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Mansouri P, Mansouri P, Behmard E, Najafipour S, Kouhpayeh SA, Farjadfar A. Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD): A promising target for chronic diseases treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134576. [PMID: 39127273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
In 1958, the presence of citrulline in the structure of the proteins was discovered for the first time. Several years later they found that Arginine converted to citrulline during a post-translational modification process by PAD enzyme. Each PAD is expressed in a certain tissue developing a series of diseases such as inflammation and cancers. Among these, PAD2 and PAD4 play a role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by producing citrullinated autoantigens and increasing the production of inflammatory cytokines. PAD4 is also associated with the formation of NET structures and thrombosis. In the crystallographic structure, PAD has several calcium binding sites, and the active site of the enzyme consists of different amino acids. Various PAD inhibitors have been developed divided into pan-PAD and selective PAD inhibitors. F-amidine, Cl-amidine, and BB-Cl-amidine are some of pan-PAD inhibitors. AFM-30a and JBI589 are selective for PAD2 and PAD4, respectively. There is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of existing inhibitors more accurately in the coming years, as well as design and production of novel inhibitors targeting highly specific isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Mansouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Pardis Mansouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Behmard
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Sohrab Najafipour
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Seyed Amin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
| | - Akbar Farjadfar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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2
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Panchalingam S, Jayaraman M, Jeyaraman J, Kasivelu G. Harnessing marine natural products to inhibit PAD4 triple mutant: A structure-based virtual screening approach for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 761:110164. [PMID: 39326772 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase type4 (PAD4) is a pivotal pro-inflammatory protein within the human immune system, intricately involved in both inflammatory processes and immune responses. Its role extends to the generation of diverse immune cell types, including T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. PAD4 has recently garnered attention due to its association with a spectrum of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, notably rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Mutations in the PAD4 gene, leading to the conversion of arginine to citrulline, have emerged as significant factors in the pathogenesis of RA and related conditions. As a calcium-dependent enzyme, PAD4 is central to the citrullination process, a crucial post-translational modification implicated in disease pathophysiology. Its critical role in autoimmune disorders and inflammation makes PAD4 a prime candidate for therapeutic intervention in RA. Inhibiting PAD4 presents a promising avenue for mitigating inflammatory responses and curtailing joint degradation and impairment. To explore its therapeutic potential, a structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) approach was employed, harnessing an array of marine natural products (MNPs) sourced from databases such as CMNPD, MNPD, and Seaweed. Notably, MNPD10752, CMNPD12680, and CMNPD2751 emerged as potential hit molecules, exhibiting adherence to essential pharmacokinetic properties and favorable toxicity profiles. Quantum mechanics studies using density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the inhibitory potential of these identified natural products. Further structural elucidation through molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) and principal component-based free energy landscape (FEL) analysis shed light on the stability of MNP-bound PAD4 complexes. In conclusion, this computational study serves as a stepping stone for further experimental evaluation, aiming to explore the potential of MNPs in addressing PAD4-related human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhiya Panchalingam
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Jayaraman
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyakanthan Jeyaraman
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govindaraju Kasivelu
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Byrnes LJ, Choi WY, Balbo P, Banker ME, Chang J, Chen S, Cheng X, Cong Y, Culp J, Di H, Griffor M, Hall J, Meng X, Morgan B, Mousseau JJ, Nicki J, O'Connell T, Ramsey S, Shaginian A, Shanker S, Trujillo J, Wan J, Vincent F, Wright SW, Vajdos F. Discovery, Characterization, and Structure of a Cell Active PAD2 Inhibitor Acting through a Novel Allosteric Mechanism. ACS Chem Biol 2024. [PMID: 39316753 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs) are important enzymes in many diseases, especially those involving inflammation and autoimmunity. Despite many years of effort, developing isoform-specific inhibitors has been a challenge. We describe herein the discovery of a potent, noncovalent PAD2 inhibitor, with selectivity over PAD3 and PAD4, from a DNA-encoded library. The biochemical and biophysical characterization of this inhibitor and two noninhibitory binders indicated a novel, Ca2+ competitive mechanism of inhibition. This was confirmed via X-ray crystallographic analysis. Finally, we demonstrate that this inhibitor selectively inhibits PAD2 in a cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Byrnes
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - Won Young Choi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - Paul Balbo
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mary Ellen Banker
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - Jeanne Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - Shi Chen
- Hitgen Inc., Building C2, NO.8, Huigu first East Road, Tianfu International Bio-Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- Hitgen Inc., Building C2, NO.8, Huigu first East Road, Tianfu International Bio-Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yang Cong
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - Jeff Culp
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - Hongxia Di
- Hitgen Inc., Building C2, NO.8, Huigu first East Road, Tianfu International Bio-Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China
| | - Matt Griffor
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - Justin Hall
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Meng
- Hitgen Inc., Building C2, NO.8, Huigu first East Road, Tianfu International Bio-Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China
| | - Barry Morgan
- Hitgen Inc., Building C2, NO.8, Huigu first East Road, Tianfu International Bio-Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China
| | - James J Mousseau
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - Jennifer Nicki
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - Thomas O'Connell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - Simeon Ramsey
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alex Shaginian
- Hitgen Inc., Building C2, NO.8, Huigu first East Road, Tianfu International Bio-Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China
| | - Suman Shanker
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - John Trujillo
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - Jinqiao Wan
- Hitgen Inc., Building C2, NO.8, Huigu first East Road, Tianfu International Bio-Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, P.R. China
| | - Fabien Vincent
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - Stephen W Wright
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
| | - Felix Vajdos
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340-5146, United States
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Salari Namin S, Zhu YP, Croker BA, Tan Z. Turning Neutrophil Cell Death Deadly in Hypertensive Vascular Disease. Can J Cardiol 2024:S0828-282X(24)00977-2. [PMID: 39326672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2024.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive vascular disease (HVD) is a major health burden globally and is a comorbidity commonly associated with other metabolic diseases. Many factors are associated with hypertensive vascular disease including obesity, diabetes, smoking, chronic kidney disease, and sterile inflammation. Increasing evidence points to neutrophils as an important component of the chronic inflammatory response in hypertensive vascular disease. Neutrophils are abundant in the circulation and can respond rapidly upon stimulation to deploy an armament of anti-microbial effector functions. One of the outcomes of neutrophil activation is the generation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), a regulated extrusion of chromatin and proteases. While neutrophils and NETs are well described as components of the innate immune response to infection, recent evidence implicates them in HVD. Endothelial cell activation can trigger neutrophil adhesion, activation, and production of NETs promoting vascular dysfunction, vessel remodeling, and loss of resistance. The regulated release of NETs can be controlled by the pore-forming activities of distinct cell death pathways. The best-characterized pathways in this context are apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. In this review, we will discuss how inflammatory cell death signaling and NET formation contribute to hypertensive disease. We also examine novel therapeutic approaches to limit NET production and their future potential as therapeutic drugs in cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahand Salari Namin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yanfang Peipei Zhu
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ben A Croker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhehao Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Yao W, Hu X, Wang X. Crossing epigenetic frontiers: the intersection of novel histone modifications and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:232. [PMID: 39278916 PMCID: PMC11403012 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications (HPTMs), as one of the core mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, are garnering increasing attention due to their close association with the onset and progression of diseases and their potential as targeted therapeutic agents. Advances in high-throughput molecular tools and the abundance of bioinformatics data have led to the discovery of novel HPTMs which similarly affect gene expression, metabolism, and chromatin structure. Furthermore, a growing body of research has demonstrated that novel histone modifications also play crucial roles in the development and progression of various diseases, including various cancers, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, psychiatric disorders, and reproductive system diseases. This review defines nine novel histone modifications: lactylation, citrullination, crotonylation, succinylation, SUMOylation, propionylation, butyrylation, 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, and 2-hydroxybutyrylation. It comprehensively introduces the modification processes of these nine novel HPTMs, their roles in transcription, replication, DNA repair and recombination, metabolism, and chromatin structure, as well as their involvement in promoting the occurrence and development of various diseases and their clinical applications as therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers. Moreover, this review provides a detailed overview of novel HPTM inhibitors targeting various targets and their emerging strategies in the treatment of multiple diseases while offering insights into their future development prospects and challenges. Additionally, we briefly introduce novel epigenetic research techniques and their applications in the field of novel HPTM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Yao
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xinting Hu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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Sue T, Ichikawa T, Hattori S, Otani H, Fujimura S, Higuchi T, Okumura N, Higuchi Y. Quantitative evaluation of citrullinated fibrinogen for detection of neutrophil extracellular traps. Immunol Res 2024; 72:409-417. [PMID: 38087184 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Activated neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of chromatin filaments containing bactericidal proteins and enzymes. This process, known as NETosis, is an innate host defense mechanism. However, NET accumulation can lead to uncontrolled inflammation and organ damage. Therefore, NET detection provides clinically important information for the assessment of inflammatory conditions. We investigated whether quantification of citrullinated fibrinogen (C-Fbg), which is catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) released during NETosis, can be used to detect NETs. Human neutrophils were stimulated with fibrinogen using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA complex and C-Fbg concentrations in the culture supernatants were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein levels of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 and 4 in culture supernatants and mRNA levels in PMA-stimulated neutrophils were also assessed. The levels of the MPO-DNA complex in the supernatants of PMA-stimulated neutrophils increased, indicating NETosis. C-Fbg level also increased, which was suppressed by both NETosis and PAD inhibitors. PAD2 was detected in the culture supernatant; however, PAD4, but not PAD2, mRNA levels increased in PMA-stimulated neutrophils. This study quantitatively demonstrates that fibrinogen is citrullinated by PAD derived from PMA-stimulated neutrophils upon NETosis. Although further studies are needed for clinical application, quantification of C-Fbg in blood may help detect the presence of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Sue
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ichikawa
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shu Hattori
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hikaru Otani
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujimura
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Higuchi
- Department of General Pediatrics, Nagano Children's Hospital, Azumino, Japan
- Life Science Research Center, Nagano Children's Hospital, Azumino, Japan
| | - Nobuo Okumura
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yumiko Higuchi
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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Zhu D, Lu Y, Yan Z, Deng Q, Hu B, Wang Y, Wang W, Wang Y, Wang Y. A β-Carboline Derivate PAD4 Inhibitor Reshapes Neutrophil Phenotype and Improves the Tumor Immune Microenvironment against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7973-7994. [PMID: 38728549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer is a highly aggressive and heterogeneous breast cancer subtype characterized by early metastasis, poor prognosis, and high recurrence. Targeting histone citrullination-mediated chromatin dysregulation to induce epigenetic alterations shows great promise in TNBC therapy. We report the synthesis, optimization, and evaluation of a novel series of β-carboline-derived peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 inhibitors that exhibited potent inhibition of TNBC cell proliferation. The most outstanding PAD4 inhibitor, compound 28, hindered the PAD4-H3cit-NET signaling pathway and inhibited the growth of solid tumors and pulmonary metastatic nodules in the 4T1 in situ mouse model. Furthermore, 28 improved the tumor immune microenvironment by reshaping neutrophil phenotype, upregulating the proportions of dendritic cells and M1 macrophages, and reducing the amount of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In conclusion, our work offered 28 as an efficacious PAD4 inhibitor that exerts a combination of conventional chemotherapy and immune-boosting effects, which represents a potential therapy strategy for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Zhanchao Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Epigenetics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Qian Deng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Yinsong Wang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Epigenetics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
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Zhao J, Li Y, Gao C, Zhao Z, Zhang S, Dong J, Zuo H, Chen X, Xie B, Guo Z, Wang Y, Li H, Bian Y. Screening of natural inhibitors against peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 from herbal extracts by a high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet-visible based method. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464643. [PMID: 38232639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is an important biocatalytic enzymes involved in the conversion of protein arginine to citrulline, its dysregulation has a great impact on many physiological processes. Recently, PAD4 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), also known as herbal plants, have gained great attention by the scientific community due to their good therapeutic performance and far fewer side effects observed in the clinical treatment. However, limited researches have been reported to screen natural PAD4 inhibitors from herbal plants. The color developing reagent (COLDER) or fluorescence based methods have been widely used in PAD4 activity assay and inhibitor screening. However, both methods measure the overall absorbance or fluorescence in the reaction solution, which are easy to be affected by the background interference due to colorful extracts from herbal plants. In this study, a simple, and robust high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet-visible (HPLC-UV) based method was developed to determine PAD4 activity. The proposed strategy was established based on COLDER principle, while used hydrophilic l-arginine instead of hydrophobic N-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) as a new substrate to determine PAD4 inhibition activity of herbal extracts. The herbal extracts and PAD4 generated hydrophobic l-citrulline were successfully separated by the HPLC, and the developed method was optimized and validated with a known PAD4 inhibitor (GSK484) in comparison with COLDER assay. The IC50 value of GSK484 measured by HPLC-UV method was 153 nM, and the detection limit of the citrulline was 0.5 nmol, respectively, with a linear range of 0.5 nmol to 20 nmol. The IC50 value of the HPLC-UV method was improved by nearly three times compared with COLDER assay (527 nM), and the results indicated the reliability of PAD4 inhibition via HPLC-UV method. The inhibitory effect against PAD4 were fast and accurately screened for the twenty-four extracts from eight herbs. Among them, Ephedra Herba extracts showed significant inhibitory activity against the PAD4 with the IC50 values of three extracts (ethanol, ethyl acetate and water) ranging from 29.11 μg/mL to 41.36 μg/mL, which may help researchers to discover novel natural compounds holding high PAD4 inhibition activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Chunli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Zeyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Jianhui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Haiyue Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Xufei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Binxi Xie
- Chongqing Cigarette Factory, China Tobacco Chongqing Industrial Co, Ltd, Chongqing 400060, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475000, PR China
| | - Yanming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475000, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street 2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Yangyang Bian
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China.
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9
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Dejbakht M, Akhzari M, Jalili S, Faraji F, Barazesh M. Multiple Sclerosis: New Insights into Molecular Pathogenesis and Novel Platforms for Disease Treatment. Curr Drug Res Rev 2024; 16:175-197. [PMID: 37724675 DOI: 10.2174/2589977516666230915103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disorder, affects the central nervous system via myelin degradation. The cause of MS is not fully known, but during recent years, our knowledge has deepened significantly regarding the different aspects of MS, including etiology, molecular pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapeutic options. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is the main myelin protein that accounts for maintaining the stability of the myelin sheath. Recent evidence has revealed that MBP citrullination or deamination, which is catalyzed by Ca2+ dependent peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) enzyme leads to the reduction of positive charge, and subsequently proteolytic cleavage of MBP. The overexpression of PAD2 in the brains of MS patients plays an essential role in new epitope formation and progression of the autoimmune disorder. Some drugs have recently entered phase III clinical trials with promising efficacy and will probably obtain approval in the near future. As different therapeutic platforms develop, finding an optimal treatment for each individual patient will be more challenging. AIMS This review provides a comprehensive insight into MS with a focus on its pathogenesis and recent advances in diagnostic methods and its present and upcoming treatment modalities. CONCLUSION MS therapy alters quickly as research findings and therapeutic options surrounding MS expand. McDonald's guidelines have created different criteria for MS diagnosis. In recent years, ever-growing interest in the development of PAD inhibitors has led to the generation of many reversible and irreversible PAD inhibitors against the disease with satisfactory therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Dejbakht
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Morteza Akhzari
- School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Sajad Jalili
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fouziyeh Faraji
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Mahdi Barazesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Paramedical, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
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10
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Li J, Yin L, Chen S, Li Z, Ding J, Wu J, Yang K, Xu J. The perspectives of NETosis on the progression of obesity and obesity-related diseases: mechanisms and applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1221361. [PMID: 37649550 PMCID: PMC10465184 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1221361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a disease commonly associated with urbanization and can also be characterized as a systemic, chronic metabolic condition resulting from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified obesity as the most serious chronic disease that is increasingly prevalent in the world population. If left untreated, it can lead to dangerous health issues such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, atherosclerosis, and vulnerability to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. The specific mechanisms by which obesity affects the development of these diseases can be refined to the effect on immune cells. Existing studies have shown that the development of obesity and its associated diseases is closely related to the balance or lack thereof in the number and function of various immune cells, of which neutrophils are the most abundant immune cells in humans, infiltrating and accumulating in the adipose tissues of obese individuals, whereas NETosis, as a newly discovered type of neutrophil-related cell death, its role in the development of obesity and related diseases is increasingly emphasized. The article reviews the significant role that NETosis plays in the development of obesity and related diseases, such as diabetes and its complications. It discusses the epidemiology and negative impacts of obesity, explains the mechanisms of NETosis, and examines its potential as a targeted drug to treat obesity and associated ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lijia Yin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Siyi Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zelin Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiatong Ding
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kangping Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jixiong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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11
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Sounbuli K, Mironova N, Alekseeva L. Diverse Neutrophil Functions in Cancer and Promising Neutrophil-Based Cancer Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415827. [PMID: 36555469 PMCID: PMC9779721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils represent the most abundant cell type of leukocytes in the human blood and have been considered a vital player in the innate immune system and the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Recently, several studies showed that neutrophils play an active role in the immune response during cancer development. They exhibited both pro-oncogenic and anti-tumor activities under the influence of various mediators in the tumor microenvironment. Neutrophils can be divided into several subpopulations, thus contradicting the traditional concept of neutrophils as a homogeneous population with a specific function in the innate immunity and opening new horizons for cancer therapy. Despite the promising achievements in this field, a full understanding of tumor-neutrophil interplay is currently lacking. In this review, we try to summarize the current view on neutrophil heterogeneity in cancer, discuss the different communication pathways between tumors and neutrophils, and focus on the implementation of these new findings to develop promising neutrophil-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khetam Sounbuli
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Mironova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-383-363-51-61
| | - Ludmila Alekseeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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12
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Christensen AO, Li G, Young CH, Snow B, Khan SA, DeVore SB, Edwards S, Bouma GJ, Navratil AM, Cherrington BD, Rothfuss HM. Peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes and citrullinated proteins in female reproductive physiology and associated diseases†. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:1395-1410. [PMID: 36087287 PMCID: PMC10248218 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrullination, the post-translational modification of arginine residues, is catalyzed by the four catalytically active peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD or PADI) isozymes and alters charge to affect target protein structure and function. PADs were initially characterized in rodent uteri and, since then, have been described in other female tissues including ovaries, breast, and the lactotrope and gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. In these tissues and cells, estrogen robustly stimulates PAD expression resulting in changes in levels over the course of the female reproductive cycle. The best-characterized targets for PADs are arginine residues in histone tails, which, when citrullinated, alter chromatin structure and gene expression. Methodological advances have allowed for the identification of tissue-specific citrullinomes, which reveal that PADs citrullinate a wide range of enzymes and structural proteins to alter cell function. In contrast to their important physiological roles, PADs and citrullinated proteins are also involved in several female-specific diseases including autoimmune disorders and reproductive cancers. Herein, we review current knowledge regarding PAD expression and function and highlight the role of protein citrullination in both normal female reproductive tissues and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda O Christensen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Guangyuan Li
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Coleman H Young
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Bryce Snow
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Stanley B DeVore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Sydney Edwards
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gerrit J Bouma
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Amy M Navratil
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Brian D Cherrington
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Heather M Rothfuss
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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13
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Niemöller H, Blasius J, Hollóczki O, Kirchner B. How do alternative amino acids behave in water? A comparative ab initio molecular dynamics study of solvated α-amino acids and α-amino amidines. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Zhu D, Lu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. PAD4 and Its Inhibitors in Cancer Progression and Prognosis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2414. [PMID: 36365233 PMCID: PMC9699117 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The systemic spread of malignancies and the risk of cancer-associated thrombosis are major clinical challenges in cancer therapy worldwide. As an important post-translational modification enzyme, peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) could mediate the citrullination of protein in different components (including nucleus and cytoplasm, etc.) of a variety of cells (tumor cells, neutrophils, macrophages, etc.), thus participating in gene regulation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) and macrophage extracellular trap (MET). Thereby, PAD4 plays an important role in enhancing the growth of primary tumors and facilitating the distant metastasis of cancer cells. In addition, it is related to the formation of cancer-associated thrombosis. Therefore, the development of PAD4-specific inhibitors may be a promising strategy for treating cancer, and it may improve patient prognosis. In this review, we describe PAD4 involvement in gene regulation, protein citrullination, and NET formation. We also discuss its potential role in cancer and cancer-associated thrombosis, and we summarize the development and application of PAD4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
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15
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Li D, Shao J, Cao B, Zhao R, Li H, Gao W, Chen P, Jin L, Cao L, Ji S, Dong G. The Significance of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Colorectal Cancer and Beyond: From Bench to Bedside. Front Oncol 2022; 12:848594. [PMID: 35747797 PMCID: PMC9209713 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.848594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), products of neutrophil death when exposed to certain stimuli, were first proposed as a type of response to bacterial infection in infectious diseases. Since then, extensive studies have discovered its involvement in other non-infectious inflammatory diseases including thromboembolism, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. NET formation is closely associated with tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis in CRC. Therefore, the application of NETs in clinical practice as diagnostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and prognostic predictors has a promising prospect. In addition, therapeutics targeting NETs are significantly efficient in halting tumor progression in preclinical cancer models, which further indicates its potential clinical utility in cancer treatment. This review focuses on the stimuli of NETosis, its pro-tumorigenic activity, and prospective clinical utility primarily in but not limited to CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingchang Li
- Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | | | - Bo Cao
- Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiyang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hanghang Li
- Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxing Gao
- Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Lujia Jin
- Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaifei Ji
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shuaifei Ji, ; Guanglong Dong,
| | - Guanglong Dong
- Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shuaifei Ji, ; Guanglong Dong,
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16
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Sarnik J, Makowska J. Citrullination good or bad guy? Immunobiology 2022; 227:152233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Thirugnanasambandham I, Radhakrishnan A, Kuppusamy G, Kumar Singh S, Dua K. PEPTIDYLARGININE DEIMINASE-4: MEDICO-FORMULATIVE STRATEGY TOWARDS MANAGEMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 200:115040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Citrullination in the pathology of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders: recent advances and future perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:94. [PMID: 35079870 PMCID: PMC8788905 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous
post-translational modifications (PTMs) govern the collective metabolism of a cell through altering the structure and functions of proteins. The action of the most prevalent PTMs, encompassing phosphorylation, methylation, acylations, ubiquitination and glycosylation is well documented. A less explored protein PTM, conversion of peptidylarginine to citrulline, is the subject of this review. The process of citrullination is catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a family of conserved enzymes expressed in a variety of human tissues. Accumulating evidence suggest that citrullination plays a significant role in regulating cellular metabolism and gene expression by affecting a multitude of pathways and modulating the chromatin status. Here, we will discuss the biochemical nature of arginine citrullination, the enzymatic machinery behind it and also provide information on the pathological consequences of citrullination in the development of inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, periodontitis and COVID-19), cancer and thromboembolism. Finally, developments on inhibitors against protein citrullination and recent clinical trials providing a promising therapeutic approach to inflammatory disease by targeting citrullination are discussed.
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19
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Bruggeman Y, Sodré FMC, Buitinga M, Mathieu C, Overbergh L, Kracht MJL. Targeting citrullination in autoimmunity: insights learned from preclinical mouse models. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:269-281. [PMID: 33896351 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1918104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrant citrullination and excessive peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) activity are detected in numerous challenging autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. Because excessive PAD activity is a common denominator in these diseases, PADs are interesting potential therapeutic targets for future therapies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the advances made in the design of PAD inhibitors, their utilization and therapeutic potential in preclinical mouse models of autoimmunity. Relevant literature encompasses studies from 1994 to 2021 that are available on PubMed.gov. EXPERT OPINION Pan-PAD inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases. Drugs achieving pan-PAD inhibition were capable of ameliorating, reversing, and preventing clinical symptoms in preclinical mouse models. However, the implications for PADs in key biological processes potentially present a high risk for clinical complications and could hamper the translation of PAD inhibitors to the clinic. We envisage that PAD isozyme-specific inhibitors will improve the understanding the role of PAD isozymes in disease pathology, reduce the risk of side-effects and enhance prospects for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylke Bruggeman
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fernanda M C Sodré
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria J L Kracht
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Korai M, Purcell J, Kamio Y, Mitsui K, Furukawa H, Yokosuka K, Miyamoto T, Sato H, Sato H, Eguchi S, Ai J, Lawton MT, Hashimoto T. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote the Development of Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture. Hypertension 2021; 77:2084-2093. [PMID: 33813846 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Korai
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - James Purcell
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Yoshinobu Kamio
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Kazuha Mitsui
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Hajime Furukawa
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Kimihiko Yokosuka
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Hitomi Sato
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.E.)
| | - Jinglu Ai
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Michael T Lawton
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ.,Department of Neurosurgery (M.T.L.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Tomoki Hashimoto
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
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21
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Mondal S, Thompson PR. Chemical biology of protein citrullination by the protein A arginine deiminases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 63:19-27. [PMID: 33676233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is a post-translational modification (PTM) that converts peptidyl-arginine into peptidyl-citrulline; citrullination is catalyzed by the protein arginine deiminases (PADs). This PTM is associated with several physiological processes, including the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and DNA-damage induced apoptosis. Notably, aberrant protein citrullination is relevant to several autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases and certain forms of cancer. As such, the PADs are promising therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the development of PAD inhibitors and activity-based probes, the development and use of citrulline-specific probes in chemoproteomic applications, and methods to site-specifically incorporate citrulline into proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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22
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Yang YF, Lee CY, Hsieh JY, Liu YL, Lin CL, Liu GY, Hung HC. Regulation of polyamine homeostasis through an antizyme citrullination pathway. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:5646-5663. [PMID: 33432662 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study reveals an uncovered mechanism for the regulation of polyamine homeostasis through protein arginyl citrullination of antizyme (AZ), a natural inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). ODC is critical for the cellular production of polyamines. AZ binds to ODC dimers and promotes the degradation of ODC via the 26S proteasome. This study demonstrates the protein citrullination of AZ catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4) both in vitro and in cells. Upon PAD4 activation, the AZ protein was citrullinated and accumulated, leading to higher levels of ODC proteins in the cell. In the PAD4-overexpressing and activating cells, the levels of ODC enzyme activity and the product putrescine increased with the level of citrullinated AZ proteins and PAD4 activity. Suppressing cellular PAD4 activity reduces the cellular levels of ODC and downregulates cellular polyamines. Furthermore, citrullination of AZ in the C-terminus attenuates AZ function in the inhibition, binding, and degradation of ODC. This paper provides evidence to illustrate that PAD4-mediated AZ citrullination upregulates cellular ODC and polyamines by retarding ODC degradation, thus interfering with the homeostasis of cellular polyamines, which may be an important pathway regulating AZ functions that is relevant to cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yun Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Yi Hsieh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Liang Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Genomics & Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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23
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Dragoni G, De Hertogh G, Vermeire S. The Role of Citrullination in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Neglected Player in Triggering Inflammation and Fibrosis? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:134-144. [PMID: 32426830 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Citrullination is a posttranslational modification of proteins mediated by a specific family of enzymes called peptidylarginine deiminases (PAD). Dysregulation of these enzymes is involved in the etiology of various diseases, from cancer to autoimmune disorders. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), data for a role of citrullination in the disease process are starting to accumulate at different experimental levels including gene expression analyses, RNA, and protein quantifications. Most data have been generated in ulcerative colitis, but data in Crohn disease are lacking so far. In addition, the citrullination of histones is the fundamental process promoting inflammation through the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Interestingly, NETs have also been shown to activate fibroblasts into myofibroblasts in fibrotic interstitial lung disease. Therefore, citrullination merits more thorough study in the bowel to determine its role in driving disease complications such as fibrosis. In this review we describe the process of citrullination and the different players in this pathway, the role of citrullination in autoimmunity with a special focus on IBD, the emerging role for citrullination and NETs in triggering fibrosis, and, finally, how this process could be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Dragoni
- KU Leuven Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Leuven, Belgium.,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- KU Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- KU Leuven Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Current knowledge into the role of the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzyme family in cardiovascular disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 891:173765. [PMID: 33249073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) family members have a vital role in maintaining the stability of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during remodelling in several heart diseases. PAD-mediated deamination, or citrullination, has been studied in different physiological and pathological conditions in the body. However, the role of PAD isoforms has not been fully studied in cardiovascular system. Citrullination is a post-translational modification that involves conversion of peptidyl-based arginine to peptidyl-based citrulline by PAD family members in a calcium-dependent manner. Upregulation of PADs have been observed in various cardiovascular diseases, including venous thrombosis, cardiac fibrosis, heart failure, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and acute inflammation. In this review, experimental aspects of in vivo and in vitro studies related to the roles PAD isoforms in cardiovascular diseases including mechanisms, pathophysiological and therapeutic properties are discussed. Pharmacological strategies for targeting PAD family proteins in cardiac diseases have not yet been studied. Furthermore, the role played by PAD family members in the remodelling process during the progression of cardiovascular diseases is not fully understood.
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25
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Li M, Lin C, Deng H, Strnad J, Bernabei L, Vogl DT, Burke JJ, Nefedova Y. A Novel Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4) Inhibitor BMS-P5 Blocks Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Delays Progression of Multiple Myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1530-1538. [PMID: 32371579 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy, which grows in the bone marrow (BM). The major population of cells in the BM is represented by neutrophils and they can form neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). Here, we investigated whether multiple myeloma cells induce NET formation and whether targeting this process would delay multiple myeloma progression. We demonstrated that murine and human multiple myeloma cells stimulate citrullination of histone H3 and NET formation by neutrophils and that this process is abrogated by pharmacological targeting of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) with a novel-specific small molecule inhibitor BMS-P5. Administration of BMS-P5 to multiple myeloma-bearing mice delays appearance of symptoms and disease progression. Taken together, our data demonstrate that targeting PAD4 may be beneficial for treatment of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Li
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cindy Lin
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hui Deng
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Luca Bernabei
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dan T Vogl
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Yulia Nefedova
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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26
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Alghamdi M, Al Ghamdi KA, Khan RH, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. An interplay of structure and intrinsic disorder in the functionality of peptidylarginine deiminases, a family of key autoimmunity-related enzymes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4635-4662. [PMID: 31342121 PMCID: PMC11105357 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is a post-translation modification of proteins, where the proteinaceous arginine residues are converted to non-coded citrulline residues. The immune tolerance to such citrullinated protein can be lost, leading to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Citrullination is a chemical reaction mediated by peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes (PADs), which are a family of calcium-dependent cysteine hydrolase enzymes that includes five isotypes: PAD1, PAD2, PAD3, PAD4, and PAD6. Each PAD has specific substrates and tissue distribution, where it modifies the arginine to produce a citrullinated protein with altered structure and function. All mammalian PADs have a sequence similarity of about 70-95%, whereas in humans, they are 50-55% homologous in their structure and amino acid sequences. Being calcium-dependent hydrolases, PADs are inactive under the physiological level of calcium, but could be activated due to distortions in calcium homeostasis, or when the cellular calcium levels are increased. In this article, we analyze some of the currently available data on the structural properties of human PADs, the mechanisms of their calcium-induced activation, and show that these proteins contain functionally important regions of intrinsic disorder. Citrullination represents an important trigger of multiple physiological and pathological processes, and as a result, PADs are recognized to play a number of important roles in autoimmune diseases, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, we also review the current state of the art in the development of PAD inhibitors with good potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alghamdi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory Department, University Medical Services Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A Al Ghamdi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan H Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Protein Research Group, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 7 Institutskaya Str., 142290, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt.
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27
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Mondal S, Gong X, Zhang X, Salinger AJ, Zheng L, Sen S, Weerapana E, Zhang X, Thompson PR. Halogen Bonding Increases the Potency and Isozyme Selectivity of Protein Arginine Deiminase 1 Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
| | - Xuefeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Ari J. Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
- Department of ChemistryBoston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
| | - Sudeshna Sen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
| | | | - Xuesen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
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28
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Mondal S, Gong X, Zhang X, Salinger AJ, Zheng L, Sen S, Weerapana E, Zhang X, Thompson PR. Halogen Bonding Increases the Potency and Isozyme Selectivity of Protein Arginine Deiminase 1 Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12476-12480. [PMID: 31276611 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) hydrolyze the side chain of arginine to form citrulline. Aberrant PAD activity is associated with rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, and certain cancers. These pathologies established the PADs as therapeutic targets and multiple PAD inhibitors are known. Herein, we describe the first highly potent PAD1-selective inhibitors (1 and 19). Detailed structure-activity relationships indicate that their potency and selectivity is due to the formation of a halogen bond with PAD1. Importantly, these inhibitors inhibit histone H3 citrullination in HEK293TPAD1 cells and mouse zygotes with excellent potency. Based on this scaffold, we also developed a PAD1-selective activity-based probe that shows remarkable cellular efficacy and proteome selectivity. Based on their potency and selectivity we expect that 1 and 19 will be widely used chemical tools to understand PAD1 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Xuefeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ari J Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Sudeshna Sen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | | | - Xuesen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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29
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Mondal S, Thompson PR. Protein Arginine Deiminases (PADs): Biochemistry and Chemical Biology of Protein Citrullination. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:818-832. [PMID: 30844238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are well-known to undergo a variety of post-translational modifications (PTMs). One such PTM is citrullination, an arginine modification that is catalyzed by a group of hydrolases called protein arginine deiminases (PADs). Hundreds of proteins are known to be citrullinated and hypercitrullination is associated with autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), lupus, ulcerative colitis (UC), Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), and certain cancers. In this Account, we summarize our efforts to understand the structure and mechanism of the PADs and to develop small molecule chemical probes of protein citrullination. PAD activity is highly regulated by calcium. Structural studies with PAD2 revealed that calcium-binding occurs in a stepwise fashion and induces a series of dramatic conformational changes to form a catalytically competent active site. These studies also identified the presence of a calcium-switch that controls the overall calcium-dependence and a gatekeeper residue that shields the active site in the absence of calcium. Using biochemical and site-directed mutagenesis studies, we identified the key residues (two aspartates, a cysteine, and a histidine) responsible for catalysis and proposed a general mechanism of citrullination. Although all PADs follow this mechanism, substrate binding to the thiolate or thiol form of the enzyme varies for different isozymes. Substrate-specificity studies revealed that PADs 1-4 prefer peptidyl-arginine over free arginine and certain citrullination sites on a peptide substrate. Using high-throughput screening and activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), we identified several reversible (streptomycin, minocycline, and chlorotetracycline) and irreversible (streptonigrin, NSC 95397) PAD-inhibitors. Screening of a DNA-encoded library and lead-optimization led to the development of GSK199 and GSK484 as highly potent PAD4-selective inhibitors. Furthermore, use of an electrophilic, cysteine-targeted haloacetamidine warhead to mimic the guanidinium group in arginine afforded several mechanism-based pan-PAD-inhibitors including Cl-amidine and BB-Cl-amidine. These compounds are highly efficacious in various animal models, including those mimicking RA, UC, and lupus. Structure-activity relationships identified numerous covalent PAD-inhibitors with different bioavailability, in vivo stability, and isozyme-selectivity (PAD1-selective: D-Cl-amidine; PAD2-selective: compounds 16-20; PAD3-selective: Cl4-amidine; and PAD4-selective: TDFA). Finally, this Account describes the development of PAD-targeted and citrulline-specific chemical probes. While PAD-targeted probes were utilized for identifying off-targets and developing high-throughput inhibitor screening platforms, citrulline-specific probes enabled the proteomic identification of novel diagnostic biomarkers of hypercitrullination-related autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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30
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Guo Z, Shi L, Wang B, He G, Wang Y, Chen G. Synthesis of reversible PAD4 inhibitors via copper-catalyzed C−H arylation of benzimidazole. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Bereta G, Goulas T, Madej M, Bielecka E, Solà M, Potempa J, Xavier Gomis-Rüth F. Structure, function, and inhibition of a genomic/clinical variant of Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase. Protein Sci 2019; 28:478-486. [PMID: 30638292 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is an essential post-translational modification in which the guanidinium group of protein and peptide arginines is deiminated by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). When deregulated, excessive citrullination leads to inflammation as in severe periodontal disease (PD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Porphyromonas gingivalis is the major periodontopathogenic causative agent of PD and also an etiological agent of RA. It secretes a PAD, termed Porphyromonas PAD (PPAD), which is a virulence factor that causes aberrant citrullination. Analysis of P. gingivalis genomes of laboratory strains and clinical isolates unveiled a PPAD variant (PPAD-T2), which showed three amino-acid substitutions directly preceding catalytic Residue H236 (G231 N/E232 T/N235 D) when compared with PPAD from the reference strain (PPAD-T1). Mutation of these positions in the reference strain resulted in twofold higher cell-associated citrullinating activity. Similar to PPAD-T1, recombinant PPAD-T2 citrullinated arginines at the C-termini of general peptidic substrates but not within peptides. Catalytically, PPAD-T2 showed weaker substrate binding but higher turnover rates than PPAD-T1. In contrast, no differences were found in thermal stability. The 1.6 Å-resolution X-ray crystal structure of PPAD-T2 in complex with the general human PAD inhibitor, Cl-amidine, revealed that the inhibitor moiety is tightly bound and that mutations localize to a loop engaged in substrate/inhibitor binding. In particular, mutation G231 N caused a slight structural rearrangement, which probably originated the higher substrate turnover observed. The present data compare two natural PPAD variants and will set the pace for the design of specific inhibitors against P. gingivalis-caused PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Bereta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, PL-30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Theodoros Goulas
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Structural Biology Unit, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, E-08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mariusz Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, PL-30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Bielecka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, PL-30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Solà
- Structural MitoLab, Structural Biology Unit, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, E-08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, PL-30-387, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Structural Biology Unit, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, E-08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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32
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Ying TC, Ibrahim Z, Rahman MBA, Tejo BA. Structure-Based Design of Peptide Inhibitors for Protein Arginine Deiminase Type IV (PAD4). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOINFORMATICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY 2019:729-740. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.20156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Madhi R, Rahman M, Taha D, Mörgelin* M, Thorlacius H. Targeting peptidylarginine deiminase reduces neutrophil extracellular trap formation and tissue injury in severe acute pancreatitis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11850-11860. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raed Madhi
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Malmö Skåne University Hospital, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Milladur Rahman
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Malmö Skåne University Hospital, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Dler Taha
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Malmö Skåne University Hospital, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Matthias Mörgelin*
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Malmö Skåne University Hospital, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Henrik Thorlacius
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Malmö Skåne University Hospital, Lund University Lund Sweden
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34
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Trifonov L, Afri M, Palczewski K, Korshin EE, Gruzman A. An Expedient Synthesis of CMF-019: (S)-5-Methyl-3-{1-(pentan-3-yl)-2- (thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamido}hexanoic Acid, a Potent Apelin Receptor (APJ) Agonist. Med Chem 2018; 14:688-694. [PMID: 29651942 DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666180412154952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin receptor (APJ) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activated by the endogenous peptide apelin. The apelin-APJ system has emerged as an important regulator of cardiovascular homeostasis. Recently, a potent benzimidazole-derived apelin peptidomimetic, CMF-019, was patented but without a comprehensive description of its synthesis and a complete spectroscopic characterization of the intermediates. OBJECTIVE Here, a detailed preparation of CMF-019 through a modified and improved synthetic pathway is described. METHOD In particular, the benzimidazole ring in 7 was tailored by the condensation of methyl 3- amino-4-(pentan-3-ylamino)benzoate (4) with (thiophene-2-yl)acetimidate salt 6. Saponification of 7 and the subsequent condensation of the free acid 8 with the corresponding enantiopure β-amino acid methyl ester generated methyl (S)-5-methyl-3-{1-(pentan-3-yl)-2-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1Hbenzo[ d]imidazole-5-carboxamido}hexanoate (9). Hydrolysis of the latter with KOH in THF/water, followed by HPLC-purification, afforded the desired product, CMF-019 (potassium salt) 10. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The approach reported herein enables preparation of 10 at a total yield of 12% over seven linear steps. Additionally, it does not require applying expensive designated microwave reactors and high-pressure hydrogenators. Thus, the elaborate synthesis provides a latent availability of potent agonist 10 for further exploring the physiologically essential apelin-APJ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Trifonov
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Michal Afri
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4965, United States
| | - Edward E Korshin
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
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35
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Nemmara VV, Tilvawala R, Salinger AJ, Miller L, Nguyen SH, Weerapana E, Thompson PR. Citrullination Inactivates Nicotinamide- N-methyltransferase. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2663-2672. [PMID: 30044909 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide- N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the irreversible methylation of nicotinamide (NAM) to form N-methyl nicotinamide using S-adenosyl methionine as a methyl donor. NNMT is implicated in several chronic disease conditions, including cancers, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and Parkinson's disease. Although phosphorylation of NNMT in gastric tumors is reported, the functional effects of this post-translational modification has not been investigated. We previously reported that citrullination of NNMT by Protein Arginine Deiminases abolished its methyltransferase activity. Herein, we investigate the mechanism of inactivation. Using tandem mass spectrometry, we identified three sites of citrullination in NNMT. With this information in hand, we used a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, kinetics, and circular dichoism experiments to demonstrate that citrullination of R132 leads to a structural perturbation that ultimately promotes NNMT inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh V. Nemmara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ronak Tilvawala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ari J. Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Lacey Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Son Hong Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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Wang H, Wang Q, Venugopal J, Wang J, Kleiman K, Guo C, Eitzman DT. Obesity-induced Endothelial Dysfunction is Prevented by Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Inhibition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4881. [PMID: 29559676 PMCID: PMC5861102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction precedes atherosclerosis and may constitute a critical link between obesity-related inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been shown to promote vascular damage in murine models of autoimmune disease and atherosclerosis. The impact of NETs towards endothelial dysfunction associated with obesity is unknown. Using a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model, this study investigated whether the inhibition or degradation of NETs could reduce the endothelial dysfunction observed in DIO mice. Following induction of DIO, there were elevated plasma concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and impairment of mesenteric arteriolar vasorelaxation in response to acetylcholine as measured by pressure myography. A marker of NET formation, cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP), was markedly increased in mesenteric arterial walls of DIO mice compared to mice on standard chow. Prevention of NET formation with Cl-amidine or dissolution of NETs with DNase restored endothelium-dependent vasodilation to the mesenteric arteries of DIO mice. These findings suggest an instrumental role for NETs in obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jessica Venugopal
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jintao Wang
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kyle Kleiman
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chiao Guo
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel T Eitzman
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Nemmara VV, Subramanian V, Muth A, Mondal S, Salinger AJ, Maurais AJ, Tilvawala R, Weerapana E, Thompson PR. The Development of Benzimidazole-Based Clickable Probes for the Efficient Labeling of Cellular Protein Arginine Deiminases (PADs). ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:712-722. [PMID: 29341591 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is the post-translational hydrolysis of peptidyl-arginines to form peptidyl-citrulline, a reaction that is catalyzed by the protein arginine deiminases (PADs), a family of calcium-regulated enzymes. Aberrantly increased protein citrullination is associated with a slew of autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis, lupus, and ulcerative colitis) and certain cancers. Given the clear link between increased PAD activity and human disease, the PADs are therapeutically relevant targets. Herein, we report the development of next generation cell permeable and "clickable" probes (BB-Cl-Yne and BB-F-Yne) for covalent labeling of the PADs both in vitro and in cell-based systems. Using advanced chemoproteomic technologies, we also report the off targets of both BB-Cl-Yne and BB-F-Yne. The probes are highly specific for the PADs, with relatively few off targets, especially BB-F-Yne, suggesting the preferential use of the fluoroacetamidine warhead in next generation irreversible PAD inhibitors. Notably, these compounds can be used in a variety of modalities, including the identification of off targets of the parent compounds and as activity-based protein profiling probes in target engagement assays to demonstrate the efficacy of PAD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh V. Nemmara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Venkataraman Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ari J. Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Aaron J. Maurais
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Ronak Tilvawala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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Looking for the best anti-colitis medicine: A comparative analysis of current and prospective compounds. Oncotarget 2018; 8:228-237. [PMID: 27974688 PMCID: PMC5352114 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic lifelong inflammatory disorder of the colon, which, while untreated, has a relapsing and remitting course with increasing risk of progression toward colorectal cancer. Current medical treatment strategies of UC mostly focus on inhibition of the signs and symptoms of UC to induce remission and prevent relapse of disease activity, minimizing the impact on quality of life, but not affecting the cause of disease. To date, however, there is no single reliable treatment agent and/or strategy capable of effectively controlling colitis progression throughout the patient's life without side effects, remission, or resistance. Taking into consideration an urgent need for the new colitis treatment strategies, targets and/or modulators of inflammation, we have tested current and prospective compounds for colitis treatment and directly compared their anti-colitis potency using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse model of colitis. We have introduced a composite score - a multi-parameters comparison tool - to assess biological potency of different compounds.
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Development of Activity-Based Proteomic Probes for Protein Citrullination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 420:233-251. [PMID: 30203394 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze the post-translational deimination of peptidyl arginine to form peptidyl citrulline. This modification is increased in multiple inflammatory diseases and in certain cancers. PADs regulate a variety of signaling pathways including apoptosis, terminal differentiation, and transcriptional regulation. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) probes have been developed to understand the role of the PADs in vivo and to investigate the effect of protein citrullination in various pathological conditions. Furthermore, these ABPPs have been utilized as a platform for high-throughput inhibitor discovery. This review will showcase the development of ABPPs targeting the PADs. In addition, it provides a brief overview of PAD structure and function along with recent advances in PAD inhibitor development.
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Tejeda EJC, Bello AM, Wasilewski E, Koebel A, Dunn S, Kotra LP. Noncovalent Protein Arginine Deiminase (PAD) Inhibitors Are Efficacious in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8876-8887. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Curiel Tejeda
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Angelica M. Bello
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ewa Wasilewski
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Adam Koebel
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shannon Dunn
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department
of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s
College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lakshmi P. Kotra
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Multi-Organ
Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
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Teo CY, Tejo BA, Leow ATC, Salleh AB, Abdul Rahman MB. Novel furan-containing peptide-based inhibitors of protein arginine deiminase type IV (PAD4). Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:1134-1146. [PMID: 28581157 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminase type IV (PAD4) is responsible for the posttranslational conversion of peptidylarginine to peptidylcitrulline. Citrullinated protein is the autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis, and therefore, PAD4 is currently a promising therapeutic target for the disease. Recently, we reported the importance of the furan ring in the structure of PAD4 inhibitors. In this study, the furan ring was incorporated into peptides to act as the "warhead" of the inhibitors for PAD4. IC50 studies showed that the furan-containing peptide-based inhibitors were able to inhibit PAD4 to a better extent than the furan-containing small molecules that were previously reported. The best peptide-based inhibitor inhibited PAD4 reversibly and competitively with an IC50 value of 243.2 ± 2.4 μm. NMR spectroscopy and NMR-restrained molecular dynamic simulations revealed that the peptide-based inhibitor had a random structure. Molecular docking studies showed that the peptide-based inhibitor entered the binding site and interacted with the essential amino acids involved in the catalytic activity. The peptide-based inhibitor could be further developed into a therapeutic drug for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chian Ying Teo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bimo A Tejo
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adam Thean Chor Leow
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Salleh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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42
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Clancy KW, Russell AM, Subramanian V, Nguyen H, Qian Y, Campbell RM, Thompson PR. Citrullination/Methylation Crosstalk on Histone H3 Regulates ER-Target Gene Transcription. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1691-1702. [PMID: 28485572 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of histone tails are a key contributor to epigenetic regulation. Histone H3 Arg26 and Lys27 are both modified by multiple enzymes, and their modifications have profound effects on gene expression. Citrullination of H3R26 by PAD2 and methylation of H3K27 by PRC2 have opposing downstream impacts on gene regulation; H3R26 citrullination activates gene expression, and H3K27 methylation represses gene expression. Both of these modifications are drivers of a variety of cancers, and their writer enzymes, PAD2 and EZH2, are the targets of drug therapies. After biochemical and cell-based analysis of these modifications, a negative crosstalk interaction is observed. Methylation of H3K27 slows citrullination of H3R26 30-fold, whereas citrullination of H3R26 slows methylation 30,000-fold. Examination of the mechanism of this crosstalk interaction uncovered a change in structure of the histone tail upon citrullination which prevents methylation by the PRC2 complex. This mechanism of crosstalk is reiterated in cell lines using knockdowns and inhibitors of both enzymes. Based our data, we propose a model in which, after H3 Cit26 formation, H3K27 demethylases are recruited to the chromatin to activate transcription. In total, our studies support the existence of crosstalk between citrullination of H3R26 and methylation of H3K27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen W. Clancy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Anna-Maria Russell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Venkataraman Subramanian
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Hannah Nguyen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Yuewei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Robert M. Campbell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program
in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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43
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Probing the Roles of Calcium-Binding Sites during the Folding of Human Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2429. [PMID: 28546558 PMCID: PMC5445078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent studies of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) demonstrate that its non-catalytic Ca2+-binding sites play a crucial role in the assembly of the correct geometry of the enzyme. Here, we examined the folding mechanism of PAD4 and the role of Ca2+ ions in the folding pathway. Multiple mutations were introduced into the calcium-binding sites, and these mutants were termed the Ca1_site, Ca2_site, Ca3_site, Ca4_site and Ca5_site mutants. Our data indicate that during the unfolding process, the PAD4 dimer first dissociates into monomers, and the monomers then undergo a three-state denaturation process via an intermediate state formation. In addition, Ca2+ ions assist in stabilizing the folding intermediate, particularly through binding to the Ca3_site and Ca4_site to ensure the correct and active conformation of PAD4. The binding of calcium ions to the Ca1_site and Ca2_site is directly involved in the catalytic action of the enzyme. Finally, this study proposes a model for the folding of PAD4. The nascent polypeptide chains of PAD4 are first folded into monomeric intermediate states, then continue to fold into monomers, and ultimately assemble into a functional and dimeric PAD4 enzyme, and cellular Ca2+ ions may be the critical factor governing the interchange.
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Muth A, Subramanian V, Beaumont E, Nagar M, Kerry P, McEwan P, Srinath H, Clancy K, Parelkar S, Thompson PR. Development of a Selective Inhibitor of Protein Arginine Deiminase 2. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3198-3211. [PMID: 28328217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) plays a key role in the onset and progression of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and breast cancer. To date, no PAD2-selective inhibitor has been developed. Such a compound will be critical for elucidating the biological roles of this isozyme and may ultimately be useful for treating specific diseases in which PAD2 activity is dysregulated. To achieve this goal, we synthesized a series of benzimidazole-based derivatives of Cl-amidine, hypothesizing that this scaffold would allow access to a series of PAD2-selective inhibitors with enhanced cellular efficacy. Herein, we demonstrate that substitutions at both the N-terminus and C-terminus of Cl-amidine result in >100-fold increases in PAD2 potency and selectivity (30a, 41a, and 49a) as well as cellular efficacy (30a). Notably, these compounds use the far less reactive fluoroacetamidine warhead. In total, we predict that 30a will be a critical tool for understanding cellular PAD2 function and sets the stage for treating diseases in which PAD2 activity is dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Muth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University , Queens, New York 11439, United States
| | - Venkataraman Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | | | - Mitesh Nagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Philip Kerry
- Evotec , Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, U.K
| | - Paul McEwan
- Evotec , Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, U.K
| | - Hema Srinath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Kathleen Clancy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Sangram Parelkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States.,Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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Sarswat A, Wasilewski E, Chakka SK, Bello AM, Caprariello AV, Muthuramu CM, Stys PK, Dunn SE, Kotra LP. Inhibitors of protein arginine deiminases and their efficacy in animal models of multiple sclerosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2643-2656. [PMID: 28341402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminases (PAD) are implicated in a variety of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Following the discovery of an in silico hit containing hydantoin and a piperidine moiety, we hypothesized that a 2-carbon linker on the hydantoin would be necessary for a 5-membered heterocycle for optimal PAD inhibitory activity. We designed thirteen compounds as potential inhibitors of PAD2 and PAD4 enzymes-two important PAD enzymes implicated in MS. Two compounds, one with an imidazole moiety (22) and the other with a tetrazole moiety (24) showed good inhibition of PAD isozymes in vitro and in the EAE mouse model of MS in vivo. Further experiments suggested that compound 22, a non-covalent inhibitor of PAD2 and PAD4, exhibits dose-dependent efficacy in the EAE mouse model and in the cuprizone-mediated demyelination model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sarswat
- Centre for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ewa Wasilewski
- Centre for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sai K Chakka
- Centre for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Angelica M Bello
- Centre for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Andrew V Caprariello
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chithra M Muthuramu
- Centre for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Peter K Stys
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shannon E Dunn
- Centre for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1B2, Canada
| | - Lakshmi P Kotra
- Centre for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.
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Koushik S, Joshi N, Nagaraju S, Mahmood S, Mudeenahally K, Padmavathy R, Jegatheesan SK, Mullangi R, Rajagopal S. PAD4: pathophysiology, current therapeutics and future perspective in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:433-447. [PMID: 28281906 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1294160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is an enzyme that plays an important role in gene expression, turning out genetic code into functional products in the body. It is involved in a key post translational modification, which involves the conversion of arginine to citrulline. It regulates various processes such as apoptosis, innate immunity and pluripotency, while its dysregulation has a great impact on the genesis of various diseases. Over the last few years PAD4 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the basic structure and function of PAD4, along with the role of altered PAD4 activity in the onset of RA and other maladies. We also elucidate the role of PAD4 variants in etiology of RA among several ethnic groups and the current pre-clinical inhibitors to regulate PAD4. Expert opinion: Citrullination has a crucial role in RA and several other disorders. Since PAD4 is an initiator of the citrullination, it is an important therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. Therefore, an in depth knowledge of the roles and activity of PAD4 is required to explore more effective ways to conquer PAD4 related ailments, especially RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Koushik
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | - Nivedita Joshi
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | | | - Sameer Mahmood
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
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Wei Y, Liu R, Liu C, Jin J, Li D, Lin J. Identification of novel PAD4 inhibitors based on a pharmacophore model derived from transition state coordinates. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 72:88-95. [PMID: 28064083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
1.4 Protein arginine deiminases 4 (PAD4) is an attractive target for the development of novel and selective inhibitors of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). F-amidine is known as mechanism-based inhibitor targeting PAD4 and used as inactivators by covalently modifying the active site Cys645. To identify novel structural inhibitors of PAD4, we investigated the flexibility of protein on basis of the transition state geometry of PAD4 inhibited by F-amidine from our previous QM/MM calculation. And a pharmacophore model was generated containing four features (ADHH) using five representative structures from molecular dynamic (MD) simulation on basis of the transition state geometry of PAD4 inhibited by F-amidine. We performed virtual screening using the pharmacophore model and molecular docking methods, resulting in the discovery of two molecules with KD (dissociation equilibrium constant) values of 112μM and 218μΜ against PAD4 through Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) experiments. These two molecules could potentially serve as PAD4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Ruihua Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Dongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Jianping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China; Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
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Amin B, Voelter W. Human Deiminases: Isoforms, Substrate Specificities, Kinetics, and Detection. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 106:203-240. [PMID: 28762090 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59542-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes are of enormous interest in biomedicine. They catalyze the conversion of a positively-charged guanidinium at an arginine side chain into a neutral ureido group. As a result of this conversion, proteins acquire the non-ribosomally encoded amino acid "citrulline". This imposes critical influences on the structure and function of the target molecules. In multiple sclerosis, myelin hyper-citrullination promotes demyelination by reducing its compaction and triggers auto-antibody production. Immune responses to citrulline-containing proteins play a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, auto-antibodies, specific to citrullinated proteins, such as collagen type I and II and filaggrin, are early detectable in rheumatoid arthritis, serving as diagnostic markers of the disease. Despite their significance, little is understood about the role in demyelinating disorders, diversified cancers, and auto-immune diseases. To impart their biological and pathological effects, it is crucial to better understand the reaction mechanism, kinetic properties, substrate selection, and specificities of peptidylarginine deiminase isoforms.Many aspects of PAD biochemistry and physiology have been ignored in past, but, herein is presented a comprehensive survey to improve our current understandings of the underlying mechanism and regulation of PAD enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Amin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, PA, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Interfacultary Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076, Tübingen, BW, Germany
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Jamali H, Khan HA, Tjin CC, Ellman JA. Cellular Activity of New Small Molecule Protein Arginine Deiminase 3 (PAD3) Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:847-51. [PMID: 27660689 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein arginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze the post-translational deimination of arginine side chains. Multiple PAD isozymes have been characterized, and abnormal PAD activity has been associated with several human disease states. PAD3 has been characterized as a modulator of cell growth via apoptosis inducing factor and has been implicated in the neurodegenerative response to spinal cord injury. Here, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of conformationally constrained versions of the potent and selective PAD3 inhibitor 2. The cell activity of representative inhibitors in this series was also demonstrated for the first time by rescue of thapsigargin-induced cell death in PAD3-expressing HEK293T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya Jamali
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hasan A. Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Caroline C. Tjin
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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50
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Desai J, Mulay SR, Nakazawa D, Anders HJ. Matters of life and death. How neutrophils die or survive along NET release and is "NETosis" = necroptosis? Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2211-9. [PMID: 27048811 PMCID: PMC11108262 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is a hallmark of many disorders that involve neutrophil recruitment, tissue damage, and inflammation. As NET formation is often associated with neutrophil death, the term "NETosis" has become popular. Upon discovery that neutrophils may survive NET release, apparent misnomers, such as "vital NETosis," have been proposed. Meanwhile, it has become obvious that certain stimuli can trigger neutrophil necroptosis, a process associated with NET-like chromatin release. Here, we discuss the relationship between NET release and neutrophil death in view highlighting that many assays used in the field do not properly distinguish between the two. An updated nomenclature is needed replacing the term "NETosis" to meet the growing variety of settings leading to chromatin release with and without neutrophil death. Dissecting which triggers of NET release involve which signaling pathway will help to define drugable molecular targets that inhibit NET release and/or neutrophil necrosis in specific disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyaysi Desai
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Klinikum der Universität München-Innenstadt, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Shrikant R Mulay
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Klinikum der Universität München-Innenstadt, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Daigo Nakazawa
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Klinikum der Universität München-Innenstadt, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Klinikum der Universität München-Innenstadt, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Muenchen, Germany.
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