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Leśniewska A, Przybylski P. Seven-membered N-heterocycles as approved drugs and promising leads in medicinal chemistry as well as the metal-free domino access to their scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116556. [PMID: 38879971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Azepanes or azepines are structural motifs of many drugs, drug candidates and evaluated lead compounds. Even though compounds having N-heterocyclic 7-membered rings are often found in nature (e.g. alkaloids), the natural compounds of this group are rather rare as approved therapeutics. Thus, recently studied and approved azepane or azepine-congeners predominantly consist of semi-synthetically or synthetically-obtained scaffolds. In this review a comparison of approved drugs and recently investigated leads was proposed taking into regard their structural aspects (stereochemistry), biological activities, pharmacokinetic properties and confirmed molecular targets. The 7-membered N-heterocycles reveal a wide range of biological activities, not only against CNS diseases, but also as e.g. antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, antiparasitic and against allergy agents. As most of the approved or investigated potential drugs or lead structures, belonging to 7-membered N-heterocycles, are synthetic scaffolds, this report also reveals different and efficient metal-free cascade approaches useful to synthesize both simple azepane or azepine-containing congeners and those of oligocyclic structures. Stereochemistry of azepane/azepine fused systems, in view of biological data and binding with the targets, is discussed. Apart from the approved drugs, we compare advances in SAR studies of 7-membered N-heterocycles (mainly from 2018 to 2023), whereas the related synthetic part concerning various domino strategies is focused on the last ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Leśniewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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2
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Johnston TH, Lacoste AMB, Ravenscroft P, Su J, Tamadon S, Seifi M, Lang AE, Fox SH, Brotchie JM, Visanji NP. Using artificial intelligence to identify drugs for repurposing to treat l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Neuropharmacology 2024; 248:109880. [PMID: 38412888 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Repurposing regulatory agency-approved molecules, with proven safety in humans, is an attractive option for developing new treatments for disease. We identified and assessed the efficacy of 3 drugs predicted by an in silico screen as having the potential to treat l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in Parkinson's disease. We analysed ∼1.3 million Medline abstracts using natural language processing and ranked 3539 existing drugs based on predicted ability to reduce LID. 3 drugs from the top 5% of the 3539 candidates; lorcaserin, acamprosate and ganaxolone, were prioritized for preclinical testing based on i) having a novel mechanism of action, ii) having not been previously validated for the treatment of LID, iii) being blood-brain-barrier penetrant and orally bioavailable and iv) being clinical trial ready. We assessed the efficacy of acamprosate, ganaxolone and lorcaserin in a rodent model of l-DOPA-induced hyperactivity, with lorcaserin affording a 58% reduction in rotational asymmetry (P < 0.05) compared to vehicle. Acamprosate and ganaxolone failed to demonstrate efficacy. Lorcaserin, a 5HT2C agonist, was then further tested in MPTP lesioned dyskinetic macaques where it afforded an 82% reduction in LID (P < 0.05), unfortunately accompanied by a significant increase in parkinsonian disability. In conclusion, although our data do not support the repurposing of lorcaserin, acamprosate or ganaxolone per se for LID, we demonstrate value of an in silico approach to identify candidate molecules which, in combination with an in vivo screen, can facilitate clinical development decisions. The present study adds to a growing literature in support of this paradigm shifting approach in the repurposing pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom H Johnston
- Atuka Inc, Suite 5600, 100 King St. W. Toronto, Ontario, M5X 1C9, Canada
| | | | - Paula Ravenscroft
- Atuka Inc, Suite 5600, 100 King St. W. Toronto, Ontario, M5X 1C9, Canada
| | - Jin Su
- Atuka Inc, Suite 5600, 100 King St. W. Toronto, Ontario, M5X 1C9, Canada
| | - Sahar Tamadon
- Atuka Inc, Suite 5600, 100 King St. W. Toronto, Ontario, M5X 1C9, Canada
| | - Mahtab Seifi
- Atuka Inc, Suite 5600, 100 King St. W. Toronto, Ontario, M5X 1C9, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Krembil Brain Institute, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada; Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson Disease, Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Hospital, 399, Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Susan H Fox
- Krembil Brain Institute, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada; Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson Disease, Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Hospital, 399, Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Brotchie
- Krembil Brain Institute, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada; Atuka Inc, Suite 5600, 100 King St. W. Toronto, Ontario, M5X 1C9, Canada
| | - Naomi P Visanji
- Krembil Brain Institute, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada; Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson Disease, Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Hospital, 399, Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Díaz-Piña DA, Rivera-Ramírez N, García-López G, Díaz NF, Molina-Hernández A. Calcium and Neural Stem Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4073. [PMID: 38612887 PMCID: PMC11012558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracellular calcium plays a pivotal role in central nervous system (CNS) development by regulating various processes such as cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and maturation. However, understanding the involvement of calcium (Ca2+) in these processes during CNS development is challenging due to the dynamic nature of this cation and the evolving cell populations during development. While Ca2+ transient patterns have been observed in specific cell processes and molecules responsible for Ca2+ homeostasis have been identified in excitable and non-excitable cells, further research into Ca2+ dynamics and the underlying mechanisms in neural stem cells (NSCs) is required. This review focuses on molecules involved in Ca2+ entrance expressed in NSCs in vivo and in vitro, which are crucial for Ca2+ dynamics and signaling. It also discusses how these molecules might play a key role in balancing cell proliferation for self-renewal or promoting differentiation. These processes are finely regulated in a time-dependent manner throughout brain development, influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors that directly or indirectly modulate Ca2+ dynamics. Furthermore, this review addresses the potential implications of understanding Ca2+ dynamics in NSCs for treating neurological disorders. Despite significant progress in this field, unraveling the elements contributing to Ca2+ intracellular dynamics in cell proliferation remains a challenging puzzle that requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Astrid Díaz-Piña
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Circuito Exterior Universitario, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Universitario, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04360, Mexico
| | - Nayeli Rivera-Ramírez
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe García-López
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Néstor Fabián Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Anayansi Molina-Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
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4
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Du Y, Li Q, Wang T, Wang YQ. Enantioselective Synthesis of Biphenyl-Bridged ϵ-Sultams by Organocatalytic Mannich Reactions of Cyclic N-Sulfonylimines with Unactivated Ketones. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302904. [PMID: 37936501 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective Mannich reaction of biphenyl-bridged seven-membered cyclic N-sulfonylimines with methyl alkyl ketones is disclosed in this study. The reaction was performed under organocatalysis by using a quinine-derived primary amine as the catalyst in combination with a Brønsted acid as the co-catalyst. High yields (up to 89 %) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee) were observed. For methyl alkyl ketones containing a larger alkyl substituent, specific regioselective addition to the C=N bond is favored at the methyl group. On the contrary, ketones containing a smaller alkyl substituent or hydroxyacetone substrates gave major syn selective Mannich products at the methylene group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Du
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and, Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and, Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and, Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - You-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and, Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
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Mazza M, Kotzalidis GD, Marano G, De Berardis D, Martinotti G, Romagnoli E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Abbate A, Sani G. Lorcaserin: Worthy of Further Insights? Results from Recent Research. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:278-283. [PMID: 37005521 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230330124137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Lorcaserin is a 3-benzazepine that binds 5-HT2C serotonin receptors in the hypothalamus, where it mediates lack of hunger and/or satiety, and in the ventral tegmental area, the site of origin of the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic projections, which mediate pleasure and reward. The drug has been first developed for the treatment of obesity, where it has shown efficacy, and subsequently trialed to counter substance use (mostly cocaine, cannabis, opioids, and nicotine) and craving, but showed inconsistent effects. Since 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration obtained that the drug was voluntarily withdrawn from the US market on the grounds that its long-term use was found to be associated with a greater incidence of some types of cancer. Provided it can show to be free from cancerogenic effects, ongoing research suggests that lorcaserin may have therapeutic potential for a variety of disorders and conditions beyond obesity. Since 5-HT2C receptors are involved in many diversified physiological functions (mood, feeding, reproductive behavior, neuronal processes related to impulsiveness, and modulating reward-related mechanisms) this drug has the potential to treat different central nervous system conditions, such as depression and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Mazza
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios D Kotzalidis
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marano
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, Clinical Science, University of Hertfordshire, AL 10 9AB Herts, UK
| | - Enrico Romagnoli
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, 22908 Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Gabriele Sani
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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6
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Rajagopal L, Mahjour S, Huang M, Ryan CA, Elzokaky A, Csakai AJ, Orr MJ, Scheidt K, Meltzer HY. NU-1223, a simplified analog of alstonine, with 5-HT 2cR agonist-like activity, rescues memory deficit and positive and negative symptoms in subchronic phencyclidine mouse model of schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2023; 454:114614. [PMID: 37572758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin (5-HT)2 C receptor(R) is a widely distributed G-protein-coupled receptor, expressed abundantly in the central nervous system. Alstonine is a natural product that has significant properties of atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs), in part attributed to 5-HT2 CR agonism. Based on alstonine, we developed NU-1223, a simplified β carboline analog of alstonine, which shows efficacies comparable to alstonine and to other 5-HT2 CR agonists, Ro-60-0175 and lorcaserin. The 5-HT2 CR antagonism of some APDs, including olanzapine, contributes to weight gain, a major side effect which limits its tolerability, while the 5-HT2 CR agonists and/or modulators, may minimize weight gain. We used the well-established rodent subchronic phencyclidine (PCP) model to test the efficacy of NU-1223 on episodic memory, using novel object recognition (NOR) task, positive (locomotor activity), and negative symptoms (social interaction) of schizophrenia (SCH). We found that NU-1223 produced both transient and prolonged rescue of the subchronic PCP-induced deficits in NOR and SI. Further, NU-1223, but not Ro-60-0175, blocked PCP and amphetamine (AMPH)-induced increase in LMA in subchronic PCP mice. These transient efficacies in LMA were blocked by the 5-HT2 CR antagonist, SB242084. Sub-chronic NU-1223 treatment rescued NOR and SI deficits in subchronic PCP mice for at least 39 days after 3 days injection. Chronic treatment with NU-1223, ip, twice a day for 21 days, did not increase average body weight vs olanzapine. These findings clearly indicate NU-1223 as a class of small molecules with a possible 5-HT2 CR-agonist-like mechanism of action, attributing to its efficacy. Additional in-depth receptor mechanistic studies are warranted, as this small molecule, both transiently and chronically rescued PCP-induced deficits. Furthermore, NU-1223 did not induce weight gain post long-term administrations vs AAPDs such as olanzapine, making NU-1223 a putative therapeutic compound for SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sanaz Mahjour
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mei Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Chelsea A Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ahmad Elzokaky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Adam J Csakai
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Meghan J Orr
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Karl Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Herbert Y Meltzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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7
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Przegaliński E, Witek K, Wydra K, Kotlińska JH, Filip M. 5-HT2C Receptor Stimulation in Obesity Treatment: Orthosteric Agonists vs. Allosteric Modulators. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061449. [PMID: 36986191 PMCID: PMC10058696 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a substantial health and economic issue, and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter system involved in the regulation of body weight. The 5-HT2C receptors (5-HT2CRs), one of 16 of the 5-HT receptor (5-HTRs) subtypes, play a significant role in food intake and body weight control. In this review, we focused on the 5-HTR agonists, such as fenfluramines, sibutramine, and lorcaserin, which act directly or indirectly at 5-HT2CRs and have been introduced into the clinic as antiobesity medications. Due to their unwanted effects, they were withdrawn from the market. The 5-HT2CR positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) can be potentially safer active drugs than 5-HT2CR agonists. However, more in vivo validation of PAMs is required to fully determine if these drugs will be effective in obesity prevention and antiobesity pharmacology treatment. Methodology strategy: This review focuses on the role of 5-HT2CR agonism in obesity treatment, such as food intake regulation and weight gain. The literature was reviewed according to the review topic. We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases and Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute open-access scientific journals using the following keyword search strategy depending on the chapter phrases: (1) “5-HT2C receptor” AND “food intake”, and (2) “5-HT2C receptor” AND “obesity” AND “respective agonists”, and (3) “5-HT2C receptor” AND “PAM”. We included preclinical studies (only present the weight loss effects) and double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials published since the 1975s (mostly related to antiobesity treatment), and excluded the pay-walled articles. After the search process, the authors selected, carefully screened, and reviewed appropriate papers. In total, 136 articles were included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Przegaliński
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.W.); (K.W.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kacper Witek
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.W.); (K.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Karolina Wydra
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.W.); (K.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Jolanta H. Kotlińska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki Street 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.W.); (K.W.); (M.F.)
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8
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Yang E, Tucker JW, Chappie TA, Weaver JD, Chapman C, Duzguner R, Humphrey JM. Synthesis of a Pyridoazepine Scaffold via Rhodium-Catalyzed Ring Expansion and Nitroacetamide Condensation. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Yang
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Joseph W. Tucker
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thomas A. Chappie
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John D. Weaver
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Caroline Chapman
- Pfizer R&D UK Limited, Chemical R&D, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Remzi Duzguner
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John M. Humphrey
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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9
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Tanpure SD, Kardile RD, Liu RS. Relay Zn( ii)- and Au( i)-catalyzed aziridination/cyclization/ring expansion sequence to form 3-benzazepine derivatives. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3qo00134b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of 3H-benzo[d]azepine-2-carboxylates from 2-alkynylphenyl aldimines and α-diazo esters using Zn(ii) and Au(i) catalysts is described.
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10
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Dongbang S, Doyle AG. Ni/Photoredox-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Coupling between Aziridines and Acetals as Alcohol-Derived Alkyl Radical Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20067-20077. [PMID: 36256882 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aziridines are readily available C(sp3) precursors that afford valuable β-functionalized amines upon ring opening. In this article, we report a Ni/photoredox methodology for C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling between aziridines and methyl/1°/2° aliphatic alcohols activated as benzaldehyde dialkyl acetals. Orthogonal activation modes of each alkyl coupling partner facilitate cross-selectivity in the C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond-forming reaction: the benzaldehyde dialkyl acetal is activated via hydrogen atom abstraction and β-scission via a bromine radical (generated in situ from single-electron oxidation of bromide), whereas the aziridine is activated at the Ni center via reduction. We demonstrate that an Ni(II) azametallacycle, conventionally proposed in aziridine cross-coupling, is not an intermediate in the productive cross-coupling. Rather, stoichiometric organometallic and linear free energy relationship studies indicate that aziridine activation proceeds via Ni(I) oxidative addition, a previously unexplored elementary step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Dongbang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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11
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Wang J, Pang X, Chen C, Gao C, Zhou X, Liu Y, Luo X. Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Biological Activity of Halogenated Compounds Produced by Marine Microorganisms. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio‐resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19 Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio‐resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio‐resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19 Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chenghai Gao
- Institute of Marine Drugs Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio‐resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19 Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio‐resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- Institute of Marine Drugs Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19 Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaowei Luo
- Institute of Marine Drugs Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
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12
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Peters BBC, Andersson PG, Ruchirawat S, Ieawsuwan W. Synthesis of Chiral Tetrahydro-3-benzazepine Motifs by Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Cyclic Ene-carbamates. Org Lett 2022; 24:1969-1973. [PMID: 35238569 PMCID: PMC8938950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient N,P-ligated iridium complex is presented for the simple preparation of chiral tetrahydro-3-benzazepine motifs by catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation. Substrates bearing both 1-aryl and 1-alkyl substituents were smoothly converted to the corresponding hydrogenated product with excellent enantioselectivity (91-99% ee) and in isolated yield (92-99%). The synthetic value of this transformation was demonstrated by a gram-scale hydrogenation and application in the syntheses of trepipam and fenoldopam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram B C Peters
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pher G Andersson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Permanent Secretary (OPS), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI), Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 906 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Winai Ieawsuwan
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Permanent Secretary (OPS), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI), Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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13
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Bialer M, Perucca E. Lorcaserin for Dravet Syndrome: A Potential Advance Over Fenfluramine? CNS Drugs 2022; 36:113-122. [PMID: 35094259 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lorcaserin, a selective serotonin 5-HT2C receptor agonist, was developed as an appetite suppressant with the rationale of minimizing the risk of cardiovascular toxicity associated with non-selective serotoninergic agents such as fenfluramine. Eight years after FDA approval, however, it was withdrawn from the market, when a large safety study suggested a potential cancer risk. Following in the fenfluramine footsteps and utilizing the repurposing approach coupled with the regulatory orphan drug designation, lorcaserin is currently in clinical development for the treatment of epilepsy. This potential novel indication builds on the evidence that 5-HT2C receptor stimulation can protect against seizures, and accounts at least in part for fenfluramine's antiseizure effects in Dravet syndrome models. In animal models, lorcaserin shows a narrower range of antiseizure activity than fenfluramine. In particular, lorcaserin is inactive in classical acute seizure tests such as maximal electroshock and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole in mice and rats, and the 6-Hz stimulation model in mice. However, it is active in the GAERS absence seizure model, and in mutant zebrafish models of Dravet syndrome. Preliminary uncontrolled studies in patients with Dravet syndrome have yielded promising results, and a phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial is currently ongoing to assess its efficacy and safety in children and adults with Dravet syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Bialer
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. .,David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Emilio Perucca
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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14
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Li R, Li B, Zhang H, Ju CW, Qin Y, Xue XS, Zhao D. A ring expansion strategy towards diverse azaheterocycles. Nat Chem 2021; 13:1006-1016. [PMID: 34282307 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of innovative strategies for the synthesis of N-heterocyclic compounds is an important topic in organic synthesis. Ring expansion methods to form large N-heterocycles often involve the cycloaddition of strained aza rings with π bonds. However, in some cases such strategies suffer from some limitations owing to the difficulties in controlling the regioselectivity and the accessibility of specific π-bond synthons. Here, we report the development of a general ring expansion strategy that involves a formal cross-dimerization between three-membered aza heterocycles and three- and four-membered-ring ketones through synergistic bimetallic catalysis. These formal cross-dimerizations of two different strained rings are efficient and scalable, and provide a straightforward and broadly applicable means of assembling diverse N-heterocycles, such as 3-benzazepinones, dihydropyridinones and uracils, which are versatile units in numerous drugs and biologically active compounds. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that the C-C bond of strained ring ketones is first cleaved by the Pd0 species during the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Ju
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Qin
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongbing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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15
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Campbell EJ, Bonomo Y, Pastor A, Collins L, Norman A, Galettis P, Johnstone J, Lawrence AJ. The 5-HT 2C receptor as a therapeutic target for alcohol and methamphetamine use disorders: A pilot study in treatment-seeking individuals. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00767. [PMID: 33929084 PMCID: PMC8085921 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) are prevalent and have high adverse impacts on both the individual and society. Current treatment strategies for these disorders are ineffective at a population level. Lorcaserin, a 5‐HT2C receptor agonist, has shown potential at reducing the symptoms of substance use disorder. This pilot study (initiated prior to market withdrawal) examined feasibility and safety of lorcaserin treatment in people undergoing residential detoxification and treatment for AUD and MUD. This was an open label pilot study of lorcaserin where participants (n = 10 AUD; n = 8 MUD) received 10‐mg lorcaserin daily for 4 days then twice daily for 1 month. Primary outcome measures included recruitment and retention rate, incidence of treatment‐emergent events, incidence of methamphetamine or alcohol withdrawal‐related events, heart rate, and blood pressure. Secondary measures included pharmacokinetic data and self‐reported alcohol or methamphetamine use, craving, and psychological distress. AUD participants were recruited faster and had a greater retention rate compared with MUD participants. Lorcaserin did not alter vital signs, was well tolerated, and had a similar pharmacokinetic profile to individuals with obesity. Lorcaserin reduced self‐reported alcohol and amphetamine‐type substance use and craving in AUD and MUD participants, respectively. Self‐reported psychological health also improved over the treatment period for all participants. Despite the pilot nature of this study, our data support the notion of 5‐HT2C receptors as a therapeutic target for drug and alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Campbell
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yvonne Bonomo
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam Pastor
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Collins
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda Norman
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Galettis
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Janice Johnstone
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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16
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Schrader TO, Zhu X, Kasem M, Ren A, Liu C, Wu C, Dang H, Le M, Gatlin J, Chase K, Frazer J, Whelan KT, Grottick AJ, Hutton C, Barden J, Chen C, Ortiz A, Feichtinger K, Semple G. Novel (R)-6,6a,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-5H-pyrazino[1,2-a][1,n]naphthyridines as potent and selective agonists of the 5-HT 2C receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 38:127872. [PMID: 33636307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel (R)-6,6a,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-5H-pyrazino[1,2-a][1,n]naphthyridines were identified as potent and selective agonists of the 5-HT2C receptor. Optimizations performed on a previously reported series of racemic tetrahydroquinoline-based tricyclic amines, delivered an advanced drug lead, (R)-4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-6,6a,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-5H-pyrazino[1,2-a][1,8]naphthyridine, which displayed excellent in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Schrader
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Xiuwen Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michelle Kasem
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Albert Ren
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Chunyan Liu
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan) Co Ltd., 666 Gaoxin Road, East Lake High-tech Development Zone, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Chunrui Wu
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan) Co Ltd., 666 Gaoxin Road, East Lake High-tech Development Zone, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Huong Dang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Minh Le
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Joel Gatlin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kelli Chase
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John Frazer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kevin T Whelan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Andrew J Grottick
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Clayton Hutton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jeremy Barden
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Alvaro Ortiz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Konrad Feichtinger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Graeme Semple
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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17
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel antipsychotic trans-4-(2-(1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3H-benzo[d]azepin-3-yl)ethyl)cyclohexan-1-amine derivatives targeting dopamine/serotonin receptor subtypes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 31:127681. [PMID: 33189775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of trans-4-(2-(1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3H-benzo[d]azepin-3-yl)ethyl)cyclohexan-1-amine derivatives as potential antipsychotics were synthesized and biologically evaluated to discover potential antipsychotics with good drug target selectivity. The preliminary structure-activity relationship was discussed, and optimal compound 12a showed both nanomolar affinity for D2/D3/5-HT1A/5-HT2A receptors and weak α1 and H1 receptor binding affinity. In addition, 12a was metabolically stable in vitro, displayed micromolar affinity for the hERG channel, and exhibited antipsychotic efficacy in the animal model of locomotor-stimulating effects of phencyclidine.
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18
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Shi L, Wen M, Li F. Palladium‐Catalyzed
Tandem Carbonylative
Aza‐Wacker‐Type
Cyclization of Nucleophile Tethered Alkene to Access Fused
N
‐Heterocycles. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Mingshan Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China
| | - Fuwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China
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19
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Ye XY, Liang ZQ, Jin C, Lang QW, Chen GQ, Zhang X. Design of oxa-spirocyclic PHOX ligands for the asymmetric synthesis of lorcaserin via iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 57:195-198. [PMID: 33300017 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06311h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phosphine-oxazoline (PHOX) ligands are a very important class of privileged ligands in asymmetric catalysis. A series of highly rigid oxa-spiro phosphine-oxazoline (O-SIPHOX) ligands based on O-SPINOL was synthesized efficiently, and their iridium complexes were synthesized by coordination of the O-SIPHOX ligands to [Ir(cod)Cl]2 in the presence of sodium tetrakis-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylborate (NaBArF). The cationic iridium complexes showed high reactivity and excellent enantioselectivity in the asymmetric hydrogenation of 1-methylene-tetrahydro-benzo[d]azepin-2-ones (up to 99% yield and up to 99% ee). A key intermediate of the anti-obesity drug lorcaserin could be efficiently synthesized using this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Ye
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Ghosh A, Chattopadhyay SK. Microwave-mediated Synthesis of Medium Ring-sized Heterocyclic Compounds. CURRENT MICROWAVE CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2213335607666200226101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many medium ring-sized heterocyclic motifs are found in naturally occurring compounds
of significant biological activity which led to the investigation of the biological activity of simpler
heterocyclic compounds accommodating these ring systems. Therefore, the development of newer
synthetic methodologies to access such ring systems has remained an important activity over the last
few decades. However, common methods of their synthesis are usually associated with thermodynamic
disadvantages. Many metal-mediated transformations e.g., Heck reaction, Suzuki reaction, etc.
tend to overcome some of these effects but at the cost of environmental disadvantages. In recent
years, several green chemical techniques have found useful applications in the synthesis of such ring
systems. In particular, the use of microwave technology has provided better opportunities. The present
review attempts to highlight many synthetic approaches developed for the synthesis of such heterocyclic
scaffolds of pharmacological interest involving condensation reaction, coupling reaction,
Multi-component reaction, Cyclo-addition reaction, Dipolar cycloaddition reaction, etc. An emphasis
has also been given on the distinct advantages offered by microwave application over classical approaches,
wherever such knowledge is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India
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21
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Xu Z, Yao P, Sheng X, Li J, Li J, Yu S, Feng J, Wu Q, Zhu D. Biocatalytic Access to 1,4-Diazepanes via Imine Reductase-Catalyzed Intramolecular Asymmetric Reductive Amination. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zefei Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Peiyuan Yao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xiang Sheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Jinlong Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jianjiong Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jinhui Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
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22
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Suppression of cocaine relapse-like behaviors upon pimavanserin and lorcaserin co-administration. Neuropharmacology 2020; 168:108009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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de Almeida Kiguti LR, Pacheco TL, Antunes E, Kempinas WDG. Lorcaserin Administration has Pro-Ejaculatory Effects in Rats via 5-HT 2C Receptors Activation: A Putative Pharmacologic Strategy to Delayed Ejaculation? J Sex Med 2020; 17:1060-1071. [PMID: 32234370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lorcaserin is an anti-obesity drug whose weight loss effect results from 5-hydroxytryptamin (5-HT)2C receptors activation. The 5-HT2C receptor was shown to participate in the physiological control of ejaculation, but no data addressing a putative effect of lorcaserin on ejaculation exist. AIM To investigate the effects of lorcaserin in different in vitro and in vivo experimental models of ejaculation in rats. METHODS Contractile responses to lorcaserin in rat seminal emission organs in vitro (prostatic and epididymal vas deferens, cauda epididymis, and seminal vesicles), analysis of male rat copulatory behavior, and electromyographic recording of bulbospongiosus muscle in anesthetized animals were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measures included in vitro contraction of seminal emission organs and evaluation of the male rat copulatory behavior. The male rat sexual behavior in terms of copulation latency, ejaculation latency, mount and intromission frequency, and ejaculation frequency of sexually experienced adult male rats with a receptive female were also recorded. RESULTS Lorcaserin (1.0 nM to 1.0 mM) had no significant effects on the in vitro contractility of seminal emission organs smooth muscle (cauda epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles). On the other hand, lorcaserin administration (0.3-1.0 mg/kg, intravenous) induced ejaculation in anesthetized rats, which was prevented by the 5-HT2C-selective antagonist SB 242084 (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, intravenous). Single-dose treatment of non-anesthetized male rats with lorcaserin (1.0, 4.0, or 10 mg/kg, per os) induced non-copulating ejaculations in sexually naïve rats. Lorcaserin also had pro-ejaculation effects by decreasing the ejaculation threshold of copulating rats by half. The pro-ejaculatory effects of lorcaserin were reversible as the ejaculation threshold of treated rats recovered after a 1-week washout period. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Due to its reported clinical safety, repurposing lorcaserin for the treatment of delayed ejaculation may be suggested. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS The pro-ejaculatory effect of lorcaserin administration and the role of 5-HT2C were demonstrated in different experimental models of ejaculation in rats. The lack of studies in putative experimental models of delayed ejaculation is a limitation of this study. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the clinically approved 5-HT2C agonist lorcaserin is a strong facilitator of ejaculation in rats. de Almeida Kiguti LR, Pacheco TL, Antunes E, et al. Lorcaserin Administration has Pro-Ejaculatory Effects in Rats via 5-HT2C Receptors Activation: A Putative Pharmacologic Strategy to Delayed Ejaculation? J Sex Med 2020;17:1060-1071.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tainá Louise Pacheco
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology (ReproTox), Department of Morphology, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Wilma de Grava Kempinas
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology (ReproTox), Department of Morphology, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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25
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Ren A, Zhu X, Feichtinger K, Lehman J, Kasem M, Schrader TO, Wong A, Dang H, Le M, Frazer J, Unett DJ, Grottick AJ, Whelan KT, Morgan ME, Sage CR, Semple G. Discovery of a lead series of potent benzodiazepine 5-HT2C receptor agonists with high selectivity in functional and binding assays. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Higgins GA, Fletcher PJ, Shanahan WR. Lorcaserin: A review of its preclinical and clinical pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 205:107417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Cabré A, Romagnoli E, Martínez-Balart P, Verdaguer X, Riera A. Highly Enantioselective Iridium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of 2-Aryl Allyl Phthalimides. Org Lett 2019; 21:9709-9713. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Cabré
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Elia Romagnoli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Martínez-Balart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Verdaguer
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Antoni Riera
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
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Cabré A, Verdaguer X, Riera A. Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Methyl Amines
via
Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of
N
‐Sulfonyl Allyl Amines. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Cabré
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i OrgànicaSecció Orgànica. Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1 Barcelona E-08028 Spain
| | - Xavier Verdaguer
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i OrgànicaSecció Orgànica. Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1 Barcelona E-08028 Spain
| | - Antoni Riera
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i OrgànicaSecció Orgànica. Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1 Barcelona E-08028 Spain
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29
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Silenieks LB, Carroll NK, Van Niekerk A, Van Niekerk E, Taylor C, Upton N, Higgins GA. Evaluation of Selective 5-HT 2C Agonists in Acute Seizure Models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3284-3295. [PMID: 31082204 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-HT releaser/reuptake inhibitor fenfluramine has been recently reported to provide benefit as an adjunctive treatment for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes, two types of severe childhood epilepsy. Despite its enhancement of 5-HT function, many effects of fenfluramine have been demonstrated to be dependent on 5-HT2C receptor activation, suggesting that 5-HT2C receptor activation may have an anticonvulsant property. The present study was designed to evaluate fenfluramine and 5-HT agonists of varying 5-HT2C agonist selectivity, the relatively nonselective mCPP and Ro 60-0175, and the selective 5-HT2C agonists lorcaserin and CP-809101 across a variety of acute seizure tests conducted in adult rats and mice, which have been instrumental in identifying the majority of clinically efficacious antiepileptic drugs. Tests included the maximal electroshock seizure (MES), MES threshold, and 6 Hz electrical convulsive seizure models and the chemoconvulsant pentylenetetrazole test. The effect of mCPP, lorcaserin, and CP-809101 against electrically evoked seizures in amygdala kindled rats was also investigated. Overall, at doses known to interact with 5-HT2CR, there was no clear class-related effect of these agonists in any test. The only notable antiseizure effect of fenfluramine was inhibition of MES-induced tonic seizures in the rat. The current preclinical studies using the classical acute seizure tests and an amygdala kindling model do not identify a reliable antiseizure effect of fenfluramine, an agent now used in the treatment of human epilepsies, including Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Given the nature of these epilepsies, early life and/or genetic models may have better construct validity and be more appropriate for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo B. Silenieks
- Intervivo Solutions Inc, Toronto, ON M5A 4K2, Canada
- Vivocore, Toronto, ON N1M 2W4, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil Upton
- Transpharmation Ltd, London NW10NH, United Kingdom
| | - Guy A. Higgins
- Intervivo Solutions Inc, Toronto, ON M5A 4K2, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON ON M5S, Canada
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30
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Karuppasamy M, Vachan BS, Vinoth P, Muthukrishnan I, Nagarajan S, Ielo L, Pace V, Banik S, Maheswari CU, Sridharan V. Direct Access to 9-Chloro-1H-benzo[b]furo[3,4-e]azepin-1-ones via Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Intramolecular syn-Oxypalladation/Olefin Insertion/sp2-C–H Bond Activation Cascade. Org Lett 2019; 21:5784-5788. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Karuppasamy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B. S. Vachan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Vinoth
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Isravel Muthukrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subbiah Nagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Subrata Banik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani
(Bagla), District-Samba, Jammu 181143, India
| | - C. Uma Maheswari
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani
(Bagla), District-Samba, Jammu 181143, India
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31
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Ieawsuwan W, Pingaew R, Kunkaewom S, Ploypradith P, Ruchirawat S. Scandium(III)‐Triflate‐Catalyzed Pinacol‐Pinacolone Rearrangement and Cyclization of 1,2‐Diaryl‐1,2‐Ethanediol: A Versatile Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐2,3‐Dihydro‐1
H
‐3‐Benzazepines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Winai Ieawsuwan
- Laboratory of Medicinal ChemistryChulabhorn Research Institute 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi Bangkok 10210 Thailand
| | - Ratchanok Pingaew
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceSrinakharinwirot University Sukhumvit 23 Bangkok 10110 Thailand
| | - Sukanya Kunkaewom
- Laboratory of Medicinal ChemistryChulabhorn Research Institute 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi Bangkok 10210 Thailand
| | - Poonsakdi Ploypradith
- Laboratory of Medicinal ChemistryChulabhorn Research Institute 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi Bangkok 10210 Thailand
- Chemical Biology ProgramChulabhorn Graduate Institute 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi Bangkok 10210 Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT)Ministry of Education 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi Bangkok 10210 Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Medicinal ChemistryChulabhorn Research Institute 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi Bangkok 10210 Thailand
- Chemical Biology ProgramChulabhorn Graduate Institute 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi Bangkok 10210 Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT)Ministry of Education 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi Bangkok 10210 Thailand
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32
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Gouni-Berthold I, Berthold HK. Current Options for the Pharmacotherapy of Obesity. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2019-2032. [PMID: 31298150 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190708192630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
650 millions of adults are obese worldwide - in the US alone, forty percent of the adults are obese. Although the obesity pandemic is constantly expanding at very high costs for health care systems, the currently available options of pharmacotherapy for obesity are rather limited. Despite intensive research efforts, the vast majority of the anti-obesity drugs developed up to now have a rather limited efficacy and/or safety profile. In the last fifty years, various drugs reached advanced states of clinical development but were either never marketed or were initially approved but withdrawn later due to safety issues. However, the understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity has been steadily improving and new, promising drugs targeting various selective obesityassociated and energy-homeostasis-related pathways are now available. When lifestyle changes alone fail to combat, then additional pharmacotherapy with an acceptable efficacy and safety profile could provide a useful therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Gouni-Berthold
- Polyclinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Polyclinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiner K Berthold
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Bethel Clinic (EvKB), Bielefeld, Germany
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33
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Yimam M, Jiao P, Hong M, Brownell L, Lee YC, Kim HJ, Nam JB, Kim MR, Jia Q. Morus alba, a Medicinal Plant for Appetite Suppression and Weight Loss. J Med Food 2019; 22:741-751. [PMID: 31120370 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is expanding rapidly worldwide, making the disease a global burden with limited treatment options. The current obesity drug development trends suggest the possibility of reducing weight and reverse metabolic disturbances of obesity by controlling appetite. In this study, we screened more than 8000 plants from our plant library for the cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonists and identified Morus alba as a lead medicinal plant. Kuwanon G and Albanin G were isolated and identified from root-barks of Morus alba with 92% and 96% CB1 receptor ligand binding inhibitory activity, respectively. The bioflavonoid standardized extract was tested in the acute food intake study in rats at oral doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg for its appetite suppression activity. Diet-induced obesity in the C57BL/6J mice was used to evaluate the long-term food intake reduction activity and effect on the weight loss administered orally at 250 and 500 mg/kg for 7 weeks. Statistically significant and dose-dependent reduction in food intake was observed in both acute and long-term studies for the extract. Food intake reductions of 58.6% and 44.8% at 250 mg/kg and 50.1% and 44.3% at 500 mg/kg were observed at 1 and 2 h postfood provision, respectively. A 20% reduction in daily calorie intake was observed in the long-term study. Obese mice treated with the high dose of Morus root-bark extract showed 10.4 g (22.5%) and 7.1 g (16.5%) loss in body weight compared with the vehicle-treated obese animals (at week 7) and baseline, respectively. Statistically significant reductions in biochemical markers and visceral fat deposit were also observed. These results demonstrated that Morus alba extracts enriched in Kuwanon G, and Albanin G could be used alone to control appetite, manage body weight, and improve metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Jiao
- 1 Unigen, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mei Hong
- 1 Unigen, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qi Jia
- 1 Unigen, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
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34
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Fujioka K, Malhotra M, Perdomo C, Apovian CM. Effect of lorcaserin in different age groups: a post hoc analysis of patients from the BLOOM, BLOSSOM and BLOOM-DM studies. Obes Sci Pract 2019; 5:120-129. [PMID: 31019729 PMCID: PMC6469334 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The elderly population is projected to be the fastest growing group of individuals with obesity group in the United States. As such, there is merit in examining factors that contribute to healthy aging and weight management. The effects of newer weight loss medications approved after 2013 have been studied but are not often assessed specifically in older persons. METHODS This post hoc analysis evaluated the magnitude of weight loss in adults across age quartiles with lorcaserin, a serotonin (5-HT) 2C receptor agonist indicated as an adjunct to a reduced-caloric diet and increased physical activity for chronic weight management. Data from three lorcaserin pivotal phase 3 studies were used in this analysis. Data for patients with overweight/obesity without type 2 diabetes (T2D; BLOOM/BLOSSOM; body mass index [BMI] 27.0-29.9 kg/m2 and ≥1 comorbidity or BMI 30.0-45.0 kg/m2) and patients with overweight/obesity with T2D (BLOOM-DM; BMI 27.0-45.0 kg/m2) were used. Patients were randomized to receive lorcaserin 10 mg twice daily or placebo in addition to diet and exercise for 52 weeks. Age quartiles between the studies differed as the T2D population was on average, 9 years older. RESULTS This analysis shows that lorcaserin was associated with improved weight loss relative to placebo regardless of age. Importantly, these results were consistent for patients with and without T2D. Interestingly, the magnitude of weight loss for lorcaserin appeared to increase with increasing age. In patients without T2D, odds of achieving ≥5% and ≥10% reduction in body weight at 52 weeks were significantly higher for patients >36 years. Lorcaserin was well tolerated in all patients across all quartiles including the oldest quartile. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this post hoc analysis demonstrates that lorcaserin treatment in patients with and without T2D was safe and effective at reducing weight across all age groups analysed. Weight loss appeared to be greater for older patients; additional analyses are warranted to confirm these findings and to better understand the factors for improved weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Fujioka
- Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyScripps ClinicLa JollaCAUSA
| | - M. Malhotra
- Neurology Business GroupEisai IncWoodcliff LakeNJUSA
| | - C. Perdomo
- Neurology Business GroupEisai IncWoodcliff LakeNJUSA
| | - C. M. Apovian
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical CenterBoston University School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
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35
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Ishigami T, Ueshima K, Ukai M, Asai N, Takamatsu H, Yokono M, Takeda M, Masuda N. Effect of ASP2205 fumarate, a novel 5-HT 2C receptor agonist, on urethral closure function in rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 139:333-339. [PMID: 30871873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological profile of ASP2205 fumarate (ASP2205), a novel 5-HT2C receptor agonist, was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. ASP2205 showed potent and selective agonistic activity for the human 5-HT2C receptor, with an EC50 of 0.85 nM in the intracellular Ca2+ mobilization assay. Rat 5-HT2C receptor was also activated by ASP2205 with an EC50 of 2.5 nM. Intraduodenal administration (i.d.) of ASP2205 (0.1-1 mg/kg) significantly elevated the leak point pressure (LPP) in anesthetized rats in a dose-dependent manner. This ASP2205 (0.3 mg/kg i.d.)-induced LPP elevation was inhibited by SB242084 (0.3 mg/kg i.v.), a selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist. Urethral closure responses induced by intravesical pressure loading in rats were enhanced by ASP2205 (0.3 mg/kg i.v.), which was abolished by pretreatment with SB242084 (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) and bilateral transection of the pudendal nerve. In contrast, ASP2205 (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) did not change the resting urethral pressure in rats. These results indicate that ASP2205 can enhance the pudendal nerve-mediated urethral closure reflex via the 5-HT2C receptor, resulting in the prevention of involuntary urine loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ishigami
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Koji Ueshima
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Masashi Ukai
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Norio Asai
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hajime Takamatsu
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Masanori Yokono
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeda
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Masuda
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
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36
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Toro-Sazo M, Brea J, Loza MI, Cimadevila M, Cassels BK. 5-HT2 receptor binding, functional activity and selectivity in N-benzyltryptamines. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209804. [PMID: 30629611 PMCID: PMC6328172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The last fifteen years have seen the emergence and overflow into the drug scene of "superpotent" N-benzylated phenethylamines belonging to the "NBOMe" series, accompanied by numerous research articles. Although N-benzyl substitution of 5-methoxytryptamine is known to increase its affinity and potency at 5-HT2 receptors associated with psychedelic activity, N-benzylated tryptamines have been studied much less than their phenethylamine analogs. To further our knowledge of the activity of N-benzyltryptamines, we have synthesized a family of tryptamine derivatives and, for comparison, a few 5-methoxytryptamine analogs with many different substitution patterns on the benzyl moiety, and subjected them to in vitro affinity and functional activity assays vs. the human 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. In the binding (radioligand displacement) studies some of these compounds exhibited only modest selectivity for either 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptors suggesting that a few of them, with affinities in the 10-100 nanomolar range for 5-HT2A receptors, might presumably be psychedelic. Unexpectedly, their functional (calcium mobilization) assays reflected very different trends. All of these compounds proved to be 5-HT2C receptor full agonists while most of them showed low efficacy at the 5-HT2A subtype. Furthermore, several showed moderate-to-strong preferences for activation of the 5-HT2C subtype at nanomolar concentrations. Thus, although some N-benzyltryptamines might be abuse-liable, others might represent new leads for the development of therapeutics for weight loss, erectile dysfunction, drug abuse, or schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Toro-Sazo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Brea
- BioFarma Research Group, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María I. Loza
- BioFarma Research Group, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Cimadevila
- BioFarma Research Group, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Bruce K. Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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37
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Ghotekar GS, More DA, Nalla V, Muthukrishnan M. A new enantioselective synthesis of antiobesity drug lorcaserin. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04234b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient enantioselective synthesis of anti-obesity drug lorcaerin starting from easily accessible 3-chlorostyrene oxide has been described for the first time employing hydrolytic kinetic resolution as a source of chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh S. Ghotekar
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Devidas A. More
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Viswanadh Nalla
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - M. Muthukrishnan
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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38
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Price AE, Brehm VD, Hommel JD, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA. Pimavanserin and Lorcaserin Attenuate Measures of Binge Eating in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1424. [PMID: 30581386 PMCID: PMC6293203 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by dysregulated feeding and reward-related processes, and treatment is often challenged by limited therapeutic options. The serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) and 5-HT2CR are implicated in both feeding-related and reward-related behaviors and are thus poised to regulate BED-related behaviors. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of the FDA-approved medications pimavanserin, a 5-HT2AR antagonist/inverse agonist, and lorcaserin, a 5-HT2CR agonist, in a rodent model of binge eating. The effects of pimavanserin (0.3–3.0 mg/kg), lorcaserin (0.25–1.0 mg/kg), and the lowest effective dose of pimavanserin (0.3 mg/kg) plus lorcaserin (1.0 mg/kg) were tested in a high-fat food (HFF) intermittent access binge eating model in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 64). We assessed three measures related to binge eating – binge episode occurrence, binge intake, and weight gain associated with HFF access. Pimavanserin decreased binge intake and weight gain associated with HFF access, but did not prevent binge episode occurrence. Lorcaserin decreased binge intake, but did not prevent binge episode occurrence or weight gain associated with HFF access. Combined pimavanserin plus lorcaserin prevented binge episode occurrence in addition to decreasing binge intake and weight gain associated with HFF access. These preclinical findings in male rats suggest that pimavanserin and lorcaserin may be effective in treating patients with BED. Our studies further indicate that administration of one or both drugs may be more effective in certain sub-populations of patients with BED because of the unique profile each treatment elicits. These data support future assessment in clinical populations with BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Price
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Victoria D Brehm
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan D Hommel
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Noelle C Anastasio
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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39
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Xing S, Gu N, Wang X, Liu J, Xing C, Wang K, Zhu B. Substitution-Controlled Selective Formation of Hexahydrobenz[ e]isoindoles and 3-Benzazepines via In(OTf) 3-Catalyzed Tandem Annulations. Org Lett 2018; 20:5680-5683. [PMID: 30188133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A dramatic N-substituent controlled tandem annulation of 2-(2-(2-bromoethyl)phenyl)-1-sulfonylaziridines with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds has been developed. When the N-substituent was a 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl group (Ts), sequential ring opening of aziridines, nucleophilic substitution, and lactamization took place to provide a series of hexahydrobenz[ e]isoindole compounds in good yields with good diastereoselectivities. By contrast, 3-benzazepine compounds were afforded in good yields via ring opening of aziridines and nucleophilic substitution when the N-substituent was the 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl group (Ns).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin 300387 , People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Gu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin 300387 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin 300387 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin 300387 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin 300387 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin 300387 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bolin Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin 300387 , People's Republic of China
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Hurt RT, Mundi MS, Ebbert JO. Challenging obesity, diabetes, and addiction: the potential of lorcaserin extended release. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2018; 11:469-478. [PMID: 30233224 PMCID: PMC6130259 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s126855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic that is a leading cause of preventable death. In addition to lifestyle modification, there are numerous obesity treatments for clinicians to consider, including medications. Lorcaserin immediate release/extended release (IR/XR) is a US Food and Drug Administration approved medication for overweight and obese patients to be used with lifestyle modifications. Lorcaserin is thought to reduce weight by targeting the serotonin (5HT2c) system to induce satiety. Lorcaserin IR has been shown to be effective in reducing weight in overweight (body mass index [BMI] > 27 kg/m2) and obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) participants in three large Phase III trials. In addition, lorcaserin has been shown to reduce post-cessation weight gain and improved smoking cessation in a randomized placebo-controlled trial. A recent meta-analysis suggested in overweight diabetic patients lorcaserin may be added to first-line oral hypoglycemic medications to enhance reduction in glycated hemoglobin. Lorcaserin is generally well tolerated with the most common side effect being headache, which is typically self-limiting. Lorcaserin XR (once daily) was recently approved and has been shown to be bioequivalent to lorcaserin IR (twice daily) in a pivotal study. Lorcaserin XRs, main advantage over the IR formulation is the once daily dosing regimen, which likely would lead to improved adherence and thus improved clinical effectiveness. The present review will evaluate the lorcaserin clinical studies (obesity, diabetes, and addiction), XR bioequivalence studies, pharmacogenomics of the serotonin (5HT2c) system, and adherence data in once daily versus twice daily medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Hurt
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA,
| | - Manpreet S Mundi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,
| | - Jon O Ebbert
- Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Lu CW, Chang CJ, Yang YC, Lin WY, Huang KC. Multicentre, placebo-controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management in Chinese population. Obes Res Clin Pract 2018; 12:465-471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Raymer
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samit K. Bhattacharya
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Kotańska M, Lustyk K, Bucki A, Marcinkowska M, Śniecikowska J, Kołaczkowski M. Idalopirdine, a selective 5-HT 6 receptor antagonist, reduces food intake and body weight in a model of excessive eating. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:733-740. [PMID: 29297106 PMCID: PMC5956042 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, from early childhood onwards, is a common societal problem. The overconsumption of sweet, salty and high-fat products are the main factors that cause excessive weight gain. It is therefore necessary to search for new drugs that affect satiety centers and reduce the sense of hunger and caloric intake. It has been suggested that the blockade of 5-HT6 receptors may reduce food intake, and since idalopirdine is a clinically tested, selective 5HT6 receptor antagonist, it was chosen to be examined in animal models of obesity. The activity of idalopirdine was measured in the rat model of excessive eating. Animals were on a high caloric diet that consisted of milk chocolate with nuts, cheese, salted peanuts and condensed milk. During a four-week experiment, the rats had constant access to standard feed and water ad libitum. Idalopirdine was administered intraperitoneally at a dose 5 mg/kg b.w./day. To establish whether idalopirdine would effectively suppress the rebound hyperphagia that accompanies refeeding, it was administered after a 20 h food deprivation period. Pica behavior was evaluated after the administration of idalopirdine to confirm that the suppression of food intake was not caused by visceral illness. The effect of the four-week treatment with idalopirdine on the amount of peritoneal adipose tissue, and on lipid and carbohydrate profiles in rats was also examined. The statistical significance was calculated using the one-way ANOVA post-hoc Tukey Multiple Comparison Test or the two-way ANOVA post-hoc Bonferroni Multiple Comparison Test. Idalopirdine significantly reduced caloric intake and prevented the development of obesity in tested animals. Rats, that received idalopirdine, had a smaller amount of adipose tissue in the peritoneum as well as lower glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in comparison to the control group. Moreover, an anorectic action was not caused by abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract, such as nausea. The obtained results indicate that idalopirdine reduces caloric intake and could be considered for further tests as a potential treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Lustyk
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Marcinkowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Śniecikowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
- Adamed Ltd., Pieńków 149, 05-152, Czosnów, Poland
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Synthesis of enantiopure antiobesity drug lorcaserin. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2686-2690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Asymmetric syntheses of (R)-4-halo-6,6a,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-5H-pyrazino[1,2-a][1,n]naphthyridines, important 5-HT2C agonist precursors. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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46
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Ouchi M, Kitta T, Kanno Y, Higuchi M, Togo M, Moriya K, Shinohara N. Effect of a 5-HT2c receptor agonist on urethral closure mechanisms in female rats. Neurourol Urodyn 2018; 37:2382-2388. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.23586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mifuka Ouchi
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences; Health Sciences University of Hokkaido; Tobetsu Japan
| | - Takeya Kitta
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Yukiko Kanno
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Madoka Higuchi
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Mio Togo
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kimihiko Moriya
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Nobuo Shinohara
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
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Andorfer MC, Lewis JC. Understanding and Improving the Activity of Flavin-Dependent Halogenases via Random and Targeted Mutagenesis. Annu Rev Biochem 2018; 87:159-185. [PMID: 29589959 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs) catalyze the halogenation of organic substrates by coordinating reactions of reduced flavin, molecular oxygen, and chloride. Targeted and random mutagenesis of these enzymes have been used to both understand and alter their reactivity. These studies have led to insights into residues essential for catalysis and FDH variants with improved stability, expanded substrate scope, and altered site selectivity. Mutations throughout FDH structures have contributed to all of these advances. More recent studies have sought to rationalize the impact of these mutations on FDH function and to identify new FDHs to deepen our understanding of this enzyme class and to expand their utility for biocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Andorfer
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;
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Yin W, Zhou XE, Yang D, de Waal PW, Wang M, Dai A, Cai X, Huang CY, Liu P, Wang X, Yin Y, Liu B, Zhou Y, Wang J, Liu H, Caffrey M, Melcher K, Xu Y, Wang MW, Xu HE, Jiang Y. Crystal structure of the human 5-HT 1B serotonin receptor bound to an inverse agonist. Cell Discov 2018; 4:12. [PMID: 29560272 PMCID: PMC5847559 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-018-0009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, also known as serotonin) regulates many physiological processes through the 5-HT receptor family. Here we report the crystal structure of 5-HT1B subtype receptor (5-HT1BR) bound to the psychotropic serotonin receptor inverse agonist methiothepin (MT). Crystallization was facilitated by replacing ICL3 with a novel optimized variant of BRIL (OB1) that enhances the formation of intermolecular polar interactions, making OB1 a potential useful tool for structural studies of membrane proteins. Unlike the agonist ergotamine (ERG), MT occupies only the conserved orthosteric binding pocket, explaining the wide spectrum effect of MT on serotonin receptors. Compared with ERG, MT shifts toward TM6 and sterically pushes residues W3276.48, F3306.50 and F3316.51 from inside the orthosteric binding pocket, leading to an outward movement of the extracellular end and a corresponding inward shift of the intracellular end of TM6, a feature shared by other reported inactive G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structures. Together with the previous agonist-bound serotonin receptor structures, the inverse agonist-bound 5-HT1BR structure identifies a basis for the ligand-mediated switch of 5-HT1BR activity and provides a structural understanding of the inactivation mechanism of 5-HT1BR and some other class A GPCRs, characterized by ligand-induced outward movement of the extracellular end of TM6 that is coupled with inward movement of the cytoplasmic end of this helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchao Yin
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203 China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - X. Edward Zhou
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Dehua Yang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203 China
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Parker W. de Waal
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Meitian Wang
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232 Switzerland
| | - Antao Dai
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203 China
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203 China
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Chia-Ying Huang
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232 Switzerland
| | - Ping Liu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Yanting Yin
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Bo Liu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Martin Caffrey
- Membrane Structural and Functional Biology Group, Schools of Medicine and Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Yechun Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203 China
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai, 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai 201203 China
| | - H. Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
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Shanahan WR, Rose JE, Glicklich A, Stubbe S, Sanchez-Kam M. Lorcaserin for Smoking Cessation and Associated Weight Gain: A Randomized 12-Week Clinical Trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 19:944-951. [PMID: 27815511 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Lorcaserin is a selective serotonin 2C receptor agonist approved by the Food and Drug Administration for chronic weight management. Preclinical data suggest that it may also be effective in smoking cessation through modulation of the dopaminergic reward system. Methods This was a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 30 centers in the United States. Six hundred three adult smokers with a Body Mass Index of 18.5-35 kg/m2, averaging at least 10 cigarettes/day with no period of abstinence >3 months for the past year were randomized to lorcaserin 10 mg once daily (QD), 10 mg twice daily (BID) or placebo; all received standardized smoking cessation counseling weekly. The target quit date was day 15. The primary endpoint was the exhaled carbon monoxide confirmed Continuous Abstinence Rate for weeks 9-12 (month 3). Results Continuous Abstinence Rates for month 3 were 5.6%, 8.7%, and 15.3% for the placebo, QD and BID groups, respectively (BID vs. placebo odds ratio 3.02, 95% confidence interval 1.47, 6.22, p = .0027. Change in weight at week 12 (randomized population) was -0.01, -0.35 and -0.98 kg, respectively (p = .0004, BID vs. placebo), and +0.73, +0.76, and -0.41 kg in participants achieving month 3 continuous abstinence. The most frequent adverse events were headache, nausea, constipation, and fatigue. Conclusions Lorcaserin with counseling was associated with dose-related increases in smoking cessation and prevention of associated weight gain over a 3-month period. Further investigation of lorcaserin in smoking cessation is warranted. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT02044874. Implications This randomized, controlled trial demonstrated that lorcaserin used in conjunction with standard cessation counseling was associated with dose-related increases in smoking cessation and prevention of associated weight gain. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration in humans of a potential role of 5-HT2C agonism in the modulation of central neurological circuits involved with reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Shanahan
- Department of Drug Development, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA.,Department of Clinical Development, Anthera Pharmaceuticals Inc, Hayward, CA
| | - Jed E Rose
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Alan Glicklich
- Department of Drug Development, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA.,Department of Clilnical Development, Bird Rock Bio Inc., La Jolla, CA
| | - Scott Stubbe
- Department of Drug Development, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA
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Development and optimization of a new synthetic process for lorcaserin. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:977-983. [PMID: 29254893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A two-step process to synthesize racemic lorcaserin was developed from 2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol via formation of bromide or tosylate derivatives. These derivatives were reacted with allylamine in neat conditions to provide pure N-(4-chlorophenethyl)allylammonium chloride. This compound was cyclized in neat conditions using aluminum or zinc chloride to give racemic lorcaserin. After resolution of enantiomers, the wrong enantiomer was racemized and recycled to give new R-lorcaserin.
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