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Shimizu S, Fukuda N, Chen L, Matsumoto T, Kaneda A, Endo M, Nishiyama A, Morioka I. Abnormal epigenetic memory of mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells caused by fetal malnutrition induces hypertension and renal injury in adulthood. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:2405-2415. [PMID: 38926588 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Fetal malnutrition has been reported to induce hypertension and renal injury in adulthood. We hypothesized that this hypertension and renal injury would be associated with abnormal epigenetic memory of stem and progenitor cells contributing to organization in offspring due to fetal malnutrition. We measured blood pressure (BP) for 60 weeks in offspring of pregnant rats fed a normal protein diet (Control), low-protein diet (LP), and LP plus taurine (LPT) in the fetal period. We used western blot analysis to evaluate the expression of αSMA and renin in CD44-positive renal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during differentiation by TGF-β1. We measured kidney label-retaining cells (LRCs) at 11 weeks of age and formation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) at 60 weeks of age from the offspring with fetal malnutrition. Epigenetics of the renal MSCs at 14 weeks were investigated by ATAC-sequence and RNA-sequence analyses. BP was significantly higher in LP than that in Control and LPT after 45-60 weeks of age. Numbers of LRCs and EPC colonies were significantly lower in LP than in Control. Renal MSCs from LP already showed expression of h-caldesmon, αSMA, LXRα, and renin before their differentiation. Epigenetic analyses identified PAR2, Chac1, and Tspan6 genes in the abnormal differentiation of renal MSCs. These findings suggested that epigenetic abnormalities of stem and progenitor cell memory cause hypertension and renal injury that appear in adulthood of offspring with fetal malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Fukuda
- Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Lan Chen
- Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Matsumoto
- Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Morito Endo
- Faculty of Human Health Science, Hachinohe Gakuin University, Hachinohe, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Thompson MD, Reiner-Link D, Berghella A, Rana BK, Rovati GE, Capra V, Gorvin CM, Hauser AS. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pharmacogenomics. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-44. [PMID: 39119983 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2358304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The field of pharmacogenetics, the investigation of the influence of one or more sequence variants on drug response phenotypes, is a special case of pharmacogenomics, a discipline that takes a genome-wide approach. Massively parallel, next generation sequencing (NGS), has allowed pharmacogenetics to be subsumed by pharmacogenomics with respect to the identification of variants associated with responders and non-responders, optimal drug response, and adverse drug reactions. A plethora of rare and common naturally-occurring GPCR variants must be considered in the context of signals from across the genome. Many fundamentals of pharmacogenetics were established for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes because they are primary targets for a large number of therapeutic drugs. Functional studies, demonstrating likely-pathogenic and pathogenic GPCR variants, have been integral to establishing models used for in silico analysis. Variants in GPCR genes include both coding and non-coding single nucleotide variants and insertion or deletions (indels) that affect cell surface expression (trafficking, dimerization, and desensitization/downregulation), ligand binding and G protein coupling, and variants that result in alternate splicing encoding isoforms/variable expression. As the breadth of data on the GPCR genome increases, we may expect an increase in the use of drug labels that note variants that significantly impact the clinical use of GPCR-targeting agents. We discuss the implications of GPCR pharmacogenomic data derived from the genomes available from individuals who have been well-phenotyped for receptor structure and function and receptor-ligand interactions, and the potential benefits to patients of optimized drug selection. Examples discussed include the renin-angiotensin system in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, the probable role of chemokine receptors in the cytokine storm, and potential protease activating receptor (PAR) interventions. Resources dedicated to GPCRs, including publicly available computational tools, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Reiner-Link
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Berghella
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brinda K Rana
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - G Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Jiang Y, Lu L. New insight into the agonism of protease-activated receptors as an immunotherapeutic strategy. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105614. [PMID: 38159863 PMCID: PMC10810747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation and mobilization of immune cells play a crucial role in immunotherapy. Existing therapeutic interventions, such as cytokines administration, aim to enhance immune cell activity. However, these approaches usually result in modest effectiveness and toxic side effects, thereby restricting their clinical application. Protease-activated receptors (PARs), a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, actively participate in the immune system by directly activating immune cells. The activation of PARs by proteases or synthetic ligands can modulate immune cell behavior, signaling, and responses to treat immune-related diseases, suggesting the significance of PARs agonism in immunotherapy. However, the agonism of PARs in therapeutical applications remains rarely discussed, since it has been traditionally considered that PARs activation facilitates disease progressions. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the activation, rather than inhibition, of PARs in immune-related physiological responses and diseases. Additionally, we will discuss the emerging immunotherapeutic potential of PARs agonism, providing a new strategic direction for PARs-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lei Lu
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Li F, Wang C, Guo X, Akutsu T, Webb GI, Coin LJM, Kurgan L, Song J. ProsperousPlus: a one-stop and comprehensive platform for accurate protease-specific substrate cleavage prediction and machine-learning model construction. Brief Bioinform 2023; 24:bbad372. [PMID: 37874948 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases contribute to a broad spectrum of cellular functions. Given a relatively limited amount of experimental data, developing accurate sequence-based predictors of substrate cleavage sites facilitates a better understanding of protease functions and substrate specificity. While many protease-specific predictors of substrate cleavage sites were developed, these efforts are outpaced by the growth of the protease substrate cleavage data. In particular, since data for 100+ protease types are available and this number continues to grow, it becomes impractical to publish predictors for new protease types, and instead it might be better to provide a computational platform that helps users to quickly and efficiently build predictors that address their specific needs. To this end, we conceptualized, developed, tested and released a versatile bioinformatics platform, ProsperousPlus, that empowers users, even those with no programming or little bioinformatics background, to build fast and accurate predictors of substrate cleavage sites. ProsperousPlus facilitates the use of the rapidly accumulating substrate cleavage data to train, empirically assess and deploy predictive models for user-selected substrate types. Benchmarking tests on test datasets show that our platform produces predictors that on average exceed the predictive performance of current state-of-the-art approaches. ProsperousPlus is available as a webserver and a stand-alone software package at http://prosperousplus.unimelb-biotools.cloud.edu.au/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Li
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
- South Australian immunoGENomics Cancer Institute (SAiGENCI), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tatsuya Akutsu
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Geoffrey I Webb
- Monash Data Futures Institute, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Lachlan J M Coin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kurgan
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Jiangning Song
- Monash Data Futures Institute, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
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Weng HJ, Pham QTT, Chang CW, Tsai TF. Druggable Targets and Compounds with Both Antinociceptive and Antipruritic Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:892. [PMID: 35890193 PMCID: PMC9318852 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain and itch are both important manifestations of various disorders, such as herpes zoster, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Growing evidence suggests that both sensations have shared mediators, overlapping neural circuitry, and similarities in sensitization processes. In fact, pain and itch coexist in some disorders. Determining pharmaceutical agents and targets for treating pain and itch concurrently is of scientific and clinical relevance. Here we review the neurobiology of pain and itch and discuss the pharmaceutical targets as well as novel compounds effective for the concurrent treatment of these sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jui Weng
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan;
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Quoc Thao Trang Pham
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Chia-Wei Chang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Tsen-Fang Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
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Expression of Proteinase-activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) as a Correlate of Concern in Triple-negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2022; 30:446-452. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Merve D, Irfan A, Gul S, Celik OS, Tugba DKN. Trypsin-induced elevated contractile responses in a rat model of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: Involvement of PAR2 and intracellular Ca 2+ release pathways. Life Sci 2022; 293:120359. [PMID: 35092732 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic inflammatory disease with unclear etiology. Different receptors play a role in the pathophysiology including protease activated receptors (PARs). The present study aimed to investigate the subtypes and the effects of PARs on contractility using permeabilized detrusor smooth muscle strips in IC/BPS. MAIN METHODS IC/BPS was induced by cyclophosphamide injection. Histopathological analysis, PCR for detecting PAR proteins, western blotting for indicating PAR2 protein expression levels and myograph recording for measuring contractile force were used. KEY FINDINGS The present study reveals that in rat bladder PAR1 and PAR2 but not PAR4 were found to be expressed. The first evidence was revealed where trypsin-induced contractions in rat permeabilized detrusor were potentiated in CYP-induced cystitis. Moreover, the functional inhibition of trypsin-induced contractions by selective PAR2 antagonist (ENMD-1068) and the supporting immunoblotting results emphasized that the main PAR subtype involved in IC/BPS model in rat bladder is PAR2. Our data emphasize the prominent role of IP3 in cystitis pathology besides ryanodine channels. Trypsin-induced Ca2+sensitization contractions were also higher in cystitis. Both Rho kinase and protein kinase C played a role in this increased Ca2+sensitization situation. SIGNIFICANCE The present paper highlights the intracellular pathways that are involved in trypsin-induced contractions mainly via PAR2 in permeabilized bladder detrusor smooth muscle in a rat model of IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denizalti Merve
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anjum Irfan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Simsek Gul
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onder Sevgen Celik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine as privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry: An extensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113867. [PMID: 34607244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine scaffold represents an important class of heterocyclic nucleus which provides various bioactives molecules. Among them, the successful kinase inhibitor ponatinib led to a resurgence of interest in exploring new imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-containing derivatives for their putative therapeutic applications in medicine. This present review intends to provide a state-of-the-art of this framework in medicinal chemistry from 1966 to nowadays, unveiling different aspects of its structure-activity relationships (SAR). This extensive literature surveil may guide medicinal chemists for the quest of novel imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine compounds with enhanced pharmacokinetics profile and efficiency.
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Gadepalli A, Akhilesh, Uniyal A, Modi A, Chouhan D, Ummadisetty O, Khanna S, Solanki S, Allani M, Tiwari V. Multifarious Targets and Recent Developments in the Therapeutics for the Management of Bone Cancer Pain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4195-4208. [PMID: 34723483 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone cancer pain (BCP) is a distinct pain state showing characteristics of both neuropathic and inflammatory pain. On average, almost 46% of cancer patients exhibit BCP with numbers flaring up to as high as 76% for terminally ill patients. Patients suffering from BCP experience a compromised quality of life, and the unavailability of effective therapeutics makes this a more devastating condition. In every individual cancer patient, the pain is driven by different mechanisms at different sites. The mechanisms behind the manifestation of BCP are very complex and poorly understood, which creates a substantial barrier to drug development. Nevertheless, some of the key mechanisms involved have been identified and are being explored further to develop targeted molecules. Developing a multitarget approach might be beneficial in this case as the underlying mechanism is not fixed and usually a number of these pathways are simultaneously dysregulated. In this review, we have discussed the role of recently identified novel modulators and mechanisms involved in the development of BCP. They include ion channels and receptors involved in sensing alteration of temperature and acidic microenvironment, immune system activation, sodium channels, endothelins, protease-activated receptors, neurotrophins, motor proteins mediated trafficking of glutamate receptor, and some bone-specific mechanisms. Apart from this, we have also discussed some of the novel approaches under preclinical and clinical development for the treatment of bone cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Gadepalli
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Akhilesh
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Ankit Uniyal
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Ajay Modi
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Deepak Chouhan
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Obulapathi Ummadisetty
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Shreya Khanna
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Shreya Solanki
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Meghana Allani
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh India
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Festoff BW, Dockendorff C. The Evolving Concept of Neuro-Thromboinflammation for Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neurotrauma: A Rationale for PAR1-Targeting Therapies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1558. [PMID: 34827556 PMCID: PMC8615608 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in the role of coagulation and fibrinolysis in the nervous system was active in several laboratories dating back before cloning of the functional thrombin receptor in 1991. As one of those, our attention was initially on thrombin and plasminogen activators in synapse formation and elimination in the neuromuscular system, with orientation towards diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and how clotting and fibrinolytic pathways fit into its pathogenesis. This perspective is on neuro-thromboinflammation, emphasizing this emerging concept from studies and reports over more than three decades. It underscores how it may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to treat the ravages of neurotrauma and neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on PAR1, ALS, and parmodulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry W. Festoff
- PHLOGISTIX LLC, Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Jiang Y, Zhuo X, Fu X, Wu Y, Mao C. Targeting PAR2 Overcomes Gefitinib Resistance in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells Through Inhibition of EGFR Transactivation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:625289. [PMID: 33967759 PMCID: PMC8100583 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.625289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance can notably restrict clinical applications of gefitinib that is a commonly used EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The attempts in exploring novel drug targets and reversal strategies are still needed, since gefitinib resistance has not been fully addressed. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a G protein-coupled receptor, possesses a transactivation with EGFR to initiate a variety of intracellular signal transductions, but there is a lack of investigations on the role of PAR2 in gefitinib resistance. This study established that protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), actively participated in NSCLC resistant to gefitinib. PAR2 expression was significantly up-regulated when NSCLC cells or tumor tissues became gefitinib resistance. PAR2 inhibition notably enhanced gefitinib to modulate EGFR transactivation, cell viability, migration and apoptosis in gefitinib-sensitive and-resistant NSCLC cells, suggesting its reversal effects in gefitinib resistance. Meanwhile, the combination of a PAR2 inhibitor (P2pal-18S) and gefitinib largely blocked ERK phosphorylation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) compared to gefitinib alone. Importantly, we probed its underlying mechanism and uncovered that PAR2 blockade sensitized gefitinib and reversed its resistance mainly via β-arrestin-EGFR-ERK signaling axis. These effects of PAR2 inhibition were further confirmed by the in vivo study which showed that P2pal-18S reactivated gefitinib to inhibit tumor growth via restricting ERK activation. Taken together, this study could not only reveal a new mechanism of receptor-mediated transactivation to modulate drug resistance, but also provide a novel drug target and direction for overcoming gefitinib resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zhuo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiujuan Fu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Canquan Mao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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Morais C, Rajandram R, Blakeney JS, Iyer A, Suen JY, Johnson DW, Gobe GC, Fairlie DP, Vesey DA. Expression of protease activated receptor-2 is reduced in renal cell carcinoma biopsies and cell lines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248983. [PMID: 33765016 PMCID: PMC7993771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the protease sensing receptor, protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2), is elevated in a variety of cancers and has been promoted as a potential therapeutic target. With the development of potent antagonists for this receptor, we hypothesised that they could be used to treat renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The expression of PAR2 was, therefore, examined in human RCC tissues and selected RCC cell lines. Histologically confirmed cases of RCC, together with paired non-involved kidney tissue, were used to produce a tissue microarray (TMA) and to extract total tissue RNA. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR were then used to assess PAR2 expression. In culture, RCC cell lines versus primary human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HTEC) were used to assess PAR2 expression by qPCR, immunocytochemistry and an intracellular calcium mobilization assay. The TMA revealed an 85% decrease in PAR2 expression in tumour tissue compared with normal kidney tissue. Likewise, qPCR showed a striking reduction in PAR2 mRNA in RCC compared with normal kidney. All RCC cell lines showed lower levels of PAR2 expression than HTEC. In conclusion, we found that PAR2 was reduced in RCC compared with normal kidney and is unlikely to be a target of interest in the treatment of this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christudas Morais
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Retnagowri Rajandram
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Jade S. Blakeney
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Abishek Iyer
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacky Y. Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David W. Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glenda C. Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David A. Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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McMahon DB, Carey RM, Kohanski MA, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. PAR-2-activated secretion by airway gland serous cells: role for CFTR and inhibition by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L845-L879. [PMID: 33655758 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00411.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway submucosal gland serous cells are important sites of fluid secretion in conducting airways. Serous cells also express the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that activates secretion from intact airway glands. We tested if and how human nasal serous cells secrete fluid in response to PAR-2 stimulation using Ca2+ imaging and simultaneous differential interference contrast imaging to track isosmotic cell shrinking and swelling reflecting activation of solute efflux and influx pathways, respectively. During stimulation of PAR-2, serous cells exhibited dose-dependent increases in intracellular Ca2+. At stimulation levels >EC50 for Ca2+, serous cells simultaneously shrank ∼20% over ∼90 s due to KCl efflux reflecting Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (CaCC, likely TMEM16A)-dependent secretion. At lower levels of PAR-2 stimulation (<EC50 for Ca2+), shrinkage was not evident due to failure to activate CaCC. Low levels of cAMP-elevating VIP receptor (VIPR) stimulation, also insufficient to activate secretion alone, synergized with low-level PAR-2 stimulation to elicit fluid secretion dependent on both cAMP and Ca2+ to activate CFTR and K+ channels, respectively. Polarized cultures of primary serous cells also exhibited synergistic fluid secretion. Pre-exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa conditioned media inhibited PAR-2 activation by proteases but not peptide agonists in primary nasal serous cells, Calu-3 bronchial cells, and primary nasal ciliated cells. Disruption of synergistic CFTR-dependent PAR-2/VIPR secretion may contribute to reduced airway surface liquid in CF. Further disruption of the CFTR-independent component of PAR-2-activated secretion by P. aeruginosa may also be important to CF pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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14
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Protease-activated receptor-2 ligands reveal orthosteric and allosteric mechanisms of receptor inhibition. Commun Biol 2020; 3:782. [PMID: 33335291 PMCID: PMC7747594 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) has been implicated in multiple pathophysiologies but drug discovery is challenging due to low small molecule tractability and a complex activation mechanism. Here we report the pharmacological profiling of a potent new agonist, suggested by molecular modelling to bind in the putative orthosteric site, and two novel PAR2 antagonists with distinctly different mechanisms of inhibition. We identify coupling between different PAR2 binding sites. One antagonist is a competitive inhibitor that binds to the orthosteric site, while a second antagonist is a negative allosteric modulator that binds at a remote site. The allosteric modulator shows probe dependence, more effectively inhibiting peptide than protease activation of PAR2 signalling. Importantly, both antagonists are active in vivo, inhibiting PAR2 agonist-induced acute paw inflammation in rats and preventing activation of mast cells and neutrophils. These results highlight two distinct mechanisms of inhibition that potentially could be targeted for future development of drugs that modulate PAR2. Kennedy et al. report the pharmacological and in vivo profiling of two small molecule PAR2 inhibitors and an agonist. They conclude that while the small molecule agonist and one of the inhibitors bind to the orthosteric PAR2 binding site, the other inhibitor is a negative allosteric modulator, highlighting two distinct mechanisms of inhibition that could be targeted for future development of drugs that modulate PAR2.
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15
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Wang M, Thyagarajan B. Pain pathways and potential new targets for pain relief. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 69:110-123. [PMID: 33316085 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that affects a sizable percentage of people on a daily basis. Sensory neurons known as nociceptors built specifically to detect damaging stimuli can be found throughout the body. They transmit information about noxious stimuli from mechanical, thermal, and chemical sources to the central nervous system and higher brain centers via electrical signals. Nociceptors express various channels and receptors such as voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, transient receptor potential channels, and opioid receptors that allow them to respond in a highly specific manner to noxious stimuli. Attenuating the pain response can be achieved by inhibiting or altering the expression of these pain targets. Achieving a deeper understanding of how these receptors can be affected at the molecular level can lead to the development of novel pain therapies. This review will discuss the mechanisms of pain, introduce the various receptors that are responsible for detecting pain, and future directions in pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Baskaran Thyagarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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16
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Avet C, Sturino C, Grastilleur S, Gouill CL, Semache M, Gross F, Gendron L, Bennani Y, Mancini JA, Sayegh CE, Bouvier M. The PAR2 inhibitor I-287 selectively targets Gα q and Gα 12/13 signaling and has anti-inflammatory effects. Commun Biol 2020; 3:719. [PMID: 33247181 PMCID: PMC7695697 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is involved in inflammatory responses and pain, therefore representing a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. However, as for other GPCRs, PAR2 can activate multiple signaling pathways and those involved in inflammatory responses remain poorly defined. Here, we describe a new selective and potent PAR2 inhibitor (I-287) that shows functional selectivity by acting as a negative allosteric regulator on Gαq and Gα12/13 activity and their downstream effectors, while having no effect on Gi/o signaling and βarrestin2 engagement. Such selective inhibition of only a subset of the pathways engaged by PAR2 was found to be sufficient to block inflammation in vivo. In addition to unraveling the PAR2 signaling pathways involved in the pro-inflammatory response, our study opens the path toward the development of new functionally selective drugs with reduced liabilities that could arise from blocking all the signaling activities controlled by the receptor. Avet et al. characterize I-287, an inhibitor to protease-activated receptor 2 using BRET-assays. They find that I-287 selectively inhibits Gαq and Gα12/13 without affecting the activation of Gi/o or the recruitment of βarrestin2 and that it blocks inflammation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Avet
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4
| | - Claudio Sturino
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,Paraza Pharma, Inc., Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 2E1
| | - Sébastien Grastilleur
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'Excellence en Neurosciences de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Christian Le Gouill
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4
| | - Meriem Semache
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4.,Domain Therapeutics North America, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 1Z9
| | - Florence Gross
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4.,Domain Therapeutics North America, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 1Z9
| | - Louis Gendron
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'Excellence en Neurosciences de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Youssef Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,AdMare BioInnovations, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 1Z9
| | - Joseph A Mancini
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Camil E Sayegh
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4.
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17
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Majewski MW, Gandhi DM, Holyst T, Wang Z, Hernandez I, Rosas R, Zhu J, Weiler H, Dockendorff C. Synthesis and initial pharmacology of dual-targeting ligands for putative complexes of integrin αVβ3 and PAR2. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:940-949. [PMID: 33479689 PMCID: PMC7496306 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unpublished data from our labs led us to hypothesize that activated protein C (aPC) may initiate an anti-inflammatory signal in endothelial cells by modulating both the integrin αVβ3 and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), which may exist in close proximity on the cellular surface. To test this hypothesis and to probe the possible inflammation-related pathway, we designed and synthesized dual-targeting ligands composed of modified versions of two αVβ3 ligands and two agonists of PAR2. These novel ligands were connected via copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloadditions with polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacers of variable length. Initial in vitro pharmacology with EA.hy926 and HUVEC endothelial cells indicated that these ligands are effective binders of αVβ3 and potent agonists of PAR2. These were also used in preliminary studies investigating their effects on PAR2 signaling in the presence of inflammatory agents, and represent the first examples of ligands targeting both PARs and integrins, though concurrent binding to αVβ3 and PAR2 has not yet been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Majewski
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881 , Milwaukee , WI 53201-1881 , USA . ; Tel: +1 414 288 1617
| | - Disha M Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881 , Milwaukee , WI 53201-1881 , USA . ; Tel: +1 414 288 1617
| | - Trudy Holyst
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Zhengli Wang
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Irene Hernandez
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Ricardo Rosas
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881 , Milwaukee , WI 53201-1881 , USA . ; Tel: +1 414 288 1617
| | - Jieqing Zhu
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
- Department of Biochemistry , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
- Department of Physiology , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Chris Dockendorff
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881 , Milwaukee , WI 53201-1881 , USA . ; Tel: +1 414 288 1617
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18
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Klösel I, Schmidt MF, Kaindl J, Hübner H, Weikert D, Gmeiner P. Discovery of Novel Nonpeptidic PAR2 Ligands. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1316-1323. [PMID: 32551018 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a class A G protein-coupled receptor whose activation has been associated with inflammatory diseases and cancer, thus representing a valuable therapeutic target. Pathophysiological roles of PAR2 are often characterized using peptidic PAR2 agonists. Peptidic ligands are frequently unstable in vivo and show poor bioavailability, and only a few approaches toward drug-like nonpeptidic PAR2 ligands have been described. The herein-described ligand 5a (IK187) is a nonpeptidic PAR2 agonist with submicromolar potency in a functional assay reflecting G protein activation. The ligand also showed substantial β-arrestin recruitment. The development of the compound was guided by the crystal structure of PAR2, when the C-terminal end of peptidic agonists was replaced by a small molecule based on a disubstituted phenylene scaffold. IK187 shows preferable metabolic stability and may serve as a lead compound for the development of nonpeptidic drugs addressing PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Klösel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian F. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Kaindl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Weikert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Braga Emidio N, Brierley SM, Schroeder CI, Muttenthaler M. Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Potential of the Trefoil Factor Family in the Gastrointestinal Tract. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:583-597. [PMID: 32832864 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factor family peptides (TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3) are key players in protecting, maintaining, and repairing the gastrointestinal tract. Accordingly, they have the therapeutic potential to treat and prevent a variety of gastrointestinal disorders associated with mucosal damage. TFF peptides share a conserved motif, including three disulfide bonds that stabilize a well-defined three-loop-structure reminiscent of a trefoil. Although multiple functions have been described for TFF peptides, their mechanisms at the molecular level remain poorly understood. This review presents the status quo of TFF research relating to gastrointestinal disorders. Putative TFF receptors and protein partners are described and critically evaluated. The therapeutic potential of these peptides in gastrointestinal disorders where altered mucosal biology plays a crucial role in the underlying etiology is discussed. Finally, areas of investigation that require further research are addressed. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive update on TFF literature as well as guidance toward future research to better understand this peptide family and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Braga Emidio
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medicial Research Insittitue (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.,Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Markus Muttenthaler
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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20
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Jiang Y, Zhuo X, Mao C. G Protein-coupled Receptors in Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1952-1963. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200305130009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly expressed on a variety of tumour tissues while several
GPCR exogenous ligands become marketed pharmaceuticals. In recent decades, cancer stem cells (CSCs) become
widely investigated drug targets for cancer therapy but the underlying mechanism is still not fully elucidated.
There are vigorous participations of GPCRs in CSCs-related signalling and functions, such as biomarkers for
CSCs, activation of Wnt, Hedgehog (HH) and other signalling to facilitate CSCs progressions. This relationship
can not only uncover a novel molecular mechanism for GPCR-mediated cancer cell functions but also assist our
understanding of maintaining and modulating CSCs. Moreover, GPCR antagonists and monoclonal antibodies
could be applied to impair CSCs functions and consequently attenuate tumour growth, some of which have been
undergoing clinical studies and are anticipated to turn into marketed anticancer drugs. Therefore, this review
summarizes and provides sufficient evidences on the regulation of GPCR signalling in the maintenance, differentiation
and pluripotency of CSCs, suggesting that targeting GPCRs on the surface of CSCs could be potential
therapeutic strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Zhuo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Canquan Mao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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21
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Mitsui S, Oe Y, Sekimoto A, Sato E, Hashizume Y, Yamakage S, Kumakura S, Sato H, Ito S, Takahashi N. Dual blockade of protease-activated receptor 1 and 2 additively ameliorates diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1067-F1073. [PMID: 32200667 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00595.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are coagulation protease targets, and they increase expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in various diseases. Of all PARs, previous reports have shown that PAR1 or PAR2 inhibition is protective against diabetic glomerular injury. However, how PAR1 and PAR2 cooperatively contribute to diabetic kidney disease (DKD) pathogenesis and whether dual blockade of PARs is more effective in DKD remain elusive. To address this issue, male type I diabetic Akita mice heterozygous for endothelial nitric oxide synthase were used as a model of DKD. Mice (4 mo old) were divided into four treatment groups and administered vehicle, PAR1 antagonist (E5555, 60 mg·kg-1·day-1), PAR2 antagonist (FSLLRY, 3 mg·kg-1·day-1), or E5555 + FSLLRY for 4 wk. The results showed that the urinary albumin creatinine ratio was significantly reduced when both PAR1 and PAR2 were blocked with E5555 + FSLLRY compared with the vehicle-treated group. Dual blockade of PAR1 and PAR2 by E5555 + FSLLRY additively ameliorated histological injury, including mesangial expansion, glomerular macrophage infiltration, and collagen type IV deposition. Marked reduction of inflammation- and fibrosis-related gene expression in the kidney was also observed. In vitro, PAR1 and PAR2 agonists additively increased mRNA expression of macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human endothelial cells. Changes induced by the PAR1 agonist were blocked by a NF-κB inhibitor, whereas those of the PAR2 agonist were blocked by MAPK and/or NF-κB inhibitors. These findings suggest that PAR1 and PAR2 additively contribute to DKD pathogenesis and that dual blockade of both could be a novel therapeutic option for treatment of patients with DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Mitsui
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuji Oe
- Department of Community Medical Support, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akiyo Sekimoto
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Emiko Sato
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yamato Hashizume
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shu Yamakage
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kumakura
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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22
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Ma G, Wang C, Lv B, Jiang Y, Wang L. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 enhances Bcl2-like protein-12 expression in lung cancer cells to suppress p53 expression. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:1147-1153. [PMID: 31572459 PMCID: PMC6764318 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.86980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathogenesis of lung cancer is unclear. Less expression of p53 or p53 mutation was identified in lung cancer cells, which plays a role in the development of lung cancer. Recent reports indicate that Bcl2-like protein-12 (Bcl2L12) can inhibit the expression of p53. Lung cancer cells express proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2). This study tests the hypothesis that activation of PAR2 inhibits the expression of p53 in lung cancer cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Lung cancer cells were collected from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The cells were exposed to active peptides or trypsin in the culture for 48 h. The expression of p53 was assessed by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. RESULTS We observed that lung cancer cells express Bcl2L12. Activation of PAR2 increases expression of Bcl2L12 in lung cancer cells. Bcl2L12 mediates PAR2-suppressed p53 expression in lung cancer cells. IgE-activated mast cell suppression of p53 expression in lung cancer cells can be prevented by knocking down Bcl2L12. The Bcl2L12 bound Mdm2, the transcription factor of p53, to prevent the Mdm2 from binding to the promoter of p53 and thus inhibited p53 expression in lung cancer cells. PAR2 could attenuate lung cancer cell apoptosis via inducing Bcl2L12. CONCLUSIONS Lung cancer cells express Bcl2L12, which mediates the effects of activation of PAR2 on suppressing the expression of p53 in lung cancer cells, implying that Bcl2L12 may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyuan Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baoyu Lv
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shandong Tumor Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanzhu Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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23
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Wang X, Iyer A, Lyons AB, Körner H, Wei W. Emerging Roles for G-protein Coupled Receptors in Development and Activation of Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2031. [PMID: 31507616 PMCID: PMC6718513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have emerged as a key component of the innate immune system that emigrates to peripheral tissues during gestation and in the adult organism. Their complex pathway to maturity, their unique plasticity and their various roles as effector and regulatory cells during an immune response have been the focus of intense research. A class of surface molecules, the G-Protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play important roles in many immune processes. They have drawn attention in regard to these functions and the potential for therapeutic targets that can modulate the response of immune cells in pathologies such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Of the more than 800 GPCRs identified, ~100 are currently targeted with drugs which have had their activity investigated in vivo. Macrophages express a number of GPCRs which have central roles during cell differentiation and in the regulation of their functions. While some macrophage GPCRs such as chemokine receptors have been studied in great detail, the roles of other receptors of this large family are still not well understood. This review summarizes new insights into macrophage biology, differences of human, and mouse macrophages and gives details of some of the GPCRs expressed by this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Abishek Iyer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A Bruce Lyons
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Heinrich Körner
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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24
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Wang M, Ma Y, Zhang T, Gao L, Zhang S, Chen Q. Proteinase‑activated receptor 2 deficiency is a protective factor against cardiomyocyte apoptosis during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3764-3772. [PMID: 31485622 PMCID: PMC6755170 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have established that proteinase‑activated receptor 2 (PAR2) activation protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI). However, the role of PAR2 deficiency in MI/RI remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of PAR2 deficiency on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and to clarify the potential molecular mechanisms for its protective effect against MI/RI. Using a mouse model of MI/RI, cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography, infarct size was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and myocardial cell apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase‑mediated dUTP nick end‑labeling staining. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, and expression of Bcl‑2 and cleaved PARP were determined to assess apoptosis in myocardial H9c2 cells exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury‑simulating MI/RI. Phosphorylated ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK protein expression levels were analyzed by western blotting. The findings indicated that PAR2 deficiency markedly reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the MI/RI mouse model, as well as in myocardial H9c2 cells exposed to H/R. Furthermore, PAR2 knockdown clearly prevented phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK in myocardial H9c2 cells. The results revealed that PAR2 deficiency alleviated MI/RI‑associated apoptosis by inhibiting phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK. Therefore, targeted PAR2 silencing may be a potential therapeutic approach for alleviation of MI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Tumor Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Qizhi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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25
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Tang KL, Tang HY, Du Y, Tian T, Xiong SJ. PAR-2 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20182476. [PMID: 31213575 PMCID: PMC6609552 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20182476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This research aimed to explore the function of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development and progression, as well as underlying molecular mechanism.Methods: Tissue samples were collected from 115 OSCC patients. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to measure the expression of PAR-2 mRNA in OSCC tissues and cells. MTT and Transwell assays were used to detect the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells, respectively. Western blot was performed to determine protein expression.Results: The expression of PAR-2 mRNA was up-regulated in OSCC tissue and cells (P<0.01), and its mRNA level was obviously correlated to tumor differentiation and TNM stage in OSCC (P<0.05 for both). The activation of PAR-2 with PAR-2AP (PAR-2 agonist) significantly promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells, while its knockout could inhibit malignant behaviors of OSCC cells (P<0.05). Excessive activation of PAR-2 enhanced phosphorylation level of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR revealing the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway. Moreover, LY294002, the inhibitor of PI3K/AKT pathway, could reverse oncogenic action caused by PAR-2 activation.Conclusion:PAR-2 can promote OSCC growth and progression via activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Liang Tang
- Department of VIP Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
- Department of Endodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Han-Ying Tang
- Department of Oral Prosthology, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Endodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Shi-Jiang Xiong
- Department of VIP Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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26
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Pawar NR, Buzza MS, Antalis TM. Membrane-Anchored Serine Proteases and Protease-Activated Receptor-2-Mediated Signaling: Co-Conspirators in Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2019; 79:301-310. [PMID: 30610085 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pericellular proteolysis provides a significant advantage to developing tumors through the ability to remodel the extracellular matrix, promote cell invasion and migration, and facilitate angiogenesis. Recent advances demonstrate that pericellular proteases can also communicate directly to cells by activation of a unique group of transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) known as protease-activated receptors (PAR). In this review, we discuss the specific roles of one of four mammalian PARs, namely PAR-2, which is overexpressed in advanced stage tumors and is activated by trypsin-like serine proteases that are highly expressed or otherwise dysregulated in many cancers. We highlight recent insights into the ability of different protease agonists to bias PAR-2 signaling and the newly emerging evidence for an interplay between PAR-2 and membrane-anchored serine proteases, which may co-conspire to promote tumor progression and metastasis. Interfering with these pathways might provide unique opportunities for the development of new mechanism-based strategies for the treatment of advanced and metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R Pawar
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marguerite S Buzza
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Toni M Antalis
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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27
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He X, Ni D, Lu S, Zhang J. Characteristics of Allosteric Proteins, Sites, and Modulators. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1163:107-139. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8719-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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Kennedy AJ, Ballante F, Johansson JR, Milligan G, Sundström L, Nordqvist A, Carlsson J. Structural Characterization of Agonist Binding to Protease-Activated Receptor 2 through Mutagenesis and Computational Modeling. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2018; 1:119-133. [PMID: 32219208 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is activated by proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminus. The unmasked N-terminal peptide then binds to the transmembrane bundle, leading to activation of intracellular signaling pathways associated with inflammation and cancer. Recently determined crystal structures have revealed binding sites of PAR2 antagonists, but the binding mode of the peptide agonist remains unknown. In order to generate a model of PAR2 in complex with peptide SLIGKV, corresponding to the trypsin-exposed tethered ligand, the orthosteric binding site was probed by iterative combinations of receptor mutagenesis, agonist ligand modifications, and data-driven structural modeling. Flexible-receptor docking identified a conserved binding mode for agonists related to the endogenous ligand that was consistent with the experimental data and allowed synthesis of a novel peptide (1-benzyl-1H[1,2,3]triazole-4-yl-LIGKV) with functional potency higher than that of SLIGKV. The final model may be used to understand the structural basis of PAR2 activation and in virtual screens to identify novel agonists and competitive antagonists. The combined experimental and computational approach to characterize agonist binding to PAR2 can be extended to study the many other G protein-coupled receptors that recognize peptides or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Kennedy
- Discovery Sciences and Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Flavio Ballante
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan R Johansson
- Discovery Sciences and Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Sundström
- Discovery Sciences and Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anneli Nordqvist
- Discovery Sciences and Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Klinngam W, Fu R, Janga SR, Edman MC, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Cathepsin S Alters the Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and MMP-9, Partially through Protease-Activated Receptor-2, in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3530. [PMID: 30423938 PMCID: PMC6274678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CTSS) activity is increased in tears of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients. This elevated CTSS may contribute to ocular surface inflammation. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T cells) were treated with recombinant human CTSS at activity comparable to that in SS patient tears for 2, 4, 8, and 24 h. Acute CTSS significantly increased HCE-T cell gene and protein expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) from 2 to 4 h, while matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), CTSS, and protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) were increased by chronic CTSS (24 h). To investigate whether the increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteases were induced by CTSS activation of PAR-2, HCE-T cells were transfected with PAR-2 siRNA, reducing cellular PAR-2 by 45%. Cells with reduced PAR-2 expression showed significantly reduced release of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MMP-9 into culture medium in response to acute CTSS, while IL-6, TNF-α, and MMP-9 were reduced in culture medium, and IL-6 and MMP-9 in cell lysates, after chronic CTSS. Moreover, cells with reduced PAR-2 expression showed reduced ability of chronic CTSS to induce gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteases. CTSS activation of PAR-2 may represent a potential therapeutic target for amelioration of ocular surface inflammation in SS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannita Klinngam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.
| | - Runzhong Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.
| | - Srikanth R Janga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.
| | - Maria C Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.
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30
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Barr TP, Garzia C, Guha S, Fletcher EK, Nguyen N, Wieschhaus AJ, Ferrer L, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. PAR2 Pepducin-Based Suppression of Inflammation and Itch in Atopic Dermatitis Models. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:412-421. [PMID: 30287285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PAR2 has been proposed to contribute to lesion formation and intense itch in atopic dermatitis. Here, we tested the ability of a cell-penetrating pepducin, PZ-235, to mitigate the potentially deleterious effects of PAR2 in models of atopic dermatitis. PZ-235 significantly inhibited PAR2-mediated expression of inflammatory factors NF-κB, TSLP, TNF-α, and differentiation marker K10 by 94%-98% (P < 0.001) in human keratinocytes and suppressed IL-4 and IL-13 by 68%-83% (P < 0.05) in mast cells. In delayed pepducin treatment models of oxazolone- and DNFB-induced dermatitis, PZ-235 significantly attenuated skin thickening by 43%-100% (P < 0.01) and leukocyte crusting by 57% (P < 0.05), and it inhibited ex vivo chemotaxis of leukocytes toward PAR2 agonists. Daily PZ-235 treatment of filaggrin-deficient mice exposed to dust mite allergens for 8 weeks significantly suppressed total leukocyte and T-cell infiltration by 50%-68%; epidermal thickness by 60%-77%; and skin thickening, scaling, excoriation, and total lesion severity score by 46%-56%. PZ-235 significantly reduced itching caused by wasp venom peptide degranulation of mast cells in mice by 51% (P < 0.05), which was comparable to the protective effects conferred by PAR2 deficiency. Taken together, these results suggest that a PAR2 pepducin may confer broad therapeutic benefits as a disease-modifying treatment for atopic dermatitis and itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis P Barr
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chris Garzia
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Srijoy Guha
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Fletcher
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam J Wieschhaus
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lluis Ferrer
- Department of Dermatology, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lidija Covic
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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31
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Cimmino G, Cirillo P. Tissue factor: newer concepts in thrombosis and its role beyond thrombosis and hemostasis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2018; 8:581-593. [PMID: 30498683 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2018.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For many years, the attention on tissue factor (TF) in human pathophysiology has been limited to its role as initiator of extrinsic coagulation pathway. Moreover, it was described as a glycoprotein located in several tissue including vascular wall and atherosclerotic plaque. However, in the last two decades, the discovery that TF circulates in the blood as cell-associated protein, microparticles (MPs) bound and as soluble form, is changing this old vessel-wall TF dogma. Moreover, it has been reported that TF is expressed by different cell types, even T lymphocytes and platelets, and different pathological conditions, such as acute and chronic inflammatory status, and cancer, may enhance its expression and activity. Thus, recent advances in the biology of TF have clearly indicated that beyond its known effects on blood coagulation, it is a "true surface receptor" involved in many intracellular signaling, cell-survival, gene and protein expression, proliferation, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Finally, therapeutic modulation of TF expression and/or activity has been tested with controversial results. This report, starting from the old point of view about TF as initiator of extrinsic coagulation pathway, briefly illustrates the more recent concepts about TF and thrombosis and finally gives an overview about its role beyond thrombosis and haemostasis focusing on the different intracellular mechanisms triggered by its activation and potentially involved in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Division of Cardiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Plinio Cirillo
- Department of Advance Biomedical Science, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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32
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Maruyama K, McGuire JJ, Kagota S. Progression of Time-Dependent Changes to the Mechanisms of Vasodilation by Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in Metabolic Syndrome. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:2039-2044. [PMID: 29199228 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by serine proteases released from tissues or by synthetic peptide ligands administered pharmacologically. Its wide expression in the cardiovascular system, particularly within the endothelium, vasodilation activity, and link to increased expression of inflammatory cytokines positions PAR2 as a potentially important regulator of vascular pathology under conditions of tissue inflammation, and injury; and thus, a pharmaceutical target for new therapeutics. Obesity is considered a chronic low-grade systemic inflammatory condition as inflammatory cytokines released from adipocytes are closely related to development of metabolic syndrome and related disorders. Our work over the past five-years has focused on the changes in vasomotor functions of PAR2 in metabolic syndrome, using an animal model known as the SHRSP.Z-Leprfa/IzmDmcr rats (SHRSP.ZF). In young SHRSP.ZF that had already developed impaired responses to nitric oxide, we reported that PAR2-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation is preserved. However, this PAR2 vasodilation decreased with increasing age and further chronic exposure to the conditions of metabolism disorder. These findings raise the possibility that PAR2 regulates tissue perfusion and can protect organs from injury, which is an increasing clinical concern at later stages of metabolic syndrome. Here we present our studies on the time-dependent changes in vasoreactivity to PAR2 in metabolic syndrome and the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of these age-related changes in PAR2 for the cardiovascular system in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - John J McGuire
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University
| | - Satomi Kagota
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
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33
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Bhuniya D, Bhosale S, Reddy SB, Reddy SN. Isoxazole-tethered diarylheptanoid analogs: Discovery of a new drug-like PAR2 antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2285-2288. [PMID: 29798827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A new class of isoxazole-tethered diarylheptanoids having characteristic 1,3-syn-diol and 1,3-anti-diol chemophoric moieties, e.g. 4a-d and 5a-c respectively, have been designed and synthesized starting from d-glucose following a stereo-conserved general synthetic strategy. The isoxazole heterocycle was installed using our recently elaborated methodology deploying Magtrieve™ as a selective oxidizing agent. Two of these new analogs 4a and 5a exhibited significantly improved in vitro drug-like properties including solubility, metabolic stability, cell permeability and lack of nonspecific cytotoxicity when compared with curcumin-I. In a HEK293 cell-based intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i release assay, 4a and 5a, when tested at 30 μM, inhibited the trypsin agonist induced protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) activity by 80% and 70% respectively. IC50 of 4a (SB70) has been determined as 6 μM which is in the same range of current benchmarks for PAR2 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debnath Bhuniya
- Drug Discovery Facility - Pune, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Block No. 21 & 22, Phase II, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore 560058, India; Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Research Academy (ISTRA), Abeda Inamdar College, University of Pune, 2390-B, Hidayatullah Road, Pune 411001, India.
| | - Sandeep Bhosale
- Drug Discovery Facility - Pune, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Block No. 21 & 22, Phase II, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore 560058, India
| | - Satyanarayana B Reddy
- Drug Discovery Facility - Pune, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Block No. 21 & 22, Phase II, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore 560058, India
| | - Sudharshan N Reddy
- Drug Discovery Facility - Pune, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Block No. 21 & 22, Phase II, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore 560058, India
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34
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Qian N, Li X, Wang X, Wu C, Yin L, Zhi X. Tryptase promotes breast cancer angiogenesis through PAR-2 mediated endothelial progenitor cell activation. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1513-1520. [PMID: 30008831 PMCID: PMC6036543 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells have been demonstrated to accumulate around and within solid tumors of numerous types, and express a number of pro-angiogenic compounds, including tryptase. They may serve an early role in angiogenesis within developing tumors. In the present study, the role and mechanism of tryptase in the activation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in breast cancer angiogenesis were evaluated. Human umbilical cord blood EPCs were isolated and cultured. MB-MDA-231 breast cancer cells were then pretreated with tryptase, and the conditioned medium was collected. The effects of tryptase on the migratory and angiogenesis abilities of EPCs were determined using wound-healing and tube formation assays, respectively. The effect of tryptase on the proliferation of EPCs was detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Alterations in proteinase activated receptor (PAR)-2, phosphorylated (p)-protein kinase B (AKT), p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 expression were analyzed, in tryptase or conditioned medium-treated EPCs, by western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. It was confirmed that the EPCs expressed PAR-2; and that tryptase treatment promoted the migration and tube formation of EPCs. Treatment with a PAR-2 agonist had a similar effect to tryptase, whereas treatment with a tryptase inhibitor, APC366, or a PAR-2 inhibitor, SAM 11, inhibited the effect of tryptase treatment. Tryptase and PAR-2 agonists did not affect the rate of EPC proliferation. MB-MDA-231 cells also expressed PAR-2. Treatment with tryptase or conditioned medium increased the expression of PAR-2, p-AKT, p-ERK and VEGFR-2 in EPCs. In conclusion, tryptase activated EPCs via PAR-2-mediated AKT and ERK signaling pathway activation, thereby enhancing angiogenesis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Qian
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Science, Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chungen Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Training Center of Medical Experiments, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lianhua Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiuling Zhi
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Training Center of Medical Experiments, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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35
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Wilkinson DJ, Arques MDC, Huesa C, Rowan AD. Serine proteinases in the turnover of the cartilage extracellular matrix in the joint: implications for therapeutics. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:38-51. [PMID: 29473950 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage destruction is a key characteristic of arthritic disease, a process now widely established to be mediated by metzincins such as MMPs. Despite showing promise in preclinical trials during the 1990s, MMP inhibitors for the blockade of extracellular matrix turnover in the treatment of cancer and arthritis failed clinically, primarily due to poor selectivity for target MMPs. In recent years, roles for serine proteinases in the proteolytic cascades leading to cartilage destruction have become increasingly apparent, renewing interest in the potential for new therapeutic strategies that utilize pharmacological inhibitors against this class of proteinases. Herein, we describe key serine proteinases with likely importance in arthritic disease and highlight recent advances in this field. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Translating the Matrix. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.1/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wilkinson
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Maria Del Carmen Arques
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carmen Huesa
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Andrew D Rowan
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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36
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Schepis A, Barker A, Srinivasan Y, Balouch E, Zheng Y, Lam I, Clay H, Hsiao CD, Coughlin SR. Protease signaling regulates apical cell extrusion, cell contacts, and proliferation in epithelia. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1097-1112. [PMID: 29301867 PMCID: PMC5839797 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201709118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that sense and regulate epithelial morphogenesis, integrity, and homeostasis are incompletely understood. Protease-activated receptor 2 (Par2), the Par2-activating membrane-tethered protease matriptase, and its inhibitor, hepatocyte activator inhibitor 1 (Hai1), are coexpressed in most epithelia and may make up a local signaling system that regulates epithelial behavior. We explored the role of Par2b in matriptase-dependent skin abnormalities in Hai1a-deficient zebrafish embryos. We show an unexpected role for Par2b in regulation of epithelial apical cell extrusion, roles in regulating proliferation that were opposite in distinct but adjacent epithelial monolayers, and roles in regulating cell-cell junctions, mobility, survival, and expression of genes involved in tissue remodeling and inflammation. The epidermal growth factor receptor Erbb2 and matrix metalloproteinases, the latter induced by Par2b, may contribute to some matriptase- and Par2b-dependent phenotypes and be permissive for others. Our results suggest that local protease-activated receptor signaling can coordinate cell behaviors known to contribute to epithelial morphogenesis and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Schepis
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Adrian Barker
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yoga Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Eaman Balouch
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yaowu Zheng
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ian Lam
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hilary Clay
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Shaun R Coughlin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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37
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Oikonomopoulou K, Diamandis EP, Hollenberg MD, Chandran V. Proteinases and their receptors in inflammatory arthritis: an overview. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 14:170-180. [PMID: 29416136 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2018.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteinases are enzymes with established roles in physiological and pathological processes such as digestion and the homeostasis, destruction and repair of tissues. Over the past few years, the hormone-like properties of circulating proteinases have become increasingly appreciated. Some proteolytic enzymes trigger cell signalling via proteinase-activated receptors, a family of G protein-coupled receptors that have been implicated in inflammation and pain in inflammatory arthritis. Proteinases can also regulate ion flux owing to the cross-sensitization of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V members 1 and 4, which are associated with mechanosensing and pain. In this Review, the idea that proteinases have the potential to orchestrate inflammatory signals by interacting with receptors on cells within the synovial microenvironment of an inflamed joint is revisited in three arthritic diseases: osteoarthritis, spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Unanswered questions are highlighted and the therapeutic potential of modulating this proteinase-receptor axis for the management of disease in patients with these types of arthritis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Stein J, Stahn S, Neudörfl JM, Sperlich J, Schmalz HG, Teusch N. Synthetic Indolactam V Analogues as Inhibitors of PAR2-Induced Calcium Mobilization in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:147-154. [PMID: 29195005 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is an attractive target for a novel anticancer therapy, as it plays a critical role in cell migration and invasion. Selective PAR2 inhibitors therefore have potential as anti-metastatic drugs. Knowing that the natural product teleocidin A2 is able to inhibit PAR2 in tumor cells, the goal of the present study was to elaborate structure-activity relationships and to identify potent PAR2 inhibitors with lower activity against the adverse target, protein kinase C (PKC). For this purpose, an efficient gram-scale total synthesis of indolactam V (i.e., the parent structure of all teleocidins) was developed, and a library of derivatives was prepared. Some compounds were indeed found to exhibit high potency as PAR2 inhibitors at low nanomolar concentrations with improved selectivity (relative to teleocidin A2). The pseudopeptidic fragment bridging the C3 and C4 positions of the indole core proved to be essential for target binding, whereas activity and target selectivity depends on the substituents at N1 or C7. This study revealed novel derivatives that show high efficacy in PAR2 antagonism combined with increased selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stein
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Sonja Stahn
- Technische Hochschule Köln, Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, G. E39, 51373, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Jörg-M Neudörfl
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Julia Sperlich
- Technische Hochschule Köln, Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, G. E39, 51373, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Hans-Günther Schmalz
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Nicole Teusch
- Technische Hochschule Köln, Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, G. E39, 51373, Leverkusen, Germany
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39
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Jiang Y, Yau MK, Lim J, Wu KC, Xu W, Suen JY, Fairlie DP. A Potent Antagonist of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 That Inhibits Multiple Signaling Functions in Human Cancer Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 364:246-257. [PMID: 29263243 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a cell surface protein linked to G-protein dependent and independent intracellular signaling pathways that produce a wide range of physiological responses, including those related to metabolism, inflammation, pain, and cancer. Certain proteases, peptides, and nonpeptides are known to potently activate PAR2. However, no effective potent PAR2 antagonists have been reported yet despite their anticipated therapeutic potential. This study investigates antagonism of key PAR2-dependent signaling properties and functions by the imidazopyridazine compound I-191 (4-(8-(tert-butyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-2-carbonyl)-3,3-dimethylpiperazin-2-one) in cancer cells. At nanomolar concentrations, I-191 inhibited PAR2 binding of and activation by structurally distinct PAR2 agonists (trypsin, peptide, nonpeptide) in a concentration-dependent manner in cells of the human colon adenocarcinoma grade II cell line (HT29). I-191 potently attenuated multiple PAR2-mediated intracellular signaling pathways leading to Ca2+ release, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, Ras homologue gene family, member A (RhoA) activation, and inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation. The mechanism of action of I-191 was investigated using binding and calcium mobilization studies in HT29 cells where I-191 was shown to be noncompetitive and a negative allosteric modulator of the agonist 2f-LIGRL-NH2 The compound alone did not activate these PAR2-mediated pathways, even at high micromolar concentrations, indicating no bias in these signaling properties. I-191 also potently inhibited PAR2-mediated downstream functional responses, including expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and cell apoptosis and migration, in human colon adenocarcinoma grade II cell line (HT29) and human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231). These findings indicate that I-191 is a potent PAR2 antagonist that inhibits multiple PAR2-induced signaling pathways and functional responses. I-191 may be a valuable tool for characterizing PAR2 functions in cancer and in other cellular, physiological, and disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mei-Kwan Yau
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kai-Chen Wu
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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40
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Aman M, Ohishi Y, Imamura H, Shinozaki T, Yasutake N, Kato K, Oda Y. Expression of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is related to advanced clinical stage and adverse prognosis in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2017; 64:156-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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41
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Suen J, Adams M, Lim J, Madala P, Xu W, Cotterell A, He Y, Yau M, Hooper J, Fairlie D. Mapping transmembrane residues of proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR 2 ) that influence ligand-modulated calcium signaling. Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:328-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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42
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Jung SR, Seo JB, Deng Y, Asbury CL, Hille B, Koh DS. Contributions of protein kinases and β-arrestin to termination of protease-activated receptor 2 signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 147:255-71. [PMID: 26927499 PMCID: PMC4772372 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201511477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Systematic imaging studies and modeling reveal new details of the regulation of the Gq-coupled GPCR, protease-activated receptor 2, by phosphorylation and β-arrestin. Activated Gq protein–coupled receptors (GqPCRs) can be desensitized by phosphorylation and β-arrestin binding. The kinetics and individual contributions of these two mechanisms to receptor desensitization have not been fully distinguished. Here, we describe the shut off of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). PAR2 activates Gq and phospholipase C (PLC) to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate (IP3). We used fluorescent protein–tagged optical probes to monitor several consequences of PAR2 signaling, including PIP2 depletion and β-arrestin translocation in real time. During continuous activation of PAR2, PIP2 was depleted transiently and then restored within a few minutes, indicating fast receptor activation followed by desensitization. Knockdown of β-arrestin 1 and 2 using siRNA diminished the desensitization, slowing PIP2 restoration significantly and even adding a delayed secondary phase of further PIP2 depletion. These effects of β-arrestin knockdown on PIP2 recovery were prevented when serine/threonine phosphatases that dephosphorylate GPCRs were inhibited. Thus, PAR2 may continuously regain its activity via dephosphorylation when there is insufficient β-arrestin to trap phosphorylated receptors. Similarly, blockers of protein kinase C (PKC) and G protein–coupled receptor kinase potentiated the PIP2 depletion. In contrast, an activator of PKC inhibited receptor activation, presumably by augmenting phosphorylation of PAR2. Our interpretations were strengthened by modeling. Simulations supported the conclusions that phosphorylation of PAR2 by protein kinases initiates receptor desensitization and that recruited β-arrestin traps the phosphorylated state of the receptor, protecting it from phosphatases. Speculative thinking suggested a sequestration of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5 kinase (PIP5K) to the plasma membrane by β-arrestin to explain why knockdown of β-arrestin led to secondary depletion of PIP2. Indeed, artificial recruitment of PIP5K removed the secondary loss of PIP2 completely. Altogether, our experimental and theoretical approaches demonstrate roles and dynamics of the protein kinases, β-arrestin, and PIP5K in the desensitization of PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ryoung Jung
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Jong Bae Seo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Yi Deng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Bertil Hille
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Duk-Su Koh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
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43
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Yau MK, Liu L, Suen JY, Lim J, Lohman RJ, Jiang Y, Cotterell AJ, Barry GD, Mak JYW, Vesey DA, Reid RC, Fairlie DP. PAR2 Modulators Derived from GB88. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1179-1184. [PMID: 27994760 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR2 antagonists have potential for treating inflammatory, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, and metabolic disorders, but few antagonists are known. Derivatives of GB88 (3) suggest that all four of its components bind at distinct PAR2 sites with the isoxazole, cyclohexylalanine, and isoleucine determining affinity and selectivity, while the C-terminal substituent determines agonist/antagonist function. Here we report structurally similar PAR2 ligands with opposing functions (agonist vs antagonist) upon binding to PAR2. A biased ligand AY117 (65) was found to antagonize calcium release induced by PAR2 agonists trypsin and hexapeptide 2f-LIGRLO-NH2 (IC50 2.2 and 0.7 μM, HT29 cells), but it was a selective PAR2 agonist in inhibiting cAMP stimulation and activating ERK1/2 phosphorylation. It showed anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jacky Y. Suen
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Rink-Jan Lohman
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Adam J. Cotterell
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Grant D. Barry
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y. W. Mak
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David A. Vesey
- Centre
for Kidney Research, Department of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Robert C. Reid
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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44
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PAR2 regulates regeneration, transdifferentiation, and death. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2452. [PMID: 27809303 PMCID: PMC5260873 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms by which cells sense and respond to injury is central to developing therapies to enhance tissue regeneration. Previously, we showed that pancreatic injury consisting of acinar cell damage+β-cell ablation led to islet cell transdifferentiation. Here, we report that the molecular mechanism for this requires activating protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), a G-protein-coupled receptor. PAR2 modulation was sufficient to induce islet cell transdifferentiation in the absence of β-cells. Its expression was modulated in an islet cell type-specific manner in murine and human type 1 diabetes (T1D). In addition to transdifferentiation, PAR2 regulated β-cell apoptosis in pancreatitis. PAR2's role in regeneration is broad, as mice lacking PAR2 had marked phenotypes in response to injury in the liver and in digit regeneration following amputation. These studies provide a pharmacologically relevant target to induce tissue regeneration in a number of diseases, including T1D.
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45
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Maruyama K, Kagota S, McGuire JJ, Wakuda H, Yoshikawa N, Nakamura K, Shinozuka K. Age-related changes to vascular protease-activated receptor 2 in metabolic syndrome: a relationship between oxidative stress, receptor expression, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 95:356-364. [PMID: 28103056 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is expressed in vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide (NO) - cyclic GMP-mediated vasodilation in response to 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide (2fLIGRLO), a PAR2-activating peptide, is impaired in aortas from aged SHRSP.Z-Leprfa/IzmDmcr (SHRSP.ZF) rats with metabolic syndrome. Here we investigated mechanisms linking PAR2's vascular effects to phenotypic characteristics of male SHRSP.ZF rats at 10, 20, and 30 weeks of age. We found vasodilation responses to either 2fLIGRLO or enzyme-mediated PAR2 activation by trypsin were sustained until 20 weeks and lessened at 30 weeks. PAR2 protein and mRNA levels were lower in aortas at 30 weeks than at 10 and 20 weeks. PAR2-mediated responses positively correlated with PAR2 protein and mRNA levels. Decreased cGMP accumulation in the presence of 2fLIGRLO paralleled the decreased relaxations elicited by nitroprusside and the cGMP analog 8-pCPT-cGMP, and the less soluble guanylyl cyclase protein at 30 weeks. 2fLIGRLO-induced relaxation was negatively correlated with serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, an index of oxidative stress, which increased with age. Forward stepwise data regression supported a model of age-related decreases in PAR2 function resulting from decreased PAR2 mRNA and increased oxidative stress. We conclude that decreased responsiveness of aortic smooth muscle to NO and downregulation of receptor expression impair PAR2 functions at later stages of metabolic syndrome in SHRSP.ZF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Maruyama
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - Satomi Kagota
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - John J McGuire
- b Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Hirokazu Wakuda
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - Noriko Yoshikawa
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakamura
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shinozuka
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
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Ramachandran R, Altier C, Oikonomopoulou K, Hollenberg MD. Proteinases, Their Extracellular Targets, and Inflammatory Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:1110-1142. [PMID: 27677721 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that over 2% of the human genome codes for proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors, it is not surprising that proteinases serve many physiologic-pathophysiological roles. In this context, we provide an overview of proteolytic mechanisms regulating inflammation, with a focus on cell signaling stimulated by the generation of inflammatory peptides; activation of the proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), with a mechanism in common with adhesion-triggered GPCRs (ADGRs); and by proteolytic ion channel regulation. These mechanisms are considered in the much wider context that proteolytic mechanisms serve, including the processing of growth factors and their receptors, the regulation of matrix-integrin signaling, and the generation and release of membrane-tethered receptor ligands. These signaling mechanisms are relevant for inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases as well as for cancer. We propose that the inflammation-triggering proteinases and their proteolytically generated substrates represent attractive therapeutic targets and we discuss appropriate targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithwik Ramachandran
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Christophe Altier
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
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47
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Cho NC, Seo SH, Kim D, Shin JS, Ju J, Seong J, Seo SH, Lee I, Lee KT, Kim YK, No KT, Pae AN. Pharmacophore-based virtual screening, biological evaluation and binding mode analysis of a novel protease-activated receptor 2 antagonist. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2016; 30:625-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-016-9937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Lieu T, Savage E, Zhao P, Edgington-Mitchell L, Barlow N, Bron R, Poole DP, McLean P, Lohman RJ, Fairlie DP, Bunnett NW. Antagonism of the proinflammatory and pronociceptive actions of canonical and biased agonists of protease-activated receptor-2. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2752-65. [PMID: 27423137 PMCID: PMC4995288 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diverse proteases cleave protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) on primary sensory neurons and epithelial cells to evoke pain and inflammation. Trypsin and tryptase activate PAR2 by a canonical mechanism that entails cleavage within the extracellular N-terminus revealing a tethered ligand that activates the cleaved receptor. Cathepsin-S and elastase are biased agonists that cleave PAR2 at different sites to activate distinct signalling pathways. Although PAR2 is a therapeutic target for inflammatory and painful diseases, the divergent mechanisms of proteolytic activation complicate the development of therapeutically useful antagonists. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated whether the PAR2 antagonist GB88 inhibits protease-evoked activation of nociceptors and protease-stimulated oedema and hyperalgesia in rodents. KEY RESULTS Intraplantar injection of trypsin, cathespsin-S or elastase stimulated mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and oedema in mice. Oral GB88 or par2 deletion inhibited the algesic and proinflammatory actions of all three proteases, but did not affect basal responses. GB88 also prevented pronociceptive and proinflammatory effects of the PAR2-selective agonists 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH2 and AC264613. GB88 did not affect capsaicin-evoked hyperalgesia or inflammation. Trypsin, cathepsin-S and elastase increased [Ca(2+) ]i in rat nociceptors, which expressed PAR2. GB88 inhibited this activation of nociceptors by all three proteases, but did not affect capsaicin-evoked activation of nociceptors or inhibit the catalytic activity of the three proteases. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GB88 inhibits the capacity of canonical and biased protease agonists of PAR2 to cause nociception and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - E Savage
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - P Zhao
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - L Edgington-Mitchell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - N Barlow
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - R Bron
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - D P Poole
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Departments of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P McLean
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R-J Lohman
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Centre for Pain Research, Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - D P Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Centre for Pain Research, Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - N W Bunnett
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Yau MK, Lim J, Liu L, Fairlie DP. Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) modulators: a patent review (2010-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:471-83. [PMID: 26936077 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1154540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a self-activated G protein-coupled receptor that has been implicated in several diseases, including inflammatory, gastrointestinal, respiratory, metabolic diseases, cancers and others, making it an important prospective drug target. No known endogenous ligands are available for PAR2, so having potent exogenous agonists and antagonists can be helpful for studying physiological functions of PAR2. AREAS COVERED This review covers agonist-, antagonist-, antibody- and pepducin-based modulators of PAR2 reported in patent applications between 2010-2015, along with their available structure-activity relationships, biological activities and potential uses for studying PAR2. EXPERT OPINION In the last six years, substantial efforts were made towards developing PAR2 modulators, but most lack potency or selectivity or have poor pharmacokinetic profiles. Many PAR2 modulators were assessed by measuring Gαq protein-mediated calcium release in cells. This may be insufficient to fully characterize ligand function, since different ligands signal through PAR2 via multiple signaling pathways. It may be feasible to develop biased ligands as drugs that can selectively modulate one or more specific signaling pathways linking PAR2 to a specific diseased state. Accordingly, potent, orally bioavailable, pathway- and receptor-selective PAR2 modulators may be an achievable goal to realizing effective drugs that can treat PAR2-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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Maruyama K, McGuire JJ, Shinozuka K, Kagota S. [Role/function of protease-activated receptor 2 on vascular endothelium in metabolic syndrome]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 147:135-138. [PMID: 26960771 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.147.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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