1
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Bhurta D, Bharate SB. Styryl Group, a Friend or Foe in Medicinal Chemistry. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100706. [PMID: 35166041 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The styryl (Ph-CH=CH-R) group is widely represented in medicinally important compounds, including drugs, clinical candidates, and molecular probes as it positively impacts the lipophilicity, oral absorption, and biological activity. The analysis of matched molecular pairs (styryl vs. phenethyl, phenyl, methyl, H) for the biological activity indicates the superiority aspect of styryl compounds. However, the Michael acceptor site in the styryl group makes it amenable to the nucleophilic attack by biological nucleophiles and transformation to the toxic metabolites. One of the downsides of styryl compounds is isomerization that impacts the molecular conformation and directly affects biological activity. The impact of cis-trans isomerism and isosteric replacements on biological activity is exemplified. We also discuss the styryl group-bearing drugs, clinical candidates, and fluorescent probes. Overall, the present review reveals the utility of the styryl group in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deendyal Bhurta
- Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Natural Products and medicinal chemistry, 180001, Jammu, INDIA
| | - Sandip Bibishan Bharate
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine CSIR, Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry, Canal Road, 180001, Jammu, INDIA
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2
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Rzewnicka A, Krysiak J, Mikina M, Żurawiński R, Sobczak A, Sieroń L. Asymmetric synthesis of a cyclopropanecarboxylic acid derivative – the potential agonist/antagonist of GABA receptors. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2021.2008931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Rzewnicka
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Krysiak
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Mikina
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Żurawiński
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Sobczak
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lesław Sieroń
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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3
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Lorthiois E, Roache J, Barnes-Seeman D, Altmann E, Hassiepen U, Turner G, Duvadie R, Hornak V, Karki RG, Schiering N, Weihofen WA, Perruccio F, Calhoun A, Fazal T, Dedic D, Durand C, Dussauge S, Fettis K, Tritsch F, Dentel C, Druet A, Liu D, Kirman L, Lachal J, Namoto K, Bevan D, Mo R, Monnet G, Muller L, Zessis R, Huang X, Lindsley L, Currie T, Chiu YH, Fridrich C, Delgado P, Wang S, Hollis-Symynkywicz M, Berghausen J, Williams E, Liu H, Liang G, Kim H, Hoffmann P, Hein A, Ramage P, D’Arcy A, Harlfinger S, Renatus M, Ruedisser S, Feldman D, Elliott J, Sedrani R, Maibaum J, Adams CM. Structure-Based Design and Preclinical Characterization of Selective and Orally Bioavailable Factor XIa Inhibitors: Demonstrating the Power of an Integrated S1 Protease Family Approach. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8088-8113. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Lorthiois
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - James Roache
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David Barnes-Seeman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eva Altmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Hassiepen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Turner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rohit Duvadie
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Viktor Hornak
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rajeshri G. Karki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nikolaus Schiering
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm A. Weihofen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Francesca Perruccio
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amy Calhoun
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tanzina Fazal
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Darija Dedic
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Durand
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Solene Dussauge
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kamal Fettis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Tritsch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Dentel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adelaide Druet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Donglei Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Louise Kirman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julie Lachal
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Namoto
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Douglas Bevan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rose Mo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gabriela Monnet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Muller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Zessis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xueming Huang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Loren Lindsley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Treeve Currie
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yu-Hsin Chiu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cary Fridrich
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Delgado
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Joerg Berghausen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Williams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Guiqing Liang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hyungchul Kim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andreas Hein
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Ramage
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Allan D’Arcy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Harlfinger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Renatus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Ruedisser
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Feldman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey 07396, United States
| | - Jason Elliott
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard Sedrani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Maibaum
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher M. Adams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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4
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Li CY, Yap K, Swedberg JE, Craik DJ, de Veer SJ. Binding Loop Substitutions in the Cyclic Peptide SFTI-1 Generate Potent and Selective Chymase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:816-826. [PMID: 31855419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chymase is a serine protease that is predominantly expressed by mast cells and has key roles in immune defense and the cardiovascular system. This enzyme has also emerged as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease due to its ability to remodel cardiac tissue and generate angiotensin II. Here, we used the nature-derived cyclic peptide sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) as a template for designing novel chymase inhibitors. The key binding contacts of SFTI-1 were optimized by combining a peptide substrate library screen with structure-based design, which yielded several variants with potent activity. The lead variant was further modified by replacing the P1 Tyr residue with para-substituted Phe derivatives, generating new inhibitors with improved potency (Ki = 1.8 nM) and higher selectivity over closely related enzymes. Several variants were shown to block angiotensin I cleavage in vitro, highlighting their potential for further development and future evaluation as pharmaceutical leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choi Yi Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
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5
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Guo S, Zhang Z, Xu J, Li S, Fu Z, Cai H. Acid and 1, 2‐Dichloroethane Co‐Promoted Substitution of the Amino Groups in Gramine and its Analogues with Trialkyl Phosphites. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Guo
- Department of ChemistryNanchang University Xuefu Rd. 999 Nanchang 330031 P. R. China
| | - Zhebin Zhang
- Department of ChemistryNanchang University Xuefu Rd. 999 Nanchang 330031 P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Xu
- The Second Clinical Medical CollegeNanchang University Xuefu Rd. 999 Nanchang 330031 P. R. China
| | - Sen Li
- Department of ChemistryNanchang University Xuefu Rd. 999 Nanchang 330031 P. R. China
| | - Zhengjiang Fu
- Department of ChemistryNanchang University Xuefu Rd. 999 Nanchang 330031 P. R. China
| | - Hu Cai
- Department of ChemistryNanchang University Xuefu Rd. 999 Nanchang 330031 P. R. China
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6
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Karki RG, Powers J, Mainolfi N, Anderson K, Belanger DB, Liu D, Ji N, Jendza K, Gelin CF, Mac Sweeney A, Solovay C, Delgado O, Crowley M, Liao SM, Argikar UA, Flohr S, La Bonte LR, Lorthiois EL, Vulpetti A, Brown A, Long D, Prentiss M, Gradoux N, de Erkenez A, Cumin F, Adams C, Jaffee B, Mogi M. Design, Synthesis, and Preclinical Characterization of Selective Factor D Inhibitors Targeting the Alternative Complement Pathway. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4656-4668. [PMID: 30995036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Complement factor D (FD), a highly specific S1 serine protease, plays a central role in the amplification of the alternative complement pathway (AP) of the innate immune system. Dysregulation of AP activity predisposes individuals to diverse disorders such as age-related macular degeneration, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Previously, we have reported the screening efforts and identification of reversible benzylamine-based FD inhibitors (1 and 2) binding to the open active conformation of FD. In continuation of our drug discovery program, we designed compounds applying structure-based approaches to improve interactions with FD and gain selectivity against S1 serine proteases. We report herein the design, synthesis, and medicinal chemistry optimization of the benzylamine series culminating in the discovery of 12, an orally bioavailable and selective FD inhibitor. 12 demonstrated systemic suppression of AP activation in a lipopolysaccharide-induced AP activation model as well as local ocular suppression in intravitreal injection-induced AP activation model in mice expressing human FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshri G Karki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - James Powers
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Nello Mainolfi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Karen Anderson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - David B Belanger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Donglei Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Nan Ji
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Keith Jendza
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Christine F Gelin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Aengus Mac Sweeney
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Catherine Solovay
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Omar Delgado
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Maura Crowley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Sha-Mei Liao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Stefanie Flohr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Laura R La Bonte
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Edwige L Lorthiois
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Anna Vulpetti
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Ann Brown
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Debby Long
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Melissa Prentiss
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Nathalie Gradoux
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Andrea de Erkenez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Frederic Cumin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Christopher Adams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Bruce Jaffee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Muneto Mogi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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7
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Ozawa SI, Takahashi M, Yamaotsu N, Hirono S. Structure-based virtual screening for novel chymase inhibitors by in silico fragment mapping. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 89:102-108. [PMID: 30884446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The term chymase refers to a family of chymotrypsin-like serine proteases stored within the secretory granules of mast cells. Recently, a variety of small molecule inhibitors for chymase have been developed with a primary focus on the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Despite the expected therapeutic benefit of these chymase inhibitors, they have not been used clinically. Here, we attempted to identify new chymase inhibitors using a multistep structure-based virtual screening protocol combined with our knowledge-based in silico fragment mapping technique. The mapping procedure identified fragments with novel modes of interaction at the oxyanion hole of chymase. Next, we constructed a three-dimensional (3D) pharmacophore model and retrieved eight candidate chymase inhibitors from a commercial database that included approximately five million compounds. This selection was achieved using a multistep virtual screening protocol, which combined a 3D pharmacophore-based search, docking calculations, and analyses of binding free energy. One of the eight compounds exhibited concentration-dependent chymase inhibitory activity, which could be further optimized to develop more potent chymase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Ozawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Miki Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Yamaotsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hirono
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
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8
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Ahmad S, Ferrario CM. Chymase inhibitors for the treatment of cardiac diseases: a patent review (2010-2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:755-764. [PMID: 30278800 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1531848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chymase is primarily found in mast cells (MCs), fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells. MC chymase is released into the extracellular interstitium in response to inflammatory signals, tissue injury, and cellular stress. Among many functions, chymase is a major extravascular source for angiotensin II (Ang II) generation. Several recent pre-clinical and a few clinical studies point to the relatively unrecognized fact that chymase inhibition may have significant therapeutic advantages over other treatments in halting progression of cardiac and vascular disease. AREAS COVERED The present review covers patent literature on chymase inhibitors for the treatment of cardiac diseases registered between 2010 and 2018. EXPERT OPINION Increase in cardiac MC number in various cardiac diseases has been found in pathological tissues of human and experimental animals. Meta-analysis data from large clinical trials employing angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors show a relatively small risk reduction of clinical cardiovascular endpoints. The disconnect between the expected benefit associated with Ang II blockade of synthesis or activity underscores a greater participation of chymase compared to ACE in forming Ang II in humans. Emerging literature and a reconsideration of previous studies provide lucid arguments to reconsider chymase as a primary Ang II forming enzyme in human heart and vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad
- a Department of Surgery , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- a Department of Surgery , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA.,b Department of Physiology-Pharmacology , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA.,c Department of Social Sciences, Division of Public Health , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA
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9
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Vulpetti A, Ostermann N, Randl S, Yoon T, Mac Sweeney A, Cumin F, Lorthiois E, Rüdisser S, Erbel P, Maibaum J. Discovery and Design of First Benzylamine-Based Ligands Binding to an Unlocked Conformation of the Complement Factor D. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:490-495. [PMID: 29795765 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement Factor D, a serine protease of the S1 family and key component of the alternative pathway amplification loop, represents a promising target for the treatment of several prevalent and rare diseases linked to the innate immune system. Previously reported FD inhibitors have been shown to bind to the FD active site in its self-inhibited conformation characterized by the presence of a salt bridge at the bottom of the S1 pocket between Asp189 and Arg218. We report herein a new set of small-molecule FD ligands that harbor a basic S1 binding moiety directly binding to the carboxylate of Asp189, thereby displacing the Asp189-Arg218 ionic interaction and significantly changing the conformation of the self-inhibitory loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vulpetti
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Ostermann
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Randl
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Taeyoung Yoon
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aengus Mac Sweeney
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frederic Cumin
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwige Lorthiois
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Rüdisser
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Erbel
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Maibaum
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Chang HF, Sun YL, Yeh FY, Tseng IH, Chang CC, Lin CS. Detection of chymase activity using a specific peptide probe conjugated onto gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2018; 8:29013-29021. [PMID: 35547971 PMCID: PMC9084417 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) peptide probe functionalized with specific peptide sequences was developed for the sensitive and efficient detection of chymase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology
| | - Yu-Ling Sun
- Aquatic Technology Laboratories
- Agricultural Technology Research Institute
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yuan Yeh
- Department of Biological Science and Technology
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan
| | - I-Hua Tseng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chu Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Changhua Christian Hospital
- Changhua
- Taiwan
- Department of Environmental and Precision Medicine Laboratory
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan
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11
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Dissecting the role of mutations in chymase inhibition: Free energy and decomposition analysis. Gene 2017; 609:68-79. [PMID: 28131820 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chymase enzyme abundantly found in secretory granules of mast cells and catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds to generate angiotensin II via hydrolysis of angiotensin I and also activates transforming growth factor-b and MMP-9. MMP-9 and TGF-b have significant role in tissue inflammation and fibrosis. In present study, we investigated that Lys192Met mutation leads to a higher loss in binding energy of inhibitors than mutation Arg143Gln in chymase. The energy decomposition revealed that the contributing residues are almost same in all the forms with some change in energy value. All the results pointing that arginine and lysine residues of chymase play the most significant role in inhibitor binding revealed by energy decomposition. The Lys40, Arg90, Lys192 and Arg217 are found to be most prominent residues in two different inhibitor systems but the role of other lysine and arginine also important as they also have significant contribution in the total binding energy.
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12
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Wang H, Huang L, Cao X, Liang D, Peng AY. Synthesis of phostones via DABCO-catalyzed bromocyclization of alkenylphosphonic acid monoesters. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7396-7403. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01436h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of phostones were synthesized via DABCO-catalyzed bromocyclization reaction under mild conditions with high endo regioselectivity. The obtained diastereomers were separated and the relative configurations were confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wang
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Liye Huang
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Xiaohui Cao
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Dacheng Liang
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Ai-Yun Peng
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
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13
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Zhong W, Liu P, Zhang Q, Li D, Lin J. Structure-based QSAR, molecule design and bioassays of protease-activated receptor 1 inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:2853-2867. [PMID: 27809674 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1234413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed on a series of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) inhibitors to identify the key structural features responsible for their biological activity. Induced-fit docking (IFD) was used to explore the active mechanisms of all PAR1 inhibitors at the active pocket of PAR1, and the best plausible conformation was determined by IFD for further QSAR studies. Based on the best plausible conformation, structure-based descriptors and ligand descriptors incorporating the ligand-receptor interaction were calculated. The random forest method was used to select important descriptors and build the 2D-QSAR model. The results of the 2D-QSAR model gave a squared correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.937, a prediction squared correlation coefficient (R2pred) of 0.845 and a mean square error (MSE) of 0.056. Furthermore, a 3D-QSAR model was developed via topomer comparative molecular field analysis (Topomer CoMFA), resulting in an R2 of 0.938, a cross-validated Q2 of 0.503 and a R2pred of 0.758. Based on the developed QSAR model, Topomer search was used for virtual screening of the R2 fragment in lead-like inhibitors from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) database, which contains 260,000 molecules. Eighty-two compounds were designed with different R2 fragments, and four of these compounds were selected for further biological testing. All four compounds showed inhibitory potency against PAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Zhong
- a State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Pi Liu
- b Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300000 , China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Dongmei Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Jianping Lin
- a State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China.,b Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300000 , China.,c Pharmaceutical Intelligence Platform, Tianjin Joint Academy of Biomedicine and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
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14
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Singh J, Shah R, Singh D. Targeting mast cells: Uncovering prolific therapeutic role in myriad diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 40:362-384. [PMID: 27694038 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mast cells are integral part of immune system and they have pleiotropic physiological functions in our body. Any type of abnormal stimuli causes the mast cells receptors to spur the otherwise innocuous mast cells to degranulate and release inflammatory mediators like histamine, cytokines, chemokines and prostaglandins. These mediators are involved in various diseases like allergy, asthma, mastocytosis, cardiovascular disorders, etc. Herein, we describe the receptors involved in degranulation of mast cells and are broadly divided into four categories: G-protein coupled receptors, ligand gated ion channels, immunoreceptors and pattern recognition receptors. Although, activation of pattern recognition receptors do not cause mast cell degranulation, but result in cytokines production. Degranulation itself is a complex process involving cascade of events like membrane fusion events and various proteins like VAMP, Syntaxins, DOCK5, SNAP-23, MARCKS. Furthermore, we described these mast cell receptors antagonists or agonists useful in treatment of myriad diseases. Like, omalizumab anti-IgE antibody is highly effective in asthma, allergic disorders treatment and recently mechanistic insight of IgE uncovered; matrix mettaloprotease inhibitor marimistat is under phase III trial for inflammation, muscular dystrophy diseases; ZPL-389 (H4 receptor antagonist) is in Phase 2a Clinical Trial for atopic dermatitis and psoriasis; JNJ3851868 an oral H4 receptor antagonist is in phase II clinical development for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, research is still in inchoate stage to uncover mast cell biology, mast cell receptors, their therapeutic role in myriad diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Ramanpreet Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Dhandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
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15
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Matralis AN, Tsantrizos YS. Synthesis of Benzothiophene-Containing 10- and 11-Membered Cyclic Phostones. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexios N. Matralis
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
| | - Youla S. Tsantrizos
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler H3G 0B1 Montreal QC Canada
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16
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Budnikova YH, Sinyashin OG. Phosphorylation of C–H bonds of aromatic compounds using metals and metal complexes. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Huang J, Wang H, Peng AY. Synthesis of Halo-Enol Phostones by Using DMAP-Catalyzed Halocyclization of Alkynylphosphonic Monoesters. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Expression of recombinant human mast cell chymase with Asn-linked glycans in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 102:69-75. [PMID: 25131858 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human mast cell chymase (rhChymase) was expressed in secreted form as an active enzyme in the SuperMan5 strain of GlycoSwitch® Pichia pastoris, which is engineered to produce proteins with (Man)5(GlcNAc)2 Asn-linked glycans. Cation exchange and heparin affinity chromatography yielded 5mg of active rhChymase per liter of fermentation medium. Purified rhChymase migrated on SDS-PAGE as a single band of 30 kDa and treatment with peptide N-glycosidase F decreased this to 25 kDa, consistent with the established properties of native human chymase (hChymase). Polyclonal antibodies against hChymase detected rhChymase by Western blot. Active site titration with Eglin C, a potent chymase inhibitor, quantified the concentration of purified active enzyme. Kinetic analyses with succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe (suc-AAPF) p-nitroanilide and thiobenzyl ester synthetic substrates showed that heparin significantly reduced KM, whereas heparin effects on kcat were minor. Pure rhChymase with Asn-linked glycans closely resembles hChymase. This bioengineering approach avoided hyperglycosylation and provides a source of active rhChymase for other studies as well as a foundation for production of recombinant enzyme with human glycosylation patterns.
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19
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Chrostowska A, Xu S, Mazière A, Boknevitz K, Li B, Abbey ER, Dargelos A, Graciaa A, Liu SY. UV-photoelectron spectroscopy of BN indoles: experimental and computational electronic structure analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11813-20. [PMID: 25089659 PMCID: PMC4140474 DOI: 10.1021/ja5063899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
present a comprehensive electronic structure analysis of two
BN isosteres of indole using a combined UV-photoelectron spectroscopy
(UV-PES)/computational chemistry approach. Gas-phase He I photoelectron
spectra of external BN indole I and fused BN indole II have been recorded, assessed by density functional theory
calculations, and compared with natural indole. The first ionization
energies of these indoles are natural indole (7.9 eV), external BN
indole I (7.9 eV), and fused BN indole II (8.05 eV). The computationally determined molecular dipole moments
are in the order: natural indole (2.177 D) > fused BN indole II (1.512 D) > external BN indole I (0.543
D).
The λmax in the UV–vis absorption spectra
are in the order: fused BN indole II (292 nm) > external
BN indole I (282 nm) > natural indole (270 nm). The
observed
relative electrophilic aromatic substitution reactivity of the investigated
indoles with dimethyliminium chloride as the electrophile is as follows:
fused BN indole II > natural indole > external
BN indole I, and this trend correlates with the π-orbital
coefficient
at the 3-position. Nucleus-independent chemical shifts calculations
show that the introduction of boron into an aromatic 6π-electron
system leads to a reduction in aromaticity, presumably due to a stronger
bond localization. Trends and conclusions from BN isosteres of simple
monocyclic aromatic systems such as benzene and toluene are not necessarily
translated to the bicyclic indole core. Thus, electronic structure
consequences resulting from BN/CC isosterism will need to be evaluated
individually from system to system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chrostowska
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College , Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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20
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Hashimoto M, Murai Y. Synthesis of Photoreactive Aromatic ^|^alpha;-Amino Acids and Effective Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange for Aromatic ^|^alpha;-Amino Acids. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2014. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.72.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Matsumoto Y, Kakuda S, Koizumi M, Mizuno T, Muroga Y, Kawamura T, Takimoto-Kamimura M. Crystal structure of a complex of human chymase with its benzimidazole derived inhibitor. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2013; 20:914-8. [PMID: 24121339 PMCID: PMC3795555 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049513020748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of human chymase complexed with a novel benzimidazole inhibitor, TJK002, was determined at 2.8 Å resolution. The X-ray crystallographic study shows that the benzimidazole inhibitor forms a non-covalent interaction with the catalytic domain of human chymase. The hydrophobic fragment of the inhibitor occupies the S1 pocket. The carboxylic acid group of the inhibitor forms hydrogen bonds with the imidazole N(ℇ) atom of His57 and/or the O(γ) atom of Ser195 which are members of the catalytic triad. This imidazole ring of His57 induces π-π stacking to the benzene ring of the benzimidazole scaffold as P2 moiety. Fragment molecular orbital calculation of the atomic coordinates by X-ray crystallography shows that this imidazole ring of His57 could be protonated with the carboxyl group of Asp102 or hydroxyl group of Ser195 and the stacking interaction is stabilized. A new drug design strategy is proposed where the stacking to the protonated imidazole of the drug target protein with the benzimidazole scaffold inhibitor causes unpredicted potent inhibitory activity for some enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Matsumoto
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Shinji Kakuda
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Masahiro Koizumi
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mizuno
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Yumiko Muroga
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawamura
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
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22
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Abstract
An interest in the schweinfurthins, natural stilbenes with significant antiproliferative activity, has prompted efforts to prepare a set of indole analogues. To approach the desired compounds through a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons condensation, new indole derivatives bearing a phosphonomethyl substituent in the B-ring were required. The parent indole system with the necessary substitution pattern was obtained through Stobbe condensation and cyclization. A prenyl substituent was incorporated at the C3 position of a 4,6-disubstituted indole through a highly regioselective electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, while metalation and alkylation provided the C2-prenylated indole. After introduction of the phosphonate group through classical reactions, the new indole phosphonates were found to undergo the desired condensation with nonracemic aldehydes representing the schweinfurthin left half. This approach provides facile access to new heteroaromatic analogues of the natural schweinfurthins and should be applicable to many other natural stilbenes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Kodet
- Department of Chemistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294
| | - David F. Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294
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23
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Taylor SJ, Padyana AK, Abeywardane A, Liang S, Hao MH, De Lombaert S, Proudfoot J, Farmer BS, Li X, Collins B, Martin L, Albaugh DR, Hill-Drzewi M, Pullen SS, Takahashi H. Discovery of Potent, Selective Chymase Inhibitors via Fragment Linking Strategies. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4465-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400138z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ming-Hong Hao
- H3 Biomedicine, 300 Technology Square,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stéphane De Lombaert
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, 5 Science Park, 401 Winchester Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511,
United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Melissa Hill-Drzewi
- Lead Evaluation
Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford,
Connecticut 06492, United States
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24
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Arooj M, Sakkiah S, Kim S, Arulalapperumal V, Lee KW. A combination of receptor-based pharmacophore modeling & QM techniques for identification of human chymase inhibitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63030. [PMID: 23658661 PMCID: PMC3637262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of chymase is likely to divulge therapeutic ways for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, and fibrotic disorders. To find novel and potent chymase inhibitors and to provide a new idea for drug design, we used both ligand-based and structure-based methods to perform the virtual screening(VS) of commercially available databases. Different pharmacophore models generated from various crystal structures of enzyme may depict diverse inhibitor binding modes. Therefore, multiple pharmacophore-based approach is applied in this study. X-ray crystallographic data of chymase in complex with different inhibitors were used to generate four structure-based pharmacophore models. One ligand-based pharmacophore model was also developed from experimentally known inhibitors. After successful validation, all pharmacophore models were employed in database screening to retrieve hits with novel chemical scaffolds. Drug-like hit compounds were subjected to molecular docking using GOLD and AutoDock. Finally four structurally diverse compounds with high GOLD score and binding affinity for several crystal structures of chymase were selected as final hits. Identification of final hits by three different pharmacophore models necessitates the use of multiple pharmacophore-based approach in VS process. Quantum mechanical calculation is also conducted for analysis of electrostatic characteristics of compounds which illustrates their significant role in driving the inhibitor to adopt a suitable bioactive conformation oriented in the active site of enzyme. In general, this study is used as example to illustrate how multiple pharmacophore approach can be useful in identifying structurally diverse hits which may bind to all possible bioactive conformations available in the active site of enzyme. The strategy used in the current study could be appropriate to design drugs for other enzymes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahreen Arooj
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sugunadevi Sakkiah
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Songmi Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Venkatesh Arulalapperumal
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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25
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Arooj M, Kim S, Sakkiah S, Cao GP, Lee Y, Lee KW. Molecular modeling study for inhibition mechanism of human chymase and its application in inhibitor design. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62740. [PMID: 23638140 PMCID: PMC3636146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chymase catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Three chymase inhibitors with very similar chemical structures but highly different inhibitory profiles towards the hydrolase function of chymase were selected with the aim of elucidating the origin of disparities in their biological activities. As a substrate (angiotensin-I) bound crystal structure is not available, molecular docking was performed to dock the substrate into the active site. Molecular dynamics simulations of chymase complexes with inhibitors and substrate were performed to calculate the binding orientation of inhibitors and substrate as well as to characterize conformational changes in the active site. The results elucidate details of the 3D chymase structure as well as the importance of K40 in hydrolase function. Binding mode analysis showed that substitution of a heavier Cl atom at the phenyl ring of most active inhibitor produced a great deal of variation in its orientation causing the phosphinate group to interact strongly with residue K40. Dynamics simulations revealed the conformational variation in region of V36-F41 upon substrate and inhibitor binding induced a shift in the location of K40 thus changing its interactions with them. Chymase complexes with the most active compound and substrate were used for development of a hybrid pharmacophore model which was applied in databases screening. Finally, hits which bound well at the active site, exhibited key interactions and favorable electronic properties were identified as possible inhibitors for chymase. This study not only elucidates inhibitory mechanism of chymase inhibitors but also provides key structural insights which will aid in the rational design of novel potent inhibitors of the enzyme. In general, the strategy applied in the current study could be a promising computational approach and may be generally applicable to drug design for other enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahreen Arooj
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Songmi Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sugunadevi Sakkiah
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Guang Ping Cao
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuno Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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26
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Arooj M, Thangapandian S, John S, Hwang S, Park JK, Lee KW. Computational Studies of Novel Chymase Inhibitors Against Cardiovascular and Allergic Diseases: Mechanism and Inhibition. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:862-75. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Murai Y, Masuda K, Sakihama Y, Hashidoko Y, Hatanaka Y, Hashimoto M. Comprehensive synthesis of photoreactive (3-trifluoromethyl)diazirinyl indole derivatives from 5- and 6- trifluoroacetylindoles for photoaffinity labeling. J Org Chem 2012; 77:8581-7. [PMID: 22970820 DOI: 10.1021/jo301552m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
5- and 6-trifluoromethyldiazirinyl indoles were synthesized from corresponding bromoindole derivatives for the first time. They acted as mother skeletons for the comprehensive synthesis of various bioactive indole metabolites. These can be used in biological functional analysis as diazirine-based photoaffinity labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Murai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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28
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Pyun HJ, Clarke MO, Cho A, Casarez A, Ji M, Fardis M, Pastor R, Sheng XC, Kim CU. Synthesis of 1-amino-2-vinylcyclopropane-1-phosphinates. Conversion of a phosphonate to phosphinates. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Matthews JM, Qin N, Colburn RW, Dax SL, Hawkins M, McNally JJ, Reany L, Youngman MA, Baker J, Hutchinson T, Liu Y, Lubin ML, Neeper M, Brandt MR, Stone DJ, Flores CM. The design and synthesis of novel, phosphonate-containing transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2922-6. [PMID: 22421018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzothiophene-based phosphonates was synthesized and many analogs within the series were shown to be potent antagonists of the TRPM8 channel. The compounds were obtained as a racemic mixture in 5 synthetic steps, and were tested for TRPM8 antagonist activity in a recombinant, canine TRPM8-expressing cell line using a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR) assay. Structure-activity relationships were developed initially by modification of the core structure and subsequently by variation of the aromatic substituents and the phosphonate ester. Compound 9l was administered intraperitoneally to rats and demonstrated engagement of the TRPM8 target in both prevention and reversal-modes in an icilin-induced 'wet-dog' shake model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Matthews
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, United States.
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30
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Arooj M, Thangapandian S, John S, Hwang S, Park JK, Lee KW. 3D QSAR pharmacophore modeling, in silico screening, and density functional theory (DFT) approaches for identification of human chymase inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:9236-64. [PMID: 22272131 PMCID: PMC3257128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12129236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chymase is a very important target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Using a series of theoretical methods like pharmacophore modeling, database screening, molecular docking and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, an investigation for identification of novel chymase inhibitors, and to specify the key factors crucial for the binding and interaction between chymase and inhibitors is performed. A highly correlating (r = 0.942) pharmacophore model (Hypo1) with two hydrogen bond acceptors, and three hydrophobic aromatic features is generated. After successfully validating "Hypo1", it is further applied in database screening. Hit compounds are subjected to various drug-like filtrations and molecular docking studies. Finally, three structurally diverse compounds with high GOLD fitness scores and interactions with key active site amino acids are identified as potent chymase hits. Moreover, DFT study is performed which confirms very clear trends between electronic properties and inhibitory activity (IC(50)) data thus successfully validating "Hypo1" by DFT method. Therefore, this research exertion can be helpful in the development of new potent hits for chymase. In addition, the combinational use of docking, orbital energies and molecular electrostatic potential analysis is also demonstrated as a good endeavor to gain an insight into the interaction between chymase and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahreen Arooj
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science(RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Gazwa-dong, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.A.); (S.T.); (S.J.); (S.H.)
| | - Sundarapandian Thangapandian
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science(RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Gazwa-dong, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.A.); (S.T.); (S.J.); (S.H.)
| | - Shalini John
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science(RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Gazwa-dong, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.A.); (S.T.); (S.J.); (S.H.)
| | - Swan Hwang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science(RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Gazwa-dong, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.A.); (S.T.); (S.J.); (S.H.)
| | - Jong Keun Park
- Department of Chemistry Education, Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Educational Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science(RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Gazwa-dong, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.A.); (S.T.); (S.J.); (S.H.)
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Demmer CS, Krogsgaard-Larsen N, Bunch L. Review on modern advances of chemical methods for the introduction of a phosphonic acid group. Chem Rev 2011; 111:7981-8006. [PMID: 22010799 DOI: 10.1021/cr2002646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Demmer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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32
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Clarke MO, Chen X, Cho A, Delaney WE, Doerffler E, Fardis M, Ji M, Mertzman M, Pakdaman R, Pyun HJ, Rowe T, Yang CY, Sheng XC, Kim CU. Novel, potent, and orally bioavailable phosphinic acid inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3568-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Kervinen J, Crysler C, Bayoumy S, Abad MC, Spurlino J, Deckman I, Greco MN, Maryanoff BE, de Garavilla L. Potency variation of small-molecule chymase inhibitors across species. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1033-41. [PMID: 20599788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chymases (EC 3.4.21.39) are mast cell serine proteinases that are variably expressed in different species and, in most cases, display either chymotryptic or elastolytic substrate specificity. Given that chymase inhibitors have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for treating various inflammatory, allergic, and cardiovascular disorders, it is important to understand interspecies differences of the enzymes as well as the behavior of inhibitors with them. We have expressed chymases from humans, macaques, dogs, sheep (MCP2 and MCP3), guinea pigs, and hamsters (HAM1 and HAM2) in baculovirus-infected insect cells. The enzymes were purified and characterized with kinetic constants by using chromogenic substrates. We evaluated in vitro the potency of five nonpeptide inhibitors, originally targeted against human chymase. The inhibitors exhibited remarkable cross-species variation of sensitivity, with the greatest potency observed against human and macaque chymases, with K(i) values ranging from approximately 0.4 to 72nM. Compounds were 10-300-fold less potent, and in some instances ineffective, against chymases from the other species. The X-ray structure of one of the potent phosphinate inhibitors, JNJ-18054478, complexed with human chymase was solved at 1.8A resolution to further understand the binding mode. Subtle variations in the residues in the active site that are already known to influence chymase substrate specificity can also strongly affect the compound potency. The results are discussed in the context of selecting a suitable animal model to study compounds ultimately targeted for human chymase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Kervinen
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States.
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Trivedi NN, Caughey GH. Mast cell peptidases: chameleons of innate immunity and host defense. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 42:257-67. [PMID: 19933375 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0324rt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells make and secrete an abundance of peptidases, which are stored in such large amounts in granules that they comprise a high fraction of all cellular protein. Perhaps no other immune cell is so generously endowed with peptidases. For many years after the main peptidases were first described, they were best known as markers of degranulation, for they are released locally in response to mast cell stimulation and can be distributed systemically and detected in blood. The principal peptidases are tryptases, chymases, carboxypeptidase A3, and dipeptidylpeptidase I (cathepsin C). Numerous studies suggest that these enzymes are important and even critical for host defense and homeostasis. Endogenous and allergen or pathogen-associated targets have been identified. Belying the narrow notion of peptidases as proinflammatory, several of the peptidases limit inflammation and toxicity of endogenous peptides and venoms. The peptidases are interdependent, so that absence or inactivity of one enzyme can alter levels and activity of others. Mammalian mast cell peptidases--chymases and tryptases especially--vary remarkably in number, expression, biophysical properties, and specificity, perhaps because they hyper-evolved under pressure from the very pathogens they help to repel. Tryptase and chymase involvement in some pathologies stimulated development of therapeutic inhibitors for use in asthma, lung fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, ulcerative colitis, and cardiovascular diseases. While animal studies support the potential for mast cell peptidase inhibitors to mitigate certain diseases, other studies, as in mice lacking selected peptidases, predict roles in defense against bacteria and parasites and that systemic inactivation may impair host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil N Trivedi
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mailstop 111-D, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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35
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Pietrusewicz E, Sieńczyk M, Oleksyszyn J. Novel diphenyl esters of peptidyl α-aminoalkylphosphonates as inhibitors of chymotrypsin and subtilisin. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:1229-36. [DOI: 10.3109/14756360902781512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pietrusewicz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Chemistry Department, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Sieńczyk
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Chemistry Department, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Józef Oleksyszyn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Chemistry Department, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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36
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Wang Y, Zhang A. Expeditious synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-2-alkoxy-3-methylenebenzofurans from N-benzofuran-3-ylmethyl N,N,N-trialkylammonium bromides: a new approach to access the natural product, 2-hydroxy-3-methylene-6-methyl-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Janosik T, Bergman J. Chapter 5.1: Five-membered ring systems: thiophenes and Se/Te analogs. A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE 2007 LITERATURE PRECEDED BY TWO CHAPTERS ON CURRENT HETEROCYCLIC TOPICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(09)70009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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38
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Petrini M, Shaikh RR. Synthesis of indolylalkylphosphonates and 3-(1-diphenylphosphinoalkyl) indoles by reaction of 3-(1-arylsulfonylalkyl) indoles with phosphorus derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Caughey GH, Beauchamp J, Schlatter D, Raymond WW, Trivedi NN, Banner D, Mauser H, Fingerle J. Guinea pig chymase is leucine-specific: a novel example of functional plasticity in the chymase/granzyme family of serine peptidases. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:13943-51. [PMID: 18353771 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710502200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore guinea pigs as models of chymase biology, we cloned and expressed the guinea pig ortholog of human chymase. In contrast to rats and mice, guinea pigs appear to express just one chymase, which belongs to the alpha clade, like primate chymases and mouse mast cell protease-5. The guinea pig enzyme autolyzes at Leu residues in the loop where human chymase autolyzes at Phe. In addition, guinea pig alpha-chymase selects P1 Leu in a combinatorial peptide library and cleaves Ala-Ala-Pro-Leu-4-nitroanilide but has negligible activity toward substrates with P1 Phe and does not cleave angiotensin I. This contrasts with human chymase, which cleaves after Phe or Tyr, prefers P1 Phe in peptidyl 4-nitroanilides, and avidly hydrolyzes angiotensin I at Phe8 to generate bioactive angiotensin II. The guinea pig enzyme also is inactivated more effectively by alpha1-antichymotrypsin, which features P1 Leu in the reactive loop. Unlike mouse, rat, and hamster alpha-chymases, guinea pig chymase lacks elastase-like preference for P1 Val or Ala. Partially humanized A216G guinea pig chymase acquires human-like P1 Phe- and angiotensin-cleaving capacity. Molecular models suggest that the wild type active site is crowded by the Ala216 side chain, which potentially blocks access by bulky P1 aromatic residues. On the other hand, the guinea pig pocket is deeper than in Val-selective chymases, explaining the preference for the longer aliphatic side chain of Leu. These findings are evidence that chymase-like peptidase specificity is sensitive to small changes in structure and provide the first example of a vertebrate Leu-selective peptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- George H Caughey
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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40
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Kervinen J, Abad M, Crysler C, Kolpak M, Mahan AD, Masucci JA, Bayoumy S, Cummings MD, Yao X, Olson M, de Garavilla L, Kuo L, Deckman I, Spurlino J. Structural basis for elastolytic substrate specificity in rodent alpha-chymases. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:427-436. [PMID: 17981788 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707157200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergence of substrate specificity within the context of a common structural framework represents an important mechanism by which new enzyme activity naturally evolves. We present enzymological and x-ray structural data for hamster chymase-2 (HAM2) that provides a detailed explanation for the unusual hydrolytic specificity of this rodent alpha-chymase. In enzymatic characterization, hamster chymase-1 (HAM1) showed typical chymase proteolytic activity. In contrast, HAM2 exhibited atypical substrate specificity, cleaving on the carboxyl side of the P1 substrate residues Ala and Val, characteristic of elastolytic rather than chymotryptic specificity. The 2.5-A resolution crystal structure of HAM2 complexed to the peptidyl inhibitor MeOSuc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala-chloromethylketone revealed a narrow and shallow S1 substrate binding pocket that accommodated only a small hydrophobic residue (e.g. Ala or Val). The different substrate specificities of HAM2 and HAM1 are explained by changes in four S1 substrate site residues (positions 189, 190, 216, and 226). Of these, Asn(189), Val(190), and Val(216) form an easily identifiable triplet in all known rodent alpha-chymases that can be used to predict elastolytic specificity for novel chymase-like sequences. Phylogenetic comparison defines guinea pig and rabbit chymases as the closest orthologs to rodent alpha-chymases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Kervinen
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Structural Biology, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341.
| | - Marta Abad
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Structural Biology, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341
| | - Carl Crysler
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Structural Biology, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341
| | - Michael Kolpak
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Structural Biology, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341
| | - Andrew D Mahan
- Research and Early Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - John A Masucci
- Research and Early Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Shariff Bayoumy
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Structural Biology, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341
| | - Maxwell D Cummings
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Structural Biology, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341
| | - Xiang Yao
- Bioinformatics, West Coast Research & Early Development, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Matthew Olson
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Structural Biology, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341
| | | | - Lawrence Kuo
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Structural Biology, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341
| | - Ingrid Deckman
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Structural Biology, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341
| | - John Spurlino
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Structural Biology, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341.
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