1
|
Darlami O, Pun R, Ahn SH, Kim SH, Shin D. Macrocyclization strategy for improving candidate profiles in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116501. [PMID: 38754142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Macrocycles are defined as cyclic compounds with 12 or more members. In medicinal chemistry, they are categorized based on their core chemistry into cyclic peptides and macrocycles. Macrocycles are advantageous because of their structural diversity and ability to achieve high affinity and selectivity towards challenging targets that are often not addressable by conventional small molecules. The potential of macrocyclization to optimize drug-like properties while maintaining adequate bioavailability and permeability has been emphasized as a key innovation in medicinal chemistry. This review provides a detailed case study of the application of macrocyclization over the past 5 years, starting from the initial analysis of acyclic active compounds to optimization of the resulting macrocycles for improved efficacy and drug-like properties. Additionally, it illustrates the strategic value of macrocyclization in contemporary drug discovery efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Om Darlami
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoe-ro 191, Yeunsu-gu, Incheon, 21935, Republic of Korea
| | - Rabin Pun
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoe-ro 191, Yeunsu-gu, Incheon, 21935, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Gangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Gangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoe-ro 191, Yeunsu-gu, Incheon, 21935, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wiedemeyer SJA, Wu G, Pham TLP, Lang-Henkel H, Perez Urzua B, Whisstock JC, Law RHP, Steinmetzer T. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Macrocyclic Plasmin Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200632. [PMID: 36710259 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two series of macrocyclic plasmin inhibitors with a C-terminal benzylamine group were synthesized. The substitution of the N-terminal phenylsulfonyl group of a previously described inhibitor provided two analogues with sub-nanomolar inhibition constants. Both compounds possess a high selectivity against all other tested trypsin-like serine proteases. Furthermore, a new approach was used to selectively introduce asymmetric linker segments. Two of these compounds inhibit plasmin with Ki values close to 2 nM. For the first time, four crystal structures of these macrocyclic inhibitors could be determined in complex with a Ser195Ala microplasmin mutant. The macrocyclic core segment of the inhibitors binds to the open active site of plasmin without any steric hindrance. This binding mode is incompatible with other trypsin-like serine proteases containing a sterically demanding 99-hairpin loop. The crystal structures obtained experimentally explain the excellent selectivity of this inhibitor type as previously hypothesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J A Wiedemeyer
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Guojie Wu
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - T L Phuong Pham
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Heike Lang-Henkel
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Perez Urzua
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - James C Whisstock
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Ruby H P Law
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van den Boom AJ, Zuilhof H. Sulfur-Phenolate Exchange as a Mild, Fast, and High-Yielding Method toward the Synthesis of Sulfonamides. Org Lett 2023; 25:788-793. [PMID: 36720015 PMCID: PMC9926510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides have many important biological applications, yet their synthesis often involves long reaction times under dry and non-ambient conditions. Here we report the synthesis of a large range of sulfonamides at room temperature using 4-nitrophenyl benzylsulfonate as a starting material. Sulfonamides were prepared from a wide range of aliphatic, linear, and cyclic amines, anilines, and N-methylanilines. The yields and reaction times observed here were comparable to or better than those reported previously, establishing sulfur-phenolate exchange as a viable alternative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa
F. J. van den Boom
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands,School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nallan Chakravarthula T, Zeng Z, Alves NJ. Multivalent Benzamidine Molecules for Plasmin Inhibition: Effect of Valency and Linker Length. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200364. [PMID: 36111842 PMCID: PMC9828467 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging interest in utilizing synthetic multivalent inhibitors that comprise of multiple inhibitor moieties linked on a common scaffold to achieve strong and selective enzyme inhibition. As multivalent inhibition is impacted by valency and linker length, in this study, we explore the effect of multivalent benzamidine inhibitors of varying valency and linker length on plasmin inhibition. Plasmin is an endogenous enzyme responsible for digesting fibrin present in blood clots. Monovalent plasmin(ogen) inhibitors are utilized clinically to treat hyperfibrinolysis-associated bleeding events. Benzamidine is a reversible inhibitor that binds to plasmin's active site. Herein, multivalent benzamidine inhibitors of varying valencies (mono-, bi- and tri-valent) and linker lengths (∼1-12 nm) were synthesized to systematically study their effect on plasmin inhibition. Inhibition assays were performed using a plasmin substrate (S-2251) to determine inhibition constants (Ki). Pentamidine (shortest bivalent) and Tri-AMB (shortest trivalent) were the strongest inhibitors with Ki values of 2.1±0.8 and 3.9±1.7 μM, respectively. Overall, increasing valency and decreasing linker length, increases effective local concentration of the inhibitor and therefore, resulted in stronger inhibition of plasmin via statistical rebinding. This study aids in the design of multivalent inhibitors that can achieve desired enzyme inhibition by means of modulating valency and linker length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanmaye Nallan Chakravarthula
- Department of Emergency MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA,Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47906USA
| | - Ziqian Zeng
- Department of Emergency MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA,Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47906USA
| | - Nathan J. Alves
- Department of Emergency MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA,Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47906USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A facile approach towards amidinophenylalanine derivatives as building blocks for the synthesis of non-natural peptides and peptidomimetics. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
6
|
Staśkiewicz A, Ledwoń P, Rovero P, Papini AM, Latajka R. Triazole-Modified Peptidomimetics: An Opportunity for Drug Discovery and Development. Front Chem 2021; 9:674705. [PMID: 34095086 PMCID: PMC8172596 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.674705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidomimetics play a fundamental role in drug design due to their preferential properties regarding natural peptides. In particular, compounds possessing nitrogen-containing heterocycles have been intensively studied in recent years. The triazolyl moiety incorporation decreases the molecule susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, reduction, hydrolysis, and oxidation. In fact, peptides containing triazole rings are a typical example of peptidomimetics. They have all the advantages over classic peptides. Both efficient synthetic methods and biological activity make these systems an interesting and promising object of research. Peptide triazole derivatives display a diversity of biological properties and can be obtained via numerous synthetic strategies. In this review, we have highlighted the importance of the triazole-modified peptidomimetics in the field of drug design. We present an overview on new achievements in triazolyl-containing peptidomimetics synthesis and their biological activity as inhibitors of enzymes or against cancer, viruses, bacteria, or fungi. The relevance of above-mentioned compounds was confirmed by their comparison with unmodified peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Staśkiewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Patrycja Ledwoń
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Rafal Latajka
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xie Z, Li Z, Shao Y, Liao C. Discovery and development of plasma kallikrein inhibitors for multiple diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112137. [PMID: 32066009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasma kallikrein (PKal) belongs to the family of trypsin-like serine proteases. The expression of PKal is associated with multiple physiological systems or pathways such as coagulation pathway, platelet aggregation process, kallikrein-kinin system, renin-angiotensin system and complement pathway. On the basis of PKal's multiple physiological functions, it has been considered as a potential target for several diseases including hereditary angioedema, microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus and cerebrovascular disease. Up to now, many PKal inhibitors have been identified and a few of them have reached clinical trials or market. This review summarizes the development of small molecule and peptide PKal inhibitors having different scaffolds and discusses their structure-activity relationship and selectivity. We hope this review facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the types of PKal inhibitors developed to tackle different manifestations of PKal-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouling Xie
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China.
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Yanruisheng Shao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gisemba SA, Aldrich JV. Optimized Ring Closing Metathesis Reaction Conditions To Suppress Desallyl Side Products in the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Cyclic Peptides Involving Tyrosine( O-allyl). J Org Chem 2020; 85:1407-1415. [PMID: 31880448 PMCID: PMC8018726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We are exploring constraining aromatic residues in the kappa opioid receptor selective antagonist arodyn (Ac[Phe1,2,3,Arg4,d-Ala8]dynorphin A(1-11)-NH2) by ring closing metathesis (RCM) involving tyrosine(O-allyl) (Tyr(All)), but desallyl products limited the yields of the desired cyclic peptide. The model dipeptide Fmoc-Tyr(All)-Tyr(All) was used to explore different reaction conditions, including the use of isomerization suppressants, to minimize formation of the desallyl products and enhance formation of the desired RCM product. Reaction conditions were identified that enhanced the RCM product yield while suppressing desallyl products using both second-generation Grubbs and second-generation Hoveyda-Grubbs catalysts. These optimized reaction conditions were then applied to the cyclization of a tripeptide and an arodyn analog resulting in ≥70% conversion to the desired cyclic peptides. These strategies should be applicable to RCM involving Tyr(All) and similar residues in peptide and peptidomimetic cyclizations performed on solid phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon A. Gisemba
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jane V. Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Steinmetzer T, Pilgram O, Wenzel BM, Wiedemeyer SJA. Fibrinolysis Inhibitors: Potential Drugs for the Treatment and Prevention of Bleeding. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1445-1472. [PMID: 31658420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperfibrinolytic situations can lead to life-threatening bleeding, especially during cardiac surgery. The approved antifibrinolytic agents such as tranexamic acid, ε-aminocaproic acid, 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, and aprotinin were developed in the 1960s without the structural insight of their respective targets. Crystal structures of the main antifibrinolytic targets, the lysine binding sites on plasminogen's kringle domains, and plasmin's serine protease domain greatly contributed to the structure-based drug design of novel inhibitor classes. Two series of ligands targeting the lysine binding sites have been recently described, which are more potent than the most-widely used antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid. Furthermore, four types of promising active site inhibitors of plasmin have been developed: tranexamic acid conjugates targeting the S1 pocket and primed sites, substrate-analogue linear homopiperidylalanine-containing 4-amidinobenzylamide derivatives, macrocyclic inhibitors addressing nonprimed binding regions, and bicyclic 14-mer SFTI-1 analogues blocking both, primed and nonprimed binding sites of plasmin. Furthermore, several allosteric plasmin inhibitors based on heparin mimetics have been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Oliver Pilgram
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Benjamin M Wenzel
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Simon J A Wiedemeyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sasaki M, Miyahisa I, Itono S, Yashiro H, Hiyoshi H, Tsuchimori K, Hamagami K, Moritoh Y, Watanabe M, Tohyama K, Sasaki M, Sakamoto J, Kawamoto T. Discovery and characterization of a small-molecule enteropeptidase inhibitor, SCO-792. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00517. [PMID: 31508234 PMCID: PMC6726858 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropeptidase, localized into the duodenum brush border, is a key enzyme catalyzing the conversion of pancreatic trypsinogen proenzyme to active trypsin, thereby regulating protein digestion and energy homeostasis. We report the discovery and pharmacological profiles of SCO-792, a novel inhibitor of enteropeptidase. A screen employing fluorescence resonance energy transfer was performed to identify enteropeptidase inhibitors. Inhibitory profiles were determined by in vitro assays. To evaluate the in vivo inhibitory effect on protein digestion, an oral protein challenge test was performed in rats. Our screen identified a series of enteropeptidase inhibitors, and compound optimization resulted in identification of SCO-792, which inhibited enteropeptidase activity in vitro, with IC 50 values of 4.6 and 5.4 nmol/L in rats and humans, respectively. In vitro inhibition of enteropeptidase by SCO-792 was potentiated by increased incubation time, and the calculated Kinact/KI was 82 000/mol/L s. An in vitro dissociation assay showed that SCO-792 had a dissociation half-life of almost 14 hour, with a calculated koff rate of 0.047/hour, which suggested that SCO-792 is a reversible enteropeptidase inhibitor. In normal rats, a ≤4 hour prior oral dose of SCO-792 effectively inhibited plasma elevation of branched-chain amino acids in an oral protein challenge test, which indicated that SCO-792 effectively inhibited protein digestion in vivo. In conclusion, our new screen system identified SCO-792 as a potent and reversible inhibitor against enteropeptidase. SCO-792 slowly dissociated from enteropeptidase in vitro and inhibited protein digestion in vivo. Further study using SCO-792 could reveal the effects of inhibiting enteropeptidase on biological actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masako Sasaki
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Ikuo Miyahisa
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Sachiko Itono
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
- Present address:
Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc.FujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Hideyuki Hiyoshi
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | | | | | | | - Kimio Tohyama
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Jun‐ichi Sakamoto
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
- Present address:
Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc.FujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamoto
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
- Present address:
Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc.FujisawaKanagawaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Structural studies of plasmin inhibition. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:541-557. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20180211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Plasminogen (Plg) is the zymogen form of the serine protease plasmin (Plm), and it plays a crucial role in fibrinolysis as well as wound healing, immunity, tissue remodeling and inflammation. Binding to the targets via the lysine-binding sites allows for Plg activation by plasminogen activators (PAs) present on the same target. Cellular uptake of fibrin degradation products leads to apoptosis, which represents one of the pathways for cross-talk between fibrinolysis and tissue remodeling. Therapeutic manipulation of Plm activity plays a vital role in the treatments of a range of diseases, whereas Plm inhibitors are used in trauma and surgeries as antifibrinolytic agents. Plm inhibitors are also used in conditions such as angioedema, menorrhagia and melasma. Here, we review the rationale for the further development of new Plm inhibitors, with a particular focus on the structural studies of the active site inhibitors of Plm. We compare the binding mode of different classes of inhibitors and comment on how it relates to their efficacy, as well as possible future developments.
Collapse
|
12
|
Swedberg JE, Wu G, Mahatmanto T, Durek T, Caradoc-Davies TT, Whisstock JC, Law RHP, Craik DJ. Highly Potent and Selective Plasmin Inhibitors Based on the Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor-1 Scaffold Attenuate Fibrinolysis in Plasma. J Med Chem 2018; 62:552-560. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joakim E. Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Guojie Wu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tunjung Mahatmanto
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - James C. Whisstock
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ruby H. P. Law
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mukherjee P, Leman LJ, Griffin JH, Ghadiri MR. Design of a DNA-Programmed Plasminogen Activator. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15516-15524. [PMID: 30347143 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the functional specificity and catalytic versatility of enzymes have been exploited in numerous settings, controlling the spatial and temporal activity of enzymes remains challenging. Here we describe an approach for programming the function of streptokinase (SK), a protein that is clinically used as a blood "clot buster" therapeutic. We show that the fibrinolytic activity resulting from the binding of SK to the plasma proenzyme plasminogen (Pg) can be effectively regulated (turned "OFF" and "ON") by installing an intrasteric regulatory feature using a DNA-linked protease inhibitor modification. We describe the design rationale, synthetic approach, and functional characterization of two generations of intrasterically regulated SK-Pg constructs and demonstrate dose-dependent and sequence-specific temporal control in fibrinolytic activity in response to short predesignated DNA inputs. The studies described establish the feasibility of a new enzyme-programming approach and serves as a step toward advancing a new generation of programmable enzyme therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purba Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Luke J Leman
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - M Reza Ghadiri
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Somagond SM, Kamble RR, Shaikh SKJ, Bayannavar PK, Joshi SD. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Novel Symmetric Bis-1,2,4-triazolin-3-ones as Potent Inhibitors of CYP51: An Antifungal Activity Study. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa M. Somagond
- Department of Studies in Chemistry; Karnatak University; Dharwad - 580003, Karnataka India
| | - Ravindra R. Kamble
- Department of Studies in Chemistry; Karnatak University; Dharwad - 580003, Karnataka India
| | - Saba Kauser J. Shaikh
- Department of Studies in Chemistry; Karnatak University; Dharwad - 580003, Karnataka India
| | - Praveen K. Bayannavar
- Department of Studies in Chemistry; Karnatak University; Dharwad - 580003, Karnataka India
| | - Shrinivas D. Joshi
- Novel Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, S.E.T.'s College of Pharmacy, Sangolli Rayanna Nagar; Dharwad 580002, Karnataka India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kouretova J, Hammamy MZ, Epp A, Hardes K, Kallis S, Zhang L, Hilgenfeld R, Bartenschlager R, Steinmetzer T. Effects of NS2B-NS3 protease and furin inhibition on West Nile and Dengue virus replication. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:712-721. [PMID: 28385094 PMCID: PMC6445162 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1306521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus (DENV) replication depends on the viral NS2B-NS3 protease and the host enzyme furin, which emerged as potential drug targets. Modification of our previously described WNV protease inhibitors by basic phenylalanine analogs provided compounds with reduced potency against the WNV and DENV protease. In a second series, their decarboxylated P1-trans-(4-guanidino)cyclohexylamide was replaced by an arginyl-amide moiety. Compound 4-(guanidinomethyl)-phenylacetyl-Lys-Lys-Arg-NH2 inhibits the NS2B-NS3 protease of WNV with an inhibition constant of 0.11 µM. Due to the similarity in substrate specificity, we have also tested the potency of our previously described multibasic furin inhibitors. Their further modification provided chimeric inhibitors with additional potency against the WNV and DENV proteases. A strong inhibition of WNV and DENV replication in cell culture was observed for the specific furin inhibitors, which reduced virus titers up to 10,000-fold. These studies reveal that potent inhibitors of furin can block the replication of DENV and WNV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Kouretova
- a Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University , Marburg , Germany.,b German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - M Zouhir Hammamy
- a Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Anton Epp
- a Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Kornelia Hardes
- a Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Stephanie Kallis
- c Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Linlin Zhang
- d Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany.,e German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) , University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- d Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany.,e German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) , University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- c Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany.,f German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- a Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University , Marburg , Germany.,b German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Afosah DK, Al-Horani RA, Sankaranarayanan NV, Desai UR. Potent, Selective, Allosteric Inhibition of Human Plasmin by Sulfated Non-Saccharide Glycosaminoglycan Mimetics. J Med Chem 2017; 60:641-657. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Afosah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Rami A. Al-Horani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hinkes S, Wuttke A, Saupe SM, Ivanova T, Wagner S, Knörlein A, Heine A, Klebe G, Steinmetzer T. Optimization of Cyclic Plasmin Inhibitors: From Benzamidines to Benzylamines. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6370-86. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hinkes
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - André Wuttke
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Saupe
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Teodora Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Knörlein
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Heine
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Maiwald A, Hammami M, Wagner S, Heine A, Klebe G, Steinmetzer T. Changing the selectivity profile – from substrate analog inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa to potent matriptase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:89-97. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1172574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Maiwald
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maya Hammami
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Heine
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hidaka K, Gohda K, Teno N, Wanaka K, Tsuda Y. Active site-directed plasmin inhibitors: Extension on the P2 residue. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:545-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
20
|
Allen SE, Dokholyan NV, Bowers AA. Dynamic Docking of Conformationally Constrained Macrocycles: Methods and Applications. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:10-24. [PMID: 26575401 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many natural products consist of large and flexible macrocycles that engage their targets via multiple contact points. This combination of contained flexibility and large contact area often allows natural products to bind at target surfaces rather than deep pockets, making them attractive scaffolds for inhibiting protein-protein interactions and other challenging therapeutic targets. The increasing ability to manipulate such compounds either biosynthetically or via semisynthetic modification means that these compounds can now be considered as starting points for medchem campaigns rather than solely as ends. Modern medchem benefits substantially from rational improvements made on the basis of molecular docking. As such, docking methods have been enhanced in recent years to deal with the complicated binding modalities and flexible scaffolds of macrocyclic natural products and natural product-like structures. Here, we comprehensively review methods for treating and docking these large macrocyclic scaffolds and discuss some of the resulting advances in medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Allen
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nikolay V. Dokholyan
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Albert A. Bowers
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhan P, Itoh Y, Suzuki T, Liu X. Strategies for the Discovery of Target-Specific or Isoform-Selective Modulators. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7611-33. [PMID: 26086931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry
of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yukihiro Itoh
- Graduate
School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate
School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry
of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Plasmin regulation through allosteric, sulfated, small molecules. Molecules 2015; 20:608-24. [PMID: 25569517 PMCID: PMC6272155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmin, a key serine protease, plays a major role in clot lysis and extracellular matrix remodeling. Heparin, a natural polydisperse sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is known to allosterically modulate plasmin activity. No small allosteric inhibitor of plasmin has been discovered to date. We screened an in-house library of 55 sulfated, small glycosaminoglycan mimetics based on nine distinct scaffolds and varying number and positions of sulfate groups to discover several promising hits. Of these, a pentasulfated flavonoid-quinazolinone dimer 32 was found to be the most potent sulfated small inhibitor of plasmin (IC50 = 45 μM, efficacy = 100%). Michaelis-Menten kinetic studies revealed an allosteric inhibition of plasmin by these inhibitors. Studies also indicated that the most potent inhibitors are selective for plasmin over thrombin and factor Xa, two serine proteases in coagulation cascade. Interestingly, different inhibitors exhibited different levels of efficacy (40%–100%), an observation alluding to the unique advantage offered by an allosteric process. Overall, our work presents the first small, synthetic allosteric plasmin inhibitors for further rational design.
Collapse
|
23
|
Al-Horani RA, Desai UR. Recent advances on plasmin inhibitors for the treatment of fibrinolysis-related disorders. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:1168-1216. [PMID: 24659483 PMCID: PMC8788159 DOI: 10.1002/med.21315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that plasmin is involved in a number of physiological processes in addition to its key role in fibrin cleavage. Plasmin inhibition is critical in preventing adverse consequences arising from plasmin overactivity, e.g., blood loss that may follow cardiac surgery. Aprotinin was widely used as an antifibrinolytic drug before its discontinuation in 2008. Tranexamic acid and ε-aminocaproic acid, two small molecule plasmin inhibitors, are currently used in the clinic. Several molecules have been designed utilizing covalent, but reversible, chemistry relying on reactive cyclohexanones, nitrile warheads, and reactive aldehyde peptidomimetics. Other major classes of plasmin inhibitors include the cyclic peptidomimetics and polypeptides of the Kunitz and Kazal-type. Allosteric inhibitors of plasmin have also been designed including small molecule lysine analogs that bind to plasmin's kringle domain(s) and sulfated glycosaminoglycan mimetics that bind to plasmin's catalytic domain. Plasmin inhibitors have also been explored for resolving other disease states including cell metastasis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and embryo implantation. This review highlights functional and structural aspects of plasmin inhibitors with the goal of advancing their design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Al-Horani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tan Y, Li J, Huo J, Xue F, Wang Z. Synthesis of 2(5H)-Furanone Derivatives with Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Bis-1,2,3-triazole Structure. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2014.914220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuehe Tan
- a School of Chemistry and Environment , South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jianxiao Li
- a School of Chemistry and Environment , South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jingpei Huo
- a School of Chemistry and Environment , South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , China
| | - Fuling Xue
- a School of Chemistry and Environment , South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- a School of Chemistry and Environment , South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2012. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
26
|
Teno N, Gohda K, Wanaka K, Tsuda Y, Sueda T, Yamashita Y, Otsubo T. Pyrrolopyrimidine-inhibitors with hydantoin moiety as spacer can explore P4/S4 interaction on plasmin. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2339-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Identification of the first synthetic inhibitors of the type II transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2 suitable for inhibition of influenza virus activation. Biochem J 2013; 452:331-43. [PMID: 23527573 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
TMPRSS2 (transmembrane serine proteinase 2) is a multidomain type II transmembrane serine protease that cleaves the surface glycoprotein HA (haemagglutinin) of influenza viruses with a monobasic cleavage site, which is a prerequisite for virus fusion and propagation. Furthermore, it activates the fusion protein F of the human metapneumovirus and the spike protein S of the SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus). Increased TMPRSS2 expression was also described in several tumour entities. Therefore TMPRSS2 emerged as a potential target for drug design. The catalytic domain of TMPRSS2 was expressed in Escherichia coli and used for an inhibitor screen with previously synthesized inhibitors of various trypsin-like serine proteases. Two inhibitor types were identified which inhibit TMPRSS2 in the nanomolar range. The first series comprises substrate analogue inhibitors containing a 4-amidinobenzylamide moiety at the P1 position, whereby some of these analogues possess inhibition constants of approximately 20 nM. An improved potency was found for a second type derived from sulfonylated 3-amindinophenylalanylamide derivatives. The most potent derivative of this series inhibits TMPRSS2 with a K(i) value of 0.9 nM and showed an efficient blockage of influenza virus propagation in human airway epithelial cells. On the basis of the inhibitor studies, a series of new fluorogenic substrates containing a D-arginine residue at the P3 position was synthesized, some of them were efficiently cleaved by TMPRSS2.
Collapse
|
28
|
Saupe SM, Leubner S, Betz M, Klebe G, Steinmetzer T. Development of New Cyclic Plasmin Inhibitors with Excellent Potency and Selectivity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:820-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3012917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M. Saupe
- Department
of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg,
Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Leubner
- Department
of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg,
Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Betz
- Department
of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg,
Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Department
of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg,
Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department
of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg,
Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hammamy MZ, Haase C, Hammami M, Hilgenfeld R, Steinmetzer T. Development and characterization of new peptidomimetic inhibitors of the West Nile virus NS2B-NS3 protease. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:231-41. [PMID: 23307694 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of new substrate analogue inhibitors of the WNV NS2B-NS3 protease containing decarboxylated arginine mimetics at the P1 position was developed. Among the various analogues, trans-(4-guanidino)cyclohexylmethylamide (GCMA) was identified as the most suitable P1 residue. In combination with dichloro-substituted phenylacetyl groups at the P4 position, three inhibitors with inhibition constants of <0.2 μM were obtained. These GCMA inhibitors have a better selectivity profile than the previously described agmatine analogues, and possess negligible affinity for the trypsin-like serine proteases thrombin, factor Xa, and matriptase. A crystal structure in complex with the WNV protease was determined for one of the most potent inhibitors, 3,4-dichlorophenylacetyl-Lys-Lys-GCMA (K(i)=0.13 μM). The inhibitor adopts a horseshoe-like conformation, most likely due to a hydrophobic contact between the P4 phenyl ring and the P1 cyclohexyl group, which is further stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the P1 guanidino group and the P4 carbonyl oxygen atom. These inhibitors are stable, readily accessible, and have a noncovalent binding mode. Therefore, they may serve as suitable lead structures for further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Zouhir Hammamy
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Active site mapping of trypsin, thrombin and matriptase-2 by sulfamoyl benzamidines. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6489-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
31
|
Teno N, Otsubo T, Gohda K, Wanaka K, Sueda T, Ikeda K, Hijikata-Okunomiya A, Tsuda Y. Synthesis and evaluation of tripeptidic plasmin inhibitors with nitrile as warhead. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:620-5. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Teno
- Hiroshima International University; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure Hiroshima 737-0112 Japan
| | - Tadamune Otsubo
- Hiroshima International University; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure Hiroshima 737-0112 Japan
| | - Keigo Gohda
- Computer-aided Molecular Modeling Research Center, Kansai (CAMM-Kansai); 5-1-7, Ohmichidori, Nagata-ku Kobe 653-0833 Japan
| | - Keiko Wanaka
- Kobe Research Projects on Thrombosis and Haemostasis; 3-15-18, Asahigaoka, Tarumi-ku Kobe 655-0033 Japan
| | - Takuya Sueda
- Hiroshima International University; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure Hiroshima 737-0112 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ikeda
- Hiroshima International University; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure Hiroshima 737-0112 Japan
| | - Akiko Hijikata-Okunomiya
- Kobe International University; Faculty of Rehabilitation; 9-1-6, Koyocho-naka, Higashinada-ku Kobe 658-0032 Japan
| | - Yuko Tsuda
- Kobe Gakuin University; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-3, Minatojima, Chuo-ku Kobe 650-8586 Japan
| |
Collapse
|