1
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Xie H, Tang J, Song L, Xu G, Li W, Zhu J, Liu Y, Ma H, Cai L, Han XX. Mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum crosstalk in apoptosis: The interactions of cytochrome c with monooxygenase and its reductase. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135160. [PMID: 39214221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria is of significance in apoptosis, in which cytochrome b5 (Cyt b5) is thought to be a major target for cytochrome c (Cyt c) upon its release from the mitochondria. In the absence of Cyt b5, the role of interactions of Cyt c with CYP-dependent monooxygenase system in apoptotic regulation was explored in this study. NADPH-dependent and Cyt c-induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NADPH-independent Cyt c unfolding were revealed. With the aid of a CPR inhibitor and CYP antibodies, the interactions among Cyt c, cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) are evidenced, which are found crucial for monooxygenase-derived ROS formation. The underlying structural basis of Cyt c-CYP complex was unveiled by molecular dynamics simulations. This study provides novel insights into how Cyt c regulates ROS formation through the interactions with CPR and CYP, and is implicated for a deeper understanding of the regulation mechanism in the mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Jinping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Li Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Guangyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Jinyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yawen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Hao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China.
| | - Linjun Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Xiao Xia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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2
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Trevor GR, Lim YJ, Urquhart BL. Pharmacometabolomics in Drug Disposition, Toxicity, and Precision Medicine. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:1187-1195. [PMID: 38228395 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The precision medicine initiative has driven a substantial change in the way scientists and health care practitioners think about diagnosing and treating disease. While it has long been recognized that drug response is determined by the intersection of genetic, environmental, and disease factors, improvements in technology have afforded precision medicine guided dosing of drugs to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity. Pharmacometabolomics aims to evaluate small molecule metabolites in plasma and/or urine to help evaluate mechanisms that predict and/or reflect drug efficacy and toxicity. In this mini review, we provide an overview of pharmacometabolomic approaches and methodologies. Relevant examples where metabolomic techniques have been used to better understand drug efficacy and toxicity in major depressive disorder and cancer chemotherapy are discussed. In addition, the utility of metabolomics in drug development and understanding drug metabolism, transport, and pharmacokinetics is reviewed. Pharmacometabolomic approaches can help describe factors mediating drug disposition, efficacy, and toxicity. While important advancements in this area have been made, there remain several challenges that must be overcome before this approach can be fully implemented into clinical drug therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Pharmacometabolomics has emerged as an approach to identify metabolites that allow for implementation of precision medicine approaches to pharmacotherapy. This review article provides an overview of pharmacometabolomics including highlights of important examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Trevor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.T., Y.J.L., B.L.U.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (B.L.U.), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yong Jin Lim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.T., Y.J.L., B.L.U.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (B.L.U.), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bradley L Urquhart
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.T., Y.J.L., B.L.U.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (B.L.U.), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Allerton CN, Arcari JT, Aschenbrenner LM, Avery M, Bechle BM, Behzadi MA, Boras B, Buzon LM, Cardin RD, Catlin NR, Carlo AA, Coffman KJ, Dantonio A, Di L, Eng H, Farley KA, Ferre RA, Gernhardt SS, Gibson SA, Greasley SE, Greenfield SR, Hurst BL, Kalgutkar AS, Kimoto E, Lanyon LF, Lovett GH, Lian Y, Liu W, Martínez Alsina LA, Noell S, Obach RS, Owen DR, Patel NC, Rai DK, Reese MR, Rothan HA, Sakata S, Sammons MF, Sathish JG, Sharma R, Steppan CM, Tuttle JB, Verhoest PR, Wei L, Yang Q, Yurgelonis I, Zhu Y. A Second-Generation Oral SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitor Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of COVID-19. J Med Chem 2024; 67:13550-13571. [PMID: 38687966 PMCID: PMC11345836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite the record-breaking discovery, development and approval of vaccines and antiviral therapeutics such as Paxlovid, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remained the fourth leading cause of death in the world and third highest in the United States in 2022. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of PF-07817883, a second-generation, orally bioavailable, SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor with improved metabolic stability versus nirmatrelvir, the antiviral component of the ritonavir-boosted therapy Paxlovid. We demonstrate the in vitro pan-human coronavirus antiviral activity and off-target selectivity profile of PF-07817883. PF-07817883 also demonstrated oral efficacy in a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 model at plasma concentrations equivalent to nirmatrelvir. The preclinical in vivo pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies in human matrices are suggestive of improved oral pharmacokinetics for PF-07817883 in humans, relative to nirmatrelvir. In vitro inhibition/induction studies against major human drug metabolizing enzymes/transporters suggest a low potential for perpetrator drug-drug interactions upon single-agent use of PF-07817883.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel T. Arcari
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Melissa Avery
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bruce M. Bechle
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Britton Boras
- Pfizer
Research & Development, La
Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | - Leanne M. Buzon
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rhonda D. Cardin
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Pearl
River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Natasha R. Catlin
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Anthony A. Carlo
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Karen J. Coffman
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Alyssa Dantonio
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Li Di
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Heather Eng
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Rose Ann Ferre
- Pfizer
Research & Development, La
Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Scott A. Gibson
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary
Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | | | | | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary
Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Gabrielle H. Lovett
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yajing Lian
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Pfizer
Research & Development, La
Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Stephen Noell
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dafydd R. Owen
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nandini C. Patel
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Devendra K. Rai
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew R. Reese
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hussin A. Rothan
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Pearl
River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Sylvie Sakata
- Pfizer
Research & Development, La
Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew F. Sammons
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jean G. Sathish
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Pearl
River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Raman Sharma
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Claire M. Steppan
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jamison B. Tuttle
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick R. Verhoest
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Liuqing Wei
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Qingyi Yang
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Irina Yurgelonis
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Pearl
River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Yuao Zhu
- Pfizer
Research & Development, Pearl
River, New York 10965, United States
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4
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Yadav J, Maldonato BJ, Roesner JM, Vergara AG, Paragas EM, Aliwarga T, Humphreys S. Enzyme-mediated drug-drug interactions: a review of in vivo and in vitro methodologies, regulatory guidance, and translation to the clinic. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-33. [PMID: 39057923 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2381021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions can be caused by altered activity of drug metabolizing enzymes in the presence of a perpetrator drug, mostly via inhibition or induction. We identified a gap in the literature for a state-of-the art detailed overview assessing this type of DDI risk in the context of drug development. This manuscript discusses in vitro and in vivo methodologies employed during the drug discovery and development process to predict clinical enzyme-mediated DDIs, including the determination of clearance pathways, metabolic enzyme contribution, and the mechanisms and kinetics of enzyme inhibition and induction. We discuss regulatory guidance and highlight the utility of in silico physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling, an approach that continues to gain application and traction in support of regulatory filings. Looking to the future, we consider DDI risk assessment for targeted protein degraders, an emerging small molecule modality, which does not have recommended guidelines for DDI evaluation. Our goal in writing this report was to provide early-career researchers with a comprehensive view of the enzyme-mediated pharmacokinetic DDI landscape to aid their drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics (PDMB), Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Maldonato
- Department of Nonclinical Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Roesner
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics (PDMB), Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana G Vergara
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics (PDMB), Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Erickson M Paragas
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Aliwarga
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Humphreys
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Peixoto C, Joncour A, Temal-Laib T, Tirera A, Dos Santos A, Jary H, Bucher D, Laenen W, Pereira Fernandes A, Lavazais S, Delachaume C, Merciris D, Saccomani C, Drennan M, López-Ramos M, Wakselman E, Dupont S, Borgonovi M, Roca Magadan C, Monjardet A, Brys R, De Vos S, Andrews M, Jimenez JM, Amantini D, Desroy N. Discovery of Clinical Candidate GLPG3970: A Potent and Selective Dual SIK2/SIK3 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5233-5258. [PMID: 38552030 PMCID: PMC11017251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) SIK1, SIK2, and SIK3 belong to the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family of serine/threonine kinases. SIK inhibition represents a new therapeutic approach modulating pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory pathways that holds potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Here, we describe the identification of GLPG3970 (32), a first-in-class dual SIK2/SIK3 inhibitor with selectivity against SIK1 (IC50 of 282.8 nM on SIK1, 7.8 nM on SIK2 and 3.8 nM on SIK3). We outline efforts made to increase selectivity against SIK1 and improve CYP time-dependent inhibition properties through the structure-activity relationship. The dual activity of 32 in modulating the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα and the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 is demonstrated in vitro in human primary myeloid cells and human whole blood, and in vivo in mice stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Compound 32 shows dose-dependent activity in disease-relevant mouse pharmacological models.
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6
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Zhang M, Chen T, Lu X, Lan X, Chen Z, Lu S. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): advances in structures, mechanisms, and drug discovery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:88. [PMID: 38594257 PMCID: PMC11004190 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of human membrane proteins and an important class of drug targets, play a role in maintaining numerous physiological processes. Agonist or antagonist, orthosteric effects or allosteric effects, and biased signaling or balanced signaling, characterize the complexity of GPCR dynamic features. In this study, we first review the structural advancements, activation mechanisms, and functional diversity of GPCRs. We then focus on GPCR drug discovery by revealing the detailed drug-target interactions and the underlying mechanisms of orthosteric drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in the past five years. Particularly, an up-to-date analysis is performed on available GPCR structures complexed with synthetic small-molecule allosteric modulators to elucidate key receptor-ligand interactions and allosteric mechanisms. Finally, we highlight how the widespread GPCR-druggable allosteric sites can guide structure- or mechanism-based drug design and propose prospects of designing bitopic ligands for the future therapeutic potential of targeting this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xun Lu
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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7
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Wang C, Zhou N, Li M, Chen H. Rehmannioside A inhibits the activity of CYP3A4, 2C9 and 2D6 in vitro. Xenobiotica 2024; 54:195-200. [PMID: 38385556 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2321969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
To assess the effect of Rehmannioside A on CYP450s activity and to estimate its inhibitory properties.The effect of Rehmannioside A on the activity of major CYP450s in human liver microsomes (HLMs) was assessed with the corresponding substrates and marker reactions, and compared with a blank control and the respective inhibitors. Suppression of CYP3A4, 2C9 and 2D6 was assessed by the dose-dependent assay and fitted with non-competitive or competitive inhibition models. The inhibition of CYP3A4 was determined in a time-dependent manner.Rehmannioside A suppressed the activity of CYP3A4, 2C9, and 2D6 with IC50 values of 10.08, 12.62, and 16.43 μM, respectively. Suppression of CYP3A4 was fitted to a non-competitive model with Ki value of 5.08 μM, whereas CYP2C9 and 2D6 were fitted to a competitive model with Ki values of 6.25 and 8.14 μM. Additionally, the inhibitory effect on CYP3A4 was time-dependent with KI value of 8.47 μM-1 and a Kinact of 0.048 min-1.In vitro suppression of CYP3A, 2C9 and 2D6 by Rehmannioside A indicated that Rehmannioside A or its source herbs may interact with drugs metabolised by these CYP450s, which could guide the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congrong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Center, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan, China
| | - Naixiang Zhou
- Department of Office, Jiyang People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Mingcui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghe T.C.M Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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8
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Kamel EM, Alwaili MA, Rudayni HA, Allam AA, Lamsabhi AM. Deciphering the Molecular Mechanisms of Reactive Metabolite Formation in the Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Cytochrome p450 1B1 by 8-Methoxypsoralen and Assessing the Driving Effect of phe268. Molecules 2024; 29:1433. [PMID: 38611713 PMCID: PMC11012842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive computational exploration of the inhibitory activity and metabolic pathways of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MP), a furocoumarin derivative used for treating various skin disorders, on cytochrome P450 (P450). Employing quantum chemical DFT calculations, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations analyses, the biotransformation mechanisms and the active site binding profile of 8-MP in CYP1B1 were investigated. Three plausible inactivation mechanisms were minutely scrutinized. Further analysis explored the formation of reactive metabolites in subsequent P450 metabolic processes, including covalent adduct formation through nucleophilic addition to the epoxide, 8-MP epoxide hydrolysis, and non-CYP-catalyzed epoxide ring opening. Special attention was paid to the catalytic effect of residue Phe268 on the mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of P450 by 8-MP. Energetic profiles and facilitating conditions revealed a slight preference for the C4'=C5' epoxidation pathway, while recognizing a potential kinetic competition with the 8-OMe demethylation pathway due to comparable energy demands. The formation of covalent adducts via nucleophilic addition, particularly by phenylalanine, and the generation of potentially harmful reactive metabolites through autocatalyzed ring cleavage are likely to contribute significantly to P450 metabolism of 8-MP. Our findings highlight the key role of Phe268 in retaining 8-MP within the active site of CYP1B1, thereby facilitating initial oxygen addition transition states. This research offers crucial molecular-level insights that may guide the early stages of drug discovery and risk assessment related to the use of 8-MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emadeldin M. Kamel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt;
| | - Maha A. Alwaili
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.R.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.R.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 65211, Egypt
| | - Al Mokhtar Lamsabhi
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Wang PF, Yang Y, Patel V, Neiner A, Kharasch ED. Natural Products Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 2B6 Activity and Methadone Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:252-265. [PMID: 38135504 PMCID: PMC10877711 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Methadone is cleared predominately by hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B6-catalyzed metabolism to inactive metabolites. CYP2B6 also catalyzes the metabolism of several other drugs. Methadone and CYP2B6 are susceptible to pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Use of natural products such as herbals and other botanicals is substantial and growing, and concomitant use of prescription medicines and non-prescription herbals is common and may result in interactions, often precipitated by CYP inhibition. Little is known about herbal product effects on CYP2B6 activity, and CYP2B6-catalyzed methadone metabolism. We screened a family of natural product compounds used in traditional medicines, herbal teas, and synthetic analogs of compounds found in plants, including kavalactones, flavokavains, chalcones and gambogic acid, for inhibition of expressed CYP2B6 activity and specifically inhibition of CYP2B6-mediated methadone metabolism. An initial screen evaluated inhibition of CYP2B6-catalyzed 7-ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl) coumarin O-deethylation. Hits were further evaluated for inhibition of racemic methadone metabolism, including mechanism of inhibition and kinetic constants. In order of decreasing potency, the most effective inhibitors of methadone metabolism were dihydromethysticin (competitive, K i 0.074 µM), gambogic acid (noncompetitive, K i 6 µM), and 2,2'-dihydroxychalcone (noncompetitive, K i 16 µM). Molecular modeling of CYP2B6-methadone and inhibitor binding showed substrate and inhibitor binding position and orientation and their interactions with CYP2B6 residues. These results show that CYP2B6 and CYP2B6-catalyzed methadone metabolism are inhibited by certain natural products, at concentrations which may be clinically relevant. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This investigation identified several natural product constituents which inhibit in vitro human recombinant CYP2B6 and CYP2B6-catalyzed N-demethylation of the opioid methadone. The most potent inhibitors (K i) were dihydromethysticin (0.074 µM), gambogic acid (6 µM) and 2,2'-dihydroxychalcone (16 µM). Molecular modeling of ligand interactions with CYP2B6 found that dihydromethysticin and 2,2'-dihydroxychalcone bound at the active site, while gambogic acid interacted with an allosteric site on the CYP2B6 surface. Natural product constituents may inhibit CYP2B6 and methadone metabolism at clinically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Fen Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.-F.W., E.D.K.) and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y., V.P., A.N.)
| | - Yanming Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.-F.W., E.D.K.) and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y., V.P., A.N.)
| | - Vishal Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.-F.W., E.D.K.) and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y., V.P., A.N.)
| | - Alicia Neiner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.-F.W., E.D.K.) and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y., V.P., A.N.)
| | - Evan D Kharasch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.-F.W., E.D.K.) and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y., V.P., A.N.)
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10
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Li C, Li X, Fan A, He N, Wu D, Yu H, Wang K, Jiao W, Zhao X. Evidence for cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated metabolic activation of SCO-267. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2024; 45:30-42. [PMID: 38236698 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
SCO-267 is a potent G-protein-coupled receptor 40 agonist that is undergoing clinical development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The current work was undertaken to investigate the bioactivation potential of SCO-267 in vitro and in vivo. Three SCO-267-derived glutathione (GSH) conjugates (M1-M3) were found both in rat and human liver microsomal incubations supplemented with GSH and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Two GSH conjugates (M1-M2) together with two N-acetyl-cysteine conjugates (M4-M5) were detected in the bile of rats receiving SCO-267 at 10 mg/kg. The identified conjugates suggested the generation of quinone-imine and ortho-quinone intermediates. CYP3A4 was demonstrated to primarily catalyze the bioactivation of SCO-267. In addition, SCO-267 concentration-, time-, and NADPH-dependently inactivated CYP3A in human liver microsomes using testosterone as a probe substrate, along with KI and kinact values of 4.91 μM and 0.036 min-1 , respectively. Ketoconazole (a competitive inhibitor of CYP3A) displayed no significant protective effect on SCO-267-induced CYP3A inactivation. However, inclusion of GSH showed significant protection. These findings revealed that SCO-267 undergoes a facile CYP3A4-catalyzed bioactivation with the generation of quinone-imine and ortho-quinone intermediates, which were assumed to be involved in SCO-267 induced CYP3A inactivation. These findings provide further insight into the bioactivation pathways involved in the generation of reactive, potentially toxic metabolites of SCO-267. Further studies are needed to evaluate the influence of SCO-267 metabolism on the safety of this drug in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Ali Fan
- TriApex Laboratories Co. Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Weijie Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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11
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Khalil SM, MacKenzie KR, Maletic-Savatic M, Li F. Metabolic bioactivation of antidepressants: advance and underlying hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2024; 56:97-126. [PMID: 38311829 PMCID: PMC11118075 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2313967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Many drugs that serve as first-line medications for the treatment of depression are associated with severe side effects, including liver injury. Of the 34 antidepressants discussed in this review, four have been withdrawn from the market due to severe hepatotoxicity, and others carry boxed warnings for idiosyncratic liver toxicity. The clinical and economic implications of antidepressant-induced liver injury are substantial, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Drug-induced liver injury may involve the host immune system, the parent drug, or its metabolites, and reactive drug metabolites are one of the most commonly referenced risk factors. Although the precise mechanism by which toxicity is induced may be difficult to determine, identifying reactive metabolites that cause toxicity can offer valuable insights for decreasing the bioactivation potential of candidates during the drug discovery process. A comprehensive understanding of drug metabolic pathways can mitigate adverse drug-drug interactions that may be caused by elevated formation of reactive metabolites. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on antidepressant bioactivation, the metabolizing enzymes responsible for the formation of reactive metabolites, and their potential implication in hepatotoxicity. This information can be a valuable resource for medicinal chemists, toxicologists, and clinicians engaged in the fields of antidepressant development, toxicity, and depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh M. Khalil
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kevin R. MacKenzie
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- NMR and Drug Metabolism Core, Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mirjana Maletic-Savatic
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- NMR and Drug Metabolism Core, Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Meyer ST, Fernandes S, Anderson RE, Pacherille A, Toms B, Kerr WG, Chisholm JD. Structure-Activity Studies on Bis-Sulfonamide SHIP1 Activators. Molecules 2023; 28:8048. [PMID: 38138538 PMCID: PMC10745928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The SH2-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) enzyme opposes the activity of PI3K and therefore is of interest in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Recent results also indicate that SHIP1 promotes phagolysosomal degradation of lipids by microglia, suggesting that the enzyme may be a target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, small molecules that increase SHIP1 activity may have benefits in these areas. Recently we discovered a bis-sulfonamide that increases the enzymatic activity of SHIP1. A series of similar SHIP1 activators have been synthesized and evaluated to determine structure-activity relationships and improve in vivo stability. Some new analogs have now been found with improved potency. In addition, both the thiophene and the thiomorpholine in the parent structure can be replaced by groups without a low valent sulfur atom, which provides a way to access activators that are less prone to oxidative degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea T. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Sandra Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | | - Angela Pacherille
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Bonnie Toms
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - William G. Kerr
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - John D. Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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13
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Wang S, Argikar UA, Cheruzel L, Cho S, Crouch RD, Dhaware D, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Liu J, Ma B, Maw H, Miller GP, Seneviratne HK, Takahashi RH, Wei C, Khojasteh SC. Bioactivation and reactivity research advances - 2022 year in review‡. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:267-300. [PMID: 37608698 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2244193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
With the 50th year mark since the launch of Drug Metabolism and Disposition journal, the field of drug metabolism and bioactivation has advanced exponentially in the past decades (Guengerich 2023).This has, in a major part, been due to the continued advances across the whole spectrum of applied technologies in hardware, software, machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI). LC-MS platforms continue to evolve to support key applications in the field, and automation is also improving the accuracy, precision, and throughput of these supporting assays. In addition, sample generation and processing is being aided by increased diversity and quality of reagents and bio-matrices so that what is being analyzed is more relevant and translatable. The application of in silico platforms (applied software, ML, and AI) is also making great strides, and in tandem with the more traditional approaches mentioned previously, is significantly advancing our understanding of bioactivation pathways and how these play a role in toxicity. All of this continues to allow the area of bioactivation to evolve in parallel with associated fields to help bring novel or improved medicines to patients with urgent or unmet needs.Shuai Wang and Cyrus Khojasteh, on behalf of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Inotiv, Maryland Heights, MO, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hlaing Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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Hirao H, Zhang E. Bidirectional Charge Transfer at the Heme Iron in Reversible and Quasi-irreversible Cytochrome P450 Inhibition. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16599-16608. [PMID: 37737847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The coordination bonding between inhibitor ligands and heme iron plays a critical role in disrupting the essential catalytic functions of cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s). Despite its intrinsic importance and consequential implications for human health, our current understanding of coordination bonding in P450 inhibition remains limited. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic theoretical analysis of the complexes between a ferric or a ferrous heme model and representative inhibitor ligands. Specifically, we evaluated the charge-transfer (CT) effect within these complexes by employing a series of theoretical methods based on density functional theory (DFT). Through a comprehensive analysis, we unveiled the relative significance of ligand-to-heme forward CT in the ferric and ferrous complexes of reversible inhibitors. In contrast, backward CT dominates over forward CT in the ferrous heme complexes of quasi-irreversible inhibitors. Further analysis using the compact frontier orbital method underscores the elevated electron-accepting abilities of quasi-irreversible inhibitors for π backdonation, which greatly amplifies their binding affinity for the ferrous heme. This study sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying P450 inhibition and provides valuable insights for future inhibitor design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Hirao
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
| | - Enhua Zhang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
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15
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Russell DA, Cerny MA. High-throughput cytochrome P450 loss and metabolic intermediate complex assays to aid in designing out of CYP3A inactivation. Methods Enzymol 2023; 690:341-368. [PMID: 37858534 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Time-dependent inactivation (TDI) of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes may result in clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Therefore, designing out of CYP TDI prior to advancing a compound to clinical development is highly desirable. As TDI of CYP3A is a common occurrence in small molecule drug discovery, high-throughput methods are sought to help identify the mechanism of inactivation and enable design strategies to mitigate CYP3A TDI. CYP inactivation via modification or destruction of the prosthetic heme group results in loss of the ability of the enzyme to bind carbon monoxide. Additionally, formation of a tight binding complex with the heme iron, referred to as a metabolic intermediate (MI) complex, also results in enzyme inactivation. The methods described herein provide a high-throughput means of identifying and comparing compounds for their ability to inactivate via destruction/modification of the heme via loss of the ability to bind carbon monooxide, as well as via formation of an MI complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake A Russell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Matthew A Cerny
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, United States.
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16
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Liu X, Wang Q, Chen M, Tao J, Wang J, Liu S, Hou J, Li D, Wang R. Interaction between Changan Granule and its main components in the plasma and CYP450 enzymes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116303. [PMID: 36841379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Changan Granule (CAG) is a Chinese patent drug developed based on an empirical prescription in accordance with the formulation theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The prescription is composed of eight herbal drugs which have been traditionally used by Chinese people for a long history. It has effects of invigorating spleen and supplementing qi, as well as regulating liver and ceasing diarrhea, and is indicated for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). AIM OF THE STUDY This study was aimed to investigate the interaction between CAG and its main components and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes so as to characterize the major metabolites and metabolic enzymes and evaluate the safety concerns to its clinical use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both in vivo and in vitro experiments using such as diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) rat model, HepG2 cells, and human liver microsomes (HLM) were carried out to investigate the interaction between CAG and its main components and CYP450 enzymes. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and cocktail probes were employed to qualitatively or quantitatively measure the metabolites and metabolic enzymes. RESULTS CAG inhibited the enzyme activities of CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 and the mRNA expressions of CYP2E1, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6 in vitro. CAG down-regulated the increased expression of CYP1A2 and up-regulated the decreased expression of CYP3A1 in vivo. Twenty-two metabolites were characterized from the main components of CAG after incubation with HLM in vitro. CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 were identified as the characteristic metabolic enzymes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a reference for clinical application of CAG in safety. CAG and CYP450 enzymes are interacted. CAG is mainly metabolized by CYP2E1 and CYP2D6. The expression of CYP2E1 and CYP2D6 are more susceptible to be influenced by CAG in comparison with that of CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP1A2. It implies the potential risk of interaction when CAG is taken together with the drugs metabolized by CYP2E1 and CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Qiaoxia Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Meng Chen
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiayue Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jincai Hou
- Hebei Shineway Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Langfang, 065201, China
| | - Dan Li
- Hebei Shineway Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Langfang, 065201, China.
| | - Rufeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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17
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He C, Mao Y, Wan H. Preclinical evaluation of chemically reactive metabolites and mitigation of bioactivation in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103621. [PMID: 37201781 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of reactive metabolites (RMs) is thought to be one of the pathogeneses for some idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) which are considered one of the leading causes of some drug attritions and/or recalls. Minimizing or eliminating the formation of RMs via chemical modification is a useful tactic to reduce the risk of IADRs and time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). The RMs should be carefully handled before making a go-no-go decision. Herein, we highlight the role of RMs in the occurrence of IADRs and CYP TDI, the risk of structural alerts, the approaches of RM assessment at the discovery stage and strategies to minimize or eliminate RM liability. Finally, some considerations for developing a RM-positive drug candidate are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong He
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical, No. 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China.
| | - Yuchang Mao
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical, No. 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Hong Wan
- Department of DMPK/Bioanalysis, Shanghai Medicilon, No. 585 Chuanda Road, Shanghai 201299, China.
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18
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Inami H, Mizutani T, Watanabe J, Hayashida H, Ito T, Terasawa T, Kontani T, Yamagishi H, Usuda H, Aoyama N, Imamura E, Ishikawa T. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of N-(3-carbamoyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-oxazole-4-carboxamide derivatives as interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 inhibitors with reduced potential for cytochrome P450 1A2 induction. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 87:117302. [PMID: 37201454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is a critical molecule in Toll-like receptor/interleukin-1 receptor signaling and an attractive therapeutic target for a wide range of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well as cancers. In our search for novel IRAK4 inhibitors, we conducted structural modification of a thiazolecarboxamide derivative 1, a lead compound derived from high-throughput screening hits, to elucidate structure-activity relationship and improve drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) properties. First, conversion of the thiazole ring of 1 to an oxazole ring along with introduction of a methyl group at the 2-position of the pyridine ring aimed at reducing cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition were conducted to afford 16. Next, modification of the alkyl substituent at the 1-position of the pyrazole ring of 16 aimed at improving CYP1A2 induction properties revealed that branched alkyl and analogous substituents such as isobutyl (18) and (oxolan-3-yl)methyl (21), as well as six-membered saturated heterocyclic groups such as oxan-4-yl (2), piperidin-4-yl (24, 25), and dioxothian-4-y (26), are effective for reducing induction potential. Representative compound AS2444697 (2) exhibited potent IRAK4 inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 20 nM and favorable DMPK properties such as low risk of drug-drug interactions mediated by CYPs as well as excellent metabolic stability and oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inami
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Mizutani
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Junko Watanabe
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hayashida
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ito
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Terasawa
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Toru Kontani
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamagishi
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Usuda
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Naohiro Aoyama
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Emiko Imamura
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishikawa
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
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19
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Wood D, Lin S. Deuterodehalogenation Under Net Reductive or Redox-Neutral Conditions Enabled by Paired Electrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218858. [PMID: 36738472 PMCID: PMC10050105 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interest in deuterated active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is increasing as deuteration holds promise for kinetic isotope effect (KIE) regulated fine-tuning of API performance. Moreover, deuterium isotope labeling is frequently carried out to study organic and bioorganic reaction mechanisms and to facilitate complex target synthesis. As such, methods for highly selective deuteration of organic molecules are highly desirable. Herein, we present an electrochemical method for the selective deuterodehalogenation of benzylic halides via a radical-polar crossover mechanism, using inexpensive deuterium oxide (D2 O) as the deuterium source. We demonstrate broad functional group compatibility across a range of aryl and heteroaryl benzylic halides. Furthermore, we uncover a sequential paired electrolysis regime, which permits switching between net reductive and overall redox-neutral reactions of sulfur-containing substrates simply by changing the identity of the sacrificial reductant employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Wood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY-14853, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY-14853, USA
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20
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Xu M, Lu Z, Wu Z, Gui M, Liu G, Tang Y, Li W. Development of In Silico Models for Predicting Potential Time-Dependent Inhibitors of Cytochrome P450 3A4. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:194-205. [PMID: 36458739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is one of the major drug metabolizing enzymes in the human body and metabolizes ∼30-50% of clinically used drugs. Inhibition of CYP3A4 must always be considered in the development of new drugs. Time-dependent inhibition (TDI) is an important P450 inhibition type that could cause undesired drug-drug interactions. Therefore, identification of CYP3A4 TDI by a rapid convenient way is of great importance to any new drug discovery effort. Here, we report the development of in silico classification models for prediction of potential CYP3A4 time-dependent inhibitors. On the basis of the CYP3A4 TDI data set that we manually collected from literature and databases, both conventional machine learning and deep learning models were constructed. The comparisons of different sampling strategies, molecular representations, and machine-learning algorithms showed the benefits of a balanced data set and the deep-learning model featured by GraphConv. The generalization ability of the best model was tested by screening an external data set, and the prediction results were validated by biological experiments. In addition, several structural alerts that are relevant to CYP3A4 time-dependent inhibitors were identified via information gain and frequency analysis. We anticipate that our effort would be useful for identification of potential CYP3A4 time-dependent inhibitors in drug discovery and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Xu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Zhou Lu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Zengrui Wu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Minyan Gui
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai200237, China
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21
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Wang Z, Zhou K, Liang Z, Zhang H, Song Y, Yang X, Xiang D, Xie Q. In Vitro Investigation on the Effect of Dendrobine on the Activity of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:72-78. [PMID: 35523232 DOI: 10.1055/a-1806-2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobine is the major active ingredient of Dendrobium nobile, Dendrobium chrysotoxum, and Dendrobium fimbriatum, all of which are used in traditional Chinese medicine owing to their antitumor and anti-inflammation activities. Hence, investigation on the interaction of dendrobine with cytochrome P450 enzymes could provide a reference for the clinical application of Dendrobium. The effects of dendrobine on cytochrome P450 enzymes activities were investigated in the presence of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 µM dendrobine in pooled human liver microsomes. The specific inhibitors were employed as the positive control and the blank groups were set as the negative control. The Lineweaver-Burk plots were plotted to characterize the specific inhibition model and obtain the kinetic parameters. The study reveals that dendrobine significantly inhibited the activity of CYP3A4, 2C19, and 2D6 with IC50 values of 12.72, 10.84, and 15.47 µM, respectively. Moreover, the inhibition of CYP3A4 was found to be noncompetitive (Ki = 6.41 µM) and time dependent (KI = 2.541 µM-1, Kinact = 0.0452 min-1), while the inhibition of CYP2C19 and 2D6 was found to be competitive with the Ki values of 5.22 and 7.78 µM, respectively, and showed no time-dependent trends. The in vitro inhibitory effect of dendrobine implies the potential drug-drug interaction between dendrobine and CYP3A4-, 2C9-, and 2D6-metabolized drugs. Nonetheless, these findings need further in vivo validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Wang
- Department of Acupuncture, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Kuilong Zhou
- Internal Medicine of TCM, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Zhijie Liang
- Department of Acupuncture, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Huiting Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Yangjie Song
- Department of Acupuncture, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaomin Yang
- Department of Acupuncture, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Dongguo Xiang
- Department of Acupuncture, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Qingfan Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China
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22
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Metabolic activation of drugs by cytochrome P450 enzymes: Biochemical insights into mechanism-based inactivation by fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors and chemical approaches to attenuate reactive metabolite formation. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Pang Q, Li Y, Xie X, Tang J, Liu Q, Peng C, Li X, Han B. The emerging role of radical chemistry in the amination transformation of highly strained [1.1.1]propellane: Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentylamine as bioisosteres of anilines. Front Chem 2022; 10:997944. [PMID: 36339044 PMCID: PMC9634170 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.997944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentylamines (BPCAs), emerging as sp3-rich surrogates for aniline and its derivatives, demonstrate unique structural features and physicochemical profiles in medicinal and synthetic chemistry. In recent years, compared with conventional synthetic approaches, the rapid development of radical chemistry enables the assembly of valuable bicyclo[1.1.1]pentylamines scaffold directly through the amination transformation of highly strained [1.1.1]propellane. In this review, we concisely summarize the emerging role of radical chemistry in the construction of BCPAs motif, highlighting two different and powerful radical-involved strategies including C-centered and N-centered radical pathways under appropriate conditions. The future direction concerning BCPAs is also discussed at the end of this review, which aims to provide some inspiration for the research of this promising project.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy and College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy and College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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24
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He H, Zhang Y, Xu J, Li Y, Fang H, Liu Y, Zhang S. Discovery of Orally Bioavailable SOS1 Inhibitors for Suppressing KRAS-Driven Carcinoma. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13158-13171. [PMID: 36173339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between son of sevenless 1 (SOS1) gene and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) is crucial for activating signals of proliferation and survival in a range of cancers. We previously discovered compound 40a with a tetracyclic quinazoline pharmacophore as a potent orally bioavailable SOS1 inhibitor. Herein, we disclosed the discovery of compound 13c, which substituted the third ring with the seven-membered ring, as a clinical drug candidate for suppressing KRAS-driven tumors. 13c strongly disrupted the protein-protein interaction between SOS1 and KRAS with low IC50 values of 3.9 nM (biochemical) and 21 nM (cellular). 13c showed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile with a bioavailability of 86.8% in beagles and exhibited 83.0% tumor suppression in Mia-paca-2 pancreas xenograft mice tumor models. 13c exhibited a weak time-dependent CY3A4P inhibition than BI-3406, thereby reducing the risk of drug-drug interaction in drug combination. Toxicological investigations revealed that 13c had a lower risk of sudden cardiac death than BI-3406. Overall, 13c has been under evaluation in preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
- Wuhan Yuxiang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
| | - Juan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, P. R. China
- Wuhan Yuxiang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Wuhan Yuxiang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
- School of Life Science and Technology & School Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, P. R. China
| | - Huaxiang Fang
- Wuhan Yuxiang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
- School of Life Science and Technology & School Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation and Membrane Process & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Silong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
- Wuhan Yuxiang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
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25
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Leino TO, Sieger P, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Wallén EA, Kley JT. The azulene scaffold from a medicinal chemist's perspective: Physicochemical and in vitro parameters relevant for drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Tang LWT, Wu G, Chan ECY. Identification of Infigratinib as a Potent Reversible Inhibitor and Mechanism-Based Inactivator of CYP2J2: Nascent Evidence for a Potential In Vivo Metabolic Drug-Drug Interaction with Rivaroxaban. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:123-134. [PMID: 35640957 PMCID: PMC9639665 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infigratinib (INF) is a fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor that was recently FDA-approved for the treatment of advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. We previously established that INF inhibited and inactivated cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Here, in a follow-up to our previous study, we identified for the first time that INF also elicited potent competitive inhibition and mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of CYP2J2 with kinetic parameters K i, K I, k inact, and partition ratio of 1.94 µM, 0.10 µM, 0.026 min-1 and ~3 respectively when rivaroxaban was harnessed as the probe substrate. Inactivation was revealed to exhibit cofactor-dependency and was attenuated by an alternative substrate (astemizole) and direct inhibitor (nilotinib) of CYP2J2. Additionally, the nature of inactivation was unlikely to be pseudo-irreversible and instead arose from covalent modification due to the lack of substantial enzyme activity recovery following dialysis and chemical oxidation as well as the lack of a resolvable Soret band in spectral scans. Glutathione trapping confirmed that the identity of the putative reactive intermediate implicated in the covalent inactivation of both CYP2J2 and CYP3A4 was identical and likely attributable to an electrophilic p-benzoquinonediimine intermediate of INF. Finally, mechanistic static modelling revealed that by integrating the previously arcane inhibition and inactivation kinetic parameters of CYP2J2-mediated rivaroxaban hydroxylation by INF illuminated in this work together with those previously documented for CYP3A4, a 49% increase in the systemic exposure of rivaroxaban was projected. Our modelling results predicted a potential risk of metabolic DDI between the clinically-relevant combination of rivaroxaban and INF in the setting of cancer. Significance Statement In this study, we reported that INF elicits potent reversible inhibition and MBI of CYP2J2. Furthermore, static modelling predicted that its coadministration with the direct oral anticoagulant rivaroxaban may potentially culminate in an metabolic DDI leading to an increased risk of major bleeding. As rivaroxaban is steadily gaining prominence as the anticoagulant of choice in the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism, the DDI projections reported here are clinically-relevant and warrants further investigation via physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guoyi Wu
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Liu S, Hirao H. Energy Decomposition Analysis of the Nature of Coordination Bonding at the Heme Iron Center in Cytochrome P450 Inhibition. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200360. [PMID: 35514038 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug compounds or their metabolic intermediates (MIs) sometimes inhibit the function of cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) by forming a coordination bond with the Fe(III) heme or Fe(II) heme of P450s. Such inhibition is one of the major causes of drug-drug interactions (DDIs), a subject of longstanding academic and practical interest. However, such coordination bonding is not fully understood at the quantum mechanical level, thus hampering rational improvement of the accuracy of DDI-related predictions. In this work, we employed density functional theory (DFT) and the generalized Kohn-Sham energy decomposition analysis (GKS-EDA) scheme to investigate the nature of the coordination bonding formed in the reversible and quasi-irreversible inhibition of P450s. The GKS-EDA results highlighted a previously unrecognized role of the electron correlation effect in P450 inhibition. The correlation effect tends to be larger in Fe(II) complexes of MI-type inhibitors and is particularly prominent for the nitrosoalkane ligand. An additional natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis provided insight into the relative significance of the σ donation and π backdonation effects in various heme-inhibitor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Liu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen, School of Life and Health Sciences, CHINA
| | - Hajime Hirao
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen, School of Life and Health Sciences, …, Shenzhen, CHINA
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28
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Tang LWT, Fu J, Koh SK, Wu G, Zhou L, Chan ECY. Metabolic Activation of the Acrylamide Michael Acceptor Warhead in Futibatinib to an Epoxide Intermediate Engenders Covalent Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 3A. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:931-941. [PMID: 35512804 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Futibatinib (FUT) is a potent inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1-4 that is currently under clinical investigation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Unlike its predecessors, FUT possesses an acrylamide warhead which enables it to bind covalently to a free cysteine residue in the FGFR kinase domain. However, it remains uninterrogated if this electrophilic α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold could also directly or indirectly engender off-target covalent binding to nucleophilic centres on other cellular proteins. Here, we discovered that FUT inactivated both cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoforms with K I, k inact, and partition ratio of 12.5 and 51.4 µM, 0.25 and 0.06 min-1 and ~52 and ~58 for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, respectively. Along with its time-, concentration- and cofactor-dependent inhibitory profile, FUT also exhibited several cardinal features that were consistent with mechanism-based inactivation. Moreover, the nature of inactivation was unlikely to be pseudo-irreversible and instead arose from the covalent modification of the P450 apoprotein and/or its heme moiety due to the lack of substantial enzyme activity recovery following dialysis and chemical oxidation as well as the absence of the diagnostic Soret peak in spectral analyses. Finally, utilizing GSH trapping and high-resolution mass spectrometry, we illuminated that while the acrylamide moiety in FUT could nonenzymatically conjugate to GSH via Michael addition, it was not implicated in the covalent inactivation of CYP3A. Rather, we surmised that it likely stemmed from the metabolic activation of its acrylamide covalent warhead to a highly electrophilic epoxide intermediate that could covalently modify CYP3A and culminate in its catalytic inactivation. Significance Statement In this study, we reported for the first time the inactivation of CYP3A by FUT. Furthermore, using FUT as an exemplary targeted covalent inhibitor, our study revealed the propensity for its acrylamide Michael acceptor moiety to be metabolically activated to a highly electrophilic epoxide. Due to the growing resurgence of covalent inhibitors and the well-established toxicological ramifications associated with epoxides, we advocate that closer scrutiny be adopted when profiling the reactive metabolites of compounds possessing an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiaxin Fu
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Guoyi Wu
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
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29
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Badin RC, Martins CSM, Manaças LRA. Pharmacological profile and potential drug interactions in ovarian cancer hospitalized patients. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2022:10781552221091298. [DOI: 10.1177/10781552221091298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the main therapeutic classes prescribed to ovarian cancer patients and the potential drug interactions (PDI) during hospitalization. This descriptive retrospective work was carried out in a referral gynecological cancer hospital from the Brazilian public health system. The first 24 h inpatients’ prescriptions were evaluated to obtain the pharmacological profile data. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics were collected through the analysis of electronic medical records. A total of 236 patients were included in the study, of which 154 (65.25%) had PDI, with a mean of 1.43 ± 1.76 interactions per patient. The main therapeutic classes prescribed were analgesics and antiemetics (35%), compatible with the oncologic supportive care. All PDI identified (n = 331) were categorized by severity, using the Micromedex database, resulting in: 1.51% contraindicated, 67.67% major, 24.77% moderate, and 6.04% minor. The more prevalent PDI were ondansetron/tramadol (22.05%) and metoclopramide/tramadol (7.25%), both major. An association between PDI and polypharmacy was observed, which did not occur between age or length of stay. Ongoing prescription review by the pharmaceutical team is necessary to identify, monitor, and manage PDI-related adverse events and carry out required interventions with patients, physicians, and nurses. Taken together the data showed that even in a specialized hospital, the complexity of the pharmacotherapy can cause harm to the ovarian cancer patient. The clinical pharmacist acting in a multidisciplinary team is important for improving patient safety in oncology services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Caribé Badin
- Pharmacy Service, National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva - Cancer Hospital II, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carolina Souza Machado Martins
- Pharmacy Service, National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva - Cancer Hospital II, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Liliane Rosa Alves Manaças
- Pharmacy Service, National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva - Cancer Hospital II, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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30
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Tang LWT, Wei W, Verma RK, Koh SK, Zhou L, Fan H, Chan ECY. Direct and Sequential Bioactivation of Pemigatinib to Reactive Iminium Ion Intermediates Culminate in Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 3A. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:529-540. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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31
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Eng H, Dantonio AL, Kadar EP, Obach RS, Di L, Lin J, Patel NC, Boras B, Walker GS, Novak JJ, Kimoto E, Singh RSP, Kalgutkar AS. Disposition of PF-07321332 (Nirmatrelvir), an Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 3CL Protease, across Animals and Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:576-590. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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32
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Yu Z, Shi L. Synthetic routes to bicyclo[1.1.1]pentylamines: booming toolkits for drug design. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00703g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the flourishing progress of modern medicinal chemistry, the bicyclo[1.1.1]pentylamines (BCPAs) have come to the fore as bioisosteres of arylamine motifs to reduce the growing concern about arylamines’ risks related...
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Drug-drug interactions induced by Linderane based on mechanism-based inactivation of CYP2C9 and the molecular mechanisms. Bioorg Chem 2021; 118:105478. [PMID: 34800885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Linderane (LDR) is a main furan-containing sesquiterpenoid of the common herbal medicine Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. Our early study indicated that LDR led to mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of CYP2C9 in vitro, implying possible drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in clinic. In the present study, influence of LDR on the pharmacokinetics of the corresponding hydroxylated metabolites of CYP2C9 substrates in rats was investigated. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that pretreatment with LDR at 20 mg/kg for 15 days inhibited the metabolism of both tolbutamide and warfarin catalyzed by CYP2C9. As for 4-hydroxytolbutamide, the Cmax was decreased, the t1/2z was prolonged, and the Vz/F was increased, all with significant difference. As for 7-hydroxywarfarin, the AUC0-t/AUC0-∞ and CLz/F were significantly decreased and increased, respectively. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanisms based on MBI of CYP2C9 by LDR were revealed. Two reactive metabolites of LDR, furanoepoxide and γ-ketoenal intermediates were identified in CYP2C9 recombinant enzyme incubation systems. Correspondingly, covalent modifications of lysine and cysteine residues of CYP2C9 protein were discovered in the CYP2C9 incubation system treated with LDR. The formation of protein adducts exhibited obvious time- and dose-dependence, which is consistent with the trend of enzyme inhibition caused by LDR in vitro. In addition to the apoprotein of CYP2C9, the heme content was significantly reduced after co-incubation with LDR. These data revealed that modification of both apoprotein and heme of CYP2C9 by reactive metabolites of LDR led to MBI of CYP2C9, therefore resulting in the inhibition of biotransformation of CYP2C9 substrates to their corresponding metabolites in vivo.
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Ramsden D, Perloff ES, Whitcher-Johnstone A, Ho T, Patel R, Kozminski KD, Fullenwider CL, Zhang JG. Predictive In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation for Time Dependent Inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 Using Pooled Human Hepatocytes, Human Liver Microsomes, and a Simple Mechanistic Static Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:114-127. [PMID: 34789487 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes can lead to significant increases in exposure of co-medicants. The majority of reported in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) data have historically focused on CYP3A4 leaving the assessment of other CYP isoforms insubstantial. To this end, the utility of human hepatocytes (HHEP) and microsome (HLM) to predict clinically relevant DDIs was investigated with a focus on CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. Evaluation of IVIVE for CYP2B6 was limited to only weak inhibition. A search of the University of Washington Drug-Drug Interaction Database was conducted to identify a clinically relevant weak, moderate and strong inhibitor for selective substrates of CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, resulting in 18 inhibitors for in vitro characterization against 119 clinical interaction studies. Pooled human hepatocytes and HLM were pre-incubated with increasing concentrations of inhibitors for designated timepoints. Time dependent inhibition (TDI) was detected in HLM for four moderate/strong inhibitors suggesting that some optimization of incubation conditions (i.e. lower protein concentrations) is needed to capture weak inhibition. Clinical risk assessment was conducted by incorporating the in vitro derived kinetic parameters kinact and KI into static equations recommended by regulatory authorities. Significant overprediction was observed when applying the basic models recommended by regulatory agencies. Mechanistic static models (MSM), which consider the fraction of metabolism through the impacted enzyme, using the unbound hepatic inlet concentration lead to the best overall prediction accuracy with 92% and 85% of data from HHEPs and HLM, respectively, within 2-fold of the observed value. Significance Statement Collectively, the data demonstrate that coupling time-dependent inactivation parameters derived from pooled human hepatocytes and HLM with a mechanistic static model provides an easy and quantitatively accurate means to determine clinical DDI risk from in vitro data. Weak and moderate inhibitors did not show TDI under standard incubation conditions using HLM and optimization of incubation conditions is warranted. Recommendations are made with respect to input parameters for IVIVE of TDI with non-CYP3A enzymes using available data from HLM and HHEPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elke S Perloff
- Corning Gentest Contract Research Services, United States
| | | | - Thuy Ho
- Corning Gentest Contract Research Services, United States
| | - Reena Patel
- Corning Gentest Contract Research Services, United States
| | - Kirk D Kozminski
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, United States
| | | | - J George Zhang
- Corning Gentest Contract Research Services, United States
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Wang YK, Li WQ, Xia S, Guo L, Miao Y, Zhang BK. Metabolic Activation of the Toxic Natural Products From Herbal and Dietary Supplements Leading to Toxicities. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:758468. [PMID: 34744736 PMCID: PMC8564355 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.758468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, herbal and dietary supplements have been widely applied to prevent and treat various diseases. However, the potential toxicities and adverse reactions of herbal and dietary supplements have been increasingly reported, and have gradually attracted widespread attention from clinical pharmacists and physicians. Metabolic activation of specific natural products from herbal and dietary supplements is mediated by hepatic cytochrome P450 or intestinal bacteria, and generates chemical reactive/toxic metabolites that bind to cellular reduced glutathione or macromolecules, and form reactive metabolites-glutathione/protein/DNA adducts, and these protein/DNA adducts can result in toxicities. The present review focuses on the relation between metabolic activation and toxicities of natural products, and provides updated, comprehensive and critical comment on the toxic mechanisms of reactive metabolites. The key inductive role of metabolic activation in toxicity is highlighted, and frequently toxic functional groups of toxic natural products were summarized. The biotransformation of drug cytochrome P450 or intestinal bacteria involved in metabolic activation were clarified, the reactive metabolites-protein adducts were selected as biomarkers for predicting toxicity. And finally, further perspectives between metabolic activation and toxicities of natural products from herbal and dietary supplements are discussed, to provide a reference for the reasonable and safe usage of herbal and dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Qun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bi-Kui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Shi Y, Meng D, Wang S, Geng P, Xu T, Zhou Q, Zhou Y, Li W, Chen X. Effects of Avitinib on CYP450 Enzyme Activity in vitro and in vivo in Rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:3661-3673. [PMID: 34456561 PMCID: PMC8387736 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s323186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Avitinib is the first third-generation epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor independently developed in China and is mainly used for treating non-small cell lung cancer. However, pharmacokinetic details are limited. This study explored the in vivo and in vitro effects of avitinib on cytochrome CYP450 enzymes metabolic activity. Methods A rapid and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for determining six probe substrates and their metabolites. Avitinib influence on activity levels of CYP isozymes was examined in vitro using human and rat liver microsomes (HLMs/RLMs). For in vivo studies, rats were pretreated with 30 mg/kg avitinib once daily for 7 days (avitinib multiple-doses group), 30 mg/kg avitinib on day 7 (avitinib single-dose group), or an equivalent amount of CMC-Na once daily for 7 days (control group), followed by intragastrical administration of the probe substrates (1 mg/kg tolbutamide and 10 mg/kg phenacetin, bupropion, chlorzoxazone, dextromethorphan, and midazolam). Plasma pharmacokinetics and IC50 values of the probe substrates were then compared. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-compartmental analysis implemented in a pharmacokinetic program. Results In vitro experiments revealed different inhibitory effects of avitinib on the six probe substrates with various IC50 values (bupropion, 6.39/22.64 μM; phenacetin, 15.79/48.36 μM; chlorzoxazone, 23.15/57.09 μM; midazolam, 27.64/59.6 μM; tolbutamide, 42.18/6.91 μM; dextromethorphan, 44.39/56.57 μM, in RLMs and HLMs respectively). In vivo analysis revealed significant differences (P <0.05) in distinct pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC(0-t), AUC (0-∞), Cmax, MRT(0-t), MRT (0-∞), and CLz/F) for the six probe substrates after avitinib pretreatment. Conclusion A sensitive and reliable UPLC-MS/MS method was established to determine the concentration of six probe substrates in rat plasma. Avitinib had inhibitory effects on CYP450 enzymes, especially cyp2b1, cyp1a2 in RLMs, CYP2C9 in HLMs, and cyp1a2, cyp2b1, cyp2d1, and cyp2e1 in vivo. Our data recommend caution when avitinib was taken simultaneously with drugs metabolized by CYP450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shi
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Deru Meng
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwu Geng
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfang Zhou
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanshu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xugao Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
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Sun C, Zhao H, Li W, Jia Y, Yang Y, Peng Y, Zheng J. Icotinib induces mechanism-based inactivation of r hCYP3A4/5 possibly via heme destruction by ketene intermediate. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:892-901. [PMID: 34312304 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Icotinib (ICT) is an anti-tumor drug approved by China National Medical Products Administration and is found to be effective to conquer non-small cell lung cancer. The present study aimed at the interaction of ICT with CYP3A. ICT exhibited time-, concentration- and NADPH-dependent inhibitory effect on recombinant human CYP3A4/5 (rhCYP3A4/5). About 60% of CYP3A activity was suppressed by ICT at 50 μM after 30 min. The observed enzyme inhibition could not be recovered by dialysis. Nifedipine protected CYP3A from the inactivation by ICT. The inhibitory effects of ICT on CYP3A were neither influenced by GSH/NAL nor by SOD/catalase. Incubation of ICT with human hepatic microsomes produced a ketene reactive intermediate trapped by 4-bromobenzylamine. CYP3A4 dominated the metabolic activation of ICT to the ketene intermediate. Ethyl and vinyl analogs of ICT did not induce inactivation of rhCYP3A4/5, which indicates that acetylenic bioactivation of ICT contributed to the enzyme inactivation. Moreover, the metabolic activation of ICT resulted in heme destruction. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that ICT was a mechanism-based inactivator of rhCYP3A4/5, and heme destruction by the ketene metabolite may be responsible for the observed CYP3A inactivation. Significance Statement Cytochrome P450 enzymes play an important role in drug-drug interactions. The present study demonstrated icotinib (ICT), an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, is a mechanism-based inactivator of rhCYP3A4/5. The study provided solid evidence for the involvement of acetylene moiety in the metabolic activation as well as the inactivation of the enzyme. Furthermore, the resulting ketene intermediate was found to destruct heme, which is possibly responsible for the observed enzyme inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sun
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | | | - Wei Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yudi Jia
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Center for Developmental Pharmacol & Toxicol, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
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Wu L, Zhang C, He C, Qian D, Lu L, Sun Y, Xu M, Zhuo J, Liu PCC, Klabe R, Wynn R, Covington M, Gallagher K, Leffet L, Bowman K, Diamond S, Koblish H, Zhang Y, Soloviev M, Hollis G, Burn TC, Scherle P, Yeleswaram S, Huber R, Yao W. Discovery of Pemigatinib: A Potent and Selective Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10666-10679. [PMID: 34269576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of FGFR has been linked to the pathogenesis of many tumor types. Selective inhibition of FGFR has emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment. Herein, we describe the discovery of compound 38 (INCB054828, pemigatinib), a highly potent and selective inhibitor of FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 with excellent physiochemical properties and pharmacokinetic profiles. Pemigatinib has received accelerated approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of adults with previously treated, unresectable locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with a FGFR2 fusion or other rearrangement. Additional clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate pemigatinib in patients with FGFR alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxing Wu
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Colin Zhang
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Chunhong He
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Dingquan Qian
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Liang Lu
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Yaping Sun
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Meizhong Xu
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Jincong Zhuo
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Phillip C C Liu
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Ronald Klabe
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Richard Wynn
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Maryanne Covington
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Karen Gallagher
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Lynn Leffet
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Kevin Bowman
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Sharon Diamond
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Holly Koblish
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Maxim Soloviev
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Gregory Hollis
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Timothy C Burn
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Peggy Scherle
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Swamy Yeleswaram
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Reid Huber
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Wenqing Yao
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
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Tang LWT, Teng JW, Koh SK, Zhou L, Go ML, Chan ECY. Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 3A4 and 3A5 by the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor Erdafitinib. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1800-1813. [PMID: 34189909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Erdafitinib (ERD) is a first-in-class pan inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1-4 that has garnered global regulatory approval for the treatment of advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Although it has been previously reported that ERD elicits time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A4 (CYP3A4), the exact biochemical nature underpinning this observation remains obfuscated. Moreover, it is also uninterrogated if CYP3A5-its highly homologous counterpart-could be susceptible to such interactions. Mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of P450 is a unique subset of TDI that hinges on prior bioactivation of the drug to a reactive intermediate and possesses profound clinical and toxicological implications due to its irreversible nature. Here, we investigated and confirmed that ERD inactivated both CYP3A isoforms in a time-, concentration-, and NADPH-dependent manner with KI, kinact, and partition ratio of 4.01 and 10.04 μM, 0.120 and 0.045 min-1, and 32 and 55 for both CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, respectively, when rivaroxaban was employed as the probe substrate. Co-incubation with an alternative substrate or direct inhibitor of CYP3A attenuated the rate of inactivation, whereas the addition of glutathione or catalase did not induce such protection. The lack of enzyme activity recovery following dialysis for 4 h and oxidation with potassium ferricyanide combined with the lack of a Soret peak in spectral scans collectively substantiated that ERD is an irreversible covalent MBI of CYP3A. Finally, glutathione trapping and high-resolution mass spectrometry experiments illuminated a plausible bioactivation mechanism of ERD by CYP3A arising from metabolic epoxidation of its quinoxaline ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Wei Tat Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 169856 Singapore
| | - Jian Wei Teng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 169856 Singapore
| | | | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academia Clinical Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Mei Lin Go
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 169856 Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 169856 Singapore
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40
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Jaladanki CK, Khatun S, Gohlke H, Bharatam PV. Reactive Metabolites from Thiazole-Containing Drugs: Quantum Chemical Insights into Biotransformation and Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1503-1517. [PMID: 33900062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Drugs containing thiazole and aminothiazole groups are known to generate reactive metabolites (RMs) catalyzed by cytochrome P450s (CYPs). These RMs can covalently modify essential cellular macromolecules and lead to toxicity and induce idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions. Molecular docking and quantum chemical hybrid DFT study were carried out to explore the molecular mechanisms involved in the biotransformation of thiazole (TZ) and aminothiazole (ATZ) groups leading to RM epoxide, S-oxide, N-oxide, and oxaziridine. The energy barrier required for the epoxidation is 13.63 kcal/mol, that is lower than that of S-oxidation, N-oxidation, and oxaziridine formation (14.56, 17.90, and 20.20, kcal/mol respectively). The presence of the amino group in ATZ further facilitates all the metabolic pathways, for example, the barrier for the epoxidation reaction is reduced by ∼2.5 kcal/mol. Some of the RMs/their isomers are highly electrophilic and tend to form covalent bonds with nucleophilic amino acids, finally leading to the formation of metabolic intermediate complexes (MICs). The energy profiles of these competitive pathways have also been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K Jaladanki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Samima Khatun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), and Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
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41
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Eng H, Tseng E, Cerny MA, Goosen TC, Obach RS. Cytochrome P450 3A Time-Dependent Inhibition Assays Are Too Sensitive for Identification of Drugs Causing Clinically Significant Drug-Drug Interactions: A Comparison of Human Liver Microsomes and Hepatocytes and Definition of Boundaries for Inactivation Rate Constants. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:442-450. [PMID: 33811106 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP3A is an important mechanism underlying numerous drug-drug interactions (DDIs), and assays to measure this are done to support early drug research efforts. However, measuring TDI of CYP3A in human liver microsomes (HLMs) frequently yields overestimations of clinical DDIs and thus can lead to the erroneous elimination of many viable drug candidates from further development. In this investigation, 50 drugs were evaluated for TDI in HLMs and suspended human hepatocytes (HHEPs) to define appropriate boundary lines for the TDI parameter rate constant for inhibition (kobs) at a concentration of 30 µM. In HLMs, a kobs value of 0.002 minute-1 was statistically distinguishable from control; however, many drugs show kobs greater than this but do not cause DDI. A boundary line defined by the drug with the lowest kobs that causes a DDI (diltiazem) was established at 0.01 minute-1 Even with this boundary, of the 33 drugs above this value, only 61% cause a DDI (true positive rate). A corresponding analysis was done using HHEPs; kobs of 0.0015 minute-1 was statistically distinguishable from control, and the boundary was established at 0.006 minute-1 Values of kobs in HHEPs were almost always lower than those in HLMs. These findings offer a practical guide to the use of TDI data for CYP3A in early drug-discovery research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A is responsible for many drug interactions. In vitro assays are employed in early drug research to identify and remove CYP3A time-dependent inhibitors from further consideration. This analysis demonstrates suitable boundaries for inactivation rates to better delineate drug candidates for their potential to cause clinically significant drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Eng
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Elaine Tseng
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
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42
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Mirzaei MS, Ivanov MV, Taherpour AA, Mirzaei S. Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: Computational Insights. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:959-987. [PMID: 33769041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) refers to the metabolic bioactivation of a xenobiotic by cytochrome P450s to a highly reactive intermediate which subsequently binds to the enzyme and leads to the quasi-irreversible or irreversible inhibition. Xenobiotics, mainly drugs with specific functional units, are the major sources of MBI. Two possible consequences of MBI by medicinal compounds are drug-drug interaction and severe toxicity that are observed and highlighted by clinical experiments. Today almost all of these latent functional groups (e.g., thiophene, furan, alkylamines, etc.) are known, and their features and mechanisms of action, owing to the vast experimental and theoretical studies, are determined. In the past decade, molecular modeling techniques, mostly density functional theory, have revealed the most feasible mechanism that a drug undergoes by P450 enzymes to generate a highly reactive intermediate. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and detailed picture of computational advances toward the elucidation of the activation mechanisms of various known groups with MBI activity. To this aim, we briefly describe the computational concepts to carry out and analyze the mechanistic investigations, and then, we summarize the studies on compounds with known inhibition activity including thiophene, furan, alkylamines, terminal acetylene, etc. This study can be reference literature for both theoretical and experimental (bio)chemists in several different fields including rational drug design, the process of toxicity prevention, and the discovery of novel inhibitors and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saeed Mirzaei
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 67149-67346
| | - Maxim V Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Avat Arman Taherpour
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 67149-67346.,Medical Biology Research Centre, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 67149-67346
| | - Saber Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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43
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Kaddah MMY, Billig S, Oehme R, Birkemeyer C. Bio-activation of simeprevir in liver microsomes and characterization of its glutathione conjugates by liquid chromatography coupled to ultrahigh-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462095. [PMID: 33857675 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole and, alternatively, to an ultrahigh-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (UHR-QqTOF) mass spectrometers was used to collect qualitative and quantitative information from incubations of the anti-hepatitis C drug simeprevir with human and rat liver microsomes, respectively, supplemented with NADPH and glutathione. For this, different chromatographic methods using two different chromatographic columns, Kinetex® 2.6 µm C18 (50 × 3 mm) and Atlantis T3 (100 Å, 3 µm, 4.6 mm × 150 mm), have been employed. For determination and structural characterization of the reactive metabolites, we used information obtained from high-resolution mass spectrometry, namely accurate mass data to calculate the elemental composition, accurate MS/MS fragmentation patterns for confirmation of structural proposals, and the high mass spectral resolution to eliminate false-positive peaks. In this study, the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) enabled the identification of 19 simeprevir metabolites generated by O- respectively N-demethylation, oxidation, dehydrogenation, hydrolysis, and formation of glutathione conjugates. The in silico study provides insights into the sites of simeprevir most amenable to reactions involving cytochrome P450. The developed methods have been successfully applied to analyze simeprevir and its metabolites simultaneously; based on this data, potential metabolic pathways of simeprevir are discussed. In general, the obtained results demonstrate that simeprevir is susceptible to form reactive simeprevir-glutathione adducts and cyclopropansulfonamide, which may explain the implication of simeprevir in idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) or hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Y Kaddah
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Center, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Susan Billig
- Research Group of Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnèstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ramona Oehme
- Research Group of Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnèstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Research Group of Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnèstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Koriyama Y, Hori A, Ito H, Yonezawa S, Baba Y, Tanimoto N, Ueno T, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto T, Asada N, Morimoto K, Einaru S, Sakai K, Kanazu T, Matsuda A, Yamaguchi Y, Oguma T, Timmers M, Tritsmans L, Kusakabe KI, Kato A, Sakaguchi G. Discovery of Atabecestat (JNJ-54861911): A Thiazine-Based β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 Inhibitor Advanced to the Phase 2b/3 EARLY Clinical Trial. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1873-1888. [PMID: 33588527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid β peptides (Aβ) is thought to be one of the causal factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aspartyl protease β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting protease for Aβ production, and therefore, BACE1 inhibition is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD. Starting with a dihydro-1,3-thiazine-based lead, Compound J, we discovered atabecestat 1 (JNJ-54861911) as a centrally efficacious BACE1 inhibitor that was advanced into the EARLY Phase 2b/3 clinical trial for the treatment of preclinical AD patients. Compound 1 demonstrated robust and dose-dependent Aβ reduction and showed sufficient safety margins in preclinical models. The potential of reactive metabolite formation was evaluated in a covalent binding study to assess its irreversible binding to human hepatocytes. Unfortunately, the EARLY trial was discontinued due to significant elevation of liver enzymes, and subsequent analysis of the clinical outcomes showed dose-related cognitive worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maarten Timmers
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Tritsmans
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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45
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Veale CGL. Into the Fray! A Beginner's Guide to Medicinal Chemistry. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1199-1225. [PMID: 33591595 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Modern medicinal chemistry is a complex, multidimensional discipline that operates at the interface of the chemical and biological sciences. The medicinal chemistry contribution to drug discovery is typically described in the context of the well-recited linear progression of the drug discovery pipeline. However, compound optimization is idiosyncratic to each project, and clear definitions of hit and lead molecules and the subsequent progress along the pipeline becomes easily blurred. In addition, this description lacks insight into the entangled relationship between chemical and pharmacological properties, and thus provides limited guidance on how innovative medicinal chemistry strategies can be applied to solve optimization problems, regardless of the stage in the pipeline. Through discussion and illustrative examples, this article seeks to provide insights into the finesse of medicinal chemistry and the subtlety of balancing chemical properties pharmacology. In so doing, it aims to serve as an accessible and simple-to-digest guide for anyone who wishes to learn about the underlying principles of medicinal chemistry, in a context that has been decoupled from the pipeline description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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Katsube Y, Tsujimoto M, Koide H, Hira D, Ikeda Y, Minegaki T, Morita SY, Terada T, Nishiguchi K. In Vitro Evidence of Potential Interactions between CYP2C8 and Candesartan Acyl- β-D-glucuronide in the Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:289-297. [PMID: 33446524 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that certain glucuronides function as potent inhibitors of CYP2C8. We previously reported the possibility of drug-drug interactions between candesartan cilexetil and paclitaxel. In this study, we evaluated the effects of candesartan N2-glucuronide and candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide on pathways associated with the elimination of paclitaxel, including those involving organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, OATP1B3, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A10 and UGT2B7 were found to increase candesartan N2-glucuronide and candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide formation in a candesartan concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, the uptake of candesartan N2-glucuronide and candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide by cells stably expressing OATPs is a saturable process with K m of 5.11 and 12.1 μM for OATP1B1 and 28.8 and 15.7 μM for OATP1B3, respectively; both glucuronides exhibit moderate inhibition of OATP1B1/1B3. Moreover, the hydroxylation of paclitaxel was evaluated using recombinant CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Results show that candesartan, candesartan N2-glucuronide, and candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide inhibit the CYP2C8-mediated metabolism of paclitaxel, with candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide exhibiting the strongest inhibition (IC50 is 18.9 µM for candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide, 150 µM for candesartan, and 166 µM for candesartan N2-glucuronide). However, time-dependent inhibition of CYP2C8 by candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide was not observed. Conversely, the IC50 values of all the compounds are comparable for CYP3A4. Taken together, these data suggest that candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide is actively transported by OATPs into hepatocytes, and drug-drug interactions may occur with coadministration of candesartan and CYP2C8 substrates, including paclitaxel, as a result of the inhibition of CYP2C8 function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study demonstrates that the acyl glucuronidation of candesartan to form candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide enhances CYP2C8 inhibition while exerting minimal effects on CYP3A4, organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, and OATP1B3. Thus, candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide might represent a potential mediator of drug-drug interactions between candesartan and CYP2C8 substrates, such as paclitaxel, in clinical settings. This work adds to the growing knowledge regarding the inhibitory effects of glucuronides on CYP2C8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Katsube
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Masayuki Tsujimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Hiroyoshi Koide
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Daiki Hira
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Yoshito Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Tetsuya Minegaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Shin-Ya Morita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Tomohiro Terada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Kohshi Nishiguchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
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47
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Zhang T, Rao J, Li W, Wang K, Qiu F. Mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 enzymes by natural products based on metabolic activation. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:501-530. [PMID: 33043714 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1828910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450 enzymes) are the most common and important phase I metabolic enzymes and are responsible for the majority of the metabolism of clinical drugs and other xenobiotics. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can occur when the activities of P450 enzymes are inhibited. In particular, irreversible inhibition of P450 enzymes may lead to severe adverse interactions, compared to reversible inhibition. Many natural products have been shown to be irreversible inhibitors of P450 enzymes. The risks for intake of naturally occurring irreversible P450 enzyme inhibitors have been rising due to the rapid growth of the global consumption of natural products. Irreversible inhibition is usually called mechanism-based inactivation, which is time-, concentration- and NADPH- dependent. Generally, the formation of electrophilic intermediates is fundamental for the inactivation of P450 enzymes. This review comprehensively classifies natural P450 enzyme inactivators, including terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and quinones obtained from herbs or foods. Moreover, the structure - activity correlations according to the IC50 (or Ki) values reported in the literature as well as the underlying mechanisms based on metabolic activation are highlighted in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jinqiu Rao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
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48
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Sodano TM, Combee LA, Stephenson CRJ. Recent Advances and Outlook for the Isosteric Replacement of Anilines. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1785-1788. [PMID: 33062152 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many promising drug candidates and pharmaceutical compounds fail due to idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs), often arising from the formation of reactive metabolites. Among the "structural alerts" responsible, anilines are well-known to undergo deleterious metabolic processing, yet isosteric replacement strategies remain limited. Herein we discuss current art and potential new avenues of saturated isosteres to mitigate aniline-related toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M. Sodano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Logan A. Combee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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49
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Quasi-Irreversible Inhibition of CYP2D6 by Berberine. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100916. [PMID: 32987920 PMCID: PMC7600264 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, Hwang-Ryun-Hae-Dok-Tang, which contains berberine (BBR) as a main active ingredient, inhibited cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 in a quasi-irreversible manner. However, no information is available on the detailed mechanism of BBR-induced CYP2D6 inhibition. Thus, the present study aimed to characterize the inhibition mode and kinetics of BBR and its analogues against CYP2D6 using pooled human liver microsomes (HLM). BBR exhibited selective quasi-irreversible inhibition of CYP2D6 with inactivation rate constant (kinact) of 0.025 min−1, inhibition constant (KI) of 4.29 µM, and kinact/KI of 5.83 mL/min/µmol. In pooled HLM, BBR was metabolized to thalifendine (TFD), demethyleneberberine (DMB), M1 (proposed as demethylene-TFD), and to a lesser extent berberrubine (BRB), showing moderate metabolic stability with a half-life of 35.4 min and a microsomal intrinsic clearance of 7.82 µL/min/mg protein. However, unlike BBR, those metabolites (i.e., TFD, DMB, and BRB) were neither selective nor potent inhibitors of CYP2D6, based on comparison of half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Notably, TFD, but not DMB, exhibited metabolism-dependent CYP2D6 inhibition as in the case of BBR, which suggests that methylenedioxybenzene moiety of BBR may play a critical role in the quasi-irreversible inhibition. Moreover, the metabolic clearance of nebivolol (β-blocker; CYP2D6 substrate) was reduced in the presence of BBR. The present results warrant further evaluation of BBR–drug interactions in clinical situations.
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50
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Huard K, Smith AC, Cappon G, Dow RL, Edmonds DJ, El-Kattan A, Esler WP, Fernando DP, Griffith DA, Kalgutkar AS, Ross TT, Bagley SW, Beebe D, Bi YA, Cabral S, Crowley C, Doran SD, Dowling MS, Liras S, Mascitti V, Niosi M, Pfefferkorn JA, Polivkova J, Préville C, Price DA, Shavnya A, Shirai N, Smith AH, Southers JR, Tess DA, Thuma BA, Varma MV, Yang X. Optimizing the Benefit/Risk of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitors through Liver Targeting. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10879-10896. [PMID: 32809824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical data suggest that acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors have the potential to rebalance disordered lipid metabolism, leading to improvements in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Consistent with these observations, first-in-human clinical trials with our ACC inhibitor PF-05175157 led to robust reduction of de novo lipogenesis (DNL), albeit with concomitant reductions in platelet count, which were attributed to the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis within bone marrow. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of carboxylic acid-based ACC inhibitors with organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) substrate properties, which facilitated selective distribution of the compounds at the therapeutic site of action (liver) relative to the periphery. These efforts led to the discovery of clinical candidate PF-05221304 (12), which selectively inhibits liver DNL in animals, while demonstrating considerable safety margins against platelet reduction in a nonhuman primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Huard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aaron C Smith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregg Cappon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert L Dow
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David J Edmonds
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ayman El-Kattan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William P Esler
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dilinie P Fernando
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A Griffith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Trenton T Ross
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Scott W Bagley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Beebe
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yi-An Bi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Collin Crowley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shawn D Doran
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew S Dowling
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Spiros Liras
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vincent Mascitti
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Niosi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jana Polivkova
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cathy Préville
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A Price
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andre Shavnya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Norimitsu Shirai
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Andrew H Smith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James R Southers
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A Tess
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Benjamin A Thuma
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Manthena V Varma
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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