1
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Lu Y, Hatzipantelis CJ, Langmead CJ, Stewart GD. Molecular insights into orphan G protein-coupled receptors relevant to schizophrenia. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2095-2113. [PMID: 37605621 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia remains a sizable socio-economic burden that continues to be treated with therapeutics based on 70-year old science. All currently approved therapeutics primarily target the dopamine D2 receptor to achieve their efficacy. Whilst dopaminergic dysregulation is a key feature in this disorder, the targeting of dopaminergic machinery has yielded limited efficacy and an appreciable side effect burden. Over the recent decades, numerous drugs that engage non-dopaminergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have yielded a promise of efficacy without the deleterious side effect profile, yet none have successfully completed clinical studies and progressed to the market. More recently, there has been increased attention around non-dopaminergic GPCR-targeting drugs, which demonstrated efficacy in some schizophrenia symptom domains. This provides renewed hope that effective schizophrenia treatment may lie outside of the dopaminergic space. Despite the potential for muscarinic receptor- (and other well-characterised GPCR families) targeting drugs to treat schizophrenia, they are often plagued with complications such as lack of receptor subtype selectivity and peripheral on-target side effects. Orphan GPCR studies have opened a new avenue of exploration with many demonstrating schizophrenia-relevant mechanisms and a favourable expression profile, thus offering potential for novel drug development. This review discusses centrally expressed orphan GPCRs: GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR52, GPR85, GPR88 and GPR139 and their relationship to schizophrenia. We review their expression, signalling mechanisms and cellular function, in conjunction with small molecule development and structural insights. We seek to provide a snapshot of the growing evidence and development potential of new classes of schizophrenia therapeutics. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Phrenix Therapeutics, Parkville, Australia
| | - Gregory D Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Phrenix Therapeutics, Parkville, Australia
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2
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Murphy RE, Wang P, Ali S, Smith HR, Felsing DE, Chen H, Zhou J, Allen JA. Discovery of 3-((4-Benzylpyridin-2-yl)amino)benzamides as Potent GPR52 G Protein-Biased Agonists. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9709-9730. [PMID: 38788241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Orphan GPR52 is emerging as a promising neurotherapeutic target. Optimization of previously reported lead 4a employing an iterative drug design strategy led to the identification of a series of unique GPR52 agonists, such as 10a (PW0677), 15b (PW0729), and 24f (PW0866), with improved potency and efficacy. Intriguingly, compounds 10a and 24f showed greater bias for G protein/cAMP signaling and induced significantly less in vitro desensitization than parent compound 4a, indicating that reducing GPR52 β-arrestin activity with biased agonism results in sustained GPR52 activation. Further exploration of compounds 15b and 24f indicated improved potency and efficacy, and excellent target selectivity, but limited brain exposure warranting further optimization. These balanced and biased GPR52 agonists provide important pharmacological tools to study GPR52 activation, signaling bias, and therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Murphy
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Saghir Ali
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Hudson R Smith
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Daniel E Felsing
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - John A Allen
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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3
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Öz-Arslan D, Yavuz M, Kan B. Exploring orphan GPCRs in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1394516. [PMID: 38895631 PMCID: PMC11183337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1394516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders represent a significant and growing health burden worldwide. Unfortunately, limited therapeutic options are currently available despite ongoing efforts. Over the past decades, research efforts have increasingly focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these devastating conditions. Orphan receptors, a class of receptors with no known endogenous ligands, emerge as promising druggable targets for diverse diseases. This review aims to direct attention to a subgroup of orphan GPCRs, in particular class A orphans that have roles in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Multiple sclerosis. We highlight the diverse roles orphan receptors play in regulating critical cellular processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal survival and neuro-inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting orphan receptors for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, emphasizing recent advances in drug discovery and preclinical studies. Finally, we outline future directions and challenges in orphan receptor research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Öz-Arslan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Melis Yavuz
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmacology, Acibadem MAA University, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Beki Kan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
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4
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Ali S, Wang P, Murphy RE, Allen JA, Zhou J. Orphan GPR52 as an emerging neurotherapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103922. [PMID: 38387741 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
GPR52 is a highly conserved, brain-enriched, Gs/olf-coupled orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that controls various cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent physiological and pathological processes. Stimulation of GPR52 activity might be beneficial for the treatment of schizophrenia, psychiatric disorders and other human neurological diseases, whereas inhibition of its activity might provide a potential therapeutic approach for Huntington's disease. Excitingly, HTL0048149 (HTL'149), an orally available GPR52 agonist, has been advanced into phase I human clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia. In this concise review, we summarize the current understanding of GPR52 receptor distribution as well as its structure and functions, highlighting the recent advances in drug discovery efforts towards small-molecule GPR52 ligands. The opportunities and challenges presented by targeting GPR52 for novel therapeutics are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Ali
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ryan E Murphy
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - John A Allen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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5
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Power ME, Fernandez NR, Oni OP, Kalia A, Rourke JL. The non-nutritive sweetener sucralose increases β-arrestin signaling at the constitutively active orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR52. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:116-127. [PMID: 37748201 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners are popular food additives owing to their low caloric density and powerful sweetness relative to natural sugars. Their lack of metabolism contributes to evidence proclaiming their safety, yet several studies contradict this, demonstrating that sweeteners activate sweet taste G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and elicit deleterious metabolic functions through unknown mechanisms. We hypothesize that activation of GPCRs, particularly orphan receptors due to their abundance in metabolically active tissues, contributes to the biological activity of sweeteners. We quantified the response of 64 orphans to the sweeteners saccharin and sucralose using a high-throughput β-arrestin-2 recruitment assay (PRESTO-Tango). GPR52 was the sole receptor that significantly responded to a mixture of sucralose and saccharin. Subsequent experiments revealed sucralose as the activating sweetener. Activation of GPR52 was concentration-dependent, with an EC50 of 0.23 mmol/L and an Emax of 3.43 ± 0.24 fold change at 4 mmol/L. GPR52 constitutively activates CRE pathways; however, we show that sucralose-induced activation of GPR52 does not further activate this pathway. Identification of this novel sucralose-GPCR interaction supports the notion that sucralose elicits off-target signaling through the activation of GPR52, calling into question sucralose's assumed lack of bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Power
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Olaiya Peter Oni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Aditaya Kalia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Jillian L Rourke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
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6
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Wu Z, Han Z, Tao L, Sun X, Su J, Hu J, Li C. Dynamic Insights into the Self-Activation Pathway and Allosteric Regulation of the Orphan G-Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR52. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:5847-5862. [PMID: 37651308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Within over 800 members of G-protein-coupled receptors, there are numerous orphan receptors whose endogenous ligands are largely unknown, providing many opportunities for novel drug discovery. However, the lack of an in-depth understanding of the intrinsic working mechanism for orphan receptors severely limits the related rational drug design. The G-protein-coupled receptor 52 (GPR52) is a unique orphan receptor that constitutively increases cellular 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels without binding any exogenous agonists and has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for central nervous system disorders. Although recent structural biology studies have provided snapshots of both active and inactive states of GPR52, the mechanism of the conformational transition between these states remains unclear. Here, an acceptable self-activation pathway for GPR52 was proposed through 6 μs Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations, in which the receptor spontaneously transitions from the active state to that matching the inactive crystal structure. According to the three intermediate states of the receptor obtained by constructing a reweighted potential of mean force, how the allosteric regulation occurs between the extracellular orthosteric binding pocket and the intracellular G-protein-binding site is revealed. Combined with the independent gradient model, several important microswitch residues and the allosteric communication pathway that directly links the two regions are both identified. Transfer entropy calculations not only reveal the complex allosteric signaling within GPR52 but also confirm the unique role of ECL2 in allosteric regulation, which is mutually validated with the results of GaMD simulations. Overall, this work elucidates the allosteric mechanism of GPR52 at the atomic level, providing the most detailed information to date on the self-activation of the orphan receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Wu
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zhongjie Han
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lianci Tao
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jingjie Su
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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7
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Choi JY, Chung E. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 and the Analysis of the Specificity Loop and the S1'-Site. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10577. [PMID: 37445757 PMCID: PMC10342107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The specificity loop of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) is known to regulate recognition of their substrates, and the S1'-site surrounded by the loop is a unique place to address the selectivity of ligands toward each MMP. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of apo-MMP-13 and its complex forms with various ligands were conducted to identify the role of the specificity loop for the ligand binding to MMP-13. The MD simulations showed the dual role of T247 as a hydrogen bond donor to the ligand, as well as a contributor to the formation of the van der Waal surface area, with T245 and K249 on the S1'-site. The hydrophobic surface area mediated by T247 blocks the access of water molecules to the S1'-site of MMP-13 and stabilizes the ligand in the site. The F252 residue is flexible in order to search for the optimum location in the S1'-site of the apo-MMP-13, but once a ligand binds to the S1'-site, it can form offset π-π or edge-to-π stacking interactions with the ligand. Lastly, H222 and Y244 provide the offset π-π and π-CH(Cβ) interactions on each side of the phenyl ring of the ligand, and this sandwiched interaction could be critical for the ligand binding to MMP-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eugene Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
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8
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Wong TS, Li G, Li S, Gao W, Chen G, Gan S, Zhang M, Li H, Wu S, Du Y. G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:177. [PMID: 37137892 PMCID: PMC10154768 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are multifactorial disorders with diverse aetiological factors. Identifying treatment targets is challenging because the diseases are resulting from heterogeneous biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) opens a new possibility in drug discovery. Harnessing our knowledge of molecular mechanisms and structural information of GPCRs will be advantageous for developing effective drugs. This review provides an overview of the role of GPCRs in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Besides, we highlight the emerging opportunities of novel GPCR targets and address recent progress in GPCR drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian-Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Gan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Manzhan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China.
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Urology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 518116, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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9
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Poulter S, Austin N, Armstrong R, Barnes M, Bucknell SJ, Higueruelo A, Banerjee J, Mead A, Mould R, MacSweeney C, O’Brien MA, Stott LA, Watson SP. The Identification of GPR52 Agonist HTL0041178, a Potential Therapy for Schizophrenia and Related Psychiatric Disorders. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:499-505. [PMID: 37077397 PMCID: PMC10107915 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
HTL0041178 (1), a potent GPR52 agonist with a promising pharmacokinetic profile and exhibiting oral activity in preclinical models, has been identified. This molecule was the outcome of a judicious molecular property-based optimization approach, focusing on balancing potency against metabolic stability, solubility, permeability, and P-gp efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Poulter
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Austin
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Armstrong
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Barnes
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Joanne Bucknell
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Higueruelo
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Joydeep Banerjee
- Syngene
International, Biocon Park, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Andy Mead
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Mould
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Cliona MacSweeney
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - M. Alistair O’Brien
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Alice Stott
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
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10
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Abstract
GPR21 is a class-A orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and a potential therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders. This receptor shows high basal activity in coupling to multiple G proteins in the absence of any known endogenous agonist or synthetic ligand. Here, we present the structures of ligand-free human GPR21 bound to heterotrimeric miniGs and miniG15 proteins, respectively. We identified an agonist-like motif in extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) that occupies the orthosteric pocket and promotes receptor activation. A side pocket that may be employed as a new ligand binding site was also uncovered. Remarkably, G protein binding is accommodated by a flexible cytoplasmic portion of transmembrane helix 6 (TM6) which adopts little or undetectable outward movement. These findings will enable the design of modulators for GPR21 for understanding its signal transduction and exploring opportunity for deorphanization.
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11
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Silica gel-assisted synthesis of benzo[b]thiophenes from o-(alkylsulfanyl)(ethynyl)benzenes. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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12
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Komatsu H. Innovative Therapeutic Approaches for Huntington's Disease: From Nucleic Acids to GPCR-Targeting Small Molecules. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:785703. [PMID: 34899193 PMCID: PMC8662694 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.785703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder due to an extraordinarily expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene that confers a gain-of-toxic function in the mutant protein. There is currently no effective cure that attenuates progression and severity of the disease. Since HD is an inherited monogenic disorder, lowering the mutant huntingtin (mHTT) represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Huntingtin lowering strategies mostly focus on nucleic acid approaches, such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). While these approaches seem to be effective, the drug delivery to the brain poses a great challenge and requires direct injection into the central nervous system (CNS) that results in substantial burden for patients. This review discusses the topics on Huntingtin lowering strategies with clinical trials in patients already underway and introduce an innovative approach that has the potential to deter the disease progression through the inhibition of GPR52, a striatal-enriched class A orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that represents a promising therapeutic target for psychiatric disorders. Chemically simple, potent, and selective GPR52 antagonists have been discovered through high-throughput screening and subsequent structure-activity relationship studies. These small molecule antagonists not only diminish both soluble and aggregated mHTT in the striatum, but also ameliorate HD-like defects in HD mice. This therapeutic approach offers great promise as a novel strategy for HD therapy, while nucleic acid delivery still faces considerable challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Komatsu
- Business Strategy, Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.,Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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13
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Kwak H, Kang E, Song JY, Kang G, Joo JM. Pd‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Alkynyl Norbornene Derivatives for the Synthesis of Benzofused Heteroarenes. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayeon Kwak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsu Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Geunhee Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
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14
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Stott LA, Brighton CA, Brown J, Mould R, Bennett KA, Newman R, Currinn H, Autore F, Higueruelo AP, Tehan BG, MacSweeney C, O'Brien MA, Watson SP. Characterisation of inverse agonism of the orphan-G protein-coupled receptor GPR52 by cannabinoid ligands Cannabidiol and O-1918. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07201. [PMID: 34189291 PMCID: PMC8219759 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of cannabinoid ligands Cannabidiol and O-1918 as inverse agonists of the orphan receptor GPR52 is reported. Detailed characterisation of GPR52 pharmacology and modelling of the proposed receptor interaction is described. The identification of a novel and further CNS pharmacology for the polypharmacological agent and marketed drug Cannabidiol is noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Stott
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl A Brighton
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Brown
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Mould
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Kirstie A Bennett
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Newman
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Currinn
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Flavia Autore
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia P Higueruelo
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin G Tehan
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Cliona MacSweeney
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A O'Brien
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
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15
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Wada M, Yukawa K, Ogasawara H, Suzawa K, Maekawa T, Yamamoto Y, Ohta T, Lee E, Miki T. GPR52 accelerates fatty acid biosynthesis in a ligand-dependent manner in hepatocytes and in response to excessive fat intake in mice. iScience 2021; 24:102260. [PMID: 33796846 PMCID: PMC7995607 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gpr52 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor of unknown physiological function. We found that Gpr52-deficient (Gpr52−/−) mice exhibit leanness associated with reduced liver weight, decreased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Treatment of the hepatoma cell line HepG2 cells with c11, the synthetic GPR52 agonist, increased fatty acid biosynthesis, and GPR52 knockdown (KD) abolished the lipogenic action of c11. In addition, c11 induced the expressions of lipogenic enzymes (SCD1 and ELOVL6), whereas these inductions were attenuated by GPR52-KD. In contrast, cholesterol biosynthesis was not increased by c11, but its basal level was significantly suppressed by GPR52-KD. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced increase in hepatic expression of Pparg2 and its targets (Scd1 and Elovl6) was absent in Gpr52−/− mice with alleviated hepatosteatosis. Our present study showed that hepatic GPR52 promotes the biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol in a ligand-dependent and a constitutive manner, respectively, and Gpr52 participates in HFD-induced fatty acid synthesis in liver. Hepatosteatosis is inherently an adaptive response to overnutrition to store energy On the other hand, it can be a pathological condition causing insulin resistance High-fat diet increases PPARγ2 expression and lipogenesis in liver via GPR52 Gpr52 ablation protects mice from developing hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Wada
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kayo Yukawa
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogasawara
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maekawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takashi Miki
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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16
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Ma M, Guo S, Lin X, Li S, Wu Y, Zeng Y, Hu Y, Zhao S, Xu F, Xie X, Shui W. Targeted Proteomics Combined with Affinity Mass Spectrometry Analysis Reveals Antagonist E7 Acts As an Intracellular Covalent Ligand of Orphan Receptor GPR52. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:3275-3284. [PMID: 33258587 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The GPR52, a class A orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is regarded as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of Huntington's disease and multiple psychiatric disorders. Although the recently solved structure of GPR52 has revealed a binding mechanism likely shared by all reported agonists, the small molecule antagonist E7 cannot fit into this agonist-binding pocket, and its interaction mode with the receptor remains unknown. Here, we employed targeted proteomics and affinity mass spectrometry approaches to uncover a unique binding mode of E7 which acts as a covalent and allosteric ligand of GPR52. Among three Cys residues identified in this study to form covalent conjugates with E7, the intracellular C1564.40 makes the most significant contribution to the antagonism activity of E7. Discovery of this novel intracellular site for covalent attachment of an antagonist would facilitate the design of GPR52-selective negative allosteric modulators which could serve as potential therapeutics for treating Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Ma
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Shimeng Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Xi Lin
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Youhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Xu
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- CAS Laboratory of Receptor Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Shui
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
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17
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Hatzipantelis C, Langiu M, Vandekolk TH, Pierce TL, Nithianantharajah J, Stewart GD, Langmead CJ. Translation-Focused Approaches to GPCR Drug Discovery for Cognitive Impairments Associated with Schizophrenia. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1042-1062. [PMID: 33344888 PMCID: PMC7737210 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There are no effective therapeutics for cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS), which includes deficits in executive functions (working memory and cognitive flexibility) and episodic memory. Compounds that have entered clinical trials are inadequate in terms of efficacy and/or tolerability, highlighting a clear translational bottleneck and a need for a cohesive preclinical drug development strategy. In this review we propose hippocampal-prefrontal-cortical (HPC-PFC) circuitry underlying CIAS-relevant cognitive processes across mammalian species as a target source to guide the translation-focused discovery and development of novel, procognitive agents. We highlight several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) enriched within HPC-PFC circuitry as therapeutic targets of interest, including noncanonical approaches (biased agonism and allosteric modulation) to conventional clinical targets, such as dopamine and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, along with prospective novel targets, including the orphan receptors GPR52 and GPR139. We also describe the translational limitations of popular preclinical cognition tests and suggest touchscreen-based assays that probe cognitive functions reliant on HPC-PFC circuitry and reflect tests used in the clinic, as tests of greater translational relevance. Combining pharmacological and behavioral testing strategies based in HPC-PFC circuit function creates a cohesive, translation-focused approach to preclinical drug development that may improve the translational bottleneck currently hindering the development of treatments for CIAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra
J. Hatzipantelis
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Monica Langiu
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Teresa H. Vandekolk
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tracie L. Pierce
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- Florey
Institute of Neuroscience
and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gregory D. Stewart
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Langmead
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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18
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Wang F, Feng KR, Zhao JY, Zhang JW, Shi XW, Zhou J, Gao D, Lin GQ, Tian P. Identification of novel STAT3 inhibitors bearing 2-acetyl-7-phenylamino benzofuran scaffold for antitumour study. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Wang P, Felsing DE, Chen H, Stutz SJ, Murphy RE, Cunningham KA, Allen JA, Zhou J. Discovery of Potent and Brain-Penetrant GPR52 Agonist that Suppresses Psychostimulant Behavior. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13951-13972. [PMID: 33198466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 52 (GPR52) is an orphan receptor that is selectively expressed in the striatum and regulates various brain functions through activation of cAMP-dependent pathways. GPR52 has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for central nervous system disorders including schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Here, a series of novel GPR52 agonists were designed, synthesized, and evaluated based on compound 4. Several potent and efficacious GPR52 agonists (12c, 23a, 23d, 23e, 23f, and 23h) were identified with nanomolar range potency based on a systematic structure-activity relationship exploration. Further studies of 12c indicate enhanced efficacy, excellent target selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties including good brain permeability. In vivo proof-of-concept investigations revealed that 12c displayed antipsychotic-like activity by significantly inhibiting amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotor behavior in mice. Collectively, our findings have resulted in an efficacious, brain-penetrant GPR52 agonist as a valuable pharmacological tool for investigating the physiological and therapeutic potential of GPR52 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Daniel E Felsing
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Sonja J Stutz
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Ryan E Murphy
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - John A Allen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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20
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Spark DL, Mao M, Ma S, Sarwar M, Nowell CJ, Shackleford DM, Sexton PM, Nithianantharajah J, Stewart GD, Langmead CJ. In the Loop: Extrastriatal Regulation of Spiny Projection Neurons by GPR52. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2066-2076. [PMID: 32519838 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR52 is a Gαs-coupled orphan receptor identified as a putative target for the treatment of schizophrenia. The unique expression and signaling profile of GPR52 in key areas of dopamine and glutamate dysregulation suggests its activation may resolve both cortical and striatal dysfunction in the disorder. GPR52 mRNA is enriched in the striatum, almost exclusively on dopamine D2-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and to a lesser extent in the cortex, predominantly on D1-expressing pyramidal neurons. Synthetic, small molecule GPR52 agonists are effective in preclinical models of psychosis; however, the relative contribution of cortical and striatal GPR52 is unknown. Here we show that the GPR52 agonist, 3-BTBZ, inhibits phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotor activity to a greater degree than amphetamine-induced motor effects, suggesting a mechanism beyond functional antagonism of striatal dopamine D2 receptor signaling. Using DARPP-32 phosphorylation and electrophysiological recordings in either striatopallidal or striatonigral MSNs, we were surprised to find no significant effect of 3-BTBZ in striatopallidal MSNs, but GPR52-mediated effects in striatonigral MSNs, where its mRNA is absent. 3-BTBZ increases phosphorylation of T75 on DARPP-32 in striatonigral MSNs, an effect that was dependent on cortical inputs. A similar role for GPR52 in regulating extrastriatal glutamatergic drive onto striatonigral MSNs was also evident in recordings of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and was shown to be dependent on the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor subtype 1. Our results demonstrate that GPR52-mediated regulation of striatal function depends heavily on extrastriatal inputs, which may further support its utility as a novel target for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sherie Ma
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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21
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Hatzipantelis CJ, Lu Y, Spark DL, Langmead CJ, Stewart GD. β-Arrestin-2-Dependent Mechanism of GPR52 Signaling in Frontal Cortical Neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2077-2084. [PMID: 32519845 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan Gαs-coupled receptor GPR52 is expressed exclusively in the brain, predominantly in circuitry relating to symptoms of neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia. While GPR52 agonists have displayed antipsychotic and procognitive efficacy in murine models, there remains limited evidence delineating the molecular mechanisms of these effects. Indeed, previous studies have solely reported canonical cAMP signaling and CREB phosphorylation downstream of GPR52 activation. In the present study, we demonstrated that the synthetic GPR52 agonist, 3-BTBZ, equipotently induces cAMP accumulation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and β-arrestin-1 and -2 recruitment in transfected HEK293T cells. In cultured frontal cortical neurons, however, 3-BTBZ-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was significantly more potent than cAMP signaling, with a more prolonged signaling profile than that in HEK293T cells. Furthermore, knock down of β-arrestin-2 in frontal cortical neurons abolished 3-BTBZ-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but not cAMP accumulation. These results suggest a β-arrestin-2-dependent mechanism for GPR52-mediated ERK1/2 signaling, which may link to cognitive function in vivo. Finally, these findings highlight the context-dependence of GPCR signaling in recombinant cells and neurons, offering new insights into translationally relevant GPR52 signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J. Hatzipantelis
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yao Lu
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Daisy L. Spark
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gregory D. Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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22
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Watkins LR, Orlandi C. Orphan G Protein Coupled Receptors in Affective Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E694. [PMID: 32599826 PMCID: PMC7349732 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the main mediators of signal transduction in the central nervous system. Therefore, it is not surprising that many GPCRs have long been investigated for their role in the development of anxiety and mood disorders, as well as in the mechanism of action of antidepressant therapies. Importantly, the endogenous ligands for a large group of GPCRs have not yet been identified and are therefore known as orphan GPCRs (oGPCRs). Nonetheless, growing evidence from animal studies, together with genome wide association studies (GWAS) and post-mortem transcriptomic analysis in patients, pointed at many oGPCRs as potential pharmacological targets. Among these discoveries, we summarize in this review how emotional behaviors are modulated by the following oGPCRs: ADGRB2 (BAI2), ADGRG1 (GPR56), GPR3, GPR26, GPR37, GPR50, GPR52, GPR61, GPR62, GPR88, GPR135, GPR158, and GPRC5B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
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23
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Structural basis of ligand recognition and self-activation of orphan GPR52. Nature 2020; 579:152-157. [PMID: 32076264 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
GPR52 is a class-A orphan G-protein-coupled receptor that is highly expressed in the brain and represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of Huntington's disease and several psychiatric disorders1,2. Pathological malfunction of GPR52 signalling occurs primarily through the heterotrimeric Gs protein2, but it is unclear how GPR52 and Gs couple for signal transduction and whether a native ligand or other activating input is required. Here we present the high-resolution structures of human GPR52 in three states: a ligand-free state, a Gs-coupled self-activation state and a potential allosteric ligand-bound state. Together, our structures reveal that extracellular loop 2 occupies the orthosteric binding pocket and operates as a built-in agonist, conferring an intrinsically high level of basal activity to GPR523. A fully active state is achieved when Gs is coupled to GPR52 in the absence of an external agonist. The receptor also features a side pocket for ligand binding. These insights into the structure and function of GPR52 could improve our understanding of other self-activated GPCRs, enable the identification of endogenous and tool ligands, and guide drug discovery efforts that target GPR52.
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24
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Toyota K, Mikami S, Tanaka H, Yoshida S, Iwai K, Takahashi K, Kishi H, Kikuchi Y, Saito K, Yamaguchi H, Mutoh H. Synthesis of 4,7-Dibromobenzo[b]thiophene Derivatives via 2-(1-Adamantylsulfanyl)-1,4-dibromo-3-(ethynyl)benzenes and Their Reactions. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Song H, Li H, Guo S, Pan Y, Fu Y, Zhou Z, Li Z, Wen X, Sun X, He B, Gu H, Zhao Q, Wang C, An P, Luo S, Hu Y, Xie X, Lu B. Targeting Gpr52 lowers mutant HTT levels and rescues Huntington's disease-associated phenotypes. Brain 2019; 141:1782-1798. [PMID: 29608652 PMCID: PMC5972579 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
See Huang and Gitler (doi:10.1093/brain/awy112) for a scientific commentary on this article. Lowering the levels of disease-causing proteins is an attractive treatment strategy for neurodegenerative disorders, among which Huntington’s disease is an appealing disease for testing this strategy because of its monogenetic nature. Huntington’s disease is mainly caused by cytotoxicity of the mutant HTT protein with an expanded polyglutamine repeat tract. Lowering the soluble mutant HTT may reduce its downstream toxicity and provide potential treatment for Huntington’s disease. This is hard to achieve by small-molecule compound drugs because of a lack of effective targets. Here we demonstrate Gpr52, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, as a potential Huntington’s disease drug target. Knocking-out Gpr52 significantly reduces mutant HTT levels in the striatum and rescues Huntington’s disease-associated behavioural phenotypes in a knock-in Huntington’s disease mouse model expressing endogenous mutant Htt. Importantly, a novel Gpr52 antagonist E7 reduces mutant HTT levels and rescues Huntington’s disease-associated phenotypes in cellular and mouse models. Our study provides an entry point for Huntington’s disease drug discovery by targeting Gpr52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haikun Song
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hexuan Li
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimeng Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuyin Pan
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhua Fu
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijian Zhou
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Wen
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingqing He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cen Wang
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping An
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouqing Luo
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth, UK
| | - Youhong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Boxun Lu
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Constantinof A, Moisiadis VG, Kostaki A, Szyf M, Matthews SG. Antenatal Glucocorticoid Exposure Results in Sex-Specific and Transgenerational Changes in Prefrontal Cortex Gene Transcription that Relate to Behavioural Outcomes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:764. [PMID: 30679753 PMCID: PMC6346022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids (sGC) are administered to women at risk for pre-term delivery to reduce respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is important in regulating stress responses and related behaviours and expresses high levels of glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Further, antenatal exposure to sGC results in a hyperactive phenotype in first generation (F1) juvenile male and female offspring, as well as F2 and F3 juvenile females from the paternal lineage. We hypothesized that multiple courses of antenatal sGC modify gene expression in the PFC, that these effects are sex-specific and maintained across multiple generations, and that the gene sets affected relate to modified locomotor activity. We performed RNA sequencing on PFC of F1 juvenile males and females, as well as F2 and F3 juvenile females from the paternal lineage and used regression modelling to relate gene expression and behavior. Antenatal sGC resulted in sex-specific and generation-specific changes in gene expression. Further, the expression of 4 genes (C9orf116, Calb1, Glra3, and Gpr52) explained 20–29% of the observed variability in locomotor activity. Antenatal exposure to sGC profoundly influences the developing PFC; effects are evident across multiple generations and may drive altered behavioural phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Constantinof
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Vasilis G Moisiadis
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Alisa Kostaki
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Departments of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Stephen G Matthews
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada. .,Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada. .,Departments of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada. .,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5G1X5, Canada.
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Roberts RE, Powell D, Wang T, Hall MH, Motti CA, Cummins SF. Putative chemosensory receptors are differentially expressed in the sensory organs of male and female crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:853. [PMID: 30497381 PMCID: PMC6267866 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemosensation is a critical signalling process for all organisms and is achieved through the interaction between chemosensory receptors and their ligands. The Crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci species complex (COTS), is a predator of coral polyps and Acanthaster cf. solaris is currently considered to be one of the main drivers of coral loss on the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland, Australia. RESULTS This study reveals the presence of putative variant Ionotropic Receptors (IRs) which are differentially expressed in the olfactory organs of COTS. Several other types of G protein-coupled receptors such as adrenergic, metabotropic glutamate, cholecystokinin, trace-amine associated, GRL101 and GPCR52 receptors have also been identified. Several receptors display male-biased expression within the sensory tentacles, indicating possible reproductive significance. CONCLUSIONS Many of the receptors identified in this study may have a role in reproduction and are therefore key targets for further investigation. Based on their differential expression within the olfactory organs and presence in multiple tissues, it is possible that several of these receptor types have expanded within the Echinoderm lineage. Many are likely to be species-specific with novel ligand-binding affinity and a diverse range of functions. This study is the first to describe the presence of variant Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in any Echinoderm, and is only the second study to investigate chemosensory receptors in any starfish or marine pest. These results represent a significant step forward in understanding the chemosensory abilities of COTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Roberts
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558 Australia
| | - D. Powell
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558 Australia
| | - T. Wang
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558 Australia
| | - M. H. Hall
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Cape Ferguson, Townsville, QLD 4810 Australia
| | - C. A. Motti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Cape Ferguson, Townsville, QLD 4810 Australia
| | - S. F. Cummins
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558 Australia
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Nakahata T, Tokumaru K, Ito Y, Ishii N, Setoh M, Shimizu Y, Harasawa T, Aoyama K, Hamada T, Kori M, Aso K. Design and synthesis of 1-(1-benzothiophen-7-yl)-1H-pyrazole, a novel series of G protein-coupled receptor 52 (GPR52) agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1598-1608. [PMID: 29478803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 52 (GPR52) is classified as an orphan Gs-coupled G-protein-coupled receptor. GPR52 cancels dopamine D2 receptor signaling and activates dopamine D1/N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors via intracellular cAMP accumulation. Therefore, GPR52 agonists are expected to alleviate symptoms of psychotic disorders. A novel series of 1-(benzothiophen-7-yl)-1H-pyrazole as GPR52 agonists was designed and synthesized based on compound 1b. Compound 1b has been reported by our group as the first orally active GPR52 agonist, but high lipophilicity and poor aqueous solubility still remained as issues for candidate selection. To resolve these issues, replacement of the benzene ring at the 7-positon of compound 1b with heterocylic rings, such as pyrazole and pyridine, was greatly expected to reduce lipophilicity to levels for which calculated logD values were lower than that of compound 1b. While evaluating the pyrazole derivatives, introduction of a methyl substituent at the 3-position of the pyrazole ring led to increased GPR52 agonistic activity. Moreover, additional methyl substituent at the 5-position of the pyrazole and further introduction of hydroxy group to lower logD led to significant improvement of solubility while maintaining the activity. As a result, we identified 3-methyl-5-hydroxymethyl-1H-pyrazole derivative 17 (GPR52 EC50 = 21 nM, Emax = 103%, logD = 2.21, Solubility at pH 6.8 = 21 μg/mL) with potent GPR52 agonistic activity and good solubility compared to compound 1b. Furthermore, this compound 17 dose-dependently suppressed methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakahata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Tokumaru
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Ito
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishii
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Setoh
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimizu
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiya Harasawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Aoyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Teruki Hamada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masakuni Kori
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 17-85, Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts, approximately 120 GPCRs remain orphan. Their physiological functions and their potential roles in diseases are poorly understood. Orphan GPCRs are extremely important because they may provide novel therapeutic targets for unmet medical needs. As a complement to experimental approaches, molecular modeling and virtual screening are efficient techniques to discover synthetic surrogate ligands which can help to elucidate the role of oGPCRs. Constitutively activated mutants and recently published active structures of GPCRs provide stimulating opportunities for building active molecular models for oGPCRs and identifying activators using virtual screening of compound libraries. We describe the molecular modeling and virtual screening process we have applied in the discovery of surrogate ligands, and provide examples for CCKA, a simulated oGPCR, and for two oGPCRs, GPR52 and GPR34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantino Diaz
- Research Informatics, Evotec (France) SAS, 195 Route d'Espagne, 31036, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Emilie Pihan
- Research Informatics, Evotec (France) SAS, 195 Route d'Espagne, 31036, Toulouse, France
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Nishiyama K, Suzuki H, Harasawa T, Suzuki N, Kurimoto E, Kawai T, Maruyama M, Komatsu H, Sakuma K, Shimizu Y, Shimojo M. FTBMT, a Novel and Selective GPR52 Agonist, Demonstrates Antipsychotic-Like and Procognitive Effects in Rodents, Revealing a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Schizophrenia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:253-264. [PMID: 28851764 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.242925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR52 is a Gs-coupled G protein-coupled receptor that is predominantly expressed in the striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAc) and was recently proposed as a potential therapeutic target for schizophrenia. In the current study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo pharmacologic activities of a novel GPR52 agonist, 4-(3-(3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-methylbenzamide (FTBMT). FTBMT functioned as a selective GPR52 agonist in vitro and in vivo, as demonstrated by the activation of Camp signaling in striatal neurons. FTBMT inhibited MK-801-induced hyperactivity, an animal model for acute psychosis, without causing catalepsy in mice. The c-fos expression also revealed that FTBMT preferentially induced neuronal activation in the shell of the Nac compared with the striatum, thereby supporting its antipsychotic-like activity with less catalepsy. Furthermore, FTBMT improved recognition memory in a novel object-recognition test and attenuated MK-801-induced working memory deficits in a radial arm maze test in rats. These recognitive effects were supported by the results of FTBMT-induced c-fos expression in the brain regions related to cognition, including the medial prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus. Taken together, these findings suggest that FTBMT shows antipsychotic and recognitive properties without causing catalepsy in rodents. Given its unique pharmacologic profile, which differs from that of current antipsychotics, FTBMT may provide a new therapeutic option for the treatment of positive and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nishiyama
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Suzuki
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Harasawa
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Noriko Suzuki
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Emi Kurimoto
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Maruyama
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Komatsu
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kensuke Sakuma
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimizu
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masato Shimojo
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
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Nishiyama K, Suzuki H, Maruyama M, Yoshihara T, Ohta H. Genetic deletion of GPR52 enhances the locomotor-stimulating effect of an adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist in mice: A potential role of GPR52 in the function of striatopallidal neurons. Brain Res 2017; 1670:24-31. [PMID: 28583861 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 52 (GPR52) is largely co-expressed with dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, and this expression pattern is similar to that of adenosine A2A receptor (ADORA2A). GPR52 has been proposed as a therapeutic target for positive symptoms of schizophrenia, based on observations from pharmacological and transgenic mouse studies. However, the physiological role of GPR52 in dopaminergic functions in the basal ganglia remains unclear. Here, we used GPR52 knockout (KO) mice to examine the role of GPR52 in dopamine receptor-mediated and ADORA2A-mediated locomotor activity and dopamine receptor signaling. High expression of GPR52 protein in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and lateral globus pallidus of wild type (WT) littermates was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. GPR52 KO and WT mice exhibited almost identical locomotor responses to the dopamine releaser methamphetamine and the N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist MK-801. In contrast, the locomotor response to the ADORA2A antagonist istradefylline was significantly augmented in GPR52 KO mice compared to WT mice. Gene expression analysis revealed that striatal expression of DRD2, but not of dopamine D1 receptor and ADORA2A, was significantly decreased in GPR52 KO mice. Moreover, a significant reduction in the mRNA expression of enkephalin, a marker of the activity of striatopallidal neurons, was observed in the striatum of GPR52 KO mice, suggesting that GPR52 deletion could enhance DRD2 signaling. Taken together, these results imply the physiological relevance of GPR52 in modulating the function of striatopallidal neurons, possibly by interaction of GPR52 with ADORA2A and DRD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nishiyama
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Suzuki
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Maruyama
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshihara
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan.
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Tokumaru K, Ito Y, Nomura I, Nakahata T, Shimizu Y, Kurimoto E, Aoyama K, Aso K. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of 4-azolyl-benzamide derivatives as novel GPR52 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3098-3115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Khan MZ, He L. Neuro-psychopharmacological perspective of Orphan receptors of Rhodopsin (class A) family of G protein-coupled receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1181-1207. [PMID: 28289782 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system (CNS), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most fruitful targets for neuropsychopharmacological drug development. Rhodopsin (class A) is the most studied class of GPCR and includes orphan receptors for which the endogenous ligand is not known or is unclear. Characterization of orphan GPCRs has proven to be challenging, and the production pace of GPCR-based drugs has been incredibly slow. OBJECTIVE Determination of the functions of these receptors may provide unexpected insight into physiological and neuropathological processes. Advances in various methods and techniques to investigate orphan receptors including in situ hybridization and knockdown/knockout (KD/KO) showed extensive expression of these receptors in the mammalian brain and unmasked their physiological and neuropathological roles. Due to these rapid progress and development, orphan GPCRs are rising as a new and promising class of drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION This review presents a neuropsychopharmacological perspective of 26 orphan receptors of rhodopsin (class A) family, namely GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR17, GPR26, GPR35, GPR39, GPR48, GPR49, GPR50, GPR52, GPR55, GPR61, GPR62, GPR63, GPR68, GPR75, GPR78, GPR83, GPR84, GPR85, GPR88, GPR153, GPR162, GPR171, and TAAR6. We discussed the expression of these receptors in mammalian brain and their physiological roles. Furthermore, we have briefly highlighted their roles in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, neuroinflammation, inflammatory pain, bipolar and schizophrenic disorders, epilepsy, anxiety, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China.
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
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A Synopsis of the Properties and Applications of Heteroaromatic Rings in Medicinal Chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wang J, Yang S, Zhang K. A simple and sensitive method to analyze genotoxic impurity hydrazine in pharmaceutical materials. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 126:141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fernández-Salas JA, Eberhart AJ, Procter DJ. Metal-Free CH–CH-Type Cross-Coupling of Arenes and Alkynes Directed by a Multifunctional Sulfoxide Group. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:790-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J. Eberhart
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
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Sarkar D, Gulevich AV, Melkonyan FS, Gevorgyan V. Synthesis of Multisubstituted Arenes via PyrDipSi-Directed Unsymmetrical Iterative C–H Functionalizations. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Anton V. Gulevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Ferdinand S. Melkonyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
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Novel Therapeutic GPCRs for Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14109-21. [PMID: 26101869 PMCID: PMC4490542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160614109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most common targets of the neuropharmacological drugs in the central nervous system (CNS). GPCRs are activated by manifold neurotransmitters, and their activation in turn evokes slow synaptic transmission. They are deeply involved in multiple neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. In the brain, the striatum is strongly innervated by the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and plays a central role in manifestation of psychiatric disorders. Recently, anatomical and comprehensive transcriptome analysis of the non-odorant GPCR superfamily revealed that the orphan GPCRs GPR88, GPR6, and GPR52, as well as dopamine D1 and D2 receptors and the adenosine A2a receptor, are the most highly enriched in the rodent striatum. Genetically engineered animal models and molecular biological studies have suggested that these striatally enriched GPCRs have a potential to be therapeutic psychiatric receptors. This review summarizes the current understanding of the therapeutic GPCR candidates for psychiatric disorders.
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