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Chhabra M, Shanthamurthy CD, Kumar NV, Mardhekar S, Vishweshwara SS, Wimmer N, Modhiran N, Watterson D, Amarilla AA, Cha JS, Beckett JR, De Voss JJ, Kayal Y, Vlodavsky I, Dorsett LR, Smith RAA, Gandhi NS, Kikkeri R, Ferro V. Amphiphilic Heparinoids as Potent Antiviral Agents against SARS-CoV-2. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11885-11916. [PMID: 38995734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of heparinoid amphiphiles as inhibitors of heparanase and SARS-CoV-2. By employing a tailor-made synthetic strategy, a library of highly sulfated homo-oligosaccharides bearing d-glucose or a C5-epimer (i.e., l-idose or l-iduronic acid) conjugated with various lipophilic groups was synthesized and investigated for antiviral activity. Sulfated higher oligosaccharides of d-glucose or l-idose with lipophilic aglycones displayed potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 and antiheparanse activity, similar to or better than pixatimod (PG545), and were more potent than their isosteric l-iduronic acid congeners. Lipophilic groups such as cholestanol and C18-aliphatic substitution are more advantageous than functional group appended lipophilic moieties. These findings confirm that fine-tuning of higher oligosaccharides, degree of sulfation, and lipophilic groups can yield compounds with potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Chhabra
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Chethan D Shanthamurthy
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | | | - Sandhya Mardhekar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sharath S Vishweshwara
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Norbert Wimmer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alberto A Amarilla
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Cha
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James R Beckett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yasmin Kayal
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Lauren R Dorsett
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Raymond A A Smith
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Neha S Gandhi
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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2
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Zhang Y, Xiong M, Chen Z, Seabra G, Liu J, Li C, Cui L. Design Principle of Heparanase Inhibitors: A Combined In Vitro and In Silico Study. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:1032-1040. [PMID: 39015272 PMCID: PMC11247634 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is an enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) side chains from heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Overexpression of HPSE is associated with various types of cancer, inflammation, and immune disorders, making it a highly promising therapeutic target. Previously developed HPSE inhibitors that have advanced to clinical trials are polysaccharide-derived compounds or their mimetics; however, these molecules tend to suffer from poor bioavailability, side effects via targeting other saccharide binding proteins, and heterogeneity. Few small-molecule inhibitors have progressed to the preclinical or clinical stages, leaving a gap in HPSE drug discovery. In this study, a novel small molecule that can inhibit HPSE activity was discovered through high-throughput screening (HTS) using an ultrasensitive HPSE probe. Computational tools were employed to elucidate the mechanisms of inhibition. The essential structural features of the hit compound were summarized into a structure-activity relationship (SAR) theory, providing insights into the future design of HPSE small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhao Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Meijun Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Zixin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Gustavo Seabra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Lina Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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Gamez M, Elhegni HE, Fawaz S, Ho KH, Campbell NW, Copland DA, Onions KL, Butler MJ, Wasson EJ, Crompton M, Ramnath RD, Qiu Y, Yamaguchi Y, Arkill KP, Bates DO, Turnbull JE, Zubkova OV, Welsh GI, Atan D, Satchell SC, Foster RR. Heparanase inhibition as a systemic approach to protect the endothelial glycocalyx and prevent microvascular complications in diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:50. [PMID: 38302978 PMCID: PMC10835837 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which is detrimental to cardiovascular health, often leading to secondary microvascular complications, with huge global health implications. Therapeutic interventions that can be applied to multiple vascular beds are urgently needed. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are characterised by early microvascular permeability changes which, if left untreated, lead to visual impairment and renal failure, respectively. The heparan sulphate cleaving enzyme, heparanase, has previously been shown to contribute to diabetic microvascular complications, but the common underlying mechanism which results in microvascular dysfunction in conditions such as DR and DKD has not been determined. METHODS In this study, two mouse models of heparan sulphate depletion (enzymatic removal and genetic ablation by endothelial specific Exotosin-1 knock down) were utilized to investigate the impact of endothelial cell surface (i.e., endothelial glycocalyx) heparan sulphate loss on microvascular barrier function. Endothelial glycocalyx changes were measured using fluorescence microscopy or transmission electron microscopy. To measure the impact on barrier function, we used sodium fluorescein angiography in the eye and a glomerular albumin permeability assay in the kidney. A type 2 diabetic (T2D, db/db) mouse model was used to determine the therapeutic potential of preventing heparan sulphate damage using treatment with a novel heparanase inhibitor, OVZ/HS-1638. Endothelial glycocalyx changes were measured as above, and microvascular barrier function assessed by albumin extravasation in the eye and a glomerular permeability assay in the kidney. RESULTS In both models of heparan sulphate depletion, endothelial glycocalyx depth was reduced and retinal solute flux and glomerular albumin permeability was increased. T2D mice treated with OVZ/HS-1638 had improved endothelial glycocalyx measurements compared to vehicle treated T2D mice and were simultaneously protected from microvascular permeability changes associated with DR and DKD. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that endothelial glycocalyx heparan sulphate plays a common mechanistic role in microvascular barrier function in the eye and kidney. Protecting the endothelial glycocalyx damage in diabetes, using the novel heparanase inhibitor OVZ/HS-1638, effectively prevents microvascular permeability changes associated with DR and DKD, demonstrating a novel systemic approach to address diabetic microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gamez
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom.
| | - Hesham E Elhegni
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fawaz
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Kwan Ho Ho
- Department of Computer Science, Merchant Venturers Building, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, United Kingdom
| | - Neill W Campbell
- Department of Computer Science, Merchant Venturers Building, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, United Kingdom
| | - David A Copland
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L Onions
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Butler
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Wasson
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Crompton
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Raina D Ramnath
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Qiu
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kenton P Arkill
- School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - David O Bates
- School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Centre for Glycoscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Olga V Zubkova
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5046, New Zealand
| | - Gavin I Welsh
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Denize Atan
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Bristol Eye Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol & Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS1 2LX, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Satchell
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca R Foster
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
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Herczeg M, Demeter F, Nagy T, Rusznyák Á, Hodek J, Sipos É, Lekli I, Fenyvesi F, Weber J, Kéki S, Borbás A. Block Synthesis and Step-Growth Polymerization of C-6-Sulfonatomethyl-Containing Sulfated Malto-Oligosaccharides and Their Biological Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:677. [PMID: 38203849 PMCID: PMC10779578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly sulfated malto-oligomers, similar to heparin and heparan-sulfate, have good antiviral, antimetastatic, anti-inflammatory and cell growth inhibitory effects. Due to their broad biological activities and simple structure, sulfated malto-oligomer derivatives have a great therapeutic potential, therefore, the development of efficient synthesis methods for their production is of utmost importance. In this work, preparation of α-(1→4)-linked oligoglucosides containing a sulfonatomethyl moiety at position C-6 of each glucose unit was studied by different approaches. Malto-oligomeric sulfonic acid derivatives up to dodecasaccharides were prepared by polymerization using different protecting groups, and the composition of the product mixtures was analyzed by MALDI-MS methods and size-exclusion chromatography. Synthesis of lower oligomers was also accomplished by stepwise and block synthetic methods, and then the oligosaccharide products were persulfated. The antiviral, anti-inflammatory and cell growth inhibitory activity of the fully sulfated malto-oligosaccharide sulfonic acids were determined by in vitro tests. Four tested di- and trisaccharide sulfonic acids effectively inhibited the activation of the TNF-α-mediated inflammatory pathway without showing cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Herczeg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Fruzsina Demeter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Ágnes Rusznyák
- Department of Molecular and Nanopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.R.); (F.F.)
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jan Hodek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Éva Sipos
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (É.S.); (I.L.)
| | - István Lekli
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (É.S.); (I.L.)
| | - Ferenc Fenyvesi
- Department of Molecular and Nanopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.R.); (F.F.)
| | - Jan Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- HUN-REN-UD Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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5
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Guo P, Li H, Wang X, Li X, Li X. PG545 Prevents Osteoarthritis Development by Regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling and Activating Chondrocyte Autophagy. Pharmacology 2023; 108:576-588. [PMID: 37820587 DOI: 10.1159/000532078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease common in the elderly and is characterized by joint pain, swelling, and restricted movement. In recent years, heparanase has been reported to play an important role in the development of osteoarthritic cartilage. PG545 is a heparan sulfate mimetic with heparanase inhibitory activity. In this study, the therapeutic effects and possible mechanisms of PG545 were investigated in a chondrocyte injury model induced by interleukin-1β (IL -1β). METHODS Following treatment with PG545 or the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA), chondrocyte viability was detected using Cell Counting Kit-8 and fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide double staining. The apoptosis rate of chondrocytes was determined by flow cytometry. Expression of light chain 3 and P62 was monitored by immunofluorescence labeling. Western blot, lentivirus infection with red fluorescent protein and green fluorescent protein, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to determine the expression levels of chondrocyte markers, apoptosis-related factors, autophagy proteins, and key proteins of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. The expression and activity of stress-specific enzymes such as malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase (CAT) were investigated. Chondrocytes with ATG5 knockdown were used to investigate the relationship between the therapeutic effect of PG545 and autophagy. The therapeutic effect of PG545 was verified in vivo. RESULTS PG545 had a significant protective effect on chondrocytes by reducing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and degradation of chondrocytes and increasing chondrocyte proliferation. PG545 was effective in inducing autophagy in IL-1β-treated cells, while 3-MA attenuated the effect. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway may be involved in the promotion of autophagy and OA treatment by PG545. CONCLUSION PG545 was able to restore impaired autophagy and autophagic flux via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, thereby delaying the progression of OA, suggesting that PG545 may be a novel therapeutic approach for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Sport Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xingguo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Chopra P, Yadavalli T, Palmieri F, Jongkees SAK, Unione L, Shukla D, Boons GJ. Synthetic Heparanase Inhibitors Can Prevent Herpes Simplex Viral Spread. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309838. [PMID: 37555536 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) employs heparan sulfate (HS) as receptor for cell attachment and entry. During late-stage infection, the virus induces the upregulation of human heparanase (Hpse) to remove cell surface HS allowing viral spread. We hypothesized that inhibition of Hpse will prevent viral release thereby representing a new therapeutic strategy for HSV-1. A range of HS-oligosaccharides was prepared to examine the importance of chain length and 2-O-sulfation of iduronic moieties for Hpse inhibition. It was found that hexa- and octasaccharides potently inhibited the enzyme and that 2-O-sulfation of iduronic acid is tolerated. Computational studies provided a rationale for the observed structure-activity relationship. Treatment of human corneal epithelial cells (HCEs) infected with HSV-1 with the hexa- and octasaccharide blocked viral induced shedding of HS which significantly reduced spread of virions. The compounds also inhibited migration and proliferation of immortalized HCEs thereby providing additional therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Francesco Palmieri
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Seino A K Jongkees
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Unione
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Current address: CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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7
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Katner S, Ginsburg EP, Hampton JD, Peterson EJ, Koblinski JE, Farrell NP. A Comparison of Di- and Trinuclear Platinum Complexes Interacting with Glycosaminoglycans for Targeted Chemotherapy. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1224-1230. [PMID: 37736178 PMCID: PMC10510529 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and their associated proteins aid in tumor progression through modulation of biological events such as cell invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and immunological responses. Metalloshielding of the anionic heparan sulfate (HS) chains by cationic polynuclear platinum complexes (PPCs) prevents the HS from interacting with HS-associated proteins and thus diminishes the critical functions of HSPG. Studies herein exploring the PPC-HS interactions demonstrated that a series of PPCs varying in charge, nuclearity, distance between Pt centers, and hydrogen-bonding ability influence HS affinity. We report that the polyamine-linked complexes have high HS affinity and display excellent in vivo activity against breast cancer metastases and those arising in the bone and liver compared to carboplatin. Overall, the PPC-HS niche offers an attractive approach for targeting HSPG-expressing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha
J. Katner
- Department
of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Geology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Mankato, Minnesota 56001, United States
| | - Eric P. Ginsburg
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - James D. Hampton
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Massey
Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Erica J. Peterson
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Massey
Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Koblinski
- Massey
Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Department
of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Farrell
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Massey
Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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8
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Wakpal J, Pathiranage V, Walker AR, Nguyen HM. Rational Design and Expedient Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate Mimetics from Natural Aminoglycosides for Structure and Activity Relationship Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304325. [PMID: 37285191 PMCID: PMC10527013 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) contains variably repeating disaccharide units organized into high- and low-sulfated domains. This rich structural diversity enables HS to interact with many proteins and regulate key signaling pathways. Efforts to understand structure-function relationships and harness the therapeutic potential of HS are hindered by the inability to synthesize an extensive library of well-defined HS structures. We herein report a rational and expedient approach to access a library of 27 oligosaccharides from natural aminoglycosides as HS mimetics in 7-12 steps. This strategy significantly reduces the number of steps as compared to the traditional synthesis of HS oligosaccharides from monosaccharide building blocks. Combined with computational insight, we identify a new class of four trisaccharide compounds derived from the aminoglycoside tobramycin that mimic natural HS and have a strong binding to heparanase but a low affinity for off-target platelet factor-4 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wakpal
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | - Alice R Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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9
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Zhang Y, Cui L. Discovery and development of small-molecule heparanase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 90:117335. [PMID: 37257254 PMCID: PMC10884955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase-1 (HPSE) is a promising yet challenging therapeutic target. It is the only known enzyme that is responsible for cleavage of heparan sulfate (HS) side chains from heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), and is the key enzyme involved in the remodeling and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Overexpression of HPSE is found in various types of diseases, including cancers, inflammations, diabetes, and viral infections. Inhibiting HPSE can restore ECM functions and integrity, making the development of HPSE inhibitors a highly sought-after topic. So far, all HPSE inhibitors that have entered clinical trials belong to the category of HS mimetics, and no small-molecule or drug-like HPSE inhibitors have made similar progress. None of the HS mimetics have been approved as drugs, with some clinical trials discontinued due to poor bioavailability, side effects, and unfavorable pharmacokinetics characteristics. Small-molecule HPSE inhibitors are, therefore, particularly appealing due to their drug-like characteristics. Advances in the chemical spaces and drug design technologies, including the increasing use of in vitro and in silico screening methods, have provided new opportunities in drug discovery. This article aims to review the discovery and development of small-molecule HPSE inhibitors via screening strategies to shed light on the future endeavors in the development of novel HPSE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhao Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lina Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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10
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Whitefield C, Vo Y, Schwartz BD, Hepburn C, Ahmed FH, Onagi H, Banwell MG, Nelms K, Malins LR, Jackson CJ. Complex Inhibitory Mechanism of Glycomimetics with Heparanase. Biochemistry 2023. [PMID: 37368361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is the only mammalian endo-β-glucuronidase known to catalyze the degradation of heparan sulfate. Dysfunction of HPSE activity has been linked to several disease states, resulting in HPSE becoming the target of numerous therapeutic programs, yet no drug has passed clinical trials to date. Pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) is a heterogeneous, FDA-approved drug for the treatment of interstitial cystitis and a known HPSE inhibitor. However, due to its heterogeneity, characterization of its mechanism of HPSE inhibition is challenging. Here, we show that inhibition of HPSE by PPS is complex, involving multiple overlapping binding events, each influenced by factors such as oligosaccharide length and inhibitor-induced changes in the protein secondary structure. The present work advances our molecular understanding of the inhibition of HPSE and will aid in the development of therapeutics for the treatment of a broad range of pathologies associated with enzyme dysfunction, including cancer, inflammatory disease, and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy Whitefield
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Yen Vo
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Brett D Schwartz
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Caryn Hepburn
- Waters Australia Pty Ltd, 38-46 South Street, Rydalmere, New South Wales 2116, Australia
| | - F Hafna Ahmed
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Hideki Onagi
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Martin G Banwell
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Keats Nelms
- Beta Therapeutics Pty. Ltd. Level 6, 121 Marcus Clarke Street, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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11
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Yang Y, Yuan F, Zhou H, Quan J, Liu C, Wang Y, Xiao F, Liu Q, Liu J, Zhang Y, Yu X. Potential roles of heparanase in cancer therapy: Current trends and future direction. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:896-917. [PMID: 36924082 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE; heparanase-1) is an endo-β-glucuronidase capable of degrading the carbohydrate moiety of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, thus modulating and facilitating the remodeling of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. HPSE activity is strongly associated with major human pathological complications, including but not limited to tumor progress and angiogenesis. Several lines of literature have shown that overexpression of HPSE leads to enhanced tumor growth and metastatic transmission, as well as poor prognosis. Gene silencing of HPSE or treatment of tumor with compounds that block HPSE activity are shown to remarkably attenuate tumor progression. Therefore, targeting HPSE is considered as a potential therapeutical strategy for the treatment of cancer. Intriguingly, recent findings disclose that heparanase-2 (HPSE-2), a close homolog of HPSE but lacking enzymatic activity, can also regulate antitumor mechanisms. Given the pleiotropic roles of HPSE, further investigation is in demand to determine the precise mechanism of regulating action of HPSE in different cancer settings. In this review, we first summarize the current understanding of HPSE, such as its structure, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution. Furthermore, we systematically review the pro- and antitumorigenic roles and mechanisms of HPSE in cancer progress. In addition, we delineate HPSE inhibitors that have entered clinical trials and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Fengyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Huiqin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Quan
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Chongyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Fen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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12
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Borlandelli V, Armstrong Z, Nin‐Hill A, Codée JDC, Raich L, Artola M, Rovira C, Davies GJ, Overkleeft HS. 4-O-Substituted Glucuronic Cyclophellitols are Selective Mechanism-Based Heparanase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200580. [PMID: 36533564 PMCID: PMC10947206 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) supports tissue integrity and homeostasis, but is also a key factor in cancer metastasis. Heparanase (HPSE) is a mammalian ECM-remodeling enzyme with β-D-endo-glucuronidase activity overexpressed in several malignancies, and is thought to facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. By this virtue, HPSE is considered an attractive target for the development of cancer therapies, yet to date no HPSE inhibitors have progressed to the clinic. Here we report on the discovery of glucurono-configured cyclitol derivatives featuring simple substituents at the 4-O-position as irreversible HPSE inhibitors. We show that these compounds, unlike glucurono-cyclophellitol, are selective for HPSE over β-D-exo-glucuronidase (GUSB), also in platelet lysate. The observed selectivity is induced by steric and electrostatic interactions of the substituents at the 4-O-position. Crystallographic analysis supports this rationale for HPSE selectivity, and computer simulations provide insights in the conformational preferences and binding poses of the inhibitors, which we believe are good starting points for the future development of HPSE-targeting antimetastatic cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Borlandelli
- Bio-organic SynthesisLeiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC)Leiden UniversityGorlaeus LaboratoriesEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Zachary Armstrong
- Bio-organic SynthesisLeiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC)Leiden UniversityGorlaeus LaboratoriesEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of ChemistryYork Structural Biology LaboratoryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYO10 5DDYorkUK
| | - Alba Nin‐Hill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB)Universitat de BarcelonaMartí i Franquès 108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Bio-organic SynthesisLeiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC)Leiden UniversityGorlaeus LaboratoriesEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Lluís Raich
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB)Universitat de BarcelonaMartí i Franquès 108028BarcelonaSpain
- Current address: Department of Mathematics and Computer ScienceFreie Universität Berlin14195BerlinGermany
| | - Marta Artola
- Bio-organic SynthesisLeiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC)Leiden UniversityGorlaeus LaboratoriesEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB)Universitat de BarcelonaMartí i Franquès 108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- Department of ChemistryYork Structural Biology LaboratoryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYO10 5DDYorkUK
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Bio-organic SynthesisLeiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC)Leiden UniversityGorlaeus LaboratoriesEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
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13
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Morla S, Ravikumar O, O’Hara C, Boothello R, Vera A, Abdelfadiel EI, Fayyad R, Afosah DK, Sharon C, Fernandez L, Shah SA, Patel BB, Desai UR. Designing Synthetic, Sulfated Glycosaminoglycan Mimetics That Are Orally Bioavailable and Exhibiting In Vivo Anticancer Activity. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1321-1338. [PMID: 36634271 PMCID: PMC9884082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), or synthetic mimetics thereof, are not favorably viewed as orally bioavailable drugs owing to their high number of anionic sulfate groups. Devising an approach for oral delivery of such highly sulfated molecules would be very useful. This work presents the concept that conjugating cholesterol to synthetic sulfated GAG mimetics enables oral delivery. A focused library of sulfated GAG mimetics was synthesized and found to inhibit the growth of a colorectal cancer cell line under spheroid conditions with a wide range of potencies ( 0.8 to 46 μM). Specific analogues containing cholesterol, either alone or in combination with clinical utilized drugs, exhibited pronounced in vivo anticancer potential with intraperitoneal as well as oral administration, as assessed by ex vivo tertiary and quaternary spheroid growth, cancer stem cell (CSC) markers, and/or self-renewal factors. Overall, cholesterol derivatization of highly sulfated GAG mimetics affords an excellent approach for engineering oral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Morla
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Ongolu Ravikumar
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Connor O’Hara
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Rio Boothello
- Division
of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Alberto Vera
- Hunter
Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249, United States
| | - Elsamani I. Abdelfadiel
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Rawan Fayyad
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Daniel K. Afosah
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Chetna Sharon
- Hunter
Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249, United States
| | - Leopoldo Fernandez
- Hunter
Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249, United States
- Massey
Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Division
of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249, United States
| | - Syed Ammer Shah
- Hunter
Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249, United States
- Massey
Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Division
of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249, United States
| | - Bhaumik B. Patel
- Division
of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Hunter
Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249, United States
- Massey
Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
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14
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Lemech C, Dredge K, Bampton D, Hammond E, Clouston A, Waterhouse NJ, Stanley AC, Leveque-El Mouttie L, Chojnowski GM, Haydon A, Pavlakis N, Burge M, Brown MP, Goldstein D. Phase Ib open-label, multicenter study of pixatimod, an activator of TLR9, in combination with nivolumab in subjects with microsatellite-stable metastatic colorectal cancer, metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and other solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-006136. [PMID: 36634920 PMCID: PMC9843174 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pixatimod is a unique activator of the Toll-like Receptor 9 pathway. This phase I trial evaluated safety, efficacy and pharmacodynamics of pixatimod and PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab in immunologically cold cancers. METHODS 3+3 dose escalation with microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer (MSS mCRC) and metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC) expansion cohorts. Participants received pixatimod once weekly as a 1-hour intravenous infusion plus nivolumab every 2 weeks. Objectives included assessment of safety, antitumor activity, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetic profile. RESULTS Fifty-eight participants started treatment. The maximum tolerated dose of pixatimod was 25 mg in combination with 240 mg nivolumab, which was used in the expansion phases of the study. Twenty-one grade 3-5 treatment-related adverse events were reported in 12 participants (21%); one participant receiving 50 mg pixatimod/nivolumab had a treatment-related grade 5 AE. The grade 3/4 rate in the MSS mCRC cohort (n=33) was 12%. There were no responders in the mPDAC cohort (n=18). In the MSS mCRC cohort, 25 participants were evaluable (initial postbaseline assessment scans >6 weeks); of these, three participants had confirmed partial responses (PR) and eight had stable disease (SD) for at least 9 weeks. Clinical benefit (PR+SD) was associated with lower Pan-Immune-Inflammation Value and plasma IL-6 but increased IP-10 and IP-10/IL-8 ratio. In an MSS mCRC participant with PR as best response, increased infiltration of T cells, dendritic cells, and to a lesser extent NK cells, were evident 5 weeks post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Pixatimod is well tolerated at 25 mg in combination with nivolumab. The efficacy signal and pharmacodynamic changes in MSS mCRC warrants further investigation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05061017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lemech
- Scientia Clinical Research Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keith Dredge
- Zucero Therapeutics Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Darryn Bampton
- Zucero Therapeutics Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edward Hammond
- Zucero Therapeutics Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Clouston
- Department of Pathology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nigel J Waterhouse
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda C Stanley
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Grace M Chojnowski
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Haydon
- Medical Oncology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nick Pavlakis
- Medical Oncology, Genesis Care, North Shore Health Hub, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew Burge
- Medical Oncology, The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael P Brown
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Goldstein
- Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Moon H, Kim J, Yoon D, Hoon Lee T, Kim H. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory effects of Δ 7-Cholestenol and Δ 8(14)-Cholestenol derivatives. Steroids 2022; 185:109043. [PMID: 35598639 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, O-glycosides of cholesterol derivatives Δ7-cholestenol and Δ8(14)-cholestenol were prepared by Schmidt glycosylation with various glycosyl imidates. In addition, 1,2,3-triazole-linked N-glycosides of Δ8(14)-cholestenol were prepared via the "click" reaction of proparzylic Δ8(14)-cholestenol with glycosyl azides. The anti-inflammatory activities of these molecules were investigated for inhibitory mRNA expression activity of CCL17 and CCL22, which are important biomarkers of atopic dermatitis. Both the O- and N-glycosides Δ7-cholestenol and Δ8(14)-cholestenol were observed to exhibit good anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. In particular, the 1,2,3-triazole-linked N-glycoside of Δ8(14)-cholestenol exhibited anti-inflammatory activity similar to that of O-glycoside in vitro and is expected to be more potent in vivo due to better stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Moon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, 17104 Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jungwoog Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, 17104 Yongin, South Korea
| | - Dowon Yoon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, 17104 Yongin, South Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, 17104 Yongin, South Korea.
| | - Hakwon Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, 17104 Yongin, South Korea.
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16
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Hoffmann M, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Glycosaminoglycan Mimetic Precision Glycomacromolecules with Sequence-Defined Sulfation and Rigidity Patterns. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4004-4014. [PMID: 35959886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) such as heparan sulfate (HS) are structurally diverse linear polysaccharides that are involved in many biological processes and have gained interest as antiviral compounds. Their recognition is driven by a complex orchestra of structural parameters that are still under intense investigation. One distinct characteristic is the incorporation of sulfation patterns including highly sulfated and non-sulfated sequences that provide variations in flexibility and conformation, which in turn impact the biological function of sGAGs. However, these distinct features have not yet been fully realized in the synthetic preparation of sGAG mimetics. Here, we present the synthesis of three groups of sulfated glycomacromolecules as sGAG mimetics: (i) globally sulfated glycooligomers, (ii) glycooligomers with sequence-defined sulfation patterns, and (iii) a globally sulfated glycooligomer-oligo-L-proline hybrid structure. The complete synthesis, including chemical sulfation, was conducted on solid support, enabled by the introduction of a commercially available photocleavable linker allowing for the preservation of sensitive sulfates during cleavage of the products. Structures were obtained in good purity and with high degrees of sulfation demonstrating the wide applicability of this methodology to prepare tailor-made sulfated glycomacromolecules and similar sGAG mimetics. Structures were tested for their anticoagulant properties showing activity similar to their natural HS counterpart and significantly lower than HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoffmann
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole L Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, United States
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Cancer growth is accompanied by changes to the extracellular environment of tumors, which aids the proliferation and spread of cancer cells. Cancer-associated extracellular matrix changes include excessive degradation of heparan sulfate carbohydrates, promoting metastatic spread by multiple mechanisms. Heparanase is the main human enzyme responsible for extracellular heparan sulfate breakdown and strongly drives metastasis when overexpressed. Few effective heparanase inhibitors are known, and the most effective molecules to date possess nondrug-like structures with multiple off-target effects. We have carried out structure-guided development of heparanase inhibitors, which covalently bind to the enzyme active site to cause irreversible inhibition. These inhibitors are heparanase specific and reduce metastasis in animal models with comparable efficacy to current “best-in-class” compounds. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) mediate essential interactions throughout the extracellular matrix (ECM), providing signals that regulate cellular growth and development. Altered HSPG composition during tumorigenesis strongly aids cancer progression. Heparanase (HPSE) is the principal enzyme responsible for extracellular heparan sulfate catabolism and is markedly up-regulated in aggressive cancers. HPSE overactivity degrades HSPGs within the ECM, facilitating metastatic dissemination and releasing mitogens that drive cellular proliferation. Reducing extracellular HPSE activity reduces cancer growth, but few effective inhibitors are known, and none are clinically approved. Inspired by the natural glycosidase inhibitor cyclophellitol, we developed nanomolar mechanism-based, irreversible HPSE inhibitors that are effective within physiological environments. Application of cyclophellitol-derived HPSE inhibitors reduces cancer aggression in cellulo and significantly ameliorates murine metastasis. Mechanism-based irreversible HPSE inhibition is an unexplored anticancer strategy. We demonstrate the feasibility of such compounds to control pathological HPSE-driven malignancies.
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18
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Guimond S, Mycroft-West CJ, Gandhi NS, Tree JA, Le TT, Spalluto CM, Humbert MV, Buttigieg KR, Coombes N, Elmore MJ, Wand M, Nyström K, Said J, Setoh YX, Amarilla AA, Modhiran N, Sng JDJ, Chhabra M, Young PR, Rawle DJ, Lima MA, Yates EA, Karlsson R, Miller RL, Chen YH, Bagdonaite I, Yang Z, Stewart J, Nguyen D, Laidlaw S, Hammond E, Dredge K, Wilkinson TMA, Watterson D, Khromykh AA, Suhrbier A, Carroll MW, Trybala E, Bergström T, Ferro V, Skidmore MA, Turnbull JE. Synthetic Heparan Sulfate Mimetic Pixatimod (PG545) Potently Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 by Disrupting the Spike-ACE2 Interaction. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:527-545. [PMID: 35647275 PMCID: PMC9136977 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a cell surface polysaccharide recently identified as a coreceptor with the ACE2 protein for the S1 spike protein on SARS-CoV-2 virus, providing a tractable new therapeutic target. Clinically used heparins demonstrate an inhibitory activity but have an anticoagulant activity and are supply-limited, necessitating alternative solutions. Here, we show that synthetic HS mimetic pixatimod (PG545), a cancer drug candidate, binds and destabilizes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain and directly inhibits its binding to ACE2, consistent with molecular modeling identification of multiple molecular contacts and overlapping pixatimod and ACE2 binding sites. Assays with multiple clinical isolates of SARS-CoV-2 virus show that pixatimod potently inhibits the infection of monkey Vero E6 cells and physiologically relevant human bronchial epithelial cells at safe therapeutic concentrations. Pixatimod also retained broad potency against variants of concern (VOC) including B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron). Furthermore, in a K18-hACE2 mouse model, pixatimod significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral titers in the upper respiratory tract and virus-induced weight loss. This demonstration of potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity tolerant to emerging mutations establishes proof-of-concept for targeting the HS-Spike protein-ACE2 axis with synthetic HS mimetics and provides a strong rationale for clinical investigation of pixatimod as a potential multimodal therapeutic for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott
E. Guimond
- Centre
for Glycoscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Courtney J. Mycroft-West
- Centre
for Glycoscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Neha S. Gandhi
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Genomics and Personalized Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Julia A. Tree
- National
Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4
0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Thuy T. Le
- QIMR
Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - C. Mirella Spalluto
- School
of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University
of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria V. Humbert
- School
of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University
of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Karen R. Buttigieg
- National
Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4
0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Coombes
- National
Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4
0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Elmore
- National
Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4
0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Wand
- National
Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4
0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Nyström
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10B, S-413 46 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Joanna Said
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10B, S-413 46 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Yin Xiang Setoh
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian
Infectious Diseases Research Centre, GVN
Center of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072/4079, Australia
| | - Alberto A. Amarilla
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian
Infectious Diseases Research Centre, GVN
Center of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072/4079, Australia
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian
Infectious Diseases Research Centre, GVN
Center of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072/4079, Australia
| | - Julian D. J. Sng
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian
Infectious Diseases Research Centre, GVN
Center of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072/4079, Australia
| | - Mohit Chhabra
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian
Infectious Diseases Research Centre, GVN
Center of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072/4079, Australia
| | - Paul R. Young
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian
Infectious Diseases Research Centre, GVN
Center of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072/4079, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Rawle
- QIMR
Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Marcelo A. Lima
- Centre
for Glycoscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Department
of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular
and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Karlsson
- Copenhagen
Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Rebecca L. Miller
- Copenhagen
Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Yen-Hsi Chen
- Copenhagen
Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen
Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen
Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - James Stewart
- Department
of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Wellcome
Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, United
Kingdom
| | - Stephen Laidlaw
- Wellcome
Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, United
Kingdom
| | - Edward Hammond
- Zucero Therapeutics Ltd, 1 Westlink Court, Brisbane, Queensland 4076, Australia
| | - Keith Dredge
- Zucero Therapeutics Ltd, 1 Westlink Court, Brisbane, Queensland 4076, Australia
| | - Tom M. A. Wilkinson
- School
of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University
of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- NIHR
Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian
Infectious Diseases Research Centre, GVN
Center of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072/4079, Australia
| | - Alexander A. Khromykh
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian
Infectious Diseases Research Centre, GVN
Center of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072/4079, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR
Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- National
Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4
0JG, United Kingdom
- Wellcome
Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, United
Kingdom
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10B, S-413 46 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10B, S-413 46 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Vito Ferro
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian
Infectious Diseases Research Centre, GVN
Center of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072/4079, Australia
| | - Mark A. Skidmore
- Centre
for Glycoscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Centre
for Glycoscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
- Department
of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular
and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
- Copenhagen
Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
- ;
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19
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Koffi Teki DSE, Coulibaly B, Bil A, Vallin A, Lesur D, Fanté B, Chagnault V, Kovensky J. Synthesis of novel S- and O-disaccharide analogs of heparan sulfate for heparanase inhibition. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3528-3534. [PMID: 35388870 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00250g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS), a glycosaminoglycan related to heparin, is a linear polysaccharide, consisting of repeating disaccharide units. This compound is involved in multiple biological processes such as inflammation, coagulation, angiogenesis and viral infections. Our work focuses on the synthesis of simple HS analogs for the study of structure-activity relationships, with the aim of modulating these biological activities. Thioglycoside analogs, in which the interglycosidic oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom, are very interesting compounds in terms of therapeutic applications. Indeed, the thioglycosidic bond leads to an improvement of their stability and can allow the inhibition of enzymes involved in physiological and pathological processes. In our previous work, we developed a synthetic sequence which led to a non-sulfated thiodisaccharide analog of HS. In this paper, we report our results of the development of a new synthetic method allowing access to the novel sulfated S-disaccharide, as well as to their oxygenated analogues (O-disaccharide and sulfated O-disaccharide). These 4 compounds were also tested for the inhibition of heparanase, an enzyme involved in biological processes like tumor growth and inflammation. The obtained IC50 values in the micromolar range showed the impact of the interglycosidic sulfur atom and the 6-sulfate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S-E Koffi Teki
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR 7378 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
| | - B Coulibaly
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR 7378 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France. .,Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB) de Cocody - Côte d'Ivoire, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - A Bil
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR 7378 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
| | - A Vallin
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR 7378 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
| | - D Lesur
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR 7378 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
| | - B Fanté
- Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB) de Cocody - Côte d'Ivoire, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - V Chagnault
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR 7378 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
| | - J Kovensky
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR 7378 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
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20
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Identification of Novel Potential Heparanase Inhibitors Using Virtual Screening. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is a mammalian endo-β-D-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulphate (HS) side chains of heparin sulphate proteoglycans (HSPG), a class of molecules composed of repeating polysulfated disaccharide units of glucosamine and hexuronic acid residues. HPSE controls the availability of growth factors, chemokines, lipoproteins and other bioactive molecules by degrading HS into smaller fractions, allowing the release of saccharide fragments that activate a plethora of signaling processes. HPSE overexpression has been correlated with tumor survival and metastasis as well as several diseases associated with chronic inflammation, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Thus, the search for molecules that could potentially inhibit HPSE has become increasingly relevant in the clinic. In this study, we have integrated a strategy that combines virtual screening and molecular docking of publicly available chemical databases to identify small compounds that can be developed into novel HPSE inhibitors. Structural rationalization of the interactions previously reported compounds led us to identify promising unexplored chemotypes. Here we show that these novel potential HPSE inhibitors present optimized in silico druggability and docking properties and may serve as pharmacological tools for the treatment of chronic and infectious diseases associated with chronic inflammation.
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21
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Spijkers-Shaw S, Campbell K, Shields NJ, Miller JH, Rendle PM, Jiao W, Young SL, Zubkova OV. Synthesis of novel glycolipid mimetics of heparan sulfate and their application in colorectal cancer treatment in a mouse model. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200228. [PMID: 35427432 PMCID: PMC9324168 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly sulfated natural carbohydrate that plays crucial roles in cancer, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Heparanase (HPSE) is the sole HS degrading endoglycosidase that cleaves HS at structure‐dependent sites along the polysaccharide chain. Overexpression of HPSE by cancer cells correlates with increased tumor size and enhanced metastasis. Previously we have shown that a tetramer HS mimetic is a potent HPSE inhibitor displaying remarkable anticancer activity in vivo. Building on that work, we report the synthesis and testing of a novel library of single entity trimer glycolipid mimetics that effectively inhibit HPSE at low nanomolar concentrations. A lipophilic arm was introduced to assess whether an improvement of pharmacokinetics and plasma residence time would offset the reduction in charge and multivalency. Preclinical tests in a mouse syngeneic model showed effective tumor growth inhibition by the tetramer but not the trimer glycomimetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Spijkers-Shaw
- Victoria University of Wellington Ferrier Research Institute NEW ZEALAND
| | - Katrin Campbell
- University of Otago Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine NEW ZEALAND
| | - Nicholas J. Shields
- The University of Sydney School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health AUSTRALIA
| | - John H. Miller
- Victoria University of Wellington School of Biological sciences Wellington NEW ZEALAND
| | - Phillip M. Rendle
- Victoria University of Wellington Ferrier Research Institute NEW ZEALAND
| | - Wanting Jiao
- Victoria University of Wellington Ferrier Research Institute NEW ZEALAND
| | - Sarah L. Young
- The University of Sydney School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health AUSTRALIA
| | - Olga V Zubkova
- Victoria Universtity of Wellington Ferrier Research Institute 69 Gracefield RdGracefield Research Centre 5040 Lower Hutt NEW ZEALAND
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22
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Chhabra M, Wilson JC, Wu L, Davies GJ, Gandhi NS, Ferro V. Structural Insights into Pixatimod (PG545) Inhibition of Heparanase, a Key Enzyme in Cancer and Viral Infections. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104222. [PMID: 34981584 PMCID: PMC9303737 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pixatimod (PG545), a heparan sulfate (HS) mimetic and anticancer agent currently in clinical trials, is a potent inhibitor of heparanase. Heparanase is an endo‐β‐glucuronidase that degrades HS in the extracellular matrix and basement membranes and is implicated in numerous pathological processes such as cancer and viral infections, including SARS−CoV‐2. To understand how PG545 interacts with heparanase, we firstly carried out a conformational analysis through a combination of NMR experiments and molecular modelling which showed that the reducing end β‐D‐glucose residue of PG545 adopts a distorted conformation. This was followed by docking and molecular dynamics simulations to study the interactions of PG545 with heparanase, revealing that PG545 is able to block the active site by binding in different conformations, with the cholestanol side‐chain making important hydrophobic interactions. While PG545 blocks its natural substrate HS from binding to the active site, small synthetic heparanase substrates are only partially excluded, and thus pentasaccharide or larger substrates are preferred for assaying this class of inhibitor. This study provides new insights for the design of next‐generation heparanase inhibitors and substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Chhabra
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer C Wilson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liang Wu
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gideon J Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Neha S Gandhi
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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23
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Chhabra M, Wimmer N, He QQ, Ferro V. Development of Improved Synthetic Routes to Pixatimod (PG545), a Sulfated Oligosaccharide-Steroid Conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:2420-2431. [PMID: 34652896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heparan sulfate (HS) mimetic pixatimod (PG545) is a highly potent inhibitor of angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis currently in clinical trials for cancer. PG545 has also demonstrated potent antiviral activity against numerous HS-dependent viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, and shows promise as an antiviral drug for the treatment of COVID-19. Structurally, PG545 consists of a fully sulfated tetrasaccharide conjugated to the steroid 5α-cholestan-3β-ol. The reported synthesis of PG545 suffers from a low yield and poor selectivity in the critical glycosylation step. Given its clinical importance, new efficient routes for the synthesis of PG545 and analogues were developed. Particular attention was given to improving the key glycosylation step by using more stable protecting groups and optimized glycosyl donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Chhabra
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Norbert Wimmer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Qi Qi He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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24
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Kinaneh S, Khamaysi I, Karram T, Hamoud S. Heparanase as a potential player in SARS-CoV-2 infection and induced coagulopathy. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20210290. [PMID: 34132790 PMCID: PMC8255537 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the current formidable COVID-19 pandemic, it is appealing to address ideas that may invoke therapeutic interventions. Clotting disorders are well recognized in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which lead to severe complications that worsen the prognosis in these subjects. Increasing evidence implicate Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and Heparanase in various diseases and pathologies, including hypercoagulability states. Moreover, HSPGs and Heparanase are involved in several viral infections, in which they enhance cell entry and release of the viruses. Herein we discuss the molecular involvement of HSPGs and heparanase in SARS-CoV-2 infection, namely cell entry and release, and the accompanied coagulopathy complications, which assumedly could be blocked by heparanase inhibitors such as Heparin and Pixatimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Kinaneh
- Department of Physiology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Iyad Khamaysi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tony Karram
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shadi Hamoud
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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25
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Torres-Rico M, Maza S, de Paz JL, Nieto PM. Synthesis, structure and midkine binding of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5312-5326. [PMID: 34048524 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00882j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of chondroitin sulfate (CS) oligosaccharide mimetics, more easily synthesized than natural sequences, is a highly interesting task because these compounds pave the way for modulation of the biological processes in which CS is involved. Herein, we report the synthesis of CS type E analogues which present easily accessible glucose units instead of glucuronic acid (GlcA) moieties. NMR experiments and molecular dynamics simulations showed that the 3D structure of these compounds is similar to the structure of the natural CS-E oligosaccharides. In addition, fluorescence polarization (FP) and saturation transfer difference NMR (STD-NMR) experiments revealed that the synthesized CS-like derivatives were able to interact with midkine, a model heparin-binding growth factor, suggesting that the presence of the GlcA carboxylate groups is not essential for the binding. Overall, our results indicate that the synthesized glucose-containing oligosaccharides can be considered as functional and structural CS mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Torres-Rico
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Americo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Susana Maza
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Americo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José L de Paz
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Americo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Pedro M Nieto
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Americo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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26
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Chhabra M, Doherty GG, See NW, Gandhi NS, Ferro V. From Cancer to COVID-19: A Perspective on Targeting Heparan Sulfate-Protein Interactions. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3087-3101. [PMID: 34145723 PMCID: PMC8441866 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a complex, polyanionic polysaccharide ubiquitously expressed on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix. HS interacts with numerous proteins to mediate a vast array of biological and pathological processes. Inhibition of HS‐protein interactions is thus an attractive approach for new therapeutic development for cancer and infectious diseases, including COVID‐19; however, synthesis of well‐defined native HS oligosaccharides remains challenging. This has aroused significant interest in the development of HS mimetics which are more synthetically tractable and have fewer side effects, such as undesired anticoagulant activity. This account provides a perspective on the design and synthesis of different classes of HS mimetics with useful properties, and the development of various assays and molecular modelling tools to progress our understanding of their interactions with HS‐binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Chhabra
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gareth G Doherty
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas W See
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Neha S Gandhi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 4000, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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27
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Ma SN, Mao ZX, Wu Y, Liang MX, Wang DD, Chen X, Chang PA, Zhang W, Tang JH. The anti-cancer properties of heparin and its derivatives: a review and prospect. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 14:118-128. [PMID: 32538273 PMCID: PMC7513850 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2020.1767489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin, including unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and heparin derivatives, are commonly used in venous thromboembolism treatment and reportedly have beneficial effects on cancer survival. Heparin can affect the proliferation, adhesion, angiogenesis, migration and invasion of cancer cells via multiple mechanisms. The main mechanisms involve inhibition of heparanase, P-/L-selectin, angiogenesis, and interference with the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis. Here we summarize the current experimental evidence regarding the anti-cancer role of heparin and its derivatives, and conclude that there is evidence to support heparin’s role in inhibiting cancer progression, making it a promising anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Nan Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Suqian, P.R.China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Mao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- Core Facility, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Xing Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ping-An Chang
- Urinary Surgery, Dongtai People's Hospital , Dongtai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Hai Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
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28
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Lisztes E, Mező E, Demeter F, Horváth L, Bősze S, István Tóth B, Borbás A, Herczeg M. Synthesis and Cell Growth Inhibitory Activity of Six Non-glycosaminoglycan-Type Heparin-Analogue Trisaccharides. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1467-1476. [PMID: 33433040 PMCID: PMC8247843 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of heparin mimetics with high anticancer activity but no anticoagulant activity is an important task in medicinal chemistry. Herein, we present the efficient synthesis of five Glc-GlcA-Glc-sequenced and one Glc-IdoA-Glc-sequenced non-glycosaminoglycan, heparin-related trisaccharides with various sulfation/sulfonylation and methylation patterns. The cell growth inhibitory effects of the compounds were tested against four cancerous human cell lines and two non-cancerous cell lines. Two d-glucuronate-containing tetra-O-sulfated, partially methylated trisaccharides displayed remarkable and selective inhibitory effects on the growth of ovary carcinoma (A2780) and melanoma (WM35) cells. Methyl substituents on the glucuronide unit proved to be detrimental, whereas acetyl substituents were beneficial to the cytostatic activity of the sulfated derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Lisztes
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Debrecen PO Box 224012DebrecenHungary
| | - Erika Mező
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of DebrecenEgyetem tér 14032DebrecenHungary
| | - Fruzsina Demeter
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of DebrecenEgyetem tér 14032DebrecenHungary
- Doctoral School of ChemistryUniversity of DebrecenEgyetem tér 14032DebrecenHungary
- MTA-DE Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, ELKHUniversity of DebrecenEgyetem tér 14032DebrecenHungary
| | - Lilla Horváth
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide ChemistryEötvös Loránd UniversityPázmány Péter sétány 1/a1117BudapestHungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide ChemistryEötvös Loránd UniversityPázmány Péter sétány 1/a1117BudapestHungary
| | - Balázs István Tóth
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Debrecen PO Box 224012DebrecenHungary
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of DebrecenEgyetem tér 14032DebrecenHungary
| | - Mihály Herczeg
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of DebrecenEgyetem tér 14032DebrecenHungary
- MTA-DE Research Group for Oligosaccharide Chemistry, ELKHEgyetem tér 14032DebrecenHungary
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Berdiaki A, Neagu M, Giatagana EM, Kuskov A, Tsatsakis AM, Tzanakakis GN, Nikitovic D. Glycosaminoglycans: Carriers and Targets for Tailored Anti-Cancer Therapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:395. [PMID: 33800172 PMCID: PMC8001210 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of cancerous, non-cancerous, stromal, and immune cells that are surrounded by the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), natural biomacromolecules, essential ECM, and cell membrane components are extensively altered in cancer tissues. During disease progression, the GAG fine structure changes in a manner associated with disease evolution. Thus, changes in the GAG sulfation pattern are immediately correlated to malignant transformation. Their molecular weight, distribution, composition, and fine modifications, including sulfation, exhibit distinct alterations during cancer development. GAGs and GAG-based molecules, due to their unique properties, are suggested as promising effectors for anticancer therapy. Considering their participation in tumorigenesis, their utilization in drug development has been the focus of both industry and academic research efforts. These efforts have been developing in two main directions; (i) utilizing GAGs as targets of therapeutic strategies and (ii) employing GAGs specificity and excellent physicochemical properties for targeted delivery of cancer therapeutics. This review will comprehensively discuss recent developments and the broad potential of GAG utilization for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
| | - Monica Neagu
- Department of Immunology, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Eirini-Maria Giatagana
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
| | - Andrey Kuskov
- Department of Technology of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Substances, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Aristidis M. Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - George N. Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
- Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
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30
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Zhou L, Yin R, Gao N, Sun H, Chen D, Cai Y, Ren L, Yang L, Zuo Z, Zhang H, Zhao J. Oligosaccharides from fucosylated glycosaminoglycan prevent breast cancer metastasis in mice by inhibiting heparanase activity and angiogenesis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105527. [PMID: 33667689 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The invasion and metastasis of tumor cells are the hallmarks of malignant diseases and the greatest obstacle to overcome. Heparanase-mediated degradation of heparan sulfate (HS) is the critical process for tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, therefore, heparanase become an attractive target for cancer research. Herein, we reported a native fucosylated glycosaminoglycan (nHG) extracted from sea cucumber Holothuria fuscopunctata and a depolymerized nHG (dHG) and its contained oligosaccharides (hs17, hs14, hs11, hs8 and hs5), acting as heparanase inhibitors. nHG and its derivatives have the ability to bind with heparanase directly, leading to significant inhibition of heparanase activity. Moreover, their apparent binding affinity to heparanase was comparable to their inhibitory effect, which was elevated along with the increase of chain length, similar to the effect of heparins. In addition, oligosaccharides inhibited the migration and invasion of 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and also suppressed tube formation in Matrigel matrix and angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. In the metastatic mouse model, oligosaccharides exhibited practical antimetastatic effects on 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells. According to the reported anticoagulant activity and the low bleeding tendency of dHG and its oligosaccharides, the use of the oligosaccharides may lead to better effects on tumor patients with thrombosis tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ronghua Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dingyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhili Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
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31
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Faria-Ramos I, Poças J, Marques C, Santos-Antunes J, Macedo G, Reis CA, Magalhães A. Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans: (Un)Expected Allies in Cancer Clinical Management. Biomolecules 2021; 11:136. [PMID: 33494442 PMCID: PMC7911160 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era when cancer glycobiology research is exponentially growing, we are witnessing a progressive translation of the major scientific findings to the clinical practice with the overarching aim of improving cancer patients' management. Many mechanistic cell biology studies have demonstrated that heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans are key molecules responsible for several molecular and biochemical processes, impacting extracellular matrix properties and cellular functions. HS can interact with a myriad of different ligands, and therefore, hold a pleiotropic role in regulating the activity of important cellular receptors and downstream signalling pathways. The aberrant expression of HS glycan chains in tumours determines main malignant features, such as cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we devote particular attention to HS biological activities, its expression profile and modulation in cancer. Moreover, we highlight HS clinical potential to improve both diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, either as HS-based biomarkers or as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Faria-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Poças
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Santos-Antunes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Macedo
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A. Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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32
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Wang Y, Liu X, Zhu L, Li W, Li Z, Lu X, Liu J, Hua W, Zhou Y, Gu Y, Zhu M. PG545 alleviates diabetic retinopathy by promoting retinal Müller cell autophagy to inhibit the inflammatory response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 531:452-458. [PMID: 32800548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major cause of blindness in working-age people, is attributed to the inflammatory response of retinal Müller cells (RMCs). The heparanase inhibitor PG545 plays proautophagic and anti-inflammatory roles. Intraperitoneal injection of PG545 at a dose of 20 mg/kg/d clearly reduced diabetes-induced body weight changes and fasting blood glucose levels in mice. PG545 also mitigated the reduction in retinal thickness and the formation of microaneurysms by promoting autophagy to inhibit the inflammatory response. In vitro, PG545 stimulated autophagy to downregulate the inflammatory response in high glucose-induced primary adult mouse RMCs. These data suggest that PG545 mitigates DR by promoting RMC autophagy to inhibit the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linling Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wendie Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhizhe Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiting Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjuan Hua
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yamei Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghui Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Manhui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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33
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Huang X, Reye G, Momot KI, Blick T, Lloyd T, Tilley WD, Hickey TE, Snell CE, Okolicsanyi RK, Haupt LM, Ferro V, Thompson EW, Hugo HJ. Heparanase Promotes Syndecan-1 Expression to Mediate Fibrillar Collagen and Mammographic Density in Human Breast Tissue Cultured ex vivo. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:599. [PMID: 32760722 PMCID: PMC7373078 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammographic density (MD) is a strong and independent factor for breast cancer (BC) risk and is increasingly associated with BC progression. We have previously shown in mice that high MD, which is characterized by the preponderance of a fibrous stroma, facilitates BC xenograft growth and metastasis. This stroma is rich in extracellular matrix (ECM) factors, including heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), such as the BC-associated syndecan-1 (SDC1). These proteoglycans tether growth factors, which are released by heparanase (HPSE). MD is positively associated with estrogen exposure and, in cell models, estrogen has been implicated in the upregulation of HPSE, the activity of which promotes SDC expression. Herein we describe a novel measurement approach (single-sided NMR) using a patient-derived explant (PDE) model of normal human (female) mammary tissue cultured ex vivo to investigate the role(s) of HPSE and SDC1 on MD. Relative HSPG gene and protein analyses determined in patient-paired high vs. low MD tissues identified SDC1 and SDC4 as potential mediators of MD. Using the PDE model we demonstrate that HPSE promotes SDC1 rather than SDC4 expression and cleavage, leading to increased MD. In this model system, synstatin (SSTN), an SDC1 inhibitory peptide designed to decouple SDC1-ITGαvβ3 parallel collagen alignment, reduced the abundance of fibrillar collagen as assessed by picrosirius red viewed under polarized light, and reduced MD. Our results reveal a potential role for HPSE in maintaining MD via its direct regulation of SDC1, which in turn physically tethers collagen into aligned fibers characteristic of MD. We propose that inhibitors of HPSE and/or SDC1 may afford an opportunity to reduce MD in high BC risk individuals and reduce MD-associated BC progression in conjunction with established BC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Huang
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gina Reye
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Konstantin I Momot
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tony Blick
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas Lloyd
- Radiology Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Theresa E Hickey
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cameron E Snell
- Cancer Pathology Research Group, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Mater Pathology, Mater Hospital Brisbane, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rachel K Okolicsanyi
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Honor J Hugo
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Khanna M, Parish CR. Heparanase: Historical Aspects and Future Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:71-96. [PMID: 32274707 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-glucuronidase that cleaves at a limited number of internal sites the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS). Heparanase enzymatic activity was first reported in 1975 and by 1983 evidence was beginning to emerge that the enzyme was a facilitator of tumor metastasis by cleaving HS chains present in blood vessel basement membranes and, thereby, aiding the passage of tumor cells through blood vessel walls. Due to a range of technical difficulties, it took another 16 years before heparanase was cloned and characterized in 1999 and a further 14 years before the crystal structure of the enzyme was solved. Despite these substantial deficiencies, there was steady progress in our understanding of heparanase long before the enzyme was fully characterized. For example, it was found as early as 1984 that activated T cells upregulate heparanase expression, like metastatic tumor cells, and the enzyme aids the entry of T cells and other leukocytes into inflammatory sites. Furthermore, it was discovered in 1989 that heparanase releases pre-existing growth factors and cytokines associated with HS in the extracellular matrix (ECM), the liberated growth factors/cytokines enhancing angiogenesis and wound healing. There were also the first hints that heparanase may have functions other than enzymatic activity, in 1995 it being reported that under certain conditions the enzyme could act as a cell adhesion molecule. Also, in the same year PI-88 (Muparfostat), the first heparanase inhibitor to reach and successfully complete a Phase III clinical trial was patented.Nevertheless, the cloning of heparanase (also known as heparanase-1) in 1999 gave the field an enormous boost and some surprises. The biggest surprise was that there is only one heparanase encoding gene in the mammalian genome, despite earlier research, based on substrate specificity, suggesting that there are at least three different heparanases. This surprising conclusion has remained unchanged for the last 20 years. It also became evident that heparanase is a family 79 glycoside hydrolase that is initially produced as a pro-enzyme that needs to be processed by proteases to form an enzymatically active heterodimer. A related molecule, heparanase-2, was also discovered that is enzymatically inactive but, remarkably, recently has been shown to inhibit heparanase-1 activity as well as acting as a tumor suppressor that counteracts many of the pro-tumor properties of heparanase-1.The early claim that heparanase plays a key role in tumor metastasis, angiogenesis and inflammation has been confirmed by many studies over the last 20 years. In fact, heparanase expression is enhanced in all major cancer types, namely carcinomas, sarcomas, and hematological malignancies, and correlates with increased metastasis and poor prognosis. Also, there is mounting evidence that heparanase plays a central role in the induction of inflammation-associated cancers. The enzymatic activity of heparanase has also emerged in unexpected situations, such as in the spread of HS-binding viruses and in Type-1 diabetes where the destruction of intracellular HS in pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells precipitates diabetes. But the most extraordinary recent discoveries have been with the realization that heparanase can exert a range of biological activities that are independent of its enzymatic function, most notably activation of several signaling pathways and being a transcription factor that controls methylation of histone tails. Collectively, these data indicate that heparanase is a truly multifunctional protein that has the additional property of cleaving HS chains and releasing from ECM and cell surfaces hundreds of HS-binding proteins with a plethora of functional consequences. Clearly, there are many unique features of this intriguing molecule that still remain to be explored and are highlighted in this Chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Khanna
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Christopher R Parish
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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35
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Chhabra M, Ferro V. PI-88 and Related Heparan Sulfate Mimetics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:473-491. [PMID: 32274723 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heparan sulfate mimetic PI-88 (muparfostat) is a complex mixture of sulfated oligosaccharides that was identified in the late 1990s as a potent inhibitor of heparanase. In preclinical animal models it was shown to block angiogenesis, metastasis and tumor growth, and subsequently became the first heparanase inhibitor to enter clinical trials for cancer. It progressed to Phase III trials but ultimately was not approved for use. Herein we summarize the preparation, physicochemical and biological properties of PI-88, and discuss preclinical/clinical and structure-activity relationship studies. In addition, we discuss the PI-88-inspired development of related HS mimetic heparanase inhibitors with improved properties, ultimately leading to the discovery of PG545 (pixatimod) which is currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Chhabra
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. .,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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36
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Sulfated glycolipid PG545 induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and augments autophagic flux by enhancing anticancer chemotherapy efficacy in endometrial cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114003. [PMID: 32360360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sulfated glycolipid PG545 shows promising antitumor activity in various cancers. This study was conducted to explore the effects and the mechanism of PG545 action in endometrial cancer (EC). PG545 exhibited strong synergy as assessed by the Chou-Talalay-Method in vitro when combined with cisplatin, or paclitaxel in both type I (Hec1B) and type II (ARK2) EC cell lines. While PG545 showed antitumor activity as monotherapy, a combination of PG545 with paclitaxel and cisplatin was highly effective in reducing the tumor burden and significantly prolonged survival of both Hec1B and ARK2 xenograft bearing mice. Mechanistically, PG545 elicits ER stress as an early response with resultant induction of autophagy. Our data demonstrated an increase in pERK, Bip/Grp78, IRE1α, Calnexin and CHOP/GADD153 within 6-24 hrs of PG545 treatment in EC cells. In parallel, PG545 also blocked FGF2 and HB-EGF mediated signaling in EC cells. Moreover, melatonin-mediated ER stress inhibition reduced PG545-mediated autophagy and PG545 in combination with cisplatin further heightened this stress response. Collectively these data indicate that PG545 exhibits strong synergistic effects with chemotherapeutics in vitro and showed promising antitumor activity in vivo. Our preclinical data indicates that in future studies PG545 can be a useful adjunct to chemotherapy in endometrial cancer.
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Lei X, Zhong Y, Huang L, Li S, Fu J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Deng Q, Yu X. Identification of a novel tumor angiogenesis inhibitor targeting Shh/Gli1 signaling pathway in Non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:232. [PMID: 32286274 PMCID: PMC7156472 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although angiogenesis inhibitors targeting VEGF/VEGFR2 have been applied for tumor therapy, the outcomes are still unsatisfactory. Thus, it is urgent to develop novel angiogenesis inhibitor for cancer therapy from new perspectives. Identification of novel angiogenesis inhibitor from natural products is believed to be one of most promising strategy. In this study, we showed that pristimerin, an active agent isolated from traditional Chinese herbal medicine Celastrus aculeatus Merr, was a novel tumor angiogenesis inhibitor that targeting sonic hedgehog (Shh)/glioma associated oncogene 1 (Gli1) signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We showed that pristimerin affected both the early- and late-stage of angiogenesis, suggesting by that pristimerin inhibited Shh-induced endothelial cells proliferation, migration, invasion as well as pericytes recruitment to the endothelial tubes, which is critical for the new blood vessel maturation. It also suppressed tube formation, vessel sprouts formation and neovascularization in chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Moreover, it significantly decreased microvessel density (MVD) and pericyte coverage in NCI-H1299 xenografts, resulting in tumor growth inhibition. Further research revealed that pristimerin suppressed tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting the nucleus distribution of Gli1, leading to inactivation of Shh/Gli1 and its downstream signaling pathway. Taken together, our study showed that pristimerin was a promising novel anti-angiogenic agent for the NSCLC therapy and targeting Shh/Gli1 signaling pathway was an effective approach to suppress tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Lei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Yihang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Songpei Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Jijun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiudi Deng
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences & the Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Xiyong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China.
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Fu K, Bai Z, Chen L, Ye W, Wang M, Hu J, Liu C, Zhou W. Antitumor activity and structure-activity relationship of heparanase inhibitors: Recent advances. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 193:112221. [PMID: 32222663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE)-directed tumor progression plays a crucial role in mediating tumor-host crosstalk and priming the tumor microenvironment, leading to tumor growth, metastasis and chemo-resistance. HPSE-mediated breakdown of structural heparan sulfate (HS) networks in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membranes (BM) directly facilitates tumor growth and metastasis. Lysosome HPSE also induces multi-drug resistance via enhanced autophagy. Therefore, HPSE inhibitors development has become an attractive topic to block tumor growth and metastasis or eliminate drug resistance. In this review, we summarize HPSE inhibitors applied experimentally and clinically according to interaction with the binding sites of HPSE and participation of growth factors. The antitumor activity and structure-activity relationship (SAR) are also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaishuo Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, E. 232, University Town, Waihuan Rd, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhifeng Bai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, E. 232, University Town, Waihuan Rd, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, E. 232, University Town, Waihuan Rd, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenchong Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, E. 232, University Town, Waihuan Rd, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meizhu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, E. 232, University Town, Waihuan Rd, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiliang Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, E. 232, University Town, Waihuan Rd, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Wen Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, E. 232, University Town, Waihuan Rd, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Koliesnik IO, Kuipers HF, Medina CO, Zihsler S, Liu D, Van Belleghem JD, Bollyky PL. The Heparan Sulfate Mimetic PG545 Modulates T Cell Responses and Prevents Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:132. [PMID: 32117279 PMCID: PMC7015948 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The heparan sulfate mimetic PG545 (pixatimod) is under evaluation as an inhibitor of angiogenesis and metastasis including in human clinical trials. We have examined the effects of PG545 on lymphocyte phenotypes and function. We report that PG545 treatment suppresses effector T cell activation and polarizes T cells away from Th17 and Th1 and toward Foxp3+ regulatory T cell subsets in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, PG545 inhibits Erk1/2 signaling, a pathway known to affect both T cell activation and subset polarization. Interestingly, these effects are also observed in heparanase-deficient T cells, indicating that PG545 has effects that are independent of its role in heparanase inhibition. Consistent with these findings, administration of PG545 in a Th1/Th17-dependent mouse model of a delayed-type hypersensitivity led to reduced footpad inflammation, reduced Th17 memory cells, and an increase in FoxP3+ Treg proliferation. PG545 also promoted Foxp3+ Treg induction by human T cells. Finally, we examined the effects of other heparan sulfate mimetics PI-88 and PG562 on lymphocyte polarization and found that these likewise induced Foxp3+ Treg in vitro but did not reduce Th17 numbers or improve delayed-type hypersensitivity in this model. Together, these data indicate that PG545 is a potent inhibitor of Th1/Th17 effector functions and inducer of FoxP3+ Treg. These findings may inform the adaptation of PG545 for clinical applications including in inflammatory pathologies associated with type IV hypersensitivity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgen O Koliesnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carlos O Medina
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Svenja Zihsler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Dan Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jonas D Van Belleghem
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Giannini G, Battistuzzi G, Rivara S. The Control of Heparanase Through the Use of Small Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:567-603. [PMID: 32274727 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the enormous progress made in recent years with antibodies, vaccines, antisense oligonucleotides, etc., the so-called "biological" approaches for tackling the control of various diseases, medicinal chemistry remains a bulwark to refer to for the development of new drugs. Also in the case of heparanase, medicinal chemistry has always been in the forefront to identify new inhibitors, through modification of natural macromolecules, e.g., sulfated polysaccharides like heparin, or of natural compounds isolated from bacteria or plants, or through rational design. In this chapter, the reader will find a detailed description of the most relevant small-molecule heparanase inhibitors reported so far in the scientific literature and in patent applications, with mention to the design strategy and to structure-activity relationships. Starting from heparanase inhibitors of natural origin and the attempts to improve their potency and selectivity, the reader will be guided through the major chemical classes of synthetic inhibitors, with representation of the structure of the most relevant compounds. The last paragraph is dedicated to a brief description of inhibitors that have reached clinical trials, highlighting their structure, mechanism, and improved derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvia Rivara
- Department of Food and Drug, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
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Bendersky V, Yang Y, Brennan TV. Immunomodulatory Activities of the Heparan Sulfate Mimetic PG545. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:461-470. [PMID: 32274722 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase regulates multiple biological activities that enhance tumor growth and metastatic spread. Heparanase cleaves and degrades heparan sulfate (HS), a key structural component of the extracellular matrix that serves as a barrier to cell invasion and also as a reservoir for cytokines and growth factors critical for tumor growth and metastasis. For this reason, heparanase is an attractive target for the development of novel anti-cancer therapies. Pixatimod (PG545), a heparanase inhibitor, has shown promising results in the treatment of multiple tumor types. PG545 offers a diversity of mechanisms of action in tumor therapy that include angiogenic inhibition, inhibition of growth factor release, inhibition of tumor cell migration, tumor cell apoptosis, activation of ER stress response, dysregulation of autophagy, and NK cell activation. Further investigation into the role that heparanase and its inhibitors play in tumor therapy can lead to the development of effective tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Bendersky
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yiping Yang
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Todd V Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Wu L, Davies GJ. An Overview of the Structure, Mechanism and Specificity of Human Heparanase. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:139-167. [PMID: 32274709 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The retaining endo-β-D-glucuronidase Heparanase (HPSE) is the primary mammalian enzyme responsible for breakdown of the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS). HPSE activity is essential for regulation and turnover of HS in the extracellular matrix, and its activity affects diverse processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis and cell migration. Aberrant heparanase activity is strongly linked to cancer metastasis, due to structural breakdown of extracellular HS networks and concomitant release of sequestered HS-binding growth factors. A full appreciation of HPSE activity in health and disease requires a structural understanding of the enzyme, and how it engages with its HS substrates. This chapter summarizes key findings from the recent crystal structures of human HPSE and its proenzyme. We present details regarding the 3-dimensional protein structure of HPSE and the molecular basis for its interaction with HS substrates of varying sulfation states. We also examine HPSE in a wider context against related β-D-glucuronidases from other species, highlighting the structural features that control exo/endo - glycosidase selectivity in this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York, UK.
| | - Gideon J Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York, UK
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Coombe DR, Gandhi NS. Heparanase: A Challenging Cancer Drug Target. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1316. [PMID: 31850210 PMCID: PMC6892829 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase has been viewed as a promising anti-cancer drug target for almost two decades, but no anti-heparanase therapy has yet reached the clinic. This endoglycosidase is highly expressed in a variety of malignancies, and its high expression is associated with greater tumor size, more metastases, and a poor prognosis. It was first described as an enzyme cleaving heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans located in extracellular matrices and on cell surfaces, but this is not its only function. It is a multi-functional protein with activities that are enzymatic and non-enzymatic and which take place both outside of the cell and intracellularly. Knowledge of the crystal structure of heparanase has assisted the interpretation of earlier structure-function studies as well as in the design of potential anti-heparanase agents. This review re-examines the various functions of heparanase in light of the structural data. The functions of the heparanase variant, T5, and structure and functions of heparanase-2 are also examined as these heparanase related, but non-enzymatic, proteins are likely to influence the in vivo efficacy of anti-heparanase drugs. The anti-heparanase drugs currently under development predominately focus on inhibiting the enzymatic activity of heparanase, which, in the absence of inhibitors with high clinical efficacy, prompts a discussion of whether this is the best approach. The diversity of outcomes attributed to heparanase and the difficulties of unequivocally determining which of these are due to its enzymatic activity is also discussed and leads us to the conclusion that heparanase is a valid, but challenging drug target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre R Coombe
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Neha S Gandhi
- School of Mathematical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Extracellular matrix-cell interactions: Focus on therapeutic applications. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109487. [PMID: 31778739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules together with a multitude of different molecules residing in the extracellular space play a vital role in the regulation of cellular phenotype and behavior. This is achieved via constant reciprocal interactions between the molecules of the ECM and the cells. The ECM-cell interactions are mediated via cell surface receptors either directly or indirectly with co-operative molecules. The ECM is also under perpetual remodeling process influencing cell-signaling pathways on its part. The fragmentation of ECM macromolecules provides even further complexity for the intricate environment of the cells. However, as long as the interactions between the ECM and the cells are in balance, the health of the body is retained. Alternatively, any dysregulation in these interactions can lead to pathological processes and finally to various diseases. Thus, therapeutic applications that are based on retaining normal ECM-cell interactions are highly rationale. Moreover, in the light of the current knowledge, also concurrent multi-targeting of the complex ECM-cell interactions is required for potent pharmacotherapies to be developed in the future.
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Ghiselli G. Heparin Binding Proteins as Therapeutic Target: An Historical Account and Current Trends. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E80. [PMID: 31362364 PMCID: PMC6789896 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The polyanionic nature and the ability to interact with proteins with different affinities are properties of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that determine their biological function. In designing drugs affecting the interaction of proteins with GAGs the challenge has been to generate agents with high binding specificity. The example to emulated has been a heparin-derived pentasaccharide that binds to antithrombin-III with high affinity. However, the portability of this model to other biological situations is questioned on several accounts. Because of their structural flexibility, oligosaccharides with different sulfation and uronic acid conformation can display the same binding proficiency to different proteins and produce comparable biological effects. This circumstance represents a formidable obstacle to the design of drugs based on the heparin scaffold. The conceptual framework discussed in this article is that through a direct intervention on the heparin-binding functionality of proteins is possible to achieve a high degree of action specificity. This objective is currently pursued through two strategies. The first makes use of small molecules for which in the text we provide examples from past and present literature concerning angiogenic factors and enzymes. The second approach entails the mutagenesis of the GAG-binding site of proteins as a means to generate a new class of biologics of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ghiselli
- Independent Researcher, 1326 Spruce Street Suite 706, Philadephia, PA 19107, USA.
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PG545 treatment reduces RRV-induced elevations of AST, ALT with secondary lymphoid organ alterations in C57BL/6 mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217998. [PMID: 31170255 PMCID: PMC6553857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently the anti-viral effects of prophylactic treatment with the low-molecular-weight heparan sulfate mimetic PG545 in Ross River virus (RRV) infected mice were reported. We further investigated the related, transient pathophysiology of PG545 drug treatment in RRV-infected and mock-infected PG545-treated mice. PG545 treatment resulted in mild lethargy and piloerection, on days after the drug administration. Mice were treated with two or three doses of PG545 within a ten-day period and were subsequently culled at peak disease or at disease resolution. The treatment responses of the spleen and liver were assessed through histology, flow cytometry, gene arrays and serum biochemistry. Microscopy showed an expanded red pulp in the spleen following either two or three treatments with PG545. The red pulp expansion was further demonstrated by the proliferation of megakaryocytes and erythrocyte precursors within the spleen. In addition, flow cytometry and gene array analyses revealed a reduction of lymphocytes within the spleens of PG545-treated mice. Previously unreported, RRV-induced elevations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) enzymes and creatinine were also noted in the RRV-infected mice. However, PG545 only reduced AST and ALT levels but not the creatinine levels in infected mice during treatment. Mice treated with three doses of PG545 also showed hepatosplenomegaly and anaemia, which were reversed upon discontinuation of the treatment. In summary, this study demonstrates that dose and frequency related haemopoietic pathophysiology such as hepatosplenomegaly and anaemia, occurred in C57BL/6 mice treated with PG545. However, this effect was reversible once drug administration is terminated.
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Dual targeting of dengue virus virions and NS1 protein with the heparan sulfate mimic PG545. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:121-127. [PMID: 31085206 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent mosquito-borne flavivirus that infects humans. At present, there are no specific antiviral drugs to treat DENV infection and vaccine development has met with challenges. DENV encodes two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding proteins; Envelope (E) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1). While previous work has validated the use of GAG analogues as inhibitors of E mediated virus-cell attachment, their potential for antiviral intervention in NS1 protein toxicity has not yet been explored. Here, we investigate the potential of the heparan sulfate mimetic PG545 as a dual purpose compound to target both DENV virion infectivity and NS1 function. In comparison to a non-sulfated analogue, we show that PG545 potently inhibits DENV infectivity with no cytotoxic effect. Against NS1, PG545 completely blocks the induction of cellular activation and abolishes NS1-mediated disruption of endothelial monolayer integrity. Furthermore, PG545 treatment moderately improves survival from lethal DENV challenge in a murine model. At peak disease, PG545-treated mice have lower viremia, circulating NS1 and serum TNF-α. Consistent with anti-NS1 activity, PG545 treatment also reduces systemic vascular leakage caused by DENV infection in vivo. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the dual targeting of DENV virions and NS1 using GAG analogues offers a new avenue for DENV drug development.
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Mohan CD, Hari S, Preetham HD, Rangappa S, Barash U, Ilan N, Nayak SC, Gupta VK, Basappa, Vlodavsky I, Rangappa KS. Targeting Heparanase in Cancer: Inhibition by Synthetic, Chemically Modified, and Natural Compounds. iScience 2019; 15:360-390. [PMID: 31103854 PMCID: PMC6548846 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endoglycosidase involved in remodeling the extracellular matrix and thereby in regulating multiple cellular processes and biological activities. It cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) side chains of HS proteoglycans into smaller fragments and hence regulates tissue morphogenesis, differentiation, and homeostasis. Heparanase is overexpressed in various carcinomas, sarcomas, and hematological malignancies, and its upregulation correlates with increased tumor size, tumor angiogenesis, enhanced metastasis, and poor prognosis. In contrast, knockdown or inhibition of heparanase markedly attenuates tumor progression, further underscoring the potential of anti-heparanase therapy. Heparanase inhibitors were employed to interfere with tumor progression in preclinical studies, and selected heparin mimetics are being examined in clinical trials. However, despite tremendous efforts, the discovery of heparanase inhibitors with high clinical benefit and minimal adverse effects remains a therapeutic challenge. This review discusses the key roles of heparanase in cancer progression focusing on the status of natural, chemically modified, and synthetic heparanase inhibitors in various types of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swetha Hari
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Habbanakuppe D Preetham
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Shobith Rangappa
- Adichunchanagiri Institute for Molecular Medicine, AIMS Campus, B. G. Nagar, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District 571448, India
| | - Uri Barash
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - S Chandra Nayak
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Basappa
- Department of Studies in Organic Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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Synthesis of a Fluorous-Tagged Hexasaccharide and Interaction with Growth Factors Using Sugar-Coated Microplates. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24081591. [PMID: 31013665 PMCID: PMC6515340 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis of a sulfated, fully protected hexasaccharide as a glycosaminoglycan mimetic and the study of its interactions with different growth factors: midkine, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Following a fluorous-assisted approach, monosaccharide building blocks were successfully assembled and the target oligosaccharide was prepared in excellent yield. The use of more acid stable 4,6-O-silylidene protected glucosamine units was crucial for the efficiency of this strategy because harsh reaction conditions were needed in the glycosylations to avoid the formation of orthoester side products. Fluorescence polarization experiments demonstrated the strong interactions between the synthesized hexamer, and midkine and FGF-2. In addition, we have developed an alternative assay to analyse these molecular recognition events. The prepared oligosaccharide was non-covalently attached to a fluorous-functionalized microplate and the direct binding of the protein to the sugar-immobilized surface was measured, affording the corresponding KD,surf value.
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Yeh CJ, Ku CC, Lin WC, Fan CY, Zulueta MML, Manabe Y, Fukase K, Li YK, Hung SC. Single-Step Per-O-Sulfonation of Sugar Oligomers with Concomitant 1,6-Anhydro Bridge Formation for Binding Fibroblast Growth Factors. Chembiochem 2019; 20:237-240. [PMID: 30239102 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many circulating cancer-related proteins, such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), associate with glycosaminoglycans-particularly heparan sulfate-at the cell surface. Disaccharide analogues of heparan sulfate had previously been identified as the shortest components out of the sugars that bind to FGF-1 and FGF-2. Taking note of the typical pose of l-iduronic acid, we conceived of per-O-sulfonated analogues of such disaccharides, and devised a single-step procedure for per-O-sulfonation of unprotected sugars with concomitant 1,6-anhydro bridge formation to achieve such compounds through direct use of SO3 ⋅Et3 N as sulfonation reagent and dimethylformamide as solvent. The synthesized sugars based on the oligomaltose backbone bound FGF-1 and FGF-2 mostly at the sub-micromolar level, although the tetrasaccharide analogue achieved low-nanomolar binding with FGF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Jui Yeh
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Chu Ku
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yuan Fan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Medel Manuel L Zulueta
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Chemistry, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yaw-Kuen Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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