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Chopra P, Yadavalli T, Palmieri F, Jongkees SAK, Unione L, Shukla D, Boons GJ. Synthetic Heparanase Inhibitors Can Prevent Herpes Simplex Viral Spread. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309838. [PMID: 37555536 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) employs heparan sulfate (HS) as receptor for cell attachment and entry. During late-stage infection, the virus induces the upregulation of human heparanase (Hpse) to remove cell surface HS allowing viral spread. We hypothesized that inhibition of Hpse will prevent viral release thereby representing a new therapeutic strategy for HSV-1. A range of HS-oligosaccharides was prepared to examine the importance of chain length and 2-O-sulfation of iduronic moieties for Hpse inhibition. It was found that hexa- and octasaccharides potently inhibited the enzyme and that 2-O-sulfation of iduronic acid is tolerated. Computational studies provided a rationale for the observed structure-activity relationship. Treatment of human corneal epithelial cells (HCEs) infected with HSV-1 with the hexa- and octasaccharide blocked viral induced shedding of HS which significantly reduced spread of virions. The compounds also inhibited migration and proliferation of immortalized HCEs thereby providing additional therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Francesco Palmieri
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Seino A K Jongkees
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Unione
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Current address: CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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2
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Lindsay SL, McCanney GA, Zhan J, Scheld M, Smith RS, Goodyear CS, Yates EA, Kipp M, Turnbull JE, Barnett SC. Low sulfated heparan sulfate mimetic differentially affects repair in immune-mediated and toxin-induced experimental models of demyelination. Glia 2023; 71:1683-1698. [PMID: 36945189 PMCID: PMC10952530 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for therapies that target the multicellular pathology of central nervous system (CNS) disease. Modified, nonanticoagulant heparins mimic the heparan sulfate glycan family and are known regulators of multiple cellular processes. In vitro studies have demonstrated that low sulfated modified heparin mimetics (LS-mHeps) drive repair after CNS demyelination. Herein, we test LS-mHep7 (an in vitro lead compound) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and cuprizone-induced demyelination. In EAE, LS-mHep7 treatment resulted in faster recovery and rapidly reduced inflammation which was accompanied by restoration of animal weight. LS-mHep7 treatment had no effect on remyelination or on OLIG2 positive oligodendrocyte numbers within the corpus callosum in the cuprizone model. Further in vitro investigation confirmed that LS-mHep7 likely mediates its pro-repair effect in the EAE model by sequestering inflammatory cytokines, such as CCL5 which are upregulated during immune-mediated inflammatory attacks. These data support the future clinical translation of this next generation modified heparin as a treatment for CNS diseases with active immune system involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Lindsay
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
| | - George A. McCanney
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
| | - Jiangshan Zhan
- Institute of AnatomyUniversity of RostockGertrudenstrasse 918057RostockGermany
| | - Miriam Scheld
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of MedicineRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Rebecca Sherrard Smith
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
| | - Carl S. Goodyear
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Institute of Systems, Molecules and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZBUK
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of AnatomyUniversity of RostockGertrudenstrasse 918057RostockGermany
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Institute of Systems, Molecules and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZBUK
- Centre for GlycosciencesKeele UniversityKeeleST5 5BGUK
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
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3
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Validation of Recombinant Heparan Sulphate Reagents for CNS Repair. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030407. [PMID: 36979099 PMCID: PMC10044841 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapies that target the multicellular pathology of central nervous system (CNS) disease/injury are urgently required. Modified non-anticoagulant heparins mimic the heparan sulphate (HS) glycan family and have been proposed as therapeutics for CNS repair since they are effective regulators of numerous cellular processes. Our in vitro studies have demonstrated that low-sulphated modified heparan sulphate mimetics (LS-mHeps) drive CNS repair. However, LS-mHeps are derived from pharmaceutical heparin purified from pig intestines, in a supply chain at risk of shortages and contamination. Alternatively, cellular synthesis of heparin and HS can be achieved using mammalian cell multiplex genome engineering, providing an alternative source of recombinant HS mimetics (rHS). TEGA Therapeutics (San Diego) have manufactured rHS reagents with varying degrees of sulphation and we have validated their ability to promote repair in vitro using models that mimic CNS injury, making comparisons to LS-mHep7, a previous lead compound. We have shown that like LS-mHep7, low-sulphated rHS compounds promote remyelination and reduce features of astrocytosis, and in contrast, highly sulphated rHS drive neurite outgrowth. Cellular production of heparin mimetics may, therefore, offer potential clinical benefits for CNS repair.
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4
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Hogwood J, Mulloy B, Lever R, Gray E, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs: An Update. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:328-379. [PMID: 36792365 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been used extensively as an antithrombotic and anticoagulant for close to 100 years. This anticoagulant activity is attributed mainly to the pentasaccharide sequence, which potentiates the inhibitory action of antithrombin, a major inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. More recently it has been elucidated that heparin exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via interference of the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and this may also contribute to heparin's antithrombotic activity. This illustrates that heparin interacts with a broad range of biomolecules, exerting both anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant actions. Since our previous review, there has been an increased interest in these nonanticoagulant effects of heparin, with the beneficial role in patients infected with SARS2-coronavirus a highly topical example. This article provides an update on our previous review with more recent developments and observations made for these novel uses of heparin and an overview of the development status of heparin-based drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This state-of-the-art review covers recent developments in the use of heparin and heparin-like materials as anticoagulant, now including immunothrombosis observations, and as nonanticoagulant including a role in the treatment of SARS-coronavirus and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebeca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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Jiang L, Zhang T, Lu H, Li S, Lv K, Tuffour A, Zhang L, Ding K, Li JP, Li H, Liu X. Heparin mimetics as potential intervention for COVID-19 and their bio-manufacturing. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:11-19. [PMID: 36313216 PMCID: PMC9595387 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe health problems worldwide and unprecedented decimation of the global economy. Moreover, after more than 2 years, many populations are still under pressure of infection. Thus, a broader perspective in developing antiviral strategies is still of great importance. Inspired by the observed multiple benefits of heparin in the treatment of thrombosis, the potential of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for the treatment of COVID-19 have been explored. Clinical applications found that LMWH decreased the level of inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients, accordingly reducing lethality. Furthermore, several in vitro studies have demonstrated the important roles of heparan sulfate in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the inhibitory effects of heparin and heparin mimetics in viral infection. These clinical observations and designed studies argue for the potential to develop heparin mimetics as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates. In this review, we summarize the properties of heparin as an anticoagulant and the pharmaceutical possibilities for the treatment of virus infection, focusing on the perspectives of developing heparin mimetics via chemical synthesis, chemoenzymatic synthesis, and bioengineered production by microbial cell factories. The ultimate goal is to pave the eminent need for exploring novel compounds to treat coronavirus infection-caused diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210093, China,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China,Corresponding author. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Tianji Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hongzhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Saijuan Li
- Glycochemistry & Glycobiology Lab, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kangjie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Alex Tuffour
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kan Ding
- Glycochemistry & Glycobiology Lab, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China,Corresponding author
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- International Research Center for Soft Matter, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China,Corresponding author
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6
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Zhou J, Li W, Guan S, Chen X, Liu X, Shao W. Discovery of Chemokine CXCL12 Inhibitors by Tandem Application of Virtual Screening and NMR Spectrometry. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:5729-5737. [PMID: 36288081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The CXC chemokine ligand CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 play critical roles in stem-cell homing, infectious diseases, and cancer, which led the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling axis to attract much attention in drug discovery. CXCR4 is regarded as the primary target while CXCL12 is considered too small to be a druggable target. In this paper, we employed virtual screening approaches and ligand-based NMR screening methods from a SPECS library and in-house natural products to discover new CXCR12 inhibitors. Four natural triterpene saponins were confirmed, and the triterpene sapogenin was identified as the main binding epitope by saturation transfer difference-nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular docking studies. The pentacyclic triterpene scaffold and its elucidated structure-activity relationships provide a new and valuable research direction for the development of novel CXCL12 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhou
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wei Li
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shanyue Guan
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Weiyan Shao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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7
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Koffi Teki DSE, Coulibaly B, Bil A, Vallin A, Lesur D, Fanté B, Chagnault V, Kovensky J. Synthesis of novel S- and O-disaccharide analogs of heparan sulfate for heparanase inhibition. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3528-3534. [PMID: 35388870 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00250g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS), a glycosaminoglycan related to heparin, is a linear polysaccharide, consisting of repeating disaccharide units. This compound is involved in multiple biological processes such as inflammation, coagulation, angiogenesis and viral infections. Our work focuses on the synthesis of simple HS analogs for the study of structure-activity relationships, with the aim of modulating these biological activities. Thioglycoside analogs, in which the interglycosidic oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom, are very interesting compounds in terms of therapeutic applications. Indeed, the thioglycosidic bond leads to an improvement of their stability and can allow the inhibition of enzymes involved in physiological and pathological processes. In our previous work, we developed a synthetic sequence which led to a non-sulfated thiodisaccharide analog of HS. In this paper, we report our results of the development of a new synthetic method allowing access to the novel sulfated S-disaccharide, as well as to their oxygenated analogues (O-disaccharide and sulfated O-disaccharide). These 4 compounds were also tested for the inhibition of heparanase, an enzyme involved in biological processes like tumor growth and inflammation. The obtained IC50 values in the micromolar range showed the impact of the interglycosidic sulfur atom and the 6-sulfate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S-E Koffi Teki
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR 7378 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
| | - B Coulibaly
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR 7378 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France. .,Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB) de Cocody - Côte d'Ivoire, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - A Bil
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR 7378 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
| | - A Vallin
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR 7378 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
| | - D Lesur
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR 7378 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
| | - B Fanté
- Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB) de Cocody - Côte d'Ivoire, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - V Chagnault
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR 7378 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
| | - J Kovensky
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UMR 7378 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
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Yu M, Zhang T, Zhang W, Sun Q, Li H, Li JP. Elucidating the Interactions Between Heparin/Heparan Sulfate and SARS-CoV-2-Related Proteins-An Important Strategy for Developing Novel Therapeutics for the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:628551. [PMID: 33569392 PMCID: PMC7868326 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.628551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the high mortality and the spread rate, the infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a major threat to public health and social economy, leading to over 70 million infections and 1. 6 million deaths to date. Since there are currently no effective therapeutic or widely available vaccines, it is of urgent need to look for new strategies for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection diseases. Binding of a viral protein onto cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) is generally the first step in a cascade of interaction that is required for viral entry and the initiation of infection. Meanwhile, interactions of selectins and cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and TNF-α) with HS expressed on endothelial cells are crucial in controlling the recruitment of immune cells during inflammation. Thus, structurally defined heparin/HS and their mimetics might serve as potential drugs by competing with cell surface HS for the prevention of viral adhesion and modulation of inflammatory reaction. In this review, we will elaborate coronavirus invasion mechanisms and summarize the latest advances in HS-protein interactions, especially proteins relevant to the process of coronavirus infection and subsequent inflammation. Experimental and computational techniques involved will be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjia Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianji Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Qianyun Sun
- Division of Chemistry, Shandong Institute of Metrology, Jinan, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-ping Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Sun L, Chopra P, Boons GJ. Modular Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides Having N-Acetyl and N-Sulfate Moieties. J Org Chem 2020; 85:16082-16098. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Sun
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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10
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Zhu S, Li J, Loka RS, Song Z, Vlodavsky I, Zhang K, Nguyen HM. Modulating Heparanase Activity: Tuning Sulfation Pattern and Glycosidic Linkage of Oligosaccharides. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4227-4255. [PMID: 32216347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase cleaves polymeric heparan sulfate (HS) molecules into smaller oligosaccharides, allowing for release of angiogenic growth factors promoting tumor development and autoreactive immune cells to reach the insulin-producing β cells. Interaction of heparanase with HS chains is regulated by specific substrate sulfation sequences. We have synthesized 11 trisaccharides that are highly tunable in structure and sulfation pattern, allowing us to determine how heparanase recognizes HS substrate and selects a favorable cleavage site. Our study shows that (1) N-SO3- at +1 subsite and 6-O-SO3- at -2 subsite of trisaccharides are critical for heparanase recognition, (2) addition of 2-O-SO3- at the -1 subsite and of 3-O-SO3- to GlcN unit is not advantageous, and (3) the anomeric configuration (α or β) at the reducing end is crucial in controlling heparanase activity. Our study also illustrates that the α-trisaccharide having N- and 6-O-SO3- at -2 and +1 subsites inhibited heparanase and was resistant toward hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ravi S Loka
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Zhenfeng Song
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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11
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McCanney GA, Lindsay SL, McGrath MA, Willison HJ, Moss C, Bavington C, Barnett SC. The Use of Myelinating Cultures as a Screen of Glycomolecules for CNS Repair. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030052. [PMID: 31261710 PMCID: PMC6784161 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell-based assays have been fundamental in modern drug discovery and have led to the identification of novel therapeutics. We have developed complex mixed central nervous system (CNS) cultures, which recapitulate the normal process of myelination over time and allow the study of several parameters associated with CNS damage, both during development and after injury or disease. In particular, they have been used as a reliable screen to identify drug candidates that may promote (re)myelination and/or neurite outgrowth. Previously, using these cultures, we demonstrated that a panel of low sulphated heparin mimetics, with structures similar to heparan sulphates (HSs), can reduce astrogliosis, and promote myelination and neurite outgrowth. HSs reside in either the extracellular matrix or on the surface of cells and are thought to modulate cell signaling by both sequestering ligands, and acting as co-factors in the formation of ligand-receptor complexes. In this study, we have used these cultures as a screen to address the repair potential of numerous other commercially available sulphated glycomolecules, namely heparosans, ulvans, and fucoidans. These compounds are all known to have certain characteristics that mimic cellular glycosaminoglycans, similar to heparin mimetics. We show that the N-sulphated heparosans promoted myelination. However, O-sulphated heparosans did not affect myelination but promoted neurite outgrowth, indicating the importance of structure in HS function. Moreover, neither highly sulphated ulvans nor fucoidans had any effect on remyelination but CX-01, a low sulphated porcine intestinal heparin, promoted remyelination in vitro. These data illustrate the use of myelinating cultures as a screen and demonstrate the potential of heparin mimetics as CNS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A McCanney
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Michael A McGrath
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Claire Moss
- GlycoMar Limited, Malin House, European Marine Science Park, Dunbeg, Oban Argyll, Scotland PA37 1SZ, UK
| | - Charles Bavington
- GlycoMar Limited, Malin House, European Marine Science Park, Dunbeg, Oban Argyll, Scotland PA37 1SZ, UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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12
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Groult H, Cousin R, Chot-Plassot C, Maura M, Bridiau N, Piot JM, Maugard T, Fruitier-Arnaudin I. λ-Carrageenan Oligosaccharides of Distinct Anti-Heparanase and Anticoagulant Activities Inhibit MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Migration. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17030140. [PMID: 30818840 PMCID: PMC6471403 DOI: 10.3390/md17030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In tumor development, the degradation of heparan sulfate (HS) by heparanase (HPSE) is associated with cell-surface and extracellular matrix remodeling as well as the release of HS-bound signaling molecules, allowing cancer cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis. Because of their structural similarity with HS, sulfated polysaccharides are considered a promising source of molecules to control these activities. In this study, we used a depolymerisation method for producing λ-carrageenan oligosaccharides (λ-CO), with progressive desulfation over time. These were then used to investigate the influence of polymeric chain length and degree of sulfation (DS) on their anti-HPSE activity. The effects of these two features on λ-CO anticoagulant properties were also investigated to eliminate a potential limitation on the use of a candidate λ-CO as a chemotherapeutic agent. HPSE inhibition was mainly related to the DS of λ-CO, however this correlation was not complete. On the other hand, both chain length and DS modulated λ-CO activity for factor Xa and thrombin IIa inhibition, two enzymes that are involved in the coagulation cascade, and different mechanisms of inhibition were observed. A λ-carrageenan oligosaccharide of 5.9 KDa was identified as a suitable anticancer candidate because it displayed one of the lowest anticoagulant properties among the λ-CO produced, while showing a remarkable inhibitory effect on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Groult
- Equipe BCBS (Biotechnologies et Chimie des Bioressources pour la Santé), Université de La Rochelle, UMR CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17000 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Rémi Cousin
- Equipe BCBS (Biotechnologies et Chimie des Bioressources pour la Santé), Université de La Rochelle, UMR CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17000 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Caroline Chot-Plassot
- Equipe BCBS (Biotechnologies et Chimie des Bioressources pour la Santé), Université de La Rochelle, UMR CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17000 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Maheva Maura
- Equipe BCBS (Biotechnologies et Chimie des Bioressources pour la Santé), Université de La Rochelle, UMR CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17000 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Nicolas Bridiau
- Equipe BCBS (Biotechnologies et Chimie des Bioressources pour la Santé), Université de La Rochelle, UMR CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17000 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Jean-Marie Piot
- Equipe BCBS (Biotechnologies et Chimie des Bioressources pour la Santé), Université de La Rochelle, UMR CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17000 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Thierry Maugard
- Equipe BCBS (Biotechnologies et Chimie des Bioressources pour la Santé), Université de La Rochelle, UMR CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17000 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Ingrid Fruitier-Arnaudin
- Equipe BCBS (Biotechnologies et Chimie des Bioressources pour la Santé), Université de La Rochelle, UMR CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17000 La Rochelle, France.
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13
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Loka RS, Sletten ET, Barash U, Vlodavsky I, Nguyen HM. Specific Inhibition of Heparanase by a Glycopolymer with Well-Defined Sulfation Pattern Prevents Breast Cancer Metastasis in Mice. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:244-254. [PMID: 30543095 PMCID: PMC6512314 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase, the heparan sulfate polysaccharide degrading endoglycosidase enzyme, has been correlated with tumor angiogenesis and metastasis and therefore has become a potential target for anticancer drug development. In this systematic study, the sulfation pattern of the pendant disaccharide moiety on synthetic glycopolymers was synthetically manipulated to achieve optimal heparanase inhibition. Upon evaluation, a glycopolymer with 12 repeating units was determined to be the most potent inhibitor of heparanase (IC50 = 0.10 ± 0.36 nM). This glycopolymer was further examined for cross-bioactivity using a solution-based competitive biolayer interferometry assay with other HS-binding proteins (growth factors, P-selectin, and platelet factor 4), which are responsible for mediating angiogenic activity, cell metastasis, and antibody-induced thrombocytopenia. The synthetic glycopolymer has low affinity for these HS-binding proteins in comparison to natural heparin. In addition, the glycopolymer possessed no proliferative properties toward human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) and a potent antimetastatic effect against 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells. Thus, our study not only establishes a specific inhibitor of heparanase with high affinity but also illustrates the high effectiveness of this multivalent heparanase inhibitor in inhibiting experimental metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Loka
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Eric T Sletten
- Department of Chemistry , University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Uri Barash
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
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14
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Lanzi C, Cassinelli G. Heparan Sulfate Mimetics in Cancer Therapy: The Challenge to Define Structural Determinants and the Relevance of Targets for Optimal Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E2915. [PMID: 30413079 PMCID: PMC6278363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond anticoagulation, the therapeutic potential of heparin derivatives and heparan sulfate (HS) mimetics (functionally defined HS mimetics) in oncology is related to their ability to bind and modulate the function of a vast array of HS-binding proteins with pivotal roles in cancer growth and progression. The definition of structural/functional determinants and the introduction of chemical modifications enabled heparin derivatives to be identified with greatly reduced or absent anticoagulant activity, but conserved/enhanced anticancer activity. These studies paved the way for the disclosure of structural requirements for the inhibitory effects of HS mimetics on heparanase, selectins, and growth factor receptor signaling, as well as for the limitation of side effects. Actually, HS mimetics affect the tumor biological behavior via a multi-target mechanism of action based on their effects on tumor cells and various components of the tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence indicates that immunomodulation can participate in the antitumor activity of these agents. Significant ability to enhance the antitumor effects of combination treatments with standard therapies was shown in several tumor models. While the first HS mimetics are undergoing early clinical evaluation, an improved understanding of the molecular contexts favoring the antitumor action in certain malignancies or subgroups is needed to fully exploit their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lanzi
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Cassinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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15
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Loka RS, Yu F, Sletten ET, Nguyen HM. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of heparan sulfate mimicking glycopolymers for inhibiting heparanase activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:9163-9166. [PMID: 28766595 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04156j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an enzyme which cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix. It is a regulator of tumor behavior, plays a key role in kidney related diseases and autoimmune diabetes. We report herein the use of computational studies to extract the natural HS-heparanase interactions as a template for the design of HS mimicking glycopolymers. Upon evaluation, a glycopolymer with 12 repeating units was determined to be the most potent inhibitor and to have tight-binding characteristics. This glycopolymer also lacks anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Loka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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16
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Synthesis and anticoagulation studies of “short-armed” fucosylated chondroitin sulfate glycoclusters. Carbohydr Res 2018; 467:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Zhang X, Yao W, Xu X, Sun H, Zhao J, Meng X, Wu M, Li Z. Synthesis of Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate Glycoclusters: A Robust Route to New Anticoagulant Agents. Chemistry 2017; 24:1694-1700. [PMID: 29131431 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Wang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P.R. China
| | - Xiangbao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Mingyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P.R. China
| | - Zhongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
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18
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Sletten ET, Loka RS, Yu F, Nguyen HM. Glycosidase Inhibition by Multivalent Presentation of Heparan Sulfate Saccharides on Bottlebrush Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3387-3399. [PMID: 28846389 PMCID: PMC6044434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the first-time exploration of the attachment of well-defined saccharide units onto a synthetic polymer backbone for the inhibition of a glycosidase. More specifically, glycopolymers endowed with heparan sulfate (HS) disaccharides were established to inhibit the glycosidase, heparanase, with an IC50 value in the low nanomolar range (1.05 ± 0.02 nm), a thousand-fold amplification over its monovalent counterpart. The monomeric moieties of these glycopolymers were designed in silico to manipulate the well-established glycotope of heparanase into an inhitope. Studies concluded that (1) the glycopolymers are hydrolytic stable toward heparanase, (2) longer polymer length provides greater inhibition, and (3) increased local saccharide density (monoantennary vs diantennary) is negligible due to hindered active site of heparanase. Furthermore, HS oligosaccharide and polysaccharide controls illustrate the enhanced potency of a multivalent scaffold. Overall, the results on these studies of the multivalent presentation of saccharides on bottlebrush polymers serve as the platform for the design of potent glycosidase inhibitors and have potential to be applied to other HS-degrading proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hien M. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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19
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Synthetic heparin and heparan sulfate: probes in defining biological functions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 40:152-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Lei J, Yuan Y, Lyu Z, Wang M, Liu Q, Wang H, Yuan L, Chen H. Deciphering the Role of Sulfonated Unit in Heparin-Mimicking Polymer to Promote Neural Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:28209-28221. [PMID: 28783314 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), especially heparin and heparan sulfate (HS), hold great potential for inducing the neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and have brought new hope for the treatment of neurological diseases. However, the disadvantages of natural heparin/HS, such as difficulty in isolating them with a sufficient amount, highly heterogeneous structure, and the risk of immune responses, have limited their further therapeutic applications. Thus, there is a great demand for stable, controllable, and well-defined synthetic alternatives of heparin/HS with more effective biological functions. In this study, based upon a previously proposed unit-recombination strategy, several heparin-mimicking polymers were synthesized by integrating glucosamine-like 2-methacrylamido glucopyranose monomers (MAG) with three sulfonated units in different structural forms, and their effects on cell proliferation, the pluripotency, and the differentiation of ESCs were carefully studied. The results showed that all the copolymers had good cytocompatibility and displayed much better bioactivity in promoting the neural differentiation of ESCs as compared to natural heparin; copolymers with different sulfonated units exhibited different levels of promoting ability; among them, copolymer with 3-sulfopropyl acrylate (SPA) as a sulfonated unit was the most potent in promoting the neural differentiation of ESCs; the promoting effect is dependent on the molecular weight and concentration of P(MAG-co-SPA), with the highest levels occurring at the intermediate molecular weight and concentration. These results clearly demonstrated that the sulfonated unit in the copolymers played an important role in determining the promoting effect on ESCs' neural differentiation; SPA was identified as the most potent sulfonated unit for copolymer with the strongest promoting ability. The possible reason for sulfonated unit structure as a vital factor influencing the ability of the copolymers may be attributed to the difference in electrostatic and steric hindrance effect. The synthetic heparin-mimicking polymers obtained here can offer an effective alternative to heparin/HS and have great therapeutic potential for nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Lei
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Yuan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglin Lyu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yuan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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21
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Zong C, Venot A, Li X, Lu W, Xiao W, Wilkes JSL, Salanga CL, Handel TM, Wang L, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Heparan Sulfate Microarray Reveals That Heparan Sulfate-Protein Binding Exhibits Different Ligand Requirements. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9534-9543. [PMID: 28651046 PMCID: PMC5588662 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HS) are linear sulfated polysaccharides that modulate a wide range of physiological and disease-processes. Variations in HS epimerization and sulfation provide enormous structural diversity, which is believed to underpin protein binding and regulatory properties. The ligand requirements of HS-binding proteins have, however, been defined in only a few cases. We describe here a synthetic methodology that can rapidly provide a library of well-defined HS oligosaccharides. It is based on the use of modular disaccharides to assemble several selectively protected tetrasaccharides that were subjected to selective chemical modifications such as regioselective O- and N-sulfation and selective de-sulfation. A number of the resulting compounds were subjected to enzymatic modifications by 3-O-sulfotransferases-1 (3-OST1) to provide 3-O-sulfated derivatives. The various approaches for diversification allowed one tetrasaccharide to be converted into 12 differently sulfated derivatives. By employing tetrasaccharides with different backbone compositions, a library of 47 HS-oligosaccharides was prepared and the resulting compounds were used to construct a HS microarray. The ligand requirements of a number of HS-binding proteins including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), and the chemokines CCL2, CCL5, CCL7, CCL13, CXCL8, and CXCL10 were examined using the array. Although all proteins recognized multiple compounds, they exhibited clear differences in structure-binding characteristics. The HS microarray data guided the selection of compounds that could interfere in biological processes such as cell proliferation. Although the library does not cover the entire chemical space of HS-tetrasaccharides, the binding data support a notion that changes in cell surface HS composition can modulate protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wenyuan Xiao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jo-Setti L. Wilkes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Catherina L. Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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García-Jiménez MJ, Gil-Caballero S, Canales Á, Jiménez-Barbero J, de Paz JL, Nieto PM. Interactions between a Heparin Trisaccharide Library and FGF-1 Analyzed by NMR Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28629128 PMCID: PMC5486114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF-1 is a potent mitogen that, by interacting simultaneously with Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycan HSGAG and the extracellular domains of its membrane receptor (FGFR), generates an intracellular signal that finally leads to cell division. The overall structure of the ternary complex Heparin:FGF-1:FGFR has been finally elucidated after some controversy and the interactions within the ternary complex have been deeply described. However, since the structure of the ternary complex was described, not much attention has been given to the molecular basis of the interaction between FGF-1 and the HSGAG. It is known that within the complex, the carbohydrate maintains the same helical structure of free heparin that leads to sulfate groups directed towards opposite directions along the molecular axis. The precise role of single individual interactions remains unclear, as sliding and/or rotating of the saccharide along the binding pocket are possibilities difficult to discard. The HSGAG binding pocket can be subdivided into two regions, the main one can accommodate a trisaccharide, while the other binds a disaccharide. We have studied and analyzed the interaction between FGF-1 and a library of trisaccharides by STD-NMR and selective longitudinal relaxation rates. The library of trisaccharides corresponds to the heparin backbone and it has been designed to interact with the main subsite of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José García-Jiménez
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de La Cartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Sergio Gil-Caballero
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de La Cartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Canales
- Complutense University of Madrid, Fac CC Quim, Department Quim Organ 1, Avd Complutense S/N, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48170 Derio, Spain.
- Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 13, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - José L de Paz
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de La Cartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Pedro M Nieto
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de La Cartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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23
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and GAG mimetics regulate the behavior of stem cell differentiation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 150:175-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Park J, Jeon OC, Yun J, Nam H, Hwang J, Al-Hilal TA, Kim K, Kim K, Byun Y. End-Site-Specific Conjugation of Enoxaparin and Tetradeoxycholic Acid Using Nonenzymatic Glycosylation for Oral Delivery. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10520-10529. [PMID: 27933952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heparin and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) have been the drug of choice for the treatment or the prevention of thromboembolic disease. Different methods are employed to prepare the LMWHs that are clinically approved for the market currently. In particular, enoxaparin, which has a reducing sugar moiety at the end-site of polysaccharide, is prepared by alkaline depolymerization. Focusing on this end-site-specific activity of LMWHs, we conjugated the tetraoligomer of deoxycholic acid (TetraDOCA; TD) at the end-site of enoxaparin via nonenzymatic glycosylation reaction. The end-site-specific conjugation is important for polysaccharide drug development because of the heterogeneity of polysaccharides. This study also showed that orally active enoxaparin and tetraDOCA conjugate (EnoxaTD) had therapeutic effect on deep vein thrombosis (DVT) without bleeding in animal models. Considering the importance of end-specific conjugation, these results suggest that EnoxaTD could be a drug candidate for oral heparin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooho Park
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea.,Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | | | - Jisuk Yun
- ST Pharm Research & Development Center , HyeopRyeok Road, Siheung-Si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hwajung Nam
- ST Pharm Research & Development Center , HyeopRyeok Road, Siheung-Si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jinha Hwang
- ST Pharm Research & Development Center , HyeopRyeok Road, Siheung-Si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Taslim A Al-Hilal
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- ST Pharm Research & Development Center , HyeopRyeok Road, Siheung-Si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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25
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The "in and out" of glucosamine 6-O-sulfation: the 6th sense of heparan sulfate. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:285-298. [PMID: 27812771 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The biological properties of Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides essentially rely on their ability to bind and modulate a multitude of protein ligands. These interactions involve internal oligosaccharide sequences defined by their sulfation patterns. Amongst these, the 6-O-sulfation of HS contributes significantly to the polysaccharide structural diversity and is critically involved in the binding of many proteins. HS 6-O-sulfation is catalyzed by 6-O-sulfotransferases (6OSTs) during biosynthesis, and it is further modified by the post-synthetic action of 6-O-endosulfatases (Sulfs), two enzyme families that remain poorly characterized. The aim of the present review is to summarize the contribution of 6-O-sulfates in HS structure/function relationships and to discuss the present knowledge on the complex mechanisms regulating HS 6-O-sulfation.
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26
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Heparanase: a rainbow pharmacological target associated to multiple pathologies including rare diseases. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:647-80. [PMID: 27057774 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, heparanase has attracted considerable attention as a promising target for innovative pharmacological applications. Heparanase is a multifaceted protein endowed with enzymatic activity, as an endo-β-D-glucuronidase, and nonenzymatic functions. It is responsible for the cleavage of heparan sulfate side chains of proteoglycans, resulting in structural alterations of the extracellular matrix. Heparanase appears to be involved in major human diseases, from the most studied tumors to chronic inflammation, diabetic nephropathy, bone osteolysis, thrombosis and atherosclerosis, in addition to more recent investigation in various rare diseases. The present review provides an overview on heparanase, its biological role, inhibitors and possible clinical applications, covering the latest findings in these areas.
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27
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Xu P, Laval S, Guo Z, Yu B. Microwave-assisted simultaneous O,N-sulfonation in the synthesis of heparin-like oligosaccharides. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00320b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous O,N-sulfonation of heparin-like saccharides was achieved in short reaction times and excellent yields (>90%) under microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Stephane Laval
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Zheng Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- ShanghaiTech University
- Shanghai 201210
- China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
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28
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Monneau Y, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Lortat-Jacob H. The sweet spot: how GAGs help chemokines guide migrating cells. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:935-53. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr0915-440r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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29
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Mohamed S, Ferro V. Synthetic Approaches to L-Iduronic Acid and L-Idose: Key Building Blocks for the Preparation of Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2015; 72:21-61. [PMID: 26613814 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
L-Iduronic acid (IdoA) is an important monosaccharide component of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparin, heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. GAGs are complex, highly sulfated polysaccharides that mediate a multitude of physiological and pathological processes via their interactions with a range of diverse proteins. The main challenge in the synthesis of GAG oligosaccharides is the efficient gram-scale preparation of IdoA building blocks since neither IdoA nor L-idose is commercially available or readily accessible from natural sources. In this review, the different synthetic approaches for the preparation of IdoA and its derivatives, including L-idose, are presented and discussed. Derivatives of the latter are often used in GAG synthesis and are elaborated to IdoA via selective oxidation at C-6 after incorporation into a GAG chain. Particular focus will be given to the preparation of IdoA synthons most commonly used for GAG oligosaccharide synthesis, and on the progress made since the last systematic review in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifaza Mohamed
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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30
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Hansen SU, Miller GJ, Cliff MJ, Jayson GC, Gardiner JM. Making the longest sugars: a chemical synthesis of heparin-related [4] n oligosaccharides from 16-mer to 40-mer. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6158-6164. [PMID: 30090231 PMCID: PMC6054106 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02091c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of long oligosaccharides remains a major challenge. In particular, the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides belonging to the heparin and heparan sulfate (H/HS) family has been a high profile target, particularly with respect to the longer heparanome. Herein we describe a synthesis of the longest heparin-related oligosaccharide to date and concurrently provide an entry to the longest synthetic oligosaccharides of any type yet reported. Specifically, the iterative construction of a series of [4] n -mer heparin-backbone oligosaccharides ranging from 16-mer through to the 40-mer in length is described. This demonstrates for the first time the viability of generating long sequence heparanoids by chemical synthesis, via practical solution-phase synthesis. Pure-Shift HSQC NMR provides a dramatic improvement in anomeric signal resolution, allowing full resolution of all 12 anomeric protons and extrapolation to support anomeric integrity of the longer species. A chemically pure 6-O-desfulfated GlcNS-IdoAS icosasaccharide (20-mer) represents the longest pure synthetic heparin-like oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen U Hansen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , M1 7DN , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4530
| | - Gavin J Miller
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , M1 7DN , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4530
| | - Matthew J Cliff
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Faculty of Life Sciences , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
| | - Gordon C Jayson
- Institute or Cancer Studies , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - John M Gardiner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , M1 7DN , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4530
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31
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Farrugia BL, Lord MS, Melrose J, Whitelock JM. Can we produce heparin/heparan sulfate biomimetics using "mother-nature" as the gold standard? Molecules 2015; 20:4254-76. [PMID: 25751786 PMCID: PMC6272578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that are heterogeneous in nature, not only due to differing disaccharide combinations, but also their sulfate modifications. HS is well known for its interactions with various growth factors and cytokines; and heparin for its clinical use as an anticoagulant. Due to their potential use in tissue regeneration; and the recent adverse events due to contamination of heparin; there is an increased surge to produce these GAGs on a commercial scale. The production of HS from natural sources is limited so strategies are being explored to be biomimetically produced via chemical; chemoenzymatic synthesis methods and through the recombinant expression of proteoglycans. This review details the most recent advances in the field of HS/heparin synthesis for the production of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and as a tool further our understanding of the interactions that occur between GAGs and growth factors and cytokines involved in tissue development and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Farrugia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- The Raymond Purves Research Labs, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, The Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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32
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Hammond E, Khurana A, Shridhar V, Dredge K. The Role of Heparanase and Sulfatases in the Modification of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans within the Tumor Microenvironment and Opportunities for Novel Cancer Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2014; 4:195. [PMID: 25105093 PMCID: PMC4109498 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an integral and dynamic part of normal tissue architecture at the cell surface and within the extracellular matrix. The modification of HSPGs in the tumor microenvironment is known to result not just in structural but also functional consequences, which significantly impact cancer progression. As substrates for the key enzymes sulfatases and heparanase, the modification of HSPGs is typically characterized by the degradation of heparan sulfate (HS) chains/sulfation patterns via the endo-6-O-sulfatases (Sulf1 and Sulf2) or by heparanase, an endo-glycosidase that cleaves the HS polymers releasing smaller fragments from HSPG complexes. Numerous studies have demonstrated how these enzymes actively influence cancer cell proliferation, signaling, invasion, and metastasis. The activity or expression of these enzymes has been reported to be modified in a variety of cancers. Such observations are consistent with the degradation of normal architecture and basement membranes, which are typically compromised in metastatic disease. Moreover, recent studies elucidating the requirements for these proteins in tumor initiation and progression exemplify their importance in the development and progression of cancer. Thus, as the influence of the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression becomes more apparent, the focus on targeting enzymes that degrade HSPGs highlights one approach to maintain normal tissue architecture, inhibit tumor progression, and block metastasis. This review discusses the role of these enzymes in the context of the tumor microenvironment and their promise as therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Keith Dredge
- Progen Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
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33
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Muñoz-García JC, García-Jiménez MJ, Carrero P, Canales Á, Jiménez-Barbero J, Martín-Lomas M, Imberty A, de Paz JL, Angulo J, Lortat-Jacob H, Nieto PM. Importance of the polarity of the glycosaminoglycan chain on the interaction with FGF-1. Glycobiology 2014; 24:1004-9. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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