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Penteado F, Lopes EF, Alves D, Perin G, Jacob RG, Lenardão EJ. α-Keto Acids: Acylating Agents in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7113-7278. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Penteado
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eric F. Lopes
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gelson Perin
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Raquel G. Jacob
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eder J. Lenardão
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Otrubova K, Chatterjee S, Ghimire S, Cravatt BF, Boger DL. N-Acyl pyrazoles: Effective and tunable inhibitors of serine hydrolases. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1693-1703. [PMID: 30879861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-acyl pyrazoles was examined as candidate serine hydrolase inhibitors in which the active site acylating reactivity and the leaving group ability of the pyrazole could be tuned not only through the nature of the acyl group (reactivity: amide > carbamate > urea), but also through pyrazole C4 substitution with electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents. Their impact on enzyme inhibitory activity displayed pronounced effects with the activity improving substantially as one alters both the nature of the reacting carbonyl group (urea > carbamate > amide) and the pyrazole C4 substituent (CN > H > Me). It was further demonstrated that the acyl chain of the N-acyl pyrazole ureas can be used to tailor the potency and selectivity of the inhibitor class to a targeted serine hydrolase. Thus, elaboration of the acyl chain of pyrazole-based ureas provided remarkably potent, irreversible inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, apparent Ki = 100-200 pM), dual inhibitors of FAAH and monoacylglycerol hydrolase (MGLL), or selective inhibitors of MGLL (IC50 = 10-20 nM) while simultaneously minimizing off-target activity (e.g., ABHD6 and KIAA1363).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shreyosree Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Srijana Ghimire
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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3
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Sharma P, Srivastava P, Seth A, Tripathi PN, Banerjee AG, Shrivastava SK. Comprehensive review of mechanisms of pathogenesis involved in Alzheimer's disease and potential therapeutic strategies. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 174:53-89. [PMID: 30599179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and a leading cause of dementia in an aging population worldwide. The enormous challenge which AD possesses to global healthcare makes it as urgent as ever for the researchers to develop innovative treatment strategies to fight this disease. An in-depth analysis of the extensive available data associated with the AD is needed for a more comprehensive understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological pathways associated with the onset and progression of the AD. The currently understood pathological and biochemical manifestations include cholinergic, Aβ, tau, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, ApoE, CREB signaling pathways, insulin resistance, etc. However, these hypotheses have been criticized with several conflicting reports for their involvement in the disease progression. Several issues need to be addressed such as benefits to cost ratio with cholinesterase therapy, the dilemma of AChE selectivity over BChE, BBB permeability of peptidic BACE-1 inhibitors, hurdles related to the implementation of vaccination and immunization therapy, and clinical failure of candidates related to newly available targets. The present review provides an insight to the different molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of the AD and potential therapeutic strategies, enlightening perceptions into structural information of conventional and novel targets along with the successful applications of computational approaches for the design of target-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyoosh Sharma
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pavan Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Ankit Seth
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Prabhash Nath Tripathi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Anupam G Banerjee
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Sushant K Shrivastava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.
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4
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Scaffold hopping-guided design of some isatin based rigid analogs as fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors: Synthesis and evaluation. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1611-1623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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5
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Boger DL. The Difference a Single Atom Can Make: Synthesis and Design at the Chemistry-Biology Interface. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11961-11980. [PMID: 28945374 PMCID: PMC5712263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A Perspective of work in our laboratory on the examination of biologically active compounds, especially natural products, is presented. In the context of individual programs and along with a summary of our work, selected cases are presented that illustrate the impact single atom changes can have on the biological properties of the compounds. The examples were chosen to highlight single heavy atom changes that improve activity, rather than those that involve informative alterations that reduce or abolish activity. The examples were also chosen to illustrate that the impact of such single-atom changes can originate from steric, electronic, conformational, or H-bonding effects, from changes in functional reactivity, from fundamental intermolecular interactions with a biological target, from introduction of a new or altered functionalization site, or from features as simple as improvements in stability or physical properties. Nearly all the examples highlighted represent not only unusual instances of productive deep-seated natural product modifications and were introduced through total synthesis but are also remarkable in that they are derived from only a single heavy atom change in the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Research Institute, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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6
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Han D, Wang B, Jin H, Wang H, Chen M. Design, synthesis and CoMFA studies of OEA derivatives as FAAH inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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7
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Rouchet JBEY, Hachem M, Schneider C, Hoarau C. Pd-Catalyzed Regioselective Decarboxylative/C–H α-Alkoxyalkenylation of Heterocycles Using α-Carboxyvinylethers. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Hachem
- Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Cédric Schneider
- Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Christophe Hoarau
- Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
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8
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A Synopsis of the Properties and Applications of Heteroaromatic Rings in Medicinal Chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Tuo W, Leleu-Chavain N, Spencer J, Sansook S, Millet R, Chavatte P. Therapeutic Potential of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase, Monoacylglycerol Lipase, and N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:4-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tuo
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Natascha Leleu-Chavain
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Supojjanee Sansook
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Régis Millet
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
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10
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Clarke SL, McGlacken GP. Methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (MFSDA): An Underutilised Reagent for Trifluoromethylation. Chemistry 2016; 23:1219-1230. [PMID: 27430725 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluorine groups to pharmaceutical compounds can have a dramatic effect on the lipophilicity and metabolic stability of the molecule in vivo. Around 20 % of drugs contain at least one fluorine atom. The trifluoromethyl group is known to have beneficial effects and can dramatically affect the biological activity when substituted for a methyl group, for example. In any case, the direct and late-stage introduction of a trifluoromethyl group is a powerful transformation in the tool box of the medicinal chemist. The use of methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (MFSDA) as a relatively inexpensive reagent for trifluoromethylation was first reported in 1989; however, in our opinion it has been somewhat underutilised. Herein, a comprehensive review of trifluoromethylation using MFSDA is reported, which we hope will further expose readers to this useful reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard P McGlacken
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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11
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Janssen FJ, Baggelaar MP, Hummel JJA, Overkleeft HS, Cravatt BF, Boger DL, van der Stelt M. Comprehensive Analysis of Structure-Activity Relationships of α-Ketoheterocycles as sn-1-Diacylglycerol Lipase α Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9742-53. [PMID: 26584396 PMCID: PMC4690813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα) is responsible for the formation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the central nervous system. DAGLα inhibitors are required to study the physiological role of 2-AG. Previously, we identified the α-ketoheterocycles as potent and highly selective DAGLα inhibitors. Here, we present the first comprehensive structure-activity relationship study of α-ketoheterocycles as DAGLα inhibitors. Our findings indicate that the active site of DAGLα is remarkably sensitive to the type of heterocyclic scaffold with oxazolo-4N-pyridines as the most active framework. We uncovered a fundamental substituent effect in which electron-withdrawing meta-oxazole substituents increased inhibitor potency. (C6-C9)-acyl chains with a distal phenyl group proved to be the most potent inhibitors. The integrated SAR data was consistent with the proposed binding pose in a DAGLα homology model. Altogether, our results may guide the design of future DAGLα inhibitors as leads for molecular therapies to treat neuroinflammation, obesity, and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek J. Janssen
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marc P. Baggelaar
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jessica J. A. Hummel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
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12
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Akbarzadeh M, Bakavoli M, Eshghi H, Shiri A. Synthesis of Oxazolo[5,4-d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidines as a New Class of Heterocyclic Compounds. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Bakavoli
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; 91775-1436 Mashhad Iran
| | | | - Ali Shiri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; 91775-1436 Mashhad Iran
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13
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Otrubova K, Srinivasan V, Boger DL. Discovery libraries targeting the major enzyme classes: the serine hydrolases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3807-13. [PMID: 25037918 PMCID: PMC4130767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two libraries of modestly reactive ureas containing either electron-deficient acyl anilines or acyl pyrazoles were prepared and are reported as screening libraries for candidate serine hydrolase inhibitors. Within each library is a small but powerful subset of compounds that serve as a chemotype fragment screening library capable of subsequent structural diversification. Elaboration of the pyrazole-based ureas provided remarkably potent irreversible inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, apparent Ki=100-200 pM) complementary to those previously disclosed enlisting electron-deficient aniline-based ureas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States.
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14
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Yang Y, Cui M, Zhang X, Dai J, Zhang Z, Lin C, Guo Y, Liu B. Radioiodinated benzyloxybenzene derivatives: a class of flexible ligands target to β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's brains. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6030-42. [PMID: 24936678 DOI: 10.1021/jm5004396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzyloxybenzene, as a novel flexible scaffold without rigid planarity, was synthesized and evaluated as ligand toward Aβ plaques. The binding site calculated for these flexible ligands was the hydrophobic Val18_Phe20 channel on the flat surface of Aβ fiber. Structure-activity relationship analysis generated a common trend that binding affinities declined significantly from para-substituted ligands to ortho-substituted ones, which was also quantitatively illustrated by 3D-QSAR modeling. Autoradiography in vitro further confirmed the high affinities of radioiodinated ligands [125I]4, [125I]24, and [125I]22 (Ki=24.3, 49.4, and 17.6 nM, respectively). In biodistribution, [125I]4 exhibited high initial uptake and rapid washout property in the brain with brain2 min/brain60 min ratio of 16.3. The excellent in vitro and in vivo biostability of [125I]4 enhanced its potential for clinical application in SPECT imaging of Aβ plaques. This approach could also allow the design of a new generation of Aβ targeting ligands without rigid and planar framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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Yang K, Zhang C, Wang P, Zhang Y, Ge H. Nickel-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Acylation of Heteroarenes by sp2CH Functionalization. Chemistry 2014; 20:7241-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Duncan KK, Otrubova K, Boger DL. α-Ketoheterocycle inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase: exploration of conformational constraints in the acyl side chain. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2763-70. [PMID: 24690529 PMCID: PMC4029506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of α-ketooxazoles containing heteroatoms embedded within conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain of 2 (OL-135) were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The studies reveal that the installation of a heteroatom (O) in the conformational constraint is achievable, although the potency of these novel derivatives is reduced slightly relative to 2 and the analogous 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene series. Interestingly, both enantiomers (R and S) of the candidate inhibitors bearing a chiral center adjacent to the electrophilic carbonyl were found to effectively inhibit FAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine K Duncan
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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17
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Zhang CP, Chen QY, Guo Y, Xiao JC, Gu YC. Difluoromethylation and trifluoromethylation reagents derived from tetrafluoroethane β-sultone: Synthesis, reactivity and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Otrubova K, Cravatt BF, Boger DL. Design, synthesis, and characterization of α-ketoheterocycles that additionally target the cytosolic port Cys269 of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1079-89. [PMID: 24456116 PMCID: PMC3940414 DOI: 10.1021/jm401820q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A series
of α-ketooxazoles incorporating electrophiles at
the C5 position of the pyridyl ring of 2 (OL-135) and
related compounds were prepared and examined as inhibitors of fatty
acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that additionally target the cytosolic
port Cys269. From this series, a subset of the candidate inhibitors
exhibited time-dependent FAAH inhibition and noncompetitive irreversible
inactivation of the enzyme, consistent with the targeted Cys269 covalent
alkylation or addition, and maintained or enhanced the intrinsic selectivity
for FAAH versus other serine hydrolases. A preliminary in vivo assessment
demonstrates that these inhibitors raise endogenous brain levels of
anandamide and other FAAH substrates upon intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration
to mice, with peak levels achieved within 1.5–3 h, and that
the elevations of the signaling lipids were maintained >6 h, indicating
that the inhibitors effectively reach and remain active in the brain,
inhibiting FAAH for a sustained period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Chemical Physiology, and §The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Otrubova K, Brown M, McCormick MS, Han GW, O’Neal ST, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Lichtman AH, Boger DL. Rational design of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors that act by covalently bonding to two active site residues. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6289-99. [PMID: 23581831 PMCID: PMC3678763 DOI: 10.1021/ja4014997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design and characterization of α-ketoheterocycle fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors are disclosed that additionally and irreversibly target a cysteine (Cys269) found in the enzyme cytosolic port while maintaining the reversible covalent Ser241 attachment responsible for their rapid and initially reversible enzyme inhibition. Two α-ketooxazoles (3 and 4) containing strategically placed electrophiles at the C5 position of the pyridyl substituent of 2 (OL-135) were prepared and examined as inhibitors of FAAH. Consistent with the observed time-dependent noncompetitive inhibition, the cocrystal X-ray structure of 3 bound to a humanized variant of rat FAAH revealed that 3 was not only covalently bound to the active site catalytic nucleophile Ser241 as a deprotonated hemiketal, but also to Cys269 through the pyridyl C5-substituent, thus providing an inhibitor with dual covalent attachment in the enzyme active site. In vivo characterization of the prototypical inhibitors in mice demonstrates that they raise endogenous brain levels of FAAH substrates to a greater extent and for a much longer duration (>6 h) than the reversible inhibitor 2, indicating that the inhibitors accumulate and persist in the brain to completely inhibit FAAH for a prolonged period. Consistent with this behavior and the targeted irreversible enzyme inhibition, 3 reversed cold allodynia in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain in mice for a sustained period (>6 h) beyond that observed with the reversible inhibitor 2, providing effects that were unchanged over the 1-6 h time course monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Monica Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Michael S. McCormick
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Gye W. Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Scott T. O’Neal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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20
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Heteroaryl urea inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase: Structure–mutagenicity relationships for arylamine metabolites. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7357-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Alapafuja SO, Nikas SP, Bharathan IT, Shukla VG, Nasr ML, Bowman AL, Zvonok N, Li J, Shi X, Engen JR, Makriyannis A. Sulfonyl fluoride inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10074-89. [PMID: 23083016 DOI: 10.1021/jm301205j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonyl fluorides are known to inhibit esterases. Early work from our laboratory has identified hexadecyl sulfonylfluoride (AM374) as a potent in vitro and in vivo inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). We now report on later generation sulfonyl fluoride analogs that exhibit potent and selective inhibition of FAAH. Using recombinant rat and human FAAH, we show that 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pentanesulfonyl fluoride (AM3506) has similar inhibitory activity for both the rat and the human enzyme, while rapid dilution assays and mass spectrometry analysis suggest that the compound is a covalent modifier for FAAH and inhibits its action in an irreversible manner. Our SAR results are highlighted by molecular docking of key analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakiru O Alapafuja
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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22
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Xu D, Sun LP, You QD. Facile synthesis of 2,5,7-trisubstituted oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines via copper-catalyzed intramolecular C–O bond formation. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Otrubova K, Boger DL. α-Ketoheterocycle-based Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH). ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:340-348. [PMID: 22639704 PMCID: PMC3359644 DOI: 10.1021/cn2001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A summary of the initial discovery and characterization of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and the subsequent advancement of an important class of competitive, reversible, potent and selective inhibitors is presented. Initially explored using substrate-inspired inhibitors bearing electrophilic carbonyls, the examination of α-ketoheterocyle-based inhibitors of FAAH with the benefit of a unique activity-based protein-profiling (ABPP)-based proteome-wide selectivity assay, a powerful in vivo biomarker-based in vivo screen, and subsequent retrospective X-ray co-crystal structures with the enzyme, is summarized. These efforts defined the impact of the central activating heterocycle and its key substituents, provided key simplifications in the C2 acyl side chain and clear interpretations for the unique role and subsequent optimization of the central activating heterocycle, and established the basis for the recent further conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain, providing potent, long-acting, orally-active FAAH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
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24
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Noe MC, Gilbert AM. Targeted Covalent Enzyme Inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY VOLUME 47 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396492-2.00027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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25
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Estiarte MA, Johnson RJ, Kaub CJ, Gowlugari S, O'Mahony DJR, Nguyen MT, Emerling DE, Kelly MG, Kincaid J, Vincent F, Duncton MAJ. 2-Amino-5-arylbenzoxazole derivatives as potent inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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27
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Bowman AL, Makriyannis A. Approximating protein flexibility through dynamic pharmacophore models: application to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:3247-53. [PMID: 22098169 DOI: 10.1021/ci200371z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A structure-based drug discovery method is described that incorporates target flexibility through the use of an ensemble of protein conformations. The approach was applied to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a key deactivating enzyme in the endocannabinoid system. The resultant dynamic pharmacophore models are rapidly able to identify known FAAH inhibitors over drug-like decoys. Different sources of FAAH conformational ensembles were explored, with both snapshots from molecular dynamics simulations and a group of X-ray structures performing well. Results were compared to those from docking and pharmacophore models generated from a single X-ray structure. Increasing conformational sampling consistently improved the pharmacophore models, emphasizing the importance of incorporating target flexibility in structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Bowman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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28
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Otrubova K, Ezzili C, Boger DL. The discovery and development of inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4674-85. [PMID: 21764305 PMCID: PMC3146581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A summary of the discovery and advancement of inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey, Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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29
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Pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening for the discovery of new fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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30
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Ezzili C, Mileni M, McGlinchey N, Long JZ, Kinsey SG, Hochstatter DG, Stevens RC, Lichtman AH, Cravatt BF, Bilsky EJ, Boger DL. Reversible competitive α-ketoheterocycle inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase containing additional conformational constraints in the acyl side chain: orally active, long-acting analgesics. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2805-22. [PMID: 21428410 PMCID: PMC3085948 DOI: 10.1021/jm101597x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of α-ketooxazoles containing conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain of 2 (OL-135) were examined as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Only one of the two possible enantiomers displayed potent FAAH inhibition (S vs R enantiomer), and their potency is comparable or improved relative to 2, indicating that the conformational restriction in the C2 acyl side chain is achievable. A cocrystal X-ray structure of the α-ketoheterocycle 12 bound to a humanized variant of rat FAAH revealed its binding details, confirmed that the (S)-enantiomer is the bound active inhibitor, shed light on the origin of the enantiomeric selectivity, and confirmed that the catalytic Ser241 is covalently bound to the electrophilic carbonyl as a deprotonated hemiketal. Preliminary in vivo characterization of the inhibitors 12 and 14 is reported demonstrating that they raise brain anandamide levels following either intraperitoneal (ip) or oral (po) administration indicative of effective in vivo FAAH inhibition. Significantly, the oral administration of 12 caused dramatic accumulation of anandamide in the brain, with peak levels achieved between 1.5 and 3 h, and these elevations were maintained over 9 h. Additional studies of these two representative members of the series (12 and 14) in models of thermal hyperalgesia and neuropathic pain are reported, including the demonstration that 12 administered orally significantly attenuated mechanical (>6 h) and cold (>9 h) allodynia for sustained periods consistent with its long-acting effects in raising the endogenous concentration of anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Nicholas McGlinchey
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005
| | - Jonathan Z. Long
- Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Steven G. Kinsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | | | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Edward J. Bilsky
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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31
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir V. Grushin
- The Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Tarragona 43007, Spain
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32
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Mileni M, Garfunkle J, Ezzili C, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Boger DL. Fluoride-mediated capture of a noncovalent bound state of a reversible covalent enzyme inhibitor: X-ray crystallographic analysis of an exceptionally potent α-ketoheterocycle inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4092-100. [PMID: 21355555 PMCID: PMC3060301 DOI: 10.1021/ja110877y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two cocrystal X-ray structures of the exceptionally potent α-ketoheterocycle inhibitor 1 (K(i) = 290 pM) bound to a humanized variant of rat fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are disclosed, representing noncovalently and covalently bound states of the same inhibitor with the enzyme. Key to securing the structure of the noncovalently bound state of the inhibitor was the inclusion of fluoride ion in the crystallization conditions that is proposed to bind the oxyanion hole precluding inhibitor covalent adduct formation with stabilization of the tetrahedral hemiketal. This permitted the opportunity to detect important noncovalent interactions stabilizing the binding of the inhibitor within the FAAH active site independent of the covalent reaction. Remarkably, noncovalently bound 1 in the presence of fluoride appears to capture the active site in the same "in action" state with the three catalytic residues Ser241-Ser217-Lys142 occupying essentially identical positions observed in the covalently bound structure of 1, suggesting that this technique of introducing fluoride may have important applications in structural studies beyond inhibiting substrate or inhibitor oxyanion hole binding. Key insights to emerge from the studies include the observations that noncovalently bound 1 binds in its ketone (not gem diol) form, that the terminal phenyl group in the acyl side chain of the inhibitor serves as the key anchoring interaction overriding the intricate polar interactions in the cytosolic port, and that the role of the central activating heterocycle is dominated by its intrinsic electron-withdrawing properties. These two structures are also briefly compared with five X-ray structures of α-ketoheterocycle-based inhibitors bound to FAAH recently disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joie Garfunkle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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33
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Roy S, Gregg BT, Gribble GW, Le VD, Roy S. Trifluoromethylation of aryl and heteroaryl halides. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Gustin DJ, Ma Z, Min X, Li Y, Hedberg C, Guimaraes C, Porter AC, Lindstrom M, Lester-Zeiner D, Xu G, Carlson TJ, Xiao S, Meleza C, Connors R, Wang Z, Kayser F. Identification of potent, noncovalent fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2492-6. [PMID: 21392988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Starting from a series of ureas that were determined to be mechanism-based inhibitors of FAAH, several spirocyclic ureas and lactams were designed and synthesized. These efforts identified a series of novel, noncovalent FAAH inhibitors with in vitro potency comparable to known covalent FAAH inhibitors. The mechanism of action for these compounds was determined through a combination of SAR and co-crystallography with rat FAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin J Gustin
- Department of Chemistry, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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35
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Fuchigami T, Yamaguchi H, Ogawa M, Biao L, Nakayama M, Haratake M, Magata Y. Synthesis and biological evaluation of radio-iodinated benzimidazoles as SPECT imaging agents for NR2B subtype of NMDA receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7497-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Ezzili C, Otrubova K, Boger DL. Fatty acid amide signaling molecules. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5959-68. [PMID: 20817522 PMCID: PMC2942981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Key studies leading to the discovery and definition of the role of endogenous fatty acid amide signaling molecules are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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37
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Deng H. Recent advances in the discovery and evaluation of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:961-93. [PMID: 22823990 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.513378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Cannabis has been used for both medicinal and recreational purposes since ancient times. Although cannabinoid-based medicines hold great promise in several challenging therapeutic areas such as pain management and mode control, their development has been hampered by psychoactive and other CNS-related side effects. The identification of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a key enzyme responsible for the degradation of endocannabinoids, has brought in tremendous opportunities in that inhibition of FAAH leads to local elevation of endocannabinoids under certain stimuli, thus, avoiding the side effects from global activation of cannabinoid receptors by exogenous cannabimimetic compounds. The search for selective FAAH inhibitors has thus become a strong focus in current drug discovery. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review summarizes our current understanding of FAAH including its structure, catalytic mechanism and biological functions with emphases on its role in the regulation of endocannabinoids and other signaling lipids. The review then highlights the most recent discovery and biological activities of different classes of FAAH inhibitors. Last, the review discusses challenges and potential drawbacks in the development of FAAH inhibitor-based therapy. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will have an overview of FAAH and obtain a rationale on FAAH as an attractive therapeutic target for the development of medicines for treating pain, inflammation, anxiety and other diseases. More importantly, readers will gain knowledge on various newly established FAAH inhibitor scaffolds and their development potentials, and such information will hopefully stimulate ideas for the designing of new inhibitors with superior activity profiles. The discussions on the potential challenges in developing FAAH inhibitors will impose more caution in the decision-making process, thus, lowering the possibility of late stage failure. TAKE HOME MESSAGE FAAH is an attractive target for modulating the endocannabinoid system, thus, treating many disease conditions including pain and mode control without the CNS side effects associated with cannabis usage. In recent years, tremendous effort has been focused in the FAAH inhibitor research field, and consequently many novel chemical templates have been discovered. FAAH hydrolyzes several important signaling lipids, but the long-term effects of FAAH inhibition in humans remain to be seen. While it is challenging to identify the right molecule with the right level of intervention of the FAAH function for treating a disease condition, it is possible to avoid mechanism-related undesired effects. With the entry of several compounds into clinical trials, FAAH inhibitor-based medicines are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Deng
- GlaxoSmithKline, Platform Technology & Science/Molecular Discovery Research, ELT-Boston, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
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38
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Wan K, Zhou CH. Synthesis of Novel Halobenzyloxy and Alkoxy 1,2,4-Triazoles and Evaluation for Their Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.7.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Mileni M, Garfunkle J, Ezzili C, Kimball FS, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Boger DL. X-ray crystallographic analysis of alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors bound to a humanized variant of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2010; 53:230-40. [PMID: 19924997 PMCID: PMC2804032 DOI: 10.1021/jm9012196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three cocrystal X-ray structures of the alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors 3-5 bound to a humanized variant of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are disclosed and comparatively discussed alongside those of 1 (OL-135) and its isomer 2. These five X-ray structures systematically probe each of the three active site regions key to substrate or inhibitor binding: (1) the conformationally mobile acyl chain-binding pocket and membrane access channel responsible for fatty acid amide substrate and inhibitor acyl chain binding, (2) the atypical active site catalytic residues and surrounding oxyanion hole that covalently binds the core of the alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors captured as deprotonated hemiketals mimicking the tetrahedral intermediate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction, and (3) the cytosolic port and its uniquely important imbedded ordered water molecules and a newly identified anion binding site. The detailed analysis of their key active site interactions and their implications on the interpretation of the available structure-activity relationships are discussed providing important insights for future design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joie Garfunkle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - F. Scott Kimball
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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40
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Feledziak M, Michaux C, Urbach A, Labar G, Muccioli GG, Lambert DM, Marchand-Brynaert J. beta-Lactams derived from a carbapenem chiron are selective inhibitors of human fatty acid amide hydrolase versus human monoacylglycerol lipase. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7054-68. [PMID: 19877691 DOI: 10.1021/jm9008532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A library of 30 beta-lactams has been prepared from (3R,4R)-3-[(R)-1'-(tbutyldimethylsilyloxy)-ethyl]-4-acetoxy-2-azetidinone, and the corresponding deacetoxy derivative, by sequential N- and O-functionalizations with various omega-alkenoyl and omega-arylalkanoyl chains. All compounds were selective inhibitors of hFAAH versus hMGL, and IC(50) values in the nanomolar range (5-14 nM) were recorded for the best representatives. From time-dependent preincubation and rapid dilution studies, and from docking analyses in a homology model of the target enzyme, a reversible mechanism of inhibition of hFAAH is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Feledziak
- Unite de Chimie Organique et Medicinale, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Batiment Lavoisier, Place Louis Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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41
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Pillarisetti S, Alexander CW, Khanna I. Pain and beyond: fatty acid amides and fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:1098-111. [PMID: 19716430 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is responsible for the hydrolysis of several important endogenous fatty acid amides (FAAs), including anandamide, oleoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide. Because specific FAAs interact with cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors, they are often referred to as 'endocannabinoids' or 'endovanilloids'. Initial interest in this area, therefore, has focused on developing FAAH inhibitors to augment the actions of FAAs and reduce pain. However, recent literature has shown that these FAAs - through interactions with unique receptors (extracellular and intracellular) - can induce a diverse array of effects that include appetite suppression, modulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, vasodilation, cardiac function and inflammation. This review gives an overview of FAAs and diverse FAAH inhibitors and their potential therapeutic utility in pain and non-pain indications.
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Mileni M, Garfunkle J, DeMartino JK, Cravatt BF, Boger DL, Stevens RC. Binding and inactivation mechanism of a humanized fatty acid amide hydrolase by alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors revealed from cocrystal structures. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:10497-506. [PMID: 19722626 PMCID: PMC2739126 DOI: 10.1021/ja902694n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cocrystal X-ray structures of two isomeric alpha-ketooxazole inhibitors (1 (OL-135) and 2) bound to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a key enzymatic regulator of endocannabinoid signaling, are disclosed. The active site catalytic Ser241 is covalently bound to the inhibitors' electrophilic carbonyl groups, providing the first structures of FAAH bound to an inhibitor as a deprotonated hemiketal mimicking the enzymatic tetrahedral intermediate. The work also offers a detailed view of the oxyanion hole and an exceptional "in-action" depiction of the unusual Ser-Ser-Lys catalytic triad. These structures capture the first picture of inhibitors that span the active site into the cytosolic port providing new insights that help to explain FAAH's interaction with substrate leaving groups and their role in modulating inhibitor potency and selectivity. The role for the activating central heterocycle is clearly defined and distinguished from that observed in prior applications with serine proteases, reconciling the large electronic effect of attached substituents found unique to this class of inhibitors with FAAH. Additional striking active site flexibility is seen upon binding of the inhibitors, providing insights into the existence of a now well-defined membrane access channel with the disappearance of a spatially independent portion of the acyl chain-binding pocket. Finally, comparison of the structures of OL-135 (1) and its isomer 2 indicates that they bind identically to FAAH, albeit with reversed orientations of the central activating heterocycle, revealing that the terminal 2-pyridyl substituent and the acyl chain phenyl group provide key anchoring interactions and confirming the distinguishing role of the activating oxazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Joie Garfunkle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Jessica K. DeMartino
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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Primas N, Bouillon A, Lancelot JC, Rault S. Synthesis of 2-TIPS-oxazol-5-ylboronic acid pinacol ester: efficient route to 5-(het)aryloxazoles via Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ahn K, Johnson DS, Cravatt BF. Fatty acid amide hydrolase as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pain and CNS disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:763-784. [PMID: 20544003 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903018857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an integral membrane enzyme that hydrolyzes the endocannabinoid anandamide and related amidated signaling lipids. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of FAAH produces analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and antidepressant phenotypes without showing the undesirable side effects of direct cannabinoid receptor agonists, indicating that FAAH may be a promising therapeutic target. OBJECTIVES: This review highlights advances in the development of FAAH inhibitors of different mechanistic classes and their in vivo efficacy. Also highlighted are advances in technology for the in vitro and in vivo selectivity assessment of FAAH inhibitors employing activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and click chemistry-ABPP, respectively. Recent reports on structure-based drug design for human FAAH generated by protein engineering using interspecies active site conversion are also discussed. METHODS: The literature searches of Medline and SciFinder databases were used. CONCLUSIONS: There has been tremendous progress in our understanding in FAAH and development of FAAH inhibitors with in vivo efficacy, selectivity, and drug like pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Ahn
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton/New London Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340
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Petrosino S, Ligresti A, Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoid chemical biology: a tool for the development of novel therapies. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:309-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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High-performance liquid chromatographic assay with fluorescence detection for the evaluation of inhibitors against fatty acid amide hydrolase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1679-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Seierstad M, Breitenbucher JG. Discovery and development of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 51:7327-43. [PMID: 18983142 DOI: 10.1021/jm800311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Seierstad
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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Wang X, Sarris K, Kage K, Zhang D, Brown SP, Kolasa T, Surowy C, El Kouhen OF, Muchmore SW, Brioni JD, Stewart AO. Synthesis and Evaluation of Benzothiazole-Based Analogues as Novel, Potent, and Selective Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2008; 52:170-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Wang
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, AP10/303, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Katerina Sarris
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, AP10/303, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Karen Kage
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, AP10/303, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Di Zhang
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, AP10/303, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Scott P. Brown
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, AP10/303, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Teodozyi Kolasa
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, AP10/303, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Carol Surowy
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, AP10/303, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Odile F. El Kouhen
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, AP10/303, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Steven W. Muchmore
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, AP10/303, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Jorge D. Brioni
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, AP10/303, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Andrew O. Stewart
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, AP10/303, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
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Garfunkle J, Ezzili C, Rayl TJ, Hochstatter DG, Hwang I, Boger DL. Optimization of the central heterocycle of alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4392-403. [PMID: 18630870 DOI: 10.1021/jm800136b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and evaluation of a refined series of alpha-ketoheterocycles based on the oxazole 2 (OL-135) incorporating systematic changes in the central heterocycle bearing a key set of added substituents are described. The nature of the central heterocycle, even within the systematic and minor perturbations explored herein, significantly influenced the inhibitor activity: 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and 1,2,4-oxadiazoles 9 > tetrazoles, the isomeric 1,2,4-oxadiazoles 10, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles > oxazoles including 2 > 1,2-diazines > thiazoles > 1,3,4-triazoles. Most evident in these trends is the observation that introduction of an additional heteroatom at position 4 (oxazole numbering, N > O > CH) substantially increases activity that may be attributed to a reduced destabilizing steric interaction at the FAAH active site. Added heterocycle substituents displaying well-defined trends may be utilized to enhance the inhibitor potency and, more significantly, to enhance the inhibitor selectivity. These trends, exemplified herein, emerge from both enhancements in the FAAH activity and simultaneous disruption of binding affinity for competitive off-target enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joie Garfunkle
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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DeMartino JK, Garfunkle J, Hochstatter DG, Cravatt BF, Boger DL. Exploration of a fundamental substituent effect of alpha-ketoheterocycle enzyme inhibitors: Potent and selective inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5842-6. [PMID: 18639454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of C4 substituted alpha-ketooxazoles were examined as inhibitors of the serine hydrolase fatty acid amide hydrolase in efforts that further define and generalize a fundamental substituent effect on enzyme inhibitory potency. Thus, a plot of the Hammett sigma(m) versus -logK(i) provided a linear correlation (R(2)=0.90) with a slope of 3.37 (rho=3.37), that is of a magnitude that indicates that of the electron-withdrawing character of the substituent dominates its effects (a one unit change in sigma(m) provides a >1000-fold change in K(i)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K DeMartino
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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