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Devitt AN, Vargas AL, Zhu W, Des Soye BJ, Butun FA, Alt T, Kaley N, Ferreira GM, Moran GR, Kelleher NL, Liu D, Silverman RB. Design, Synthesis, and Mechanistic Studies of ( R)-3-Amino-5,5-difluorocyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic Acid as an Inactivator of Human Ornithine Aminotransferase. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:1066-1081. [PMID: 38630468 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Human ornithine aminotransferase (hOAT), a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme, has been shown to play an essential role in the metabolic reprogramming and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC accounts for approximately 75% of primary liver cancers and is within the top three causes of cancer death worldwide. As a result of treatment limitations, the overall 5-year survival rate for all patients with HCC is under 20%. The prevalence of HCC necessitates continued development of novel and effective treatment methods. In recent years, the therapeutic potential of selective inactivation of hOAT has been demonstrated for the treatment of HCC. Inspired by previous increased selectivity for hOAT by the expansion of the cyclopentene ring scaffold to a cyclohexene, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated a series of novel fluorinated cyclohexene analogues and identified (R)-3-amino-5,5-difluorocyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid as a time-dependent inhibitor of hOAT. Structural and mechanistic studies have elucidated the mechanism of inactivation of hOAT by 5, resulting in a PLP-inactivator adduct tightly bound to the active site of the enzyme. Intact protein mass spectrometry, 19F NMR spectroscopy, transient state kinetic studies, and X-ray crystallography were used to determine the structure of the final adduct and elucidate the mechanisms of inactivation. Interestingly, despite the highly electrophilic intermediate species conferred by fluorine and structural evidence of solvent accessibility in the hOAT active site, Lys292 and water did not participate in nucleophilic addition during the inactivation mechanism of hOAT by 5. Instead, rapid aromatization to yield the final adduct was favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Devitt
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Abigail L Vargas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Benjamin James Des Soye
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Fatma Ayaloglu Butun
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tyler Alt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Nicholas Kaley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Glaucio M Ferreira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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2
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MacKeigan D, Feja M, Gernert M. Chronic intermittent convection-enhanced delivery of vigabatrin to the bilateral subthalamic nucleus in an acute rat seizure model. Epilepsy Res 2024; 199:107276. [PMID: 38091904 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Targeted intracerebral drug delivery is an attractive experimental approach for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsies. In this regard, the subthalamic nucleus (STN) represents a focus-independent target involved in the remote modulation and propagation of seizure activity. Indeed, acute and chronic pharmacological inhibition of the STN with vigabatrin (VGB), an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, has been shown to produce antiseizure effects. This effect, however, is lost over time as tolerance develops with chronic, continuous intracerebral pharmacotherapy. Here we investigated the antiseizure effects of chronic intermittent intra-STN convection-enhanced delivery of VGB in an acute rat seizure model focusing on circumventing tolerance development and preventing adverse effects. Timed intravenous pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure threshold testing was conducted before and after implantation of subcutaneous drug pumps and bilateral intra-STN cannulas. Drug pumps infused vehicle or VGB twice daily (0.4 µg) or once weekly (2.5 µg, 5 µg) over three weeks. Putative adverse effects were evaluated and found to be prevented by intermittent compared to previous continuous VGB delivery. Clonic seizure thresholds were more clearly raised by intra-STN VGB compared to myoclonic twitch. Both twice daily and once weekly intra-STN VGB significantly elevated clonic seizure thresholds depending on dose and time point, with responder rates of up to 100% observed at tolerable doses. However, tolerance could not be completely avoided, as tolerance rates of 40-75% were observed with chronic VGB treatment. Results indicate that the extent of tolerance development after intermittent intra-STN VGB delivery varies depending on infusion dose and regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devlin MacKeigan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Malte Feja
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Manuela Gernert
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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3
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Arrighi F, Granese A, Chimenti P, Guglielmi P. Novel therapeutic opportunities for Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia intestinalis infections. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:211-245. [PMID: 37099697 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2206017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia intestinalis are the causative agents of Toxoplasmosis, Trichomoniasis and Giardiasis, three important infections threatening human health and affecting millions of people worldwide. Although drugs and treatment are available to fight these protozoan parasites, side-effects and increasing drug resistance, require continuous efforts for the development of novel effective drugs. AREAS COVERED The patents search was carried out in September/October 2022 with four official scientific databases (Espacenet, Scifinder, Reaxys, Google Patents). Treatments for Toxoplasmosis, Trichomoniasis and Giardiasis (2015-2022) have been grouped according to their chemotypes. In particular, novel chemical entities have been reported and investigated for their structure-activity relationship, when accessible. On the other hand, drug repurposing, extensively exploited to obtain novel anti-protozoal treatment, has been in-depth described. Finally, natural metabolites and extracts have also been reported. EXPERT OPINION T. gondii, T. vaginalis and G. intestinalis are protozoan infections usually controlled by immune system in immunocompetent patients; however, they could represent a threatening health for immunocompromised people. The needs of novel effective drugs, endowed with new mechanisms of actions arises from the increasing drug resistance affecting antibiotic as well as antiprotozoal therapies. In this review different therapeutic approaches to treat protozoan infections have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arrighi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Granese
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Chimenti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Guglielmi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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4
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Salaria P, Akshinthala P, Kapavarapu R, M AR. Identification of novel C-15 fluoro isosteviol derivatives for GABA-AT inhibition by in silico investigations. J Mol Model 2023; 29:76. [PMID: 36826597 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The treatment of epilepsy is associated with the inhibition of γ-aminobutyric acid-aminotransferase (GABA-AT), which suppresses the concentration of a key neurotransmitter GABA. Isosteviol, a natural bioactive molecule, has been reported to possess an anticonvulsant property. In this work, we first reported a series of C-15 fluoro isosteviol analogs which are bearing different functional groups at C-16 to investigate the interactions with GABA-AT by applying molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation approach. The results revealed that all fluoro isosteviol analogs displayed a greater binding affinity than references vigabatrin, an FDA-approved GABA-AT inactivator, and CPP-115, which has Orphan Drug Designation status, and positioned at the same binding site as references. Furthermore, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation studies on minimum (A1), maximum (E1) binding energy score of fluoro isosteviol analogs, and isosteviol (G1) revealed their stable complex formation in terms of RMSD, RMSF, RG, and hydrogen bond formation. All analogs were found to have drug-like nature, non-toxic, >80% absorption, and the majority tend to penetrate brain-blood-barrier (BBB). The investigations found in this study can help in the development of isosteviol derivatives as drugs for the treatment of epilepsy. METHODS The two-dimensional (2D) ligand structures were drawn using ChembioDraw Ultra 14.0. Molecular docking with Autodock4 and molecular dynamic simulation with GROMACS version 2020.1 were performed. The CHARMM27 all-atom force field was applied for writing the topology. Biovia Discovery Studio DS2021 was used for viewing and analyzing the protein-ligand complexes. The data generated from molecular dynamic simulation trajectories were plotted using the Origin® 8 software. The Open Babel software was utilized for extracting SMILEs files of all the fluoro isosteviol analogs. The drug-likeness and ADMET of the molecules were evaluated by SwissADME and ADMETlab 2.0 web tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punam Salaria
- School of Sciences (Chemistry), National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Parameswari Akshinthala
- Department of Science and Humanities, MLR Institute of Technology, Dundigal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ravikumar Kapavarapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Photochemistry, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Amarendar Reddy M
- School of Sciences (Chemistry), National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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5
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Zhu W, Butrin A, Melani RD, Doubleday PF, Ferreira GM, Tavares MT, Habeeb Mohammad TS, Beaupre BA, Kelleher NL, Moran GR, Liu D, Silverman RB. Rational Design, Synthesis, and Mechanism of (3 S,4 R)-3-Amino-4-(difluoromethyl)cyclopent-1-ene-1-carboxylic Acid: Employing a Second-Deprotonation Strategy for Selectivity of Human Ornithine Aminotransferase over GABA Aminotransferase. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5629-5642. [PMID: 35293728 PMCID: PMC9181902 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human ornithine aminotransferase (hOAT) is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that contains a similar active site to that of γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT). Recently, pharmacological inhibition of hOAT was recognized as a potential therapeutic approach for hepatocellular carcinoma. In this work, we first studied the inactivation mechanisms of hOAT by two well-known GABA-AT inactivators (CPP-115 and OV329). Inspired by the inactivation mechanistic difference between these two aminotransferases, a series of analogues were designed and synthesized, leading to the discovery of analogue 10b as a highly selective and potent hOAT inhibitor. Intact protein mass spectrometry, protein crystallography, and dialysis experiments indicated that 10b was converted to an irreversible tight-binding adduct (34) in the active site of hOAT, as was the unsaturated analogue (11). The comparison of kinetic studies between 10b and 11 suggested that the active intermediate (17b) was only generated in hOAT and not in GABA-AT. Molecular docking studies and pKa computational calculations highlighted the importance of chirality and the endocyclic double bond for inhibitory activity. The turnover mechanism of 10b was supported by mass spectrometric analysis of dissociable products and fluoride ion release experiments. Notably, the stopped-flow experiments were highly consistent with the proposed mechanism, suggesting a relatively slow hydrolysis rate for hOAT. The novel second-deprotonation mechanism of 10b contributes to its high potency and significantly enhanced selectivity for hOAT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Arseniy Butrin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Rafael D Melani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peter F Doubleday
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Glaucio Monteiro Ferreira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mauricio T Tavares
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Thahani S Habeeb Mohammad
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brett A Beaupre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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6
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Park MG, Han AR, Kim SY, Kim TY, Kim HM, Lee CJ. High-yield synthesis and purification of recombinant human GABA transaminase for high-throughput screening assays. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:2016-2024. [PMID: 34514924 PMCID: PMC8439235 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1975697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have focussed on modulating the activity of γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), a GABA-catabolizing enzyme, for treating neurological diseases, such as epilepsy and drug addiction. Nevertheless, human GABA-T synthesis and purification have not been established. Thus, biochemical and drug design studies on GABA-T have been performed by using porcine GABA-T mostly and even bacterial GABA-T. Here we report an optimised protocol for overexpression of 6xHis-tagged human GABA-T in human cells followed by a two-step protein purification. Then, we established an optimised human GABA-T (0.5 U/mg) activity assay. Finally, we compared the difference between human and bacterial GABA-T in sensitivity to two irreversible GABA-T inhibitors, gabaculine and vigabatrin. Human GABA-T in homodimeric form showed 70-fold higher sensitivity to vigabatrin than bacterial GABA-T in multimeric form, indicating the importance of using human GABA-T. In summary, our newly developed protocol can be an important first step in developing more effective human GABA-T modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingu Gordon Park
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ah-reum Han
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Su Yeon Kim
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tai Young Kim
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ho Min Kim
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - C. Justin Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
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7
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Pejčić A, Janković SM, Đešević M, Gojak R, Lukić S, Marković N, Milosavljević M. Novel and emerging therapeutics for genetic epilepsies. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:1283-1301. [PMID: 34633254 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1992275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disease-specific treatments are available only for a minority of patients with genetic epilepsies, while the rest are treated with anticonvulsants, which are ineffective in almost one-third of patients. AREAS COVERED Recently approved and the most effective emerging therapeutics under development for the treatment of genetic epilepsies are overviewed after systematic search and analysis of relevant literature. EXPERT OPINION New and emerging drugs for genetic epilepsies exploit one of the two approaches: inhibiting hyperactive brain foci through blocking excitatory or augmenting inhibitory neurotransmission, or correcting the underlying genetic defect. The first is limited by insufficient selectivity of available compounds, and the second by imperfection of currently used vectors of genetic material, unselective and transient transgene expression. Besides, the treatment may come too late, after structural abnormalities and epilepsy deterioration takes place. However, with recent improvements, we can expect to see soon gradual decline in the number of patients with therapy-resistant genetic epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pejčić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Miralem Đešević
- Private Policlinic Center Eurofar Sarajevo, Cardiology Department, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Refet Gojak
- Infectious diseases Clinic, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Snežana Lukić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nenad Marković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Feja M, Meller S, Deking LS, Kaczmarek E, During MJ, Silverman RB, Gernert M. OV329, a novel highly potent γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase inactivator, induces pronounced anticonvulsant effects in the pentylenetetrazole seizure threshold test and in amygdala-kindled rats. Epilepsia 2021; 62:3091-3104. [PMID: 34617595 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An attractive target to interfere with epileptic brain hyperexcitability is the enhancement of γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) inhibition by inactivation of the GABA-metabolizing enzyme GABA aminotransferase (GABA-AT). GABA-AT inactivators were designed to control seizures by raising brain GABA levels. OV329, a novel drug candidate for the treatment of epilepsy and addiction, has been shown in vitro to be substantially more potent as a GABA-AT inactivator than vigabatrin, an antiseizure drug approved as an add-on therapy for adult patients with refractory complex partial seizures and monotherapy for pediatric patients with infantile spasms. Thus, we hypothesized that OV329 should produce pronounced anticonvulsant effects in two different rat seizure models. METHODS We therefore examined the effects of OV329 (5, 20, and 40 mg/kg ip) on the seizure threshold of female Wistar Unilever rats, using the timed intravenous pentylenetetrazole (ivPTZ) seizure threshold model as a seizure test particularly sensitive to GABA-potentiating manipulations, and amygdala-kindled rats as a model of difficult-to-treat temporal lobe epilepsy. RESULTS GABA-AT inactivation by OV329 clearly increased the threshold of both ivPTZ-induced and amygdala-kindled seizures. OV329 further showed a 30-fold greater anticonvulsant potency on ivPTZ-induced myoclonic jerks and clonic seizures compared to vigabatrin investigated previously. Notably, all rats were responsive to OV329 in both seizure models. SIGNIFICANCE These results reveal an anticonvulsant profile of OV329 that appears to be superior in both potency and efficacy to vigabatrin and highlight OV329 as a highly promising candidate for the treatment of seizures and pharmacoresistant epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Feja
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lillian S Deking
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Edith Kaczmarek
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Manuela Gernert
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Shen S, Butrin A, Doubleday PF, Melani RD, Beaupre BA, Tavares MT, Ferreira GM, Kelleher NL, Moran GR, Liu D, Silverman RB. Turnover and Inactivation Mechanisms for ( S)-3-Amino-4,4-difluorocyclopent-1-enecarboxylic Acid, a Selective Mechanism-Based Inactivator of Human Ornithine Aminotransferase. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8689-8703. [PMID: 34097381 PMCID: PMC8367020 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of human ornithine δ-aminotransferase (hOAT) is a potential therapeutic approach to treat hepatocellular carcinoma. In this work, (S)-3-amino-4,4-difluorocyclopent-1-enecarboxylic acid (SS-1-148, 6) was identified as a potent mechanism-based inactivator of hOAT while showing excellent selectivity over other related aminotransferases (e.g., GABA-AT). An integrated mechanistic study was performed to investigate the turnover and inactivation mechanisms of 6. A monofluorinated ketone (M10) was identified as the primary metabolite of 6 in hOAT. By soaking hOAT holoenzyme crystals with 6, a precursor to M10 was successfully captured. This gem-diamine intermediate, covalently bound to Lys292, observed for the first time in hOAT/ligand crystals, validates the turnover mechanism proposed for 6. Co-crystallization yielded hOAT in complex with 6 and revealed a novel noncovalent inactivation mechanism in hOAT. Native protein mass spectrometry was utilized for the first time in a study of an aminotransferase inactivator to validate the noncovalent interactions between the ligand and the enzyme; a covalently bonded complex was also identified as a minor form observed in the denaturing intact protein mass spectrum. Spectral and stopped-flow kinetic experiments supported a lysine-assisted E2 fluoride ion elimination, which has never been observed experimentally in other studies of related aminotransferase inactivators. This elimination generated the second external aldimine directly from the initial external aldimine, rather than the typical E1cB elimination mechanism, forming a quinonoid transient state between the two external aldimines. The use of native protein mass spectrometry, X-ray crystallography employing both soaking and co-crystallization methods, and stopped-flow kinetics allowed for the detailed elucidation of unusual turnover and inactivation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sida Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Arseniy Butrin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Peter F. Doubleday
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rafael D. Melani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brett A. Beaupre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Mauricio T. Tavares
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Glaucio M. Ferreira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Graham R. Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States,Corresponding authors: (R.B.S.) . Phone: +1-847-491-5653; (D.L.) . Phone: +1-773-508-3093
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States,Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States,Corresponding authors: (R.B.S.) . Phone: +1-847-491-5653; (D.L.) . Phone: +1-773-508-3093
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10
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Zhu W, Doubleday PF, Butrin A, Weerawarna PM, Melani R, Catlin DS, Dwight TA, Liu D, Kelleher NL, Silverman RB. Remarkable and Unexpected Mechanism for ( S)-3-Amino-4-(difluoromethylenyl)cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic Acid as a Selective Inactivator of Human Ornithine Aminotransferase. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8193-8207. [PMID: 34014654 PMCID: PMC8369387 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human ornithine aminotransferase (hOAT) is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that was recently found to play an important role in the metabolic reprogramming of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via the proline and glutamine metabolic pathways. The selective inhibition of hOAT by compound 10 exhibited potent in vivo antitumor activity. Inspired by the discovery of the aminotransferase inactivator (1S,3S)-3-amino-4-(difluoromethylene)cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid (5), we rationally designed, synthesized, and evaluated a series of six-membered-ring analogs. Among them, 14 was identified as a new selective hOAT inactivator, which demonstrated a potency 22× greater than that of 10. Three different types of protein mass spectrometry approaches and two crystallographic approaches were employed to identify the structure of hOAT-14 and the formation of a remarkable final adduct (32') in the active site. These spectral studies reveal an enzyme complex heretofore not observed in a PLP-dependent enzyme, which has covalent bonds to two nearby residues. Crystal soaking experiments and molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to identify the structure of the active-site intermediate 27' and elucidate the order of the two covalent bonds that formed, leading to 32'. The initial covalent reaction of the activated warhead occurs with *Thr322 from the second subunit, followed by a subsequent nucleophilic attack by the catalytic residue Lys292. The turnover mechanism of 14 by hOAT was supported by a mass spectrometric analysis of metabolites and fluoride ion release experiments. This novel mechanism for hOAT with 14 will contribute to the further rational design of selective inactivators and an understanding of potential inactivation mechanisms by aminotransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peter F. Doubleday
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Arseniy Butrin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Pathum M. Weerawarna
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rafael Melani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Daniel S. Catlin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Timothy A. Dwight
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States,Corresponding authors (R.B.S.) . Phone: +1-847-491-5653, (N.L.K.) . Phone: +1-847-467-4362. (D.L.) . Phone: +1-773-508-3093
| | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States,Corresponding authors (R.B.S.) . Phone: +1-847-491-5653, (N.L.K.) . Phone: +1-847-467-4362. (D.L.) . Phone: +1-773-508-3093
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States,Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States,Corresponding authors (R.B.S.) . Phone: +1-847-491-5653, (N.L.K.) . Phone: +1-847-467-4362. (D.L.) . Phone: +1-773-508-3093
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11
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Shen S, Doubleday PF, Weerawarna PM, Zhu W, Kelleher NL, Silverman RB. Mechanism-Based Design of 3-Amino-4-Halocyclopentenecarboxylic Acids as Inactivators of GABA Aminotransferase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1949-1955. [PMID: 33062178 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminotransferases are pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes that catalyze reversible transamination reactions between an amino acid and an α-keto acid, playing a critical role in cellular nitrogen metabolism. It is evident that γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT), which balances the levels of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for epilepsy and cocaine addiction based on mechanism-based inactivators (MBIs). In this work, we established an integrated approach using computational simulation, organic synthesis, biochemical evaluation, and mass spectrometry to facilitate our design and mechanistic studies of MBIs, which led to the identification of a new cyclopentene-based analogue (6a), 25-times more efficient as an inactivator of GABA-AT compared to the parent compound (1R,3S,4S)-3-amino-4-fluorocyclopentane carboxylic acid (FCP, 4).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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12
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Johnson BM, Shu YZ, Zhuo X, Meanwell NA. Metabolic and Pharmaceutical Aspects of Fluorinated Compounds. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6315-6386. [PMID: 32182061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The applications of fluorine in drug design continue to expand, facilitated by an improved understanding of its effects on physicochemical properties and the development of synthetic methodologies that are providing access to new fluorinated motifs. In turn, studies of fluorinated molecules are providing deeper insights into the effects of fluorine on metabolic pathways, distribution, and disposition. Despite the high strength of the C-F bond, the departure of fluoride from metabolic intermediates can be facile. This reactivity has been leveraged in the design of mechanism-based enzyme inhibitors and has influenced the metabolic fate of fluorinated compounds. In this Perspective, we summarize the literature associated with the metabolism of fluorinated molecules, focusing on examples where the presence of fluorine influences the metabolic profile. These studies have revealed potentially problematic outcomes with some fluorinated motifs and are enhancing our understanding of how fluorine should be deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Johnson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Xiaoliang Zhuo
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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13
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Zhu W, Doubleday PF, Catlin DS, Weerawarna PM, Butrin A, Shen S, Wawrzak Z, Kelleher NL, Liu D, Silverman RB. A Remarkable Difference That One Fluorine Atom Confers on the Mechanisms of Inactivation of Human Ornithine Aminotransferase by Two Cyclohexene Analogues of γ-Aminobutyric Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4892-4903. [PMID: 32114761 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human ornithine aminotransferase (hOAT), a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme, plays a critical role in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Pharmacological selective inhibition of hOAT has been shown to be a potential therapeutic approach for HCC. Inspired by the discovery of the nonselective aminotransferase inactivator (1R,3S,4S)-3-amino-4-fluoro cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid (1), in this work, we rationally designed, synthesized, and evaluated a novel series of fluorine-substituted cyclohexene analogues, thereby identifying 8 and 9 as novel selective hOAT time-dependent inhibitors. Intact protein mass spectrometry and protein crystallography demonstrated 8 and 9 as covalent inhibitors of hOAT, which exhibit two distinct inactivation mechanisms resulting from the difference of a single fluorine atom. Interestingly, they share a similar turnover mechanism, according to the mass spectrometry-based analysis of metabolites and fluoride ion release experiments. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and electrostatic potential (ESP) charge calculations were conducted, which elucidated the significant influence of the one-fluorine difference on the corresponding intermediates, leading to two totally different inactivation pathways. The novel addition-aromatization inactivation mechanism for 9 contributes to its significantly enhanced potency, along with excellent selectivity over other aminotransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peter F Doubleday
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Daniel S Catlin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Pathum M Weerawarna
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Arseniy Butrin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Sida Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zdzislaw Wawrzak
- Synchrotron Research Center, LS-CAT, Sector 21, Northwestern University, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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14
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Mei H, Han J, Klika KD, Izawa K, Sato T, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Applications of fluorine-containing amino acids for drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111826. [PMID: 31740056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing amino acids are becoming increasingly prominent in new drugs due to two general trends in the modern pharmaceutical industry. Firstly, the growing acceptance of peptides and modified peptides as drugs; and secondly, fluorine editing has become a prevalent protocol in drug-candidate optimization. Accordingly, fluorine-containing amino acids represent one of the more promising and rapidly developing areas of research in organic, bio-organic and medicinal chemistry. The goal of this Review article is to highlight the current state-of-the-art in this area by profiling 42 selected compounds that combine fluorine and amino acid structural elements. The compounds under discussion represent pharmaceutical drugs currently on the market, or in clinical trials as well as examples of drug-candidates that although withdrawn from development had a significant impact on the progress of medicinal chemistry and/or provided a deeper understanding of the nature and mechanism of biological action. For each compound, we present features of biological activity, a brief history of the design principles and the development of the synthetic approach, focusing on the source of tailor-made amino acid structures and fluorination methods. General aspects of the medicinal chemistry of fluorine-containing amino acids and synthetic methodology are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, United States.
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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15
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Katsarou AM, Li Q, Liu W, Moshé SL, Galanopoulou AS. Acquired parvalbumin-selective interneuronopathy in the multiple-hit model of infantile spasms: A putative basis for the partial responsiveness to vigabatrin analogs? Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:155-164. [PMID: 30564774 PMCID: PMC6293059 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West syndrome, an age-specific epileptic encephalopathy, manifests with infantile spasms (IS) and impaired neurodevelopmental outcomes and epilepsy. The multiple-hit rat model of IS is a chronic model of IS due to structural etiology, in which spasms respond partially to vigabatrin analogs. Using this model, we investigated whether IS due to structural etiology may have deficits in parvalbumin (PRV) and somatostatin (SST) immunoreactive (-ir) interneurons, and calretinin-ir (CR-ir) neurons of the primary somatosensory cortex of postnatal day (PN) 20-24 rats, using specific immunohistochemical assays. PN3 Sprague-Dawley male rats underwent the multiple-hit induction protocol, were monitored until PN20-24, and were transcardially perfused to collect brains for histology. Age-matched sham and naive control male rats were also used. Coronal brain cryosections were stained with anti-PRV, anti-CR, and anti-SST antibodies, and regions of interest (ROIs) from the primary somatosensory cortices were selected to determine PRV-, CR-, and SST-ir cell counts and cortical ROI volumes, with blinding to experimental group. Statistical analyses were done using a linear mixed model accounting for repeated measures. We found PRV-ir interneuronal selective reduction, sparing of the CR-ir and SST-ir neurons, and bilateral cortical atrophy. Our findings provide evidence for acquired PRV-selective interneuronopathy, possibly underlying the pathogenesis of IS, neurodevelopmental deficits, and epilepsy, and potentially contributing to the partial response to vigabatrin analogs in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Katsarou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx New York U.S.A
| | - Qianyun Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx New York U.S.A
| | - Wei Liu
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx New York U.S.A
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx New York U.S.A.,Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience Albert Einstein College of Medicine Einstein/Montefiore Epilepsy Center Montefiore Medical Center Bronx New York U.S.A.,Department of Pediatrics Albert Einstein College of Medicine Einstein/Montefiore Epilepsy Center Montefiore Medical Center Bronx New York U.S.A
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx New York U.S.A.,Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience Albert Einstein College of Medicine Einstein/Montefiore Epilepsy Center Montefiore Medical Center Bronx New York U.S.A
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16
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Skowrońska K, Obara-Michlewska M, Czarnecka A, Dąbrowska K, Zielińska M, Albrecht J. Persistent Overexposure to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Calcium-Dependently Downregulates Glutamine Synthetase, Aquaporin 4, and Kir4.1 Channel in Mouse Cortical Astrocytes. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:271-280. [PMID: 30220059 PMCID: PMC6313349 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes express N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) but its functions in these cells are not well defined. This study shows that the sustained exposure (8–72 h) of mouse astrocytes to NMDA decreases the expression of the functional astroglia-specific proteins, glutamine synthetase (GS), and the water channel protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and also reduces GS activity. Similar to rat astrocytes (Obara-Michlewska et al. Neurochem Int 88:20–25, 2015), the exposure of mouse astrocytes to NMDA also decreased the expression of the inward rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1. NMDA failed to elicit the effects in those cells incubated in the absence of Ca2+ and in those in which the GluN1 subunit of the NMDAR was silenced with GluN1 siRNA. The downregulation of GS, AQP4, and Kir4.1 observed in vitro may reflect NMDAR-mediated alterations of astrocytic functions noted in central nervous system pathologies associated with increased glutamate (Glu) release and excitotoxic tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Skowrońska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Obara-Michlewska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Czarnecka
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dąbrowska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zielińska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Albrecht
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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17
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Moschitto MJ, Silverman RB. Synthesis of ( S)-3-Amino-4-(difluoromethylenyl)-cyclopent-1-ene-1-carboxylic Acid (OV329), a Potent Inactivator of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Aminotransferase. Org Lett 2018; 20:4589-4592. [PMID: 30009604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
( S)-3-Amino-4-(difluoromethylenyl)cyclopent-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid (OV329, 1) is being developed for the treatment of epilepsy and addiction. The previous 14-step synthesis of OV329 was low yielding, involved an unselective α-elimination to form the cyclopentene, required the use of tert-butyllithium, and produced toxic selenium byproducts in the penultimate step. A new synthesis, which avoids the aforementioned issues, was carried out on large scale, reducing the step count from 14 to 9 steps and increasing the overall yield from 3.7% to 8.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Moschitto
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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18
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Tovar-Gudiño E, Guevara-Salazar JA, Bahena-Herrera JR, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Martínez-Campos Z, Razo-Hernández RS, Santiago Á, Pastor N, Fernández-Zertuche M. Novel-Substituted Heterocyclic GABA Analogues. Enzymatic Activity against the GABA-AT Enzyme from Pseudomonas fluorescens and In Silico Molecular Modeling. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051128. [PMID: 29747438 PMCID: PMC6099672 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and a deficiency of GABA is associated with serious neurological disorders. Due to its low lipophilicity, there has been an intensive search for new molecules with increased lipophilicity to cross the blood-brain barrier to raise GABA concentrations. We have designed and evaluated in vitro and in silico some new analogues of GABA, where the nitrogen atom at the γ-position is embedded in heterocyclic scaffolds and determined their inhibitory potential over the GABA-AT enzyme from Pseudomonas fluorescens. These modifications lead to compounds with inhibitory activity as it occurs with compounds 18a and 19a. The construction of Pseudomonas fluorescens and human GABA-AT models were carried out by homology modeling. Docking assays were done for these compounds over the GABA-AT enzyme models where 19a showed a strong interaction with both GABA-AT enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Tovar-Gudiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Juan Alberto Guevara-Salazar
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Cd Mexico 11340, Mexico.
| | - José Raúl Bahena-Herrera
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Cd Mexico 11340, Mexico.
| | | | - Zuleyma Martínez-Campos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Rodrigo Said Razo-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Ángel Santiago
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Nina Pastor
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Mario Fernández-Zertuche
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico.
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19
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Silverman RB. Design and Mechanism of GABA Aminotransferase Inactivators. Treatments for Epilepsies and Addictions. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4037-4070. [PMID: 29569907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
When the brain concentration of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) diminishes below a threshold level, the excess neuronal excitation can lead to convulsions. This imbalance in neurotransmission can be corrected by inhibition of the enzyme γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT), which catalyzes the conversion of GABA to the excitatory neurotransmitter l-glutamic acid. It also has been found that raising GABA levels can antagonize the rapid elevation and release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, which is responsible for the reward response in addiction. Therefore, the design of new inhibitors of GABA-AT, which increases brain GABA levels, is an important approach to new treatments for epilepsy and addiction. This review summarizes findings over the last 40 or so years of mechanism-based inactivators (unreactive compounds that require the target enzyme to catalyze their conversion to the inactivating species, which inactivate the enzyme prior to their release) of GABA-AT with emphasis on their catalytic mechanisms of inactivation, presented according to organic chemical mechanism, with minimal pharmacology, except where important for activity in epilepsy and addiction. Patents, abstracts, and conference proceedings are not covered in this review. The inactivation mechanisms described here can be applied to the inactivations of a wide variety of unrelated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
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20
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Juncosa JI, Takaya K, Le HV, Moschitto MJ, Weerawarna PM, Mascarenhas R, Liu D, Dewey SL, Silverman RB. Design and Mechanism of (S)-3-Amino-4-(difluoromethylenyl)cyclopent-1-ene-1-carboxylic Acid, a Highly Potent γ-Aminobutyric Acid Aminotransferase Inactivator for the Treatment of Addiction. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2151-2164. [PMID: 29381352 PMCID: PMC5812813 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Inhibition of GABA aminotransferase (GABA-AT), a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that degrades GABA, has been established as a possible strategy for the treatment of substance abuse. The raised GABA levels that occur as a consequence of this inhibition have been found to antagonize the rapid release of dopamine in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) that follows an acute challenge by an addictive substance. In addition, increased GABA levels are also known to elicit an anticonvulsant effect in patients with epilepsy. We previously designed the mechanism-based inactivator (1S,3S)-3-amino-4-difluoromethylenyl-1-cyclopentanoic acid (2), now called CPP-115, that is 186 times more efficient in inactivating GABA-AT than vigabatrin, the only FDA-approved drug that is an inactivator of GABA-AT. CPP-115 was found to have high therapeutic potential for the treatment of cocaine addiction and for a variety of epilepsies, has successfully completed a Phase I safety clinical trial, and was found to be effective in the treatment of infantile spasms (West syndrome). Herein we report the design, using molecular dynamics simulations, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new mechanism-based inactivator, (S)-3-amino-4-(difluoromethylenyl)cyclopent-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid (5), which was found to be almost 10 times more efficient as an inactivator of GABA-AT than CPP-115. We also present the unexpected crystal structure of 5 bound to GABA-AT, as well as computational analyses used to assist the structure elucidation process. Furthermore, 5 was found to have favorable pharmacokinetic properties and low off-target activities. In vivo studies in freely moving rats showed that 5 was dramatically superior to CPP-115 in suppressing the release of dopamine in the corpus striatum, which occurs subsequent to either an acute cocaine or nicotine challenge. Compound 5 also attenuated increased metabolic demands (neuronal glucose metabolism) in the hippocampus, a brain region that encodes spatial information concerning the environment in which an animal receives a reinforcing or aversive drug. This multidisciplinary computational design to preclinical efficacy approach should be applicable to the design and improvement of mechanism-based inhibitors of other enzymes whose crystal structures and inactivation mechanisms are known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose I. Juncosa
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kenji Takaya
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hoang V. Le
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew J. Moschitto
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pathum M. Weerawarna
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Romila Mascarenhas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Stephen L. Dewey
- Center for Neurosciences, Laboratory for Behavioral and Molecular Neuroimaging, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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21
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Prescot AP, Miller SR, Ingenito G, Huber RS, Kondo DG, Renshaw PF. In Vivo Detection of CPP-115 Target Engagement in Human Brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:646-654. [PMID: 28741622 PMCID: PMC5770752 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CPP-115, a next-generation γ-amino butyric acid (GABA)-aminotransferase (AT) inhibitor, shows comparable pharmacokinetics, improved safety and tolerability, and a more favorable toxicity profile when compared with vigabatrin. The pharmacodynamic characteristics of CPP-115 remain to be evaluated. The present study employed state-of-the-art proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques to measure changes in brain GABA+ (the composite resonance of GABA, homocarnosine, and macromolecules) concentrations in healthy subjects receiving oral daily doses of CPP-115 or placebo. Six healthy adult males were randomized to receive either single daily 80 mg doses of CPP-115 (n=4) or placebo (n=2) for 6, 10, or 14 days. Metabolite-edited spectra and two-dimensional J-resolved spectroscopy data were acquired from the parietal-occipital cortex and supplementary motor area in all subjects. Four scans were performed in each subject that included a predrug baseline measure, two scans during the dosing timeframe, and a final scan that occurred 1 week after drug cessation. CPP-115 induced robust and significant increases in brain GABA+ concentrations that ranged between 52 and 141% higher than baseline values. Elevated GABA+ concentrations returned to baseline values following drug clearance. Subjects receiving placebo showed no significant changes in GABA+ concentration. CPP-115-induced changes were exclusive to GABA and homocarnosine, and CPP-115 afforded brain GABA+ concentration changes comparable to or greater than previous vigabatrin spectroscopy studies in healthy epilepsy-naive subjects. The return to baseline GABA+ concentration indicates the reversible GABA-AT resynthesis following drug washout. These preliminary data warrant further spectroscopy studies that characterize the acute pharmacodynamic effects of CPP-115 with additional dose-descending measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Prescot
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA, Tel: +1 801 587 1441, Fax: +1 801 585 5375, E-mail:
| | | | | | - Rebekah S Huber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Douglas G Kondo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Perry F Renshaw
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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22
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The interplay between ventro striatal BDNF levels and the effects of valproic acid on the acquisition of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference in mice. Neurosci Lett 2017; 660:86-89. [PMID: 28889008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is a chronic, relapsing and progressive brain disease with serious consequences for health. Compulsive use of alcohol is associated with the capacity to change brain structures involved with the reward pathway, such as ventral striatum. Recent evidence suggests a role of chromatin remodeling in the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence and addictive-like behaviors. In addition, neuroadaptive changes mediated by the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) seems to be an interesting pharmacological target for alcoholism treatment. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of the deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) (300mg/kg) on the conditioned rewarding effects of ethanol using conditioned place preference (CPP) (15% v/v; 2g/kg). Ethanol rewarding effect was investigated using a biased protocol of CPP. BDNF levels were measured in the ventral striatum. Ethanol administration induced CPP. VPA pretreatment did not reduce ethanol-CPP acquisition. VPA pretreatment increased BDNF levels when compared to ethanol induced-CPP. VPA pretreatment increased BDNF levels even in saline conditioned mice. Taken together, our results indicate a modulatory effect of VPA on the BDNF levels in the ventral striatum. Overall, this study brings initial insights into the involvement of neurotrophic mechanisms in the ventral striatum in ethanol-induced addictive-like behavior.
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23
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McCune CD, Beio ML, Sturdivant JM, de la Salud-Bea R, Darnell BM, Berkowitz DB. Synthesis and Deployment of an Elusive Fluorovinyl Cation Equivalent: Access to Quaternary α-(1'-Fluoro)vinyl Amino Acids as Potential PLP Enzyme Inactivators. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14077-14089. [PMID: 28906111 PMCID: PMC6052324 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Developing specific chemical functionalities to deploy in biological environments for targeted enzyme inactivation lies at the heart of mechanism-based inhibitor development but also is central to other protein-tagging methods in modern chemical biology including activity-based protein profiling and proteolysis-targeting chimeras. We describe here a previously unknown class of potential PLP enzyme inactivators; namely, a family of quaternary, α-(1'-fluoro)vinyl amino acids, bearing the side chains of the cognate amino acids. These are obtained by the capture of suitably protected amino acid enolates with β,β-difluorovinyl phenyl sulfone, a new (1'-fluoro)vinyl cation equivalent, and an electrophile that previously eluded synthesis, capture and characterization. A significant variety of biologically relevant AA side chains are tolerated including those for alanine, valine, leucine, methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Following addition/elimination, the resulting transoid α-(1'-fluoro)-β-(phenylsulfonyl)vinyl AA-esters undergo smooth sulfone-stannane interchange to stereoselectively give the corresponding transoid α-(1'-fluoro)-β-(tributylstannyl)vinyl AA-esters. Protodestannylation and global deprotection then yield these sterically encumbered and densely functionalized quaternary amino acids. The α-(1'-fluoro)vinyl trigger, a potential allene-generating functionality originally proposed by Abeles, is now available in a quaternary AA context for the first time. In an initial test of this new inhibitor class, α-(1'-fluoro)vinyllysine is seen to act as a time-dependent, irreversible inactivator of lysine decarboxylase from Hafnia alvei. The enantiomers of the inhibitor could be resolved, and each is seen to give time-dependent inactivation with this enzyme. Kitz-Wilson analysis reveals similar inactivation parameters for the two antipodes, L-α-(1'-fluoro)vinyllysine (Ki = 630 ± 20 μM; t1/2 = 2.8 min) and D-α-(1'-fluoro)vinyllysine (Ki = 470 ± 30 μM; t1/2 = 3.6 min). The stage is now set for exploration of the efficacy of this trigger in other PLP-enzyme active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brendan M. Darnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304
| | - David B. Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304
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24
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Galanopoulou AS, Mowrey WB, Liu W, Li Q, Shandra O, Moshé SL. Preclinical Screening for Treatments for Infantile Spasms in the Multiple Hit Rat Model of Infantile Spasms: An Update. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1949-1961. [PMID: 28462453 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infantile spasms are the typical seizures of West syndrome, an infantile epileptic encephalopathy with poor outcomes. There is an increasing need to identify more effective and better tolerated treatments for infantile spasms. We have optimized the rat model of infantile spasms due to structural etiology, the multiple-hit rat model, for therapy discovery. Here, we test three compounds administered after spasms induction in the multiple hit model for efficacy and tolerability. Specifically, postnatal day 3 (PN3) male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by right intracerebral injections of doxorubicin and lipopolysaccharide. On PN5 p-chlorophenylalanine was given intraperitoneally (i.p.). Daily monitoring of weights and developmental milestones was done and rats were intermittently video monitored. A blinded, randomized, vehicle-controlled study design was followed. The caspase 1 inhibitor VX-765 (50-200 mg/kg i.p.) and the GABAB receptor inhibitor CGP35348 (12.5-100 mg/kg i.p.) each was administered in different cohorts as single intraperitoneal injections on PN4, using a dose- and time-response design with intermittent monitoring till PN5. 17β-estradiol (40 ng/g/day subcutaneously) was given daily between PN3-10 and intermittent monitoring was done till PN12. None of the treatments demonstrated acute or delayed effects on spasms, yet all were well tolerated. We discuss the implications for therapy discovery and challenges of replication trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Montefiore/Einstein Epilepsy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Kennedy Center Rm 306, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Wenzhu B Mowrey
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Qianyun Li
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Oleksii Shandra
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Montefiore/Einstein Epilepsy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Kennedy Center Rm 306, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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25
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Patent highlights August-September 2016. Pharm Pat Anal 2017; 6:17-24. [PMID: 28155581 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2016-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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26
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Doumlele K, Conway E, Hedlund J, Tolete P, Devinsky O. A case report on the efficacy of vigabatrin analogue (1S, 3S)-3-amino-4-difluoromethylenyl-1-cyclopentanoic acid (CPP-115) in a patient with infantile spasms. EPILEPSY & BEHAVIOR CASE REPORTS 2016; 6:67-9. [PMID: 27668180 PMCID: PMC5024311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebcr.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
West Syndrome is characterized by infantile spasms, a hypsarrhythmic electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern, and a poor neurodevelopmental prognosis. First-line treatments include adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and vigabatrin, but adverse effects often limit their use. CPP-115 is a high-affinity vigabatrin analogue developed to increase therapeutic potency and to limit retinal toxicity. Here, we present a child treated with CPP-115 through an investigational new drug protocol who experienced a marked reduction of seizures with no evidence of retinal dysfunction. Given the potential consequences of ongoing infantile spasms and the limitations of available treatments, further assessment of CPP-115 is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Doumlele
- New York University School of Medicine, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Erin Conway
- New York University School of Medicine, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Julie Hedlund
- New York University School of Medicine, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Patricia Tolete
- New York University School of Medicine, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- New York University School of Medicine, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
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27
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Do traditional anti-seizure drugs have a future? A review of potential anti-seizure drugs in clinical development. Pharmacol Res 2016; 104:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Galanopoulou AS, Moshé SL. Neonatal and Infantile Epilepsy: Acquired and Genetic Models. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 6:a022707. [PMID: 26637437 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of seizures and epilepsies is particularly high during the neonatal and infantile periods. We will review selected animal models of early-life epileptic encephalopathies that have addressed the dyscognitive features of frequent interictal spikes, the pathogenesis and treatments of infantile spasms (IS) or Dravet syndrome, disorders with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) dysregulation, and selected early-life epilepsies with genetic defects. Potentially pathogenic mechanisms in these conditions include interneuronopathies in IS or Dravet syndrome and mTOR dysregulation in brain malformations, tuberous sclerosis, and related genetic disorders, or IS of acquired etiology. These models start to generate the first therapeutic drugs, which have been specifically developed in immature animals. However, there are challenges in translating preclinical discoveries into clinically relevant findings. The advances made so far hold promise that the new insights may potentially have curative or disease-modifying potential for many of these devastating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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29
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Korpi ER, den Hollander B, Farooq U, Vashchinkina E, Rajkumar R, Nutt DJ, Hyytiä P, Dawe GS. Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:872-1004. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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30
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Lee H, Le HV, Wu R, Doud E, Sanishvili R, Kellie JF, Compton PD, Pachaiyappan B, Liu D, Kelleher NL, Silverman RB. Mechanism of Inactivation of GABA Aminotransferase by (E)- and (Z)-(1S,3S)-3-Amino-4-fluoromethylenyl-1-cyclopentanoic Acid. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2087-98. [PMID: 26110556 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, falls below a threshold level, seizures occur. One approach to raise GABA concentrations is to inhibit GABA aminotransferase (GABA-AT), a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme that degrades GABA. We have previously developed (1S,3S)-3-amino-4-difluoromethylene-1-cyclopentanoic acid (CPP-115), which is 186 times more efficient in inactivating GABA-AT than vigabatrin, the only FDA-approved inactivator of GABA-AT. We also developed (E)- and (Z)-(1S,3S)-3-amino-4-fluoromethylenyl-1-cyclopentanoic acid (1 and 2, respectively), monofluorinated analogs of CPP-115, which are comparable to vigabatrin in inactivating GABA-AT. Here, we report the mechanism of inactivation of GABA-AT by 1 and 2. Both produce a metabolite that induces disruption of the Glu270-Arg445 salt bridge to accommodate interaction between the metabolite formyl group and Arg445. This is the second time that Arg445 has interacted with a ligand and is involved in GABA-AT inactivation, thereby confirming the importance of Arg445 in future inactivator design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbeom Lee
- Departments
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes
Institute, and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hoang V. Le
- Departments
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes
Institute, and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rui Wu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Emma Doud
- Departments
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center
of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ruslan Sanishvili
- X-ray
Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - John F. Kellie
- Departments
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center
of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Phillip D. Compton
- Departments
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center
of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Boobalan Pachaiyappan
- Departments
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes
Institute, and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dali Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Departments
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center
of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Departments
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes
Institute, and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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31
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Galanopoulou AS, Moshé SL. Pathogenesis and new candidate treatments for infantile spasms and early life epileptic encephalopathies: A view from preclinical studies. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 79:135-49. [PMID: 25968935 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early onset and infantile epileptic encephalopathies (EIEEs) are usually associated with medically intractable or difficult to treat epileptic seizures and prominent cognitive, neurodevelopmental and behavioral consequences. EIEEs have numerous etiologies that contribute to the inter- and intra-syndromic phenotypic variability. Etiologies include structural and metabolic or genetic etiologies although a significant percentage is of unknown cause. The need to better understand their pathogenic mechanisms and identify better therapies has driven the development of animal models of EIEEs. Several rodent models of infantile spasms have emerged that recapitulate various aspects of the disease. The acute models manifest epileptic spasms after induction and include the NMDA rat model, the NMDA model with prior prenatal betamethasone or perinatal stress exposure, and the γ-butyrolactone induced spasms in a mouse model of Down syndrome. The chronic models include the tetrodotoxin rat model, the aristaless related homeobox X-linked (Arx) mouse models and the multiple-hit rat model of infantile spasms. We will discuss the main features and findings from these models on target mechanisms and emerging therapies. Genetic models have also provided interesting data on the pathogenesis of Dravet syndrome and proposed new therapies for testing. The genetic associations of many of the EIEEs have also been tested in rodent models as to their pathogenicity. Finally, several models have tested the impact of subclinical epileptiform discharges on brain function. The impact of these advances in animal modeling for therapy development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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32
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Le HV, Hawker DD, Wu R, Doud E, Widom J, Sanishvili R, Liu D, Kelleher NL, Silverman RB. Design and mechanism of tetrahydrothiophene-based γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase inactivators. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4525-33. [PMID: 25781189 PMCID: PMC4390550 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), one of two major neurotransmitters that regulate brain neuronal activity, are associated with many neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and cocaine addiction. One of the main methods to raise the GABA level in human brain is to use small molecules that cross the blood-brain barrier and inhibit the activity of γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT), the enzyme that degrades GABA. We have designed a series of conformationally restricted tetrahydrothiophene-based GABA analogues with a properly positioned leaving group that could facilitate a ring-opening mechanism, leading to inactivation of GABA-AT. One compound in the series is 8 times more efficient an inactivator of GABA-AT than vigabatrin, the only FDA-approved inactivator of GABA-AT. Our mechanistic studies show that the compound inactivates GABA-AT by a new mechanism. The metabolite resulting from inactivation does not covalently bind to amino acid residues of GABA-AT but stays in the active site via H-bonding interactions with Arg-192, a π-π interaction with Phe-189, and a weak nonbonded S···O═C interaction with Glu-270, thereby inactivating the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang V. Le
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Dustin D. Hawker
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660
| | - Emma Doud
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Julia Widom
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Ruslan Sanishvili
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660
| | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
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Shorter D, Domingo CB, Kosten TR. Emerging drugs for the treatment of cocaine use disorder: a review of neurobiological targets and pharmacotherapy. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2014; 20:15-29. [PMID: 25425416 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2015.985203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cocaine use is a global public health concern of significant magnitude, negatively impacting both the individual as well as larger society. Despite numerous trials, the discovery of an effective medication for treatment of cocaine use disorder remains elusive. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the emerging pharmacotherapies for treatment of cocaine use disorder, focusing on those medications that are currently in Phase II or III human clinical trials. Articles reviewed were obtained through searches of PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Clinicaltrials.gov and the Pharmaprojects database. EXPERT OPINION Research into cocaine pharmacotherapy must continue to show innovation. Given that medications targeting single neurotransmitter systems have demonstrated little efficacy in treatment of cocaine use disorder, the recent focus on pharmacotherapeutic agents with multiple neurobiochemical targets represents an exciting shift in trial design and approach. Additionally, consideration of pharmacogenetics may be helpful in identification of subpopulations of cocaine-dependent individuals who may preferentially respond to medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Shorter
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Research Service Line , 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Bldg 121, Office 121-137, Houston, TX 77030 , USA +1 713 791 1414 Ext. 24643 ;
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Lee H, Juncosa JI, Silverman RB. Ornithine aminotransferase versus GABA aminotransferase: implications for the design of new anticancer drugs. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:286-305. [PMID: 25145640 DOI: 10.1002/med.21328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) and γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT) are classified under the same evolutionary subgroup and share a large portion of structural, functional, and mechanistic features. Therefore, it is not surprising that many molecules that bind to GABA-AT also bind well to OAT. Unlike GABA-AT, OAT had not been viewed as a potential therapeutic target until recently; consequently, the number of therapeutically viable molecules that target OAT is very limited. In this review the two enzymes are compared with respect to their active-site structures, catalytic and inactivation mechanisms, and selective inhibitors. Insight is offered that could aid in the design and development of new selective inhibitors of OAT for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbeom Lee
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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Effect of baclofen on morphine-induced conditioned place preference, extinction, and stress-induced reinstatement in chronically stressed mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:27-36. [PMID: 23892776 PMCID: PMC3889653 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE A stress-induced increase in excitability can result from a reduction in inhibitory neurotransmission. Modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic transmission is an effective treatment for drug seeking and relapse. This study investigated whether baclofen, a GABA(B) receptor agonist, had an impact on morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), extinction, and stress-induced relapse in chronically stressed mice. METHODS Chronic stress was induced by restraining mice for 2 h for seven consecutive days. We first investigated whether chronic stress influenced morphine-induced CPP, extinction, and stress-induced relapse in the stressed mice. Next, we investigated whether three different doses of baclofen influenced chronic stress as measured by the expression of morphine-induced CPP. We chose the most effective dose for subsequent extinction and reinstatement experiments. Reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP was induced by a 6-min forced swim stress. Locomotor activity was also measured for each test. RESULTS Chronic stress facilitated the expression of morphine-induced CPP and prolonged extinction time. Forced swim stress primed the reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP in mice. Baclofen treatment affected the impact of chronic stress on different phases of morphine-induced CPP. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that baclofen antagonized the effects of chronic stress on morphine-induced CPP. These findings suggest the potential clinical utility of GABA(B) receptor-positive modulators as an anti-addiction agent in people suffering from chronic stress.
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Briggs SW, Mowrey W, Hall CB, Galanopoulou AS. CPP-115, a vigabatrin analogue, decreases spasms in the multiple-hit rat model of infantile spasms. Epilepsia 2013; 55:94-102. [PMID: 24321005 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infantile spasms (IS) have poor outcomes and limited treatment options, including vigabatrin, a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) aminotransferase inactivator. Vigabatrin has been associated with retinal toxicity. A high affinity vigabatrin analogue (CPP-115; Catalyst Pharmaceutical Partners, Inc., Coral Gables, FL, U.S.A.) has shown lower risk of retinal toxicity. Here, we test the efficacy of CPP-115 in reducing spasms and its tolerability in the multiple-hit rat model of IS, in which daily vigabatrin reduced spasms for only one day, but was not well tolerated. METHODS Male rats were treated with the protocol of the multiple-hit model of IS on postnatal day 3 (PN3). Using a randomized, blinded, vehicle-controlled, dose-response study design, CPP-115 (0.1, 1, or 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.]) or vehicle was given daily (PN4-12) or as a single injection (PN7) after spasm onset. Intermittent video- or video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring was done. Secondary end points included the following: daily weights, survival, performance on open field activity, surface righting time, and negative geotaxis (PN3-20), horizontal bar (PN13-20), and Barnes maze (PN16-19). Statistics used a linear mixed model of raw or normalized log-transformed data, taking into account the repeated observations on each animal. RESULTS The lower CPP-115 doses (0.1-1 mg/kg/day, PN4-12) reduced spasms between PN6 and 7 without increasing mortality. CPP-115 at 5 mg/kg/day (PN4-12) reduced spasms earlier (PN5), but was eventually lethal. A single CPP-115 injection (1 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased electroclinical spasms acutely but transiently. CPP-115 transiently improved the probability to >50% reduction of spasms, but did not accelerate spasm cessation. CPP-115 did not alter neurodevelopmental outcomes or visuospatial learning. SIGNIFICANCE We provide proof-of-concept evidence that CPP-115, a vigabatrin analogue, decreases spasms in the multiple-hit rat model of IS at considerably lower and better tolerated doses than vigabatrin did in our previous studies. Further optimization of the treatment protocol is needed. CPP-115 may be a promising new candidate treatment for IS with better tolerability than vigabatrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Briggs
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, U.S.A; Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy and Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, U.S.A
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Faiman MD, Kaul S, Latif SA, Williams TD, Lunte CE. S-(N, N-diethylcarbamoyl)glutathione (carbamathione), a disulfiram metabolite and its effect on nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex dopamine, GABA, and glutamate: a microdialysis study. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:95-105. [PMID: 23891816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Disulfiram (DSF), used for the treatment of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) for over six decades, most recently has shown promise for treating cocaine dependence. Although DSF's mechanism of action in alcohol abuse is due to the inhibition of liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), its mechanism of action in the treatment of cocaine dependence is unknown. DSF is a pro-drug, forming a number of metabolites each with discrete pharmacological actions. One metabolite formed during DSF bioactivation is S-(N, N-diethylcarbamoyl) glutathione (carbamathione) (carb). We previously showed that carb affects glutamate binding. In the present studies, we employed microdialysis techniques to investigate the effect of carb administration on dopamine (DA), GABA, and glutamate (Glu) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), two brain regions implicated in substance abuse dependence. The effect of DSF on DA, GABA, and Glu in the NAc also was determined. Both studies were carried out in male rats. Carb (20, 50, 200 mg/kg i v) in a dose-dependent manner increased DA, decreased GABA, and had a biphasic effect on Glu, first increasing and then decreasing Glu in both the NAc and mPFC. These changes all occurred concurrently. After carb administration, NAc and mPFC carb, as well as carb in plasma, were rapidly eliminated with a half-life for each approximately 4 min, while the changes in DA, GABA, and GLu in the NAc and mPFC persisted for approximately two hours. The maximal increase in carb (Cmax) in the NAc and mPFC after carb administration was dose-dependent, as was the area under the curve (AUC). DSF (200 mg/kg i p) also increased DA, decreased GABA, and had a biphasic effect on Glu in the NAc similar to that observed in the NAc after carb administration. When the cytochrome P450 inhibitor N-benzylimidazole (NBI) (20 mg/kg i p) was administered before DSF dosing, no carb could be detected in the NAc and plasma and also no changes in NAc DA, GABA, and GLu occurred. Changes in these neurotransmitters occurred only if carb was formed from DSF. When NBI was administered prior to dosing with carb, the increase in DA, decrease in GABA, and biphasic effect on GLu was similar to that seen after dosing with carb only. The i p or i v administration of carb showed similar changes in DA, GABA, and GLu, except the time to reach Cmax for DA as well as the changes in GABA, and GLu after i p administration occurred later. The elimination half-life of carb and the area under the curve (AUC) were similar after both routes of administration. It is concluded that carb must be formed from DSF before any changes in DA, GABA, and GLu in the NAc and mPFC are observed. DSF and carb, when administered to rats, co-release DA, GABA, and GLu. Carb, once formed can cross the blood brain barrier and enter the brain. Although inhibition of liver ALDH2 is the accepted mechanism for DSF's action in treating AUDs, the concurrent changes in DA, GABA, and GLu in the NAc and mPFC after DSF administration suggest that changes in these neurotransmitters as a potential mechanism of action not only for AUDs, but also for cocaine dependence cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris D Faiman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Swetha Kaul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Shaheen A Latif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Todd D Williams
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Craig E Lunte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Silverman RB. The 2011 E. B. Hershberg award for important discoveries in medicinally active substances: (1S,3S)-3-amino-4-difluoromethylenyl-1-cyclopentanoic acid (CPP-115), a GABA aminotransferase inactivator and new treatment for drug addiction and infantile spasms. J Med Chem 2012; 55:567-75. [PMID: 22168767 PMCID: PMC3266980 DOI: 10.1021/jm201650r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States.
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