1
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Siegel DS, Hui HC, Pitts J, Vermillion MS, Ishida K, Rautiola D, Keeney M, Irshad H, Zhang L, Chun K, Chin G, Goyal B, Doerffler E, Yang H, Clarke MO, Palmiotti C, Vijjapurapu A, Riola NC, Stray K, Murakami E, Ma B, Wang T, Zhao X, Xu Y, Lee G, Marchand B, Seung M, Nayak A, Tomkinson A, Kadrichu N, Ellis S, Barauskas O, Feng JY, Perry JK, Perron M, Bilello JP, Kuehl PJ, Subramanian R, Cihlar T, Mackman RL. Discovery of GS-7682, a Novel 4'-Cyano-Modified C-Nucleoside Prodrug with Broad Activity against Pneumo- and Picornaviruses and Efficacy in RSV-Infected African Green Monkeys. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 39018526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Acute respiratory viral infections, such as pneumovirus and respiratory picornavirus infections, exacerbate disease in COPD and asthma patients. A research program targeting respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) led to the discovery of GS-7682 (1), a novel phosphoramidate prodrug of a 4'-CN-4-aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine C-nucleoside GS-646089 (2) with broad antiviral activity against RSV (EC50 = 3-46 nM), human metapneumovirus (EC50 = 210 nM), human rhinovirus (EC50 = 54-61 nM), and enterovirus (EC50 = 83-90 nM). Prodrug optimization for cellular potency and lung cell metabolism identified 5'-methyl [(S)-hydroxy(phenoxy)phosphoryl]-l-alaninate in combination with 2',3'-diisobutyrate promoieties as being optimal for high levels of intracellular triphosphate formation in vitro and in vivo. 1 demonstrated significant reductions of viral loads in the lower respiratory tract of RSV-infected African green monkeys when administered once daily via intratracheal nebulized aerosol. Together, these findings support additional evaluation of 1 and its analogues as potential therapeutics for pneumo- and picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin S Siegel
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hon C Hui
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jared Pitts
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Meghan S Vermillion
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
- Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, United States
| | - Kazuya Ishida
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Davin Rautiola
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michael Keeney
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hammad Irshad
- Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, United States
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kwon Chun
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Gregory Chin
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bindu Goyal
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Edward Doerffler
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hai Yang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michael O Clarke
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Chris Palmiotti
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Arya Vijjapurapu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Nicholas C Riola
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kirsten Stray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Yili Xu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Gary Lee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bruno Marchand
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Minji Seung
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Arabinda Nayak
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Adrian Tomkinson
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Nani Kadrichu
- Inspired - Pulmonary Solutions, San Carlos, California 94070, United States
| | - Scott Ellis
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Ona Barauskas
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jason K Perry
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michel Perron
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - John P Bilello
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Philip J Kuehl
- Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, United States
| | - Raju Subramanian
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
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2
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Felicetti T, Sarnari C, Gaito R, Tabarrini O, Manfroni G. Recent Progress toward the Discovery of Small Molecules as Novel Anti-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Agents. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38970494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) stands as the foremost cause of infant hospitalization globally, ranking second only to malaria in terms of infant mortality. Although three vaccines have recently been approved for the prophylaxis of adults aged 60 and above, and pregnant women, there is currently no effective antiviral drug for treating RSV infections. The only preventive measure for infants at high risk of severe RSV disease is passive immunization through monoclonal antibodies. This Perspective offers an overview of the latest advancements in RSV drug discovery of small molecule antivirals, with particular focus on the promising findings from agents targeting the fusion and polymerase proteins. A comprehensive reflection on the current state of RSV research is also given, drawing inspiration from the lessons gleaned from HCV and HIV, while also considering the impact of the recent approval of the three vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Sarnari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Gaito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
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3
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Mishra G, Prajapat V, Nayak D. Advancements in Nipah virus treatment: Analysis of current progress in vaccines, antivirals, and therapeutics. Immunology 2024; 171:155-169. [PMID: 37712243 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) causes severe encephalitis in humans. Three NiV strains NiV-Malaysia (NiVM ), NiV Bangladesh (NiVB ), and NiV India (NiVI reported in 2019) have been circulating in South-Asian nations. Sporadic outbreak observed in South-East Asian countries but human to human transmission raises the concern about its pandemic potential. The presence of the viral genome in reservoir bats has further confirmed that NiV has spread to the African and Australian continents. NiV research activities have gained momentum to achieve specific preparedness goals to meet any future emergency-as a result, several potential vaccine candidates have been developed and tested in a variety of animal models. Some of these candidate vaccines have entered further clinical trials. Research activities related to the discovery of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have resulted in the identification of a handful of candidates capable of neutralizing the virion. However, progress in discovering potential antiviral drugs has been limited. Thus, considering NiV's pandemic potential, it is crucial to fast-track ongoing projects related to vaccine clinical trials, anti-NiV therapeutics. Here, we discuss the current progress in NiV-vaccine research and therapeutic options, including mAbs and antiviral medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatree Mishra
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Vishal Prajapat
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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4
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Sun BW, Zhang PP, Wang ZH, Yao X, He ML, Bai RT, Che H, Lin J, Xie T, Hui Z, Ye XY, Wang LW. Prevention and Potential Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Molecules 2024; 29:598. [PMID: 38338343 PMCID: PMC10856762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant viral pathogen that causes respiratory infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. RSV-related illnesses impose a substantial economic burden worldwide annually. The molecular structure, function, and in vivo interaction mechanisms of RSV have received more comprehensive attention in recent times, and significant progress has been made in developing inhibitors targeting various stages of the RSV replication cycle. These include fusion inhibitors, RSV polymerase inhibitors, and nucleoprotein inhibitors, as well as FDA-approved RSV prophylactic drugs palivizumab and nirsevimab. The research community is hopeful that these developments might provide easier access to knowledge and might spark new ideas for research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Peng-Peng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zong-Hao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xia Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Meng-Lan He
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Rui-Ting Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hao Che
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Drug Discovery, Hangzhou Haolu Pharma Co., Hangzhou 311121, China;
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Li-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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5
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Zou G, Cao S, Gao Z, Yie J, Wu JZ. Current state and challenges in respiratory syncytial virus drug discovery and development. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105791. [PMID: 38160942 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in young children and elderly people worldwide. Recent significant progress in our understanding of the structure and function of RSV proteins has led to the discovery of several clinical candidates targeting RSV fusion and replication. These include both the development of novel small molecule interventions and the isolation of potent monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art of RSV drug discovery, with a focus on the characteristics of the candidates that reached the clinical stage of development. We also discuss the lessons learned from failed and discontinued clinical developments and highlight the challenges that remain for development of RSV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zou
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Sushan Cao
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhao Gao
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Junming Yie
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jim Zhen Wu
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Yu X, Abeywickrema P, Bonneux B, Behera I, Anson B, Jacoby E, Fung A, Adhikary S, Bhaumik A, Carbajo RJ, De Bruyn S, Miller R, Patrick A, Pham Q, Piassek M, Verheyen N, Shareef A, Sutto-Ortiz P, Ysebaert N, Van Vlijmen H, Jonckers THM, Herschke F, McLellan JS, Decroly E, Fearns R, Grosse S, Roymans D, Sharma S, Rigaux P, Jin Z. Structural and mechanistic insights into the inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus polymerase by a non-nucleoside inhibitor. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1074. [PMID: 37865687 PMCID: PMC10590419 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus polymerase complex, consisting of the polymerase (L) and phosphoprotein (P), catalyzes nucleotide polymerization, cap addition, and cap methylation via the RNA dependent RNA polymerase, capping, and Methyltransferase domains on L. Several nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors have been reported to inhibit this polymerase complex, but the structural details of the exact inhibitor-polymerase interactions have been lacking. Here, we report a non-nucleoside inhibitor JNJ-8003 with sub-nanomolar inhibition potency in both antiviral and polymerase assays. Our 2.9 Å resolution cryo-EM structure revealed that JNJ-8003 binds to an induced-fit pocket on the capping domain, with multiple interactions consistent with its tight binding and resistance mutation profile. The minigenome and gel-based de novo RNA synthesis and primer extension assays demonstrated that JNJ-8003 inhibited nucleotide polymerization at the early stages of RNA transcription and replication. Our results support that JNJ-8003 binding modulates a functional interplay between the capping and RdRp domains, and this molecular insight could accelerate the design of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Yu
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA.
| | - Pravien Abeywickrema
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Brecht Bonneux
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ishani Behera
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Brandon Anson
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Edgar Jacoby
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Amy Fung
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Suraj Adhikary
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Anusarka Bhaumik
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Rodrigo J Carbajo
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Janssen-Cilag, Discovery Chemistry S.A. Río Jarama, 75A, 45007, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Robyn Miller
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Aaron Patrick
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Quyen Pham
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Madison Piassek
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Nick Verheyen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Afzaal Shareef
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | - Nina Ysebaert
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Etienne Decroly
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | - Dirk Roymans
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Peter Rigaux
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Zhinan Jin
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA.
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7
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Oey A, McClure M, Symons JA, Chanda S, Fry J, Smith PF, Luciani K, Fayon M, Chokephaibulkit K, Uppala R, Bernatoniene J, Furuno K, Stanley T, Huntjens D, Witek J. Lumicitabine, an orally administered nucleoside analog, in infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection: Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic results. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288271. [PMID: 37467213 PMCID: PMC10355467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the leading cause of infant hospitalizations and mortality. Lumicitabine, an oral nucleoside analog was studied for the treatment of RSV. The phase 1b and phase 2b studies reported here assessed the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of lumicitabine in infants/neonates hospitalized with RSV. In the phase 1b study, infants (≥1 to ≤12 months) and neonates (<28 days) received a single-ascending or multiple-ascending doses (single loading dose [LD] then 9 maintenance doses [MD] of lumicitabine, or placebo [3:1]). In the phase 2b study, infants/children (28 days to ≤36 months old) received lumicitabine 40/20 mg/kg, 60/40 mg/kg LD/MD twice-daily or placebo (1:1:1) for 5 days. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy parameters were assessed over 28 days. Lumicitabine was associated with a dose-related increase in the incidence and severity of reversible neutropenia. Plasma levels of ALS-008112, the active nucleoside analog, were dose-proportional with comparable mean exposure levels at the highest doses in both studies. There were no significant differences between the lumicitabine groups and placebo in reducing viral load, time to viral non-detectability, and symptom resolution. No emergent resistance-associated substitutions were observed at the RSV L-gene positions of interest. In summary, lumicitabine was associated with a dose-related increase in the incidence and severity of reversible neutropenia and failed to demonstrate antiviral activity in RSV-infected hospitalized infants. This contrasts with the findings of the previous RSV-A adult challenge study where significant antiviral activity was noted, without incidence of neutropenia. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02202356 (phase 1b); NCT03333317 (phase 2b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie Oey
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew McClure
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Julian A. Symons
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sushmita Chanda
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John Fry
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick F. Smith
- Certara Strategic Consulting, Parsippany, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kathia Luciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases Hospital de Especialidades Pediátricas Omar Torrijos Herrera, Panama City, Panama
| | - Michael Fayon
- CHU de Bordeaux, Pneumologie pédiatrique, CIC 1401 (INSERM), Hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rattapon Uppala
- Department of Pediatrics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jolanta Bernatoniene
- Paediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology Department, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kenji Furuno
- General Pediatrics & Interdisciplinary Medicine Fukuoka Children’s Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Thorsten Stanley
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - James Witek
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, United States of America
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8
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Xu E, Park S, Calderon J, Cao D, Liang B. In Silico Identification and In Vitro Validation of Repurposed Compounds Targeting the RSV Polymerase. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1608. [PMID: 37375110 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the top cause of infant hospitalization globally, with no effective treatments available. Researchers have sought small molecules to target the RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRP) of RSV, which is essential for replication and transcription. Based on the cryo-EM structure of the RSV polymerase, in silico computational analysis including molecular docking and the protein-ligand simulation of a database, including 6554 molecules, is currently undergoing phases 1-4 of clinical trials and has resulted in the top ten repurposed compound candidates against the RSV polymerase, including Micafungin, Totrombopag, and Verubecestat. We performed the same procedure to evaluate 18 small molecules from previous studies and chose the top four compounds for comparison. Among the top identified repurposed compounds, Micafungin, an antifungal medication, showed significant inhibition and binding affinity improvements over current inhibitors such as ALS-8112 and Ribavirin. We also validated Micafungin's inhibition of the RSV RdRP using an in vitro transcription assay. These findings contribute to RSV drug development and hold promise for broad-spectrum antivirals targeting the non-segmented negative-sense (NNS) RNA viral polymerases, including those of rabies (RABV) and Ebola (EBOV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Seohyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Juan Calderon
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dongdong Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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9
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Shehzadi K, Saba A, Yu M, Liang J. Structure-Based Drug Design of RdRp Inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:22. [PMID: 37318607 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide pandemic since 2019, spreading rapidly and posing a significant threat to human health and life. With over 6 billion confirmed cases of the virus, the need for effective therapeutic drugs has become more urgent than ever before. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is crucial in viral replication and transcription, catalysing viral RNA synthesis and serving as a promising therapeutic target for developing antiviral drugs. In this article, we explore the inhibition of RdRp as a potential treatment for viral diseases, analysing the structural information of RdRp in virus proliferation and summarizing the reported inhibitors' pharmacophore features and structure-activity relationship profiles. We hope that the information provided by this review will aid in structure-based drug design and aid in the global fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Shehzadi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Afsheen Saba
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Mingjia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China.
| | - Jianhua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China.
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing, 314019, China.
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10
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Treatments and Clinical Management. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020491. [PMID: 36851368 PMCID: PMC9962240 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major healthcare concern, especially for immune-compromised individuals and infants below 5 years of age. Worldwide, it is known to be associated with incidences of morbidity and mortality in infants. Despite the seriousness of the issue and continuous rigorous scientific efforts, no approved vaccine or available drug is fully effective against RSV. The purpose of this review article is to provide insights into the past and ongoing efforts for securing effective vaccines and therapeutics against RSV. The readers will be able to confer the mechanism of existing therapies and the loopholes that need to be overcome for future therapeutic development against RSV. A methodological approach was applied to collect the latest data and updated results regarding therapeutics and vaccine development against RSV. We outline the latest throughput vaccination technologies and prophylactic development efforts linked with RSV. A range of vaccination approaches with the already available vaccine (with limited use) and those undergoing trials are included. Moreover, important drug regimens used alone or in conjugation with adjuvants or vaccines are also briefly discussed. After reading this article, the audience will be able to understand the current standing of clinical management in the form of the vaccine, prophylactic, and therapeutic candidates against RSV. An understanding of the biological behavior acting as a reason behind the lack of effective therapeutics against RSV will also be developed. The literature indicates a need to overcome the limitations attached to RSV clinical management, drugs, and vaccine development that could be explained by dealing with the challenges of current study designs with continuous improvement and further work and approval on novel therapeutic applications.
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11
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Biteau NG, Amichai SA, Azadi N, De R, Downs-Bowen J, Lecher JC, MacBrayer T, Schinazi RF, Amblard F. Synthesis of 4'-Substituted Carbocyclic Uracil Derivatives and Their Monophosphate Prodrugs as Potential Antiviral Agents. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020544. [PMID: 36851758 PMCID: PMC9962574 DOI: 10.3390/v15020544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, both 4'-modified nucleoside and carbocyclic nucleoside analogs have been under the spotlight as several compounds from either family showed anti-HIV, HCV, RSV or SARS-CoV-2 activity. Herein, we designed compounds combining these two features and report the synthesis of a series of novel 4'-substituted carbocyclic uracil derivatives along with their corresponding monophosphate prodrugs. These compounds were successfully prepared in 19 to 22 steps from the commercially available (-)-Vince lactam and were evaluated against a panel of RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B viruses and norovirus.
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12
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Sutto-Ortiz P, Eléouët JF, Ferron F, Decroly E. Biochemistry of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus L Protein Embedding RNA Polymerase and Capping Activities. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020341. [PMID: 36851554 PMCID: PMC9960070 DOI: 10.3390/v15020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. It is the major cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly population, and immunocompromised individuals. There is still no approved vaccine or antiviral treatment against RSV disease, but new monoclonal prophylactic antibodies are yet to be commercialized, and clinical trials are in progress. Hence, urgent efforts are needed to develop efficient therapeutic treatments. RSV RNA synthesis comprises viral transcription and replication that are catalyzed by the large protein (L) in coordination with the phosphoprotein polymerase cofactor (P), the nucleoprotein (N), and the M2-1 transcription factor. The replication/transcription is orchestrated by the L protein, which contains three conserved enzymatic domains: the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), the polyribonucleotidyl transferase (PRNTase or capping), and the methyltransferase (MTase) domain. These activities are essential for the RSV replicative cycle and are thus considered as attractive targets for the development of therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize recent findings about RSV L domains structure that highlight how the enzymatic activities of RSV L domains are interconnected, discuss the most relevant and recent antivirals developments that target the replication/transcription complex, and conclude with a perspective on identified knowledge gaps that enable new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, Université Paris Saclay, F78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - François Ferron
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB, UMR, 7257 Marseille, France
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Etienne Decroly
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB, UMR, 7257 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Two-Step Infection Screen Reveals Inhibitors of Early and Late Life Cycle Stages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0103222. [PMID: 36346232 PMCID: PMC9765014 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01032-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) infection is a leading cause of severe respiratory tract infections. Effective, directly acting antivirals against hRSV are not available. We aimed to discover new and chemically diverse candidates to enrich the hRSV drug development pipeline. We used a two-step screen that interrogates compound efficacy after primary infection and a consecutive virus passaging. We resynthesized selected hit molecules and profiled their activities with hRSV lentiviral pseudotype cell entry, replicon, and time-of-addition assays. The breadth of antiviral activity was tested against recent RSV clinical strains and human coronavirus (hCoV-229E), and in pseudotype-based entry assays with non-RSV viruses. Screening 6,048 molecules, we identified 23 primary candidates, of which 13 preferentially scored in the first and 10 in the second rounds of infection, respectively. Two of these molecules inhibited hRSV cell entry and selected for F protein resistance within the fusion peptide. One molecule inhibited transcription/replication in hRSV replicon assays, did not select for phenotypic hRSV resistance and was active against non-hRSV viruses, including hCoV-229E. One compound, identified in the second round of infection, did not measurably inhibit hRSV cell entry or replication/transcription. It selected for two coding mutations in the G protein and was highly active in differentiated BCi-NS1.1 lung cells. In conclusion, we identified four new hRSV inhibitor candidates with different modes of action. Our findings build an interesting platform for medicinal chemistry-guided derivatization approaches followed by deeper phenotypical characterization in vitro and in vivo with the aim of developing highly potent hRSV drugs.
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14
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Soto JA, Galvez NMS, Rivera DB, Díaz FE, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. From animal studies into clinical trials: the relevance of animal models to develop vaccines and therapies to reduce disease severity and prevent hRSV infection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:1237-1259. [PMID: 36093605 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2123468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infections in the pediatric and the geriatric population worldwide. There is a substantial economic burden resulting from hRSV disease during winter. Although no vaccines have been approved for human use, prophylactic therapies are available for high-risk populations. Choosing the proper animal models to evaluate different vaccine prototypes or pharmacological treatments is essential for developing efficient therapies against hRSV. AREAS COVERED This article describes the relevance of using different animal models to evaluate the effect of antiviral drugs, pharmacological molecules, vaccine prototypes, and antibodies in the protection against hRSV. The animal models covered are rodents, mustelids, bovines, and nonhuman primates. Animals included were chosen based on the available literature and their role in the development of the drugs discussed in this manuscript. EXPERT OPINION Choosing the correct animal model is critical for exploring and testing treatments that could decrease the impact of hRSV in high-risk populations. Mice will continue to be the most used preclinical model to evaluate this. However, researchers must also explore the use of other models such as nonhuman primates, as they are more similar to humans, prior to escalating into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - N M S Galvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D B Rivera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F E Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - S M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Ito Y, Mizuno K, Sumise S, Kimura A, Noguchi N, Fuchi Y, Hari Y. Generation of 4'-Carbon Radicals via 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer for the Synthesis of Bridged Nucleosides. Org Lett 2022; 24:7696-7700. [PMID: 36214750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and facile generation of 4'-carbon radicals from oxime imidates of nucleosides via 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer induced by iminyl radicals was developed. The cyclization of 4'-carbon radicals with olefins, followed by the hydrolysis of imidate residues, provided various 2'-O,4'-C- and 3'-O,4'-C-bridged nucleosides. This operationally simple approach can be applied to the few-step syntheses of 6'S-methyl-2'-O,4'-C-ethylene-bridged 5-methyluridine (6'S-Me-ENA-T) and S-constrained ethyl-bridged 5-methyluridine (S-cEt-T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Koichi Mizuno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Sanae Sumise
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Airi Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Nozomi Noguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Fuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
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16
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Prediction of the Active Components and Mechanism of Forsythia suspensa Leaf against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Based on Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5643345. [PMID: 35911158 PMCID: PMC9328944 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5643345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Forsythia suspensa leaf (FSL) has been used as a health tea in China for centuries. Previous experiments have proved that FSL extract has a good effect on the antirespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in vitro, but its exact mechanism is not clear. Therefore, this study aims to determine the active components and targets of FSL and further explore its anti-RSV mechanism. Methods UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS was used to analyze the main chemical components of FSL. The compound disease target network, PPI, GO, and KEGG were used to obtain key targets and potential ways. Then, the molecular docking was verified by Schrödinger Maestro software. Next, the cell model of RSV infection was established, and the inhibitory effect of each drug on RSV was detected. Finally, western blotting was used to detect the effect of the active components of FSL on the expression of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway-related protein. Results UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS analysis showed that there were 67 main chemical constituents in FSL, while network pharmacological analysis showed that there were 169 anti-RSV targets of the active components in FSL, involving 177 signal pathways, among which PI3K/AKT signal pathway played an important role in the anti-RSV process of FSL. The results of molecular docking showed that cryptochlorogenic acid, phillyrin, phillygenin, rutin, and rosmarinic acid had higher binding activities to TP53, STAT3, MAPK1, AKT1, and MAPK3, respectively. In vitro experiments showed that phillyrin and rosmarinic acid could effectively improve the survival rate of RSV-infected cells, increase the expression level of PI3K, and decrease the expression level of AKT. Conclusion The active ingredients of FSL, phillyrin, and rosmarinic acid can play an anti-RSV role by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This study provides reliable theoretical and experimental support for the anti-RSV treatment of FSL.
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17
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Gong Y, Zhang W, Chen L, Lin R, Zhou R, Salter R. Nitro-Activated Nucleobase Exchange in the Synthesis of 2'-Fluoro-2'-Deoxyribonucleosides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9330-9342. [PMID: 35759615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized nucleosides bearing pyrimidine or purine bases can be prepared by activation of accessible pyrimidine nucleosides and subsequent transglycosylation. Nitration of lumicitabine, a 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine class antiviral agent, and its 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine precursor produce the same 5-nitro-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine. Under Vorbrüggen conditions, 5-nitrouracil serves as the leaving nucleobase and enables exchange with pyrimidine and purine nucleobases to anomeric 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyribonucleosides in favor of β-anomers generally. The strategy is also applied in the isotopic labeling of 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gong
- Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Lu Chen
- Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Ronghui Lin
- Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Ronghui Zhou
- Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Rhys Salter
- Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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Zhang R, Zhang Y, Zheng W, Shang W, Wu Y, Li N, Xiong J, Jiang H, Shen J, Xiao G, Xie Y, Zhang L. Oral remdesivir derivative VV116 is a potent inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus with efficacy in mouse model. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:123. [PMID: 35429988 PMCID: PMC9012943 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Holan M, Tucker K, Dyatkina N, Liu H, Kinkade A, Wang G, Jin Z, Prhavc M. Synthesis and Anti-Hepatitis B Activities of 3′-Fluoro-2′-Substituted Apionucleosides. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082413. [PMID: 35458620 PMCID: PMC9025269 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have excellent records as anti-HBV drugs. Chronic infections require long-term administration ultimately leading to drug resistance. Therefore, the search for nucleosides with novel scaffolds is of high importance. Here we report the synthesis of novel 2′-hydroxy- and 2′-hydroxymethyl-apionucleosides, 4 and 5, corresponding triphosphates and phosphoramidate prodrugs. Triphosphate 38 of 2′-hydroxymethyl-apionucleoside 5 exhibited potent inhibition of HBV polymerase with an IC50 value of 120 nM. In an HBV cell-based assay, the phosphoramidate prodrug 39 demonstrated potent activity with an EC50 value of 7.8 nM.
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Chang J. 4'-Modified Nucleosides for Antiviral Drug Discovery: Achievements and Perspectives. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:565-578. [PMID: 35077644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modified nucleosides show therapeutic promise for antiviral therapies. However, issues including the emergence of drug resistance, toxicity, and coinfections have posed new challenges for nucleoside-based antiviral drug discovery, particularly in the era of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Chemical manipulation could impact the antiviral potency, safety, and drug resistance of nucleosides. Generally, modified nucleosides are difficult to recognize by intracellular important enzymes as substrates and thus exhibit low toxicity. 4'-Modified nucleosides represent an important subclass of modified nucleosides for antiviral therapies. To prevent the occurrence of drug resistance, 4'-modified nucleosides should have 3'-OH, which should also be chemically unreactive for proviral DNA biosynthesis. The absence of 3'-OH may explain the occurrence of drug resistance for censavudine. The introduction of 4'-substituents improves enzymatic and acidic stability and makes the nucleosides more lipophilic, thus improving cell permeability and bioavailability. Steric hindrance between the 4'-substituent and 3'-OH changes the furanose conformation to the 3'-endo type, in which the oxygen lone pair on the furanose ring could not form an oxocarbonium ion for glycolysis. Currently, seven 4'-modified nucleoside drug candidates such as azvudine (also known as FNC), islatravir, censavudine, balapiravir, lumicitabine, AL-335, and 4-azidothymidine have progressed into clinical stages for treating viral infections. Of note, FNC was officially approved by NMPA in July 2021 for use in adult patients with high HIV-1 virus loads (nos. H20210035 and H20210036), providing an alternative therapeutic for patients with HIV-1. The long-term cellular retention of FNC suggests its potential as a long-lasting pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) agent for preventing HIV-1 infection. Mechanistically, FNC not only inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcription and replication but also restored A3G expression in peripheral blood CD4+ T cells in HIV-1 patients receiving FNC. The 4'-azido group in azvudine stabilizes the 3'-C-endo (north) conformation by steric effects and the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the 3'-OH group, thus decreasing the nucleophilicity of 3'-OH. The north conformation may also enhance the phosphorylation efficiency of FNC by cellular kinases. Encouragingly, FNC, islatravir, and balapiravir show promise for the treatment of coronaviruses, of which FNC has advanced to phase 3 clinical trials in different countries to treat patients with COVID-19 (clinical trial numbers: NCT04668235 and NCT04425772). FNC cured the COVID-19 disease in almost all patients and showed better therapeutic efficacy than remdesivir. In this Account, we provide an overview of 4'-modified nucleoside analogs in clinical stages for antiviral therapies, highlighting the drug discovery strategies, structure-activity relationship studies, and preclinical/clinical studies and also give our perspectives on nucleoside-based antiviral drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbiao Chang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Rajasekhar S, Das S, Balamurali MM, Chanda K. Therapeutic Inhibitory Activities of
N
‐Hydroxy Derived Cytidines: A Patent Overview. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreerama Rajasekhar
- Department of Chemistry School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632014 India
| | - Soumyadip Das
- Department of Chemistry School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632014 India
| | - M. M. Balamurali
- Division of Chemistry School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai campus Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road Chennai 600 127 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632014 India
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22
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Interactions between the Nucleoprotein and the Phosphoprotein of Pneumoviruses: Structural Insight for Rational Design of Antivirals. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122449. [PMID: 34960719 PMCID: PMC8706346 DOI: 10.3390/v13122449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumoviruses include pathogenic human and animal viruses, the most known and studied being the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and the metapneumovirus (hMPV), which are the major cause of severe acute respiratory tract illness in young children worldwide, and main pathogens infecting elderly and immune-compromised people. The transcription and replication of these viruses take place in specific cytoplasmic inclusions called inclusion bodies (IBs). These activities depend on viral polymerase L, associated with its cofactor phosphoprotein P, for the recognition of the viral RNA genome encapsidated by the nucleoprotein N, forming the nucleocapsid (NC). The polymerase activities rely on diverse transient protein-protein interactions orchestrated by P playing the hub role. Among these interactions, P interacts with the NC to recruit L to the genome. The P protein also plays the role of chaperone to maintain the neosynthesized N monomeric and RNA-free (called N0) before specific encapsidation of the viral genome and antigenome. This review aims at giving an overview of recent structural information obtained for hRSV and hMPV P, N, and more specifically for P-NC and N0-P complexes that pave the way for the rational design of new antivirals against those viruses.
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, Nipah virus (NiV) has emerged as a significant, highly pathogenic bat-borne paramyxovirus causing severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans, and human-to-human transmission has been demonstrated in multiple outbreaks. In addition to causing serious illness in humans, NiV is a zoonotic pathogen capable of infecting a wide range of other mammalian species, including pigs and horses. While NiV has caused less than 700 human cases since its discovery in 1998/1999, the involvement of intermediate agricultural hosts can result in significant economic consequences. Owing to the severity of disease, capacity for human-to-human transmission, zoonotic potential, and lack of available approved therapeutic treatment options, NiV has been listed by the World Health Organization in their Blueprint list of priority pathogens as one of the eight most dangerous pathogens to monitor and prepare countermeasures to prevent a pandemic. Here, we discuss progress towards the development of therapeutic measures for the treatment of NiV infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Michelle Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Xu J, Wu W, Chen H, Xue Y, Bao X, Zhou J. Substituted N-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide analogues potently inhibit respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication and RSV infection-associated inflammatory responses. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 39:116157. [PMID: 33895704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children, and specific treatment for RSV infections remains unavailable. We herein reported a series of substituted N-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide analogues as potent RSV inhibitors. Among them, six low cytotoxic compounds (11, 12, 15, 22, 26, and 28) have been identified and selected to study associated inhibitory mechanisms. All these compounds suppressed not only the viral replication but also RSV-induced IRF3 and NF-κB activation and associated production of cytokines/chemokines. The two most potent compounds (15 and 22) were selected for further molecular mechanism studies associated with their suppression effect on RSV-activated IRF3 and NF-κB. These two compounds decreased RSV-induced IRF3 phosphorylation at serine 396 and p65 phosphorylation at serine 536 at both early and late infection phases. In addition, compound 22 also inhibited RSV-induced p65 phosphorylation at serine 276 at the late phase of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Xu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Wenzhe Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Yu Xue
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, and University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, and University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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25
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Discovery of a Novel Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication Inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02576-20. [PMID: 33782012 PMCID: PMC8316115 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02576-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-throughput screen of a Roche internal chemical library based on inhibition of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) on HEp-2 cells was performed to identify RSV inhibitors. Over 2,000 hits were identified and confirmed to be efficacious against RSV infection in vitro Here, we report the discovery of a triazole-oxadiazole derivative, designated triazole-1, as an RSV replication inhibitor, and we characterize its mechanism of action. Triazole-1 inhibited the replication of both RSV A and B subtypes with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of approximately 1 μM, but it was not effective against other viruses, including influenza virus A, human enterovirus 71 (EV71), and vaccinia virus. Triazole-1 was shown to inhibit RSV replication when added at up to 8 h after viral entry, suggesting that it inhibits RSV after viral entry. In a minigenome reporter assay in which RSV transcription regulatory sequences flanking a luciferase gene were cotransfected with RSV N/P/L/M2-1 genes into HEp-2 cells, triazole-1 demonstrated specific and dose-dependent RSV transcription inhibitory effects. Consistent with these findings, deep sequencing of the genomes of triazole-1-resistant mutants revealed a single point mutation (A to G) at nucleotide 13546 of the RSV genome, leading to a T-to-A change at amino acid position 1684 of the L protein, which is the RSV RNA polymerase for both viral transcription and replication. The effect of triazole-1 on minigenome transcription, which was mediated by the L protein containing the T1684A mutation, was significantly reduced, suggesting that the T1684A mutation alone conferred viral resistance to triazole-1.
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26
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Gao Y, Cao J, Xing P, Altmeyer R, Zhang Y. Evaluation of Small Molecule Combinations against Respiratory Syncytial Virus In Vitro. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092607. [PMID: 33946996 PMCID: PMC8125180 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major pathogen that causes severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly and the immunocompromised worldwide. At present no approved specific drugs or vaccines are available to treat this pathogen. Recently, several promising candidates targeting RSV entry and multiplication steps are under investigation. However, it is possible to lead to drug resistance under the long-term treatment. Therapeutic combinations constitute an alternative to prevent resistance and reduce antiviral doses. Therefore, we tested in vitro two-drug combinations of fusion inhibitors (GS5806, Ziresovir and BMS433771) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex (RdRp) inhibitors (ALS8176, RSV604, and Cyclopamine). The statistical program MacSynergy II was employed to determine synergism, additivity or antagonism between drugs. From the result, we found that combinations of ALS8176 and Ziresovir or GS5806 exhibit additive effects against RSV in vitro, with interaction volume of 50 µM2% and 31 µM2% at 95% confidence interval, respectively. On the other hand, all combinations between fusion inhibitors showed antagonistic effects against RSV in vitro, with volume of antagonism ranging from −50 µM2 % to −176 µM2 % at 95% confidence interval. Over all, our results suggest the potentially therapeutic combinations in combating RSV in vitro could be considered for further animal and clinical evaluations.
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27
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Mackman RL, Hui HC, Perron M, Murakami E, Palmiotti C, Lee G, Stray K, Zhang L, Goyal B, Chun K, Byun D, Siegel D, Simonovich S, Du Pont V, Pitts J, Babusis D, Vijjapurapu A, Lu X, Kim C, Zhao X, Chan J, Ma B, Lye D, Vandersteen A, Wortman S, Barrett KT, Toteva M, Jordan R, Subramanian R, Bilello JP, Cihlar T. Prodrugs of a 1'-CN-4-Aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine C-Nucleoside Leading to the Discovery of Remdesivir (GS-5734) as a Potent Inhibitor of Respiratory Syncytial Virus with Efficacy in the African Green Monkey Model of RSV. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5001-5017. [PMID: 33835812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A discovery program targeting respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) identified C-nucleoside 4 (RSV A2 EC50 = 530 nM) as a phenotypic screening lead targeting the RSV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Prodrug exploration resulted in the discovery of remdesivir (1, GS-5734) that is >30-fold more potent than 4 against RSV in HEp-2 and NHBE cells. Metabolism studies in vitro confirmed the rapid formation of the active triphosphate metabolite, 1-NTP, and in vivo studies in cynomolgus and African Green monkeys demonstrated a >10-fold higher lung tissue concentration of 1-NTP following molar normalized IV dosing of 1 compared to that of 4. A once daily 10 mg/kg IV administration of 1 in an African Green monkey RSV model demonstrated a >2-log10 reduction in the peak lung viral load. These early data following the discovery of 1 supported its potential as a novel treatment for RSV prior to its development for Ebola and approval for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Mackman
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hon C Hui
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michel Perron
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Christopher Palmiotti
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Gary Lee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kirsten Stray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bindu Goyal
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kwon Chun
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Daniel Byun
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Dustin Siegel
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Scott Simonovich
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Venice Du Pont
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jared Pitts
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Darius Babusis
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Arya Vijjapurapu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Xianghan Lu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Cynthia Kim
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Julie Chan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Diane Lye
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Adelle Vandersteen
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Sarah Wortman
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kimberly T Barrett
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Maria Toteva
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Robert Jordan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Raju Subramanian
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - John P Bilello
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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28
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EDP-938, a novel nucleoprotein inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus, demonstrates potent antiviral activities in vitro and in a non-human primate model. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009428. [PMID: 33720995 PMCID: PMC7993833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
EDP-938 is a novel non-fusion replication inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It is highly active against all RSV-A and B laboratory strains and clinical isolates tested in vitro in various cell lines and assays, with half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50s) of 21, 23 and 64 nM against Long (A), M37 (A) and VR-955 (B) strains, respectively, in the primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). EDP-938 inhibits RSV at a post-entry replication step of the viral life cycle as confirmed by time-of-addition study, and the activity appears to be mediated by viral nucleoprotein (N). In vitro resistance studies suggest that EDP-938 presents a higher barrier to resistance compared to viral fusion or non-nucleoside L polymerase inhibitors with no cross-resistance observed. Combinations of EDP-938 with other classes of RSV inhibitors lead to synergistic antiviral activity in vitro. Finally, EDP-938 has also been shown to be efficacious in vivo in a non-human primate model of RSV infection. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a ubiquitous viral pathogen which inflicts a significant healthcare burden and is responsible for thousands of deaths annually. Currently no vaccine or targeted therapeutic exists. This work characterizes a newly discovered small molecule inhibitor of the virus, EDP-938, whose activity is mediated through the viral nucleoprotein. EDP-938 has potent in vitro activities against laboratory strains and clinical isolates of the virus, presents a high-barrier to resistance, can work synergistically with other known fusion or L protein inhibitors, and displays strong in vivo efficacy in a non-human primate model for RSV infection. EDP-938 is currently under evaluation in Phase 2 clinical studies.
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29
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Menchikov LG, Shulishov EV, Tomilov YV. Recent advances in the catalytic cyclopropanation of unsaturated compounds with diazomethane. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The main achievements and development trends of the past 10–15 years related to the catalytic cyclopropanation of unsaturated compounds with diazomethane are integrated and analyzed. The attention is focused on the most efficient catalysts based on palladium compounds. Data on the effects of substrate structure and nature of catalyst components on the regio- and stereoselectivity of these reactions are systematized. Characteristic features of safe methods for diazomethane generation are considered, including the use of membrane technologies and continuous-flow and in situ preparation methods, which have prospects for industrial application.
The bibliography includes 281 references.
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30
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Murgolo N, Therien AG, Howell B, Klein D, Koeplinger K, Lieberman LA, Adam GC, Flynn J, McKenna P, Swaminathan G, Hazuda DJ, Olsen DB. SARS-CoV-2 tropism, entry, replication, and propagation: Considerations for drug discovery and development. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009225. [PMID: 33596266 PMCID: PMC7888651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial report of the novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) emanating from Wuhan, China, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally. While the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection are not completely understood, there appears to be a wide spectrum of disease ranging from mild symptoms to severe respiratory distress, hospitalization, and mortality. There are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatments for COVID-19 aside from remdesivir; early efforts to identify efficacious therapeutics for COVID-19 have mainly focused on drug repurposing screens to identify compounds with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in cellular infection systems. These screens have yielded intriguing hits, but the use of nonhuman immortalized cell lines derived from non-pulmonary or gastrointestinal origins poses any number of questions in predicting the physiological and pathological relevance of these potential interventions. While our knowledge of this novel virus continues to evolve, our current understanding of the key molecular and cellular interactions involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection is discussed in order to provide a framework for developing the most appropriate in vitro toolbox to support current and future drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Murgolo
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Alex G. Therien
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Howell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel Klein
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Koeplinger
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Linda A. Lieberman
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Adam
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica Flynn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philip McKenna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gokul Swaminathan
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daria J. Hazuda
- Discovery Biology & Translational Medicine, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David B. Olsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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31
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Tian L, Qiang T, Liang C, Ren X, Jia M, Zhang J, Li J, Wan M, YuWen X, Li H, Cao W, Liu H. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors: The current landscape and repurposing for the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113201. [PMID: 33524687 PMCID: PMC7826122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread nature of several viruses is greatly credited to their rapidly altering RNA genomes that enable the infection to persist despite challenges presented by host cells. Within the RNA genome of infections is RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is an essential enzyme that helps in RNA synthesis by catalysing the RNA template-dependent development of phosphodiester bonds. Therefore, RdRp is an important therapeutic target in RNA virus-caused diseases, including SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we describe the promising RdRp inhibitors that have been launched or are currently in clinical studies for the treatment of RNA virus infections. Structurally, nucleoside inhibitors (NIs) bind to the RdRp protein at the enzyme active site, and nonnucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) bind to the RdRp protein at allosteric sites. By reviewing these inhibitors, more precise guidelines for the development of more promising anti-RNA virus drugs should be set, and due to the current health emergency, they will eventually be used for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China; Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Taotao Qiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
| | - Minyi Jia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Jiayun Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Minge Wan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Business & Commerce, Xi'an, 712046, PR China
| | - Xin YuWen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Han Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, 519030, PR China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, 519030, PR China.
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32
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Zheng Z, Groaz E, Snoeck R, De Jonghe S, Herdewijn P, Andrei G. Influence of 4'-Substitution on the Activity of Gemcitabine and Its ProTide Against VZV and SARS-CoV-2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:88-92. [PMID: 33479570 PMCID: PMC7737538 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
In
addition to its therapeutic value as a chemotherapy drug, gemcitabine
is of ongoing interest to the scientific community for its broad-spectrum
antiviral activity. Herein the synthesis of 4′-methoxy- and
4′-fluoro-substituted gemcitabine analogues along with their
phosphoramidate prodrugs is described. Among these derivatives, 4′-fluorogemcitabine
proved to be active against varicella zoster virus (VZV, TK+ strain)
with an EC50 of 0.042 μM and produced significant
cytotoxicity (CC50 = 0.11 μM). Upon derivatization
of this trifluoro nucleoside as its prodrug, decreased anti-VZV activity
was observed, but with a concomitantly improved selectivity index
(SI = 36). When this prodrug was tested against severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), its antiviral activity (EC50 = 0.73 μM) was comparable to or slightly lower than
its cytotoxic concentration in measurements of cell growth and cell
morphology, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Zheng
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Over the past 60 years, more than 100 antiviral drugs or their combinations have been approved for clinical use. Antiviral drugs can be classified according to their chemical nature (e.g., small-molecules, peptides, biologics) or mechanisms of drug actions against specific viral proteins (e.g., polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, glycoprotein inhibitors). This article provides an overview of antiviral classifications in 10 important human viruses: hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), variola virus (human smallpox), varicella zoster virus (VZV), influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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34
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Maheden K, Todd B, Gordon CJ, Tchesnokov EP, Götte M. Inhibition of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases with clinically relevant nucleotide analogs. Enzymes 2021; 49:315-354. [PMID: 34696837 PMCID: PMC8517576 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of viral infections remains challenging, in particular in the face of emerging pathogens. Broad-spectrum antiviral drugs could potentially be used as a first line of defense. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of RNA viruses serves as a logical target for drug discovery and development efforts. Herein we discuss compounds that target RdRp of poliovirus, hepatitis C virus, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and the growing data on coronaviruses. We focus on nucleotide analogs and mechanisms of action and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Maheden
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brendan Todd
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Calvin J Gordon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Egor P Tchesnokov
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthias Götte
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology at University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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35
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Groaz E, De Clercq E, Herdewijn P. Anno 2021: Which antivirals for the coming decade? ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 57:49-107. [PMID: 34744210 PMCID: PMC8563371 DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in the development of antiviral drugs, among which anti-immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) medications can be considered real success stories, many viral infections remain without an effective treatment. This not only applies to infectious outbreaks caused by zoonotic viruses that have recently spilled over into humans such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but also ancient viral diseases that have been brought under control by vaccination such as variola (smallpox), poliomyelitis, measles, and rabies. A largely unsolved problem are endemic respiratory infections due to influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinoviruses, whose associated morbidity will likely worsen with increasing air pollution. Furthermore, climate changes will expose industrialized countries to a dangerous resurgence of viral hemorrhagic fevers, which might also become global infections. Herein, we summarize the recent progress that has been made in the search for new antivirals against these different threats that the world population will need to confront with increasing frequency in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Corresponding author:
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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36
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Repurposing Nucleoside Analogs for Human Coronaviruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:AAC.01652-20. [PMID: 33122172 PMCID: PMC7927863 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01652-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or CoV-2). Some reports claimed certain nucleoside analogs to be active against CoV-2 and thus needed confirmation. Here, we evaluated a panel of compounds and identified novel nucleoside analogs with antiviral activity against CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 while ruling out others. Of significance, sofosbuvir demonstrated no antiviral effect against CoV-2, and its triphosphate did not inhibit CoV-2 RNA polymerase.
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37
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Elawar F, Oraby AK, Kieser Q, Jensen LD, Culp T, West FG, Marchant DJ. Pharmacological targets and emerging treatments for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 220:107712. [PMID: 33121940 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RSV infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants is the leading cause of pediatric hospitalizations and second to malaria in causing infant deaths worldwide. RSV also causes substantial morbidity in immunocompromised and elderly populations. The only available therapeutic is a prophylactic drug called Palivizumab that is a humanized monoclonal antibody, given to high-risk infants. However, this intervention is expensive and has a limited impact on annual hospitalization rates caused by RSV. No vaccine is available, nor are efficacious antivirals to treat an active infection, and there is still no consensus on how infants with bronchiolitis should be treated during hospital admission. In this comprehensive review, we briefly outline the function of the RSV proteins and their suitability as therapeutic targets. We then discuss the most promising drug candidates, their inhibitory mechanisms, and whether they are in the process of clinical trials. We also briefly discuss the reasons for some of the failures in RSV therapeutics and vaccines. In summary, we provide insight into current antiviral development and the considerations toward producing licensed antivirals and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Elawar
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Ahmed K Oraby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science &Technology, Al-Motamayez District, 6th of October City, P.O. Box 77, Egypt
| | - Quinten Kieser
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Lionel D Jensen
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Tyce Culp
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Frederick G West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - David J Marchant
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
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Wang G, Dyatkina N, Prhavc M, Williams C, Serebryany V, Hu Y, Huang Y, Wu X, Chen T, Huang W, Rajwanshi VK, Deval J, Fung A, Jin Z, Stoycheva A, Shaw K, Gupta K, Tam Y, Jekle A, Smith DB, Beigelman L. Synthesis and Anti-HCV Activity of Sugar-Modified Guanosine Analogues: Discovery of AL-611 as an HCV NS5B Polymerase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10380-10395. [PMID: 32816483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is a major liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus. The current standard of care for CHC can achieve cure rates above 95%; however, the drugs in current use are administered for a period of 8-16 weeks. A combination of safe and effective drugs with a shorter treatment period is highly desirable. We report synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of 2',3'- and 2',4'-substituted guanosine nucleotide analogues. Their triphosphates exhibited potent inhibition of the HCV NS5B polymerase with IC50 as low as 0.13 μM. In the HCV replicon assay, the phosphoramidate prodrugs of these analogues demonstrated excellent activity with EC50 values as low as 5 nM. A lead compound AL-611 showed high levels of the nucleoside 5'-triphosphate in vitro in primary human hepatocytes and in vivo in dog liver following oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Wang
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Natalia Dyatkina
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marija Prhavc
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Caroline Williams
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vladimir Serebryany
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yujian Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Yongfei Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Tongqian Chen
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, TaiHe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Wensheng Huang
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, TaiHe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Vivek K Rajwanshi
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jerome Deval
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amy Fung
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhinan Jin
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Antitsa Stoycheva
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kenneth Shaw
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kusum Gupta
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yuen Tam
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andreas Jekle
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David B Smith
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leonid Beigelman
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Vendeville S, Tahri A, Hu L, Demin S, Cooymans L, Vos A, Kwanten L, Van den Berg J, Battles MB, McLellan JS, Koul A, Raboisson P, Roymans D, Jonckers THM. Discovery of 3-({5-Chloro-1-[3-(methylsulfonyl)propyl]-1H-indol-2-yl}methyl)-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-one (JNJ-53718678), a Potent and Orally Bioavailable Fusion Inhibitor of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8046-8058. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Vendeville
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Abdellah Tahri
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Lili Hu
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Samuel Demin
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ludwig Cooymans
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ann Vos
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Leen Kwanten
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Joke Van den Berg
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michael B. Battles
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Anil Koul
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pierre Raboisson
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dirk Roymans
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tim H. M. Jonckers
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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Ferla S, Manganaro R, Benato S, Paulissen J, Neyts J, Jochmans D, Brancale A, Bassetto M. Rational modifications, synthesis and biological evaluation of new potential antivirals for RSV designed to target the M2-1 protein. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115401. [PMID: 32143992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of lower respiratory tract diseases in infants and young children, with potentially serious and fatal consequences associated with severe infections. Despite extensive research efforts invested in the identification of therapeutic measures, no vaccine is currently available, while treatment options are limited to ribavirin and palivizumab, which both present significant limitations. While clinical and pre-clinical candidates mainly target the viral fusion protein, the nucleocapsid protein or the viral polymerase, our focus has been the identification of new antiviral compounds targeting the viral M2-1 protein, thanks to the presence of a zinc-ejecting group in their chemical structure. Starting from an anti-RSV hit we had previously identified with an in silico structure-based approach, we have designed, synthesised and evaluated a new series of dithiocarbamate analogues, with which we have explored the antiviral activity of this scaffold. The findings presented in this work may provide the basis for the identification of a new antiviral lead to treat RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Ferla
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF103NB, UK.
| | - Roberto Manganaro
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF103NB, UK
| | - Sara Benato
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF103NB, UK
| | - Jasmine Paulissen
- KU Leuven - Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven - Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven - Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Brancale
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF103NB, UK
| | - Marcella Bassetto
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF103NB, UK; Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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41
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Hannemann H. Viral replicons as valuable tools for drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1026-1033. [PMID: 32272194 PMCID: PMC7136885 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses can cause severe diseases such as dengue, Lassa, chikungunya and Ebola. Many of these viruses can only be propagated under high containment levels, necessitating the development of low containment surrogate systems such as subgenomic replicons and minigenome systems. Replicons are self-amplifying recombinant RNA molecules expressing proteins sufficient for their own replication but which do not produce infectious virions. Replicons can persist in cells and are passed on during cell division, enabling quick, efficient and high-throughput testing of drug candidates that act on viral transcription, translation and replication. This review will explore the history and potential for drug discovery of hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Ebola virus and norovirus replicon and minigenome systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Hannemann
- The Native Antigen Company, Langford Locks, Kidlington OX5 1LH, UK.
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42
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Köllmann C, Sake SM, Jones PG, Pietschmann T, Werz DB. Protecting-Group-Mediated Diastereoselective Synthesis of C4'-Methylated Uridine Analogs and Their Activity against the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4267-4278. [PMID: 32036652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adjusting the protecting group strategy, from an alkyl ether to a bidentate ketal at the carbohydrate backbone of uridine, facilitates a switchable diastereoselective α- or β-C4'/C5'-spirocyclopropanation. Using these spirocyclopropanated nucleosides as key intermediates, we synthesized a variety of C4'-methylated d-ribose and l-lyxose-configured uridine derivatives by a base-mediated ring-opening of the spirocyclopropanol moiety. Investigations of antiviral activity against the human respiratory syncytial virus were carried out for selected derivatives, showing moderate activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Köllmann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Svenja M Sake
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter G Jones
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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43
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Kasthuri M, Li C, Verma K, Russell OO, Dickson L, McCormick L, Bassit L, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of 4'-Substituted-2'-Deoxy-2'-α-Fluoro Nucleoside Analogs as Potential Antiviral Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061258. [PMID: 32168734 PMCID: PMC7143966 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs are widely used for the treatment of viral diseases (Hepatitis B/C, herpes and human immunodeficiency virus, HIV) and various malignancies. ALS-8176, a prodrug of the 4'-chloromethyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleoside ALS-8112, was evaluated in hospitalized infants for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), but was abandoned for unclear reasons. Based on the structure of ALS-8112, a series of novel 4'-modified-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleosides were synthesized. Newly prepared compounds were evaluated against RSV, but also against a panel of RNA viruses, including Dengue, West Nile, Chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Unfortunately, none of the compounds showed marked antiviral activity against these viruses.
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44
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Lo MK, Amblard F, Flint M, Chatterjee P, Kasthuri M, Li C, Russell O, Verma K, Bassit L, Schinazi RF, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF. Potent in vitro activity of β-D-4'-chloromethyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine against Nipah virus. Antiviral Res 2020; 175:104712. [PMID: 31935422 PMCID: PMC7054849 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that continues to cause outbreaks in humans characterized by high mortality and significant clinical sequelae in survivors. Currently, no therapeutics are approved for use in humans against NiV infection. Here, we report that 4'-chloromethyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine (ALS-8112) inhibits NiV. ALS-8112 is the parent nucleoside of lumicitabine, which has been evaluated in phase I and II clinical trials to treat pediatric and adult respiratory syncytial virus infection. In this study, we tested ALS-8112 against NiV and other major human respiratory pneumo- and paramyxoviruses in 2 human lung epithelial cell lines, and demonstrated the ability of ALS-8112 to reduce infectious wild-type NiV yield by over 6 orders of magnitude with no apparent cytotoxicity. However, further cytotoxicity testing in primary cells and bone marrow progenitor cells indicated cytotoxicity at higher concentrations of ALS-8112. Our results warrant the evaluation of lumicitabine against NiV infection in relevant animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mike Flint
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Payel Chatterjee
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Mahesh Kasthuri
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chengwei Li
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Olivia Russell
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kiran Verma
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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45
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Bergeron HC, Tripp RA. Emerging small and large molecule therapeutics for respiratory syncytial virus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:285-294. [PMID: 32096420 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1735349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract infections and can lead to morbidity and mortality in the infant, elderly and immunocompromised. There is no vaccine and therapeutic interventions are limited. RSV disease research has yielded the development of several prophylactic and therapeutic treatments. Several promising candidates are currently under investigation.Areas covered: Small and large molecule approaches to RSV treatment were examined and categorized by their mechanism of action using data from PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, and from the sponsoring organizations publicly available pipeline information. These results are prefaced by an overview of RSV to provide the context for rational therapy development.Expert opinion: While small molecule drugs show promise for RSV treatment, we believe that large molecule therapy using anti-RSV G and F protein monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) will most efficaciously and safely ameliorate RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison C Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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46
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Ludeke B, Fearns R. The respiratory syncytial virus polymerase can perform RNA synthesis with modified primers and nucleotide analogs. Virology 2019; 540:66-74. [PMID: 31739186 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is significant for public health, capable of causing respiratory tract disease in infants, the elderly and the immunocompromised. The RSV polymerase is an attractive target for antiviral drug development, but as yet, there is no high throughput assay for analyzing RSV polymerase activity, specifically. In this study, using a primer elongation assay as a basis, we analyzed the tolerance of the RSV polymerase for modifications at the 5' end of the primer, and nucleotide analogs. The RSV polymerase was found to accept primers containing 5' biotin or digoxygenin modifications, and nucleotide analogs that are reactive or fluorescent, including 5-ethynyl UTP, 8-azido ATP, 2-amino PTP, and thieno-GTP. These findings provide a menu of options for developing non-isotopic high throughput assays for RSV polymerase RNA synthesis activity, and yield insight regarding the molecular biology of the polymerase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ludeke
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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47
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Mirabelli C, Jaspers M, Boon M, Jorissen M, Koukni M, Bardiot D, Chaltin P, Marchand A, Neyts J, Jochmans D. Differential antiviral activities of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) inhibitors in human airway epithelium. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:1823-1829. [PMID: 29596680 PMCID: PMC6005027 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We report the use of reconstituted 3D human airway epithelium cells (HuAECs) of bronchial origin in an air–liquid interface to study respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and to assess the efficacy of RSV inhibitors in (pre-)clinical development. Methods HuAECs were infected with RSV-A Long strain (0.01 CCID50/cell, where CCID50 represents 50% cell culture infectious dose in HEp2 cells) on the apical compartment of the culture. At the time of infection or at 1 or 3 days post-infection, selected inhibitors were added and refreshed daily on the basal compartment of the culture. Viral shedding was followed up by apical washes collected daily and quantifying viral RNA by RT-qPCR. Results RSV-A replicates efficiently in HuAECs and viral RNA is shed for weeks after infection. RSV infection reduces the ciliary beat frequency of the ciliated cells as of 4 days post-infection, with complete ciliary dyskinesia observed by day 10. Treatment with RSV fusion inhibitors resulted in an antiviral effect only when added at the time of infection. In contrast, the use of replication inhibitors (both nucleoside and non-nucleoside) elicited a marked antiviral effect even when the start of treatment was delayed until 1 day or even 3 days after infection. Levels of the inflammation marker RANTES (mRNA) increased ∼200-fold in infected, untreated cultures (at 3 weeks post-infection), but levels were comparable to those of uninfected cultures in the presence of PC786, an RSV replication inhibitor, suggesting that an efficient antiviral treatment might inhibit virus-induced inflammation in this model. Conclusions Overall, HuAECs offer a robust and physiologically relevant model to study RSV replication and to assess the efficacy of antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mirabelli
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Jaspers
- Research Group Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, KU Leuven and Leuven University Hospitals, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Boon
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology, University Hospital Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ Systems, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Jorissen
- Research Group Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, KU Leuven and Leuven University Hospitals, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Koukni
- Cistim Leuven vzw, Bioincubator 2, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorothée Bardiot
- Cistim Leuven vzw, Bioincubator 2, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Chaltin
- Cistim Leuven vzw, Bioincubator 2, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Drug Design and Development (CD3), KU Leuven R&D, Waaistraat 6, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchand
- Cistim Leuven vzw, Bioincubator 2, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Gilman MSA, Liu C, Fung A, Behera I, Jordan P, Rigaux P, Ysebaert N, Tcherniuk S, Sourimant J, Eléouët JF, Sutto-Ortiz P, Decroly E, Roymans D, Jin Z, McLellan JS. Structure of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Polymerase Complex. Cell 2019; 179:193-204.e14. [PMID: 31495574 PMCID: PMC7111336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous interventions are in clinical development for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, including small molecules that target viral transcription and replication. These processes are catalyzed by a complex comprising the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L) and the tetrameric phosphoprotein (P). RSV P recruits multiple proteins to the polymerase complex and, with the exception of its oligomerization domain, is thought to be intrinsically disordered. Despite their critical roles in RSV transcription and replication, structures of L and P have remained elusive. Here, we describe the 3.2-Å cryo-EM structure of RSV L bound to tetrameric P. The structure reveals a striking tentacular arrangement of P, with each of the four monomers adopting a distinct conformation. The structure also rationalizes inhibitor escape mutants and mutations observed in live-attenuated vaccine candidates. These results provide a framework for determining the molecular underpinnings of RSV replication and transcription and should facilitate the design of effective RSV inhibitors. Cryo-EM structure of RSV L bound by tetrameric RSV P solved to 3.2 Å P tetramer adopts an asymmetric tentacular arrangement when bound to L L priming loop adopts elongation-compatible state without PRNTase-RdRp separation Structure rationalizes escape from small-molecule antivirals
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan S A Gilman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Cheng Liu
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Amy Fung
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ishani Behera
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Paul Jordan
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Peter Rigaux
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nina Ysebaert
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sergey Tcherniuk
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Julien Sourimant
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | | | - Etienne Decroly
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Dirk Roymans
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Zhinan Jin
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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49
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Nucleoside Analogs with Antiviral Activity against Yellow Fever Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00889-19. [PMID: 31262759 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00889-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a human Flavivirus reemerging in parts of the world. While a vaccine is available, large outbreaks have recently occurred in Brazil and certain African countries. Development of an effective antiviral against YFV is crucial, as there is no available effective drug against YFV. We have identified several novel nucleoside analogs with potent antiviral activity against YFV with 50% effective concentration (EC50) values between 0.25 and 1 μM with selectivity indices over 100 in culture.
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50
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Duan X, Yang X, Li C, Song L. Highly Water-Soluble Methotrexate-Polyethyleneglycol-Rhodamine Prodrug Micelle for High Tumor Inhibition Activity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:245. [PMID: 31286294 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly water-soluble prodrug micelle (50-fold compared with free MTX) of methotrexate-polyethyleneglycol-rhodamine (MTX-PEG-rhodamine) and MTX-mPEG was synthesized by the esterification reaction. The stability of the prodrug micelles was evaluated in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The tumor volume of the saline, MTX, and MTX-PEG-rhodamine groups was increased 3.7-fold, 2.8-fold, and 1.8-fold, respectively, compared with the initial tumor volume. TUNEL and drug distribution results further confirmed that the micelle of MTX-PEG-rhodamine possessed fewer side effects on the normal tissue compared with MTX. The prodrug micelle showed four advantages: retention of the drug activity site, higher water solubility of methotrexate (MTX), ease of preparation and application, and preferential accumulation in tumor tissues. These advantages of MTX-mPEG make it a promising drug delivery system (DDS) for clinical use.
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