova P, Chemtob S, Ong H, Lubell WD. Azapeptide Analogues of the Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide 6 as Cluster of Differentiation 36 Receptor Ligands with Reduced Affinity for the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor 1a. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6502-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300557t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Proulx
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec
H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Émilie Picard
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec
H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Damien Boeglin
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec
H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Petra Pohankova
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec
H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec
H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Huy Ong
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec
H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec
H3C 3J7, Canada
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Ghazvini Zadeh EH, El-Gendy BEDM, Pop AG, Katritzky AR. Synthesis of chiral α-amino acid-derived 1H-1,2,4-triazoles and 1,2,4-triazines. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00177a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Ghrelin is the only potent orexigenic peptide in circulation. It stimulates food intake and leads to positive energy balance, adipogenesis, and body weight gain. However, the physiological significance of ghrelin in the regulation of energy homeostasis is controversial, since loss of ghrelin function in rodents does not necessarily lead to anorexia and weight loss. In this chapter, we discuss the metabolic function of ghrelin and are highlighting recent findings including the discovery and function of ghrelin-acylating enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT). Based on available published data, we conclude that ghrelin is a principally important endogenous regulator of energy balance, which however may affect both food intake and systemic metabolism via independent mechanisms. Importantly, ghrelin, when acylated by GOAT, might represent a key molecular link between the sensing of consumed calories and the neuroendocrine control of energy homeostasis. Thus, agents antagonizing the action of ghrelin may have therapeutic potential in the therapy of obesity.
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Rediger A, Piechowski CL, Habegger K, Grüters A, Krude H, Tschöp MH, Kleinau G, Biebermann H. MC4R dimerization in the paraventricular nucleus and GHSR/MC3R heterodimerization in the arcuate nucleus: is there relevance for body weight regulation? Neuroendocrinology 2012; 95:277-88. [PMID: 22327910 DOI: 10.1159/000334903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide obesity epidemic is increasing, yet at this time, no long-acting and specific pharmaceutical therapies are available. Peripheral hormonal signals communicate metabolic status to the hypothalamus by activating their corresponding receptors in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). In this brain region, a variety of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are expressed that are potentially involved in weight regulation, but so far, the detailed function of most hypothalamic GPCRs is only partially understood. An important and underappreciated feature of GPCRs is the capacity for regulation via di- and heterodimerization. Increasing evidence implicates that heterodimerization of GPCRs results in profound functional consequences. Recently, we could demonstrate that interaction of the melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR)-1a results in a modulation of function in both receptors. Although the physiological role of GPCR-GPCR interaction in the hypothalamus is yet to be elucidated, this concept promises new avenues for investigation and understanding of hypothalamic functions dependent on GPCR signaling. Since GPCRs are important targets for drugs to combat many diseases, identification of heterodimers may be a prerequisite for highly specific drugs. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms and their involvement in weight regulation is necessary. Fundamental to this understanding is the interplay of GPCR-GPCR in the hypothalamic nuclei in energy metabolism. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on melanocortin receptors and GHSR-1a in hypothalamic weight regulation, especially as they pertain to possible drug targets. Furthermore, we include available evidence for the participation and significance of GPCR dimerization.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Appetite Regulation/physiology
- Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/anatomy & histology
- Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/physiology
- Body Weight/physiology
- Humans
- Models, Biological
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/anatomy & histology
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/physiology
- Protein Multimerization/physiology
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/physiology
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/physiology
- Receptors, Ghrelin/metabolism
- Receptors, Ghrelin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rediger
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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Delporte C. Recent advances in potential clinical application of ghrelin in obesity. J Obes 2012; 2012:535624. [PMID: 22523666 PMCID: PMC3317165 DOI: 10.1155/2012/535624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is the natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide possessing a unique acylation on the serine in position 3 catalyzed by ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT). Ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion, but also appetite, food intake, weight gain, and gastric emptying. Ghrelin is involved in weight regulation, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, a better understanding of ghrelin biology led to the identification of molecular targets modulating ghrelin levels and/or its biological effects: GOAT, ghrelin, and GHS-R1a. Furthermore, a recent discovery, showing the involvement of bitter taste receptor T2R in ghrelin secretion and/or synthesis and food intake, suggested that T2R could represent an additional interesting molecular target. Several classes of ghrelin-related pharmacological tools for the treatment of obesity have been or could be developed to modulate the identified molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- *Christine Delporte:
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Microwave-assisted synthesis of 3′-indolyl substituted 4H-chromenes catalyzed by DMAP and their antimicrobial activity. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bagger JI, Christensen M, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. Therapy for obesity based on gastrointestinal hormones. Rev Diabet Stud 2011; 8:339-47. [PMID: 22262071 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2011.8.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that peptide hormones from the gastrointestinal tract have significant impact on the regulation of nutrient metabolism. Among these hormones, incretins have been found to increase insulin secretion, and thus incretin-based therapies have emerged as new modalities for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In contrast to other antidiabetic treatments, these agents have a positive outcome profile on body weight. Worldwide there are 500 million obese people, and 3 million are dying every year from obesity-related diseases. Recently, incretin-based therapy was proposed for the treatment of obesity. Currently two different incretin therapies are widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: 1) the GLP-1 receptor agonists which cause significant and sustained weight loss in overweight patients, and 2) dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors being weight neutral. These findings have led to a greater interest in the physiology of intestinal peptides with potential weight-reducing properties. This review discusses the effects of the incretin-based therapies in obesity, and provides an overview of intestinal peptides with promising effects as potential new treatments for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan I Bagger
- Diabetes Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine F, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Desai NC, Shihora PN, Rajpara KM, Joshi VV, Vaghani HV, Satodiya HM, Dodiya AM. Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of novel naphthalene-based 1,2,4-triazoles. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zizzari P, Hassouna R, Grouselle D, Epelbaum J, Tolle V. Physiological roles of preproghrelin-derived peptides in GH secretion and feeding. Peptides 2011; 32:2274-82. [PMID: 21530598 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the factors playing a crucial role in the regulation of energy metabolism, gastro-intestinal peptides are essential signals to maintain energy homeostasis as they relay to the central nervous system the informations about the nutritional status of the body. Among these factors, preproghrelin is a unique prohormone as it encodes ghrelin, a powerful GH secretagogue and the only orexigenic signal from the gastrointestinal tract and obestatin, a proposed functional ghrelin antagonist. These preproghrelin-derived peptides may contribute to balance energy intake, metabolism and body composition by regulating the activity of the GH/IGF-1 axis and appetite. Whereas the contribution of ghrelin has been well characterized, the role of the more recently identified obestatin, in this regulatory process is still controversial. In this chapter, we describe the contribution of these different preproghrelin-derived peptides and their receptors in the regulation of GH secretion and feeding. Data obtained from pharmacological approaches, mutant models and evaluation of the hormones in animal and human models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Zizzari
- UMR894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France
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Biagini G, Torsello A, Marinelli C, Gualtieri F, Vezzali R, Coco S, Bresciani E, Locatelli V. Beneficial effects of desacyl-ghrelin, hexarelin and EP-80317 in models of status epilepticus. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 670:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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