1
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Freet CS, Evans B, Brick TR, Deneke E, Wasserman EJ, Ballard SM, Stankoski DM, Kong L, Raja-Khan N, Nyland JE, Arnold AC, Krishnamurthy VB, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Cleveland HH, Scioli AD, Molchanow A, Messner AE, Ayaz H, Grigson PS, Bunce SC. Ecological momentary assessment and cue-elicited drug craving as primary endpoints: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial testing the efficacy of a GLP-1 receptor agonist in opioid use disorder. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2024; 19:56. [PMID: 39061093 PMCID: PMC11282646 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-024-00481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite continuing advancements in treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD), continued high rates of relapse indicate the need for more effective approaches, including novel pharmacological interventions. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) provide a promising avenue as a non-opioid medication for the treatment of OUD. Whereas GLP-1RAs have shown promise as a treatment for alcohol and nicotine use disorders, to date, no controlled clinical trials have been conducted to determine if a GLP-1RA can reduce craving in individuals with OUD. The purpose of the current protocol was to evaluate the potential for a GLP-1RA, liraglutide, to safely and effectively reduce craving in an OUD population in residential treatment. METHOD This preliminary study was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to test the safety and efficacy of the GLP-1RA, liraglutide, in 40 participants in residential treatment for OUD. Along with taking a range of safety measures, efficacy for cue-induced craving was evaluated prior to (Day 1) and following (Day 19) treatment using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in response to a cue reactivity task during functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and for craving. Efficacy of treatment for ambient craving was assessed using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) prior to (Study Day 1), across (Study Days 2-19), and following (Study Days 20-21) residential treatment. DISCUSSION This manuscript describes a protocol to collect clinical data on the safety and efficacy of a GLP-1RA, liraglutide, during residential treatment of persons with OUD, laying the groundwork for further evaluation in a larger, outpatient OUD population. Improved understanding of innovative, non-opioid based treatments for OUD will have the potential to inform community-based interventions and health policy, assist physicians and health care professionals in the treatment of persons with OUD, and to support individuals with OUD in their effort to live a healthy life. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04199728. Registered 16 December 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04199728?term=NCT04199728 . PROTOCOL VERSION 10 May 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Freet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Brianna Evans
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Timothy R Brick
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Erin Deneke
- Fran and Doug Tieman Center for Research, Caron Treatment Centers, Wernersville, PA, USA
| | - Emily J Wasserman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sarah M Ballard
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dean M Stankoski
- Fran and Doug Tieman Center for Research, Caron Treatment Centers, Wernersville, PA, USA
| | - Lan Kong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nazia Raja-Khan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Nyland
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amy C Arnold
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Venkatesh Basappa Krishnamurthy
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julio Fernandez-Mendoza
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - H Harrington Cleveland
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Adam D Scioli
- Fran and Doug Tieman Center for Research, Caron Treatment Centers, Wernersville, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Hasan Ayaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patricia S Grigson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Scott C Bunce
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
- Penn State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, H073, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033-0850, USA.
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2
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Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Coixol-based Derivatives as Potential Antidiabetic Agents. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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3
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Galsgaard KD, Elmelund E, Johansen CD, Bomholt AB, Kizilkaya HS, Ceutz F, Hunt JE, Kissow H, Winther-Sørensen M, Sørensen CM, Kruse T, Lau JF, Rosenkilde MM, Ørskov C, Christoffersen C, Holst JJ, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ. Glucagon receptor antagonism impairs and glucagon receptor agonism enhances triglycerides metabolism in mice. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101639. [PMID: 36400402 PMCID: PMC9706156 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treatment with glucagon receptor antagonists (GRAs) reduces blood glucose but causes dyslipidemia and accumulation of fat in the liver. We investigated the acute and chronic effects of glucagon on lipid metabolism in mice. METHODS Chronic effects of glucagon receptor signaling on lipid metabolism were studied using oral lipid tolerance tests (OLTTs) in overnight fasted glucagon receptor knockout (Gcgr-/-) mice, and in C57Bl/6JRj mice treated with a glucagon receptor antibody (GCGR Ab) or a long-acting glucagon analogue (GCGA) for eight weeks. Following treatment, liver tissue was harvested for RNA-sequencing and triglyceride measurements. Acute effects were studied in C57Bl/6JRj mice treated with a GRA or GCGA 1 h or immediately before OLTTs, respectively. Direct effects of glucagon on hepatic lipolysis were studied using isolated perfused mouse liver preparations. To investigate potential effects of GCGA and GRA on gastric emptying, paracetamol was, in separate experiments, administered immediately before OLTTs. RESULTS Plasma triglyceride concentrations increased 2-fold in Gcgr-/- mice compared to their wild-type littermates during the OLTT (P = 0.001). Chronic treatment with GCGR Ab increased, whereas GCGA treatment decreased, plasma triglyceride concentrations during OLTTs (P < 0.05). Genes involved in lipid metabolism were upregulated upon GCGR Ab treatment while GCGA treatment had opposite effects. Acute GRA and GCGA treatment, respectively, increased (P = 0.02) and decreased (P = 0.003) plasma triglyceride concentrations during OLTTs. Glucagon stimulated hepatic lipolysis, evident by an increase in free fatty acid concentrations in the effluent from perfused mouse livers. In line with this, GCGR Ab treatment increased, while GCGA treatment decreased, liver triglyceride concentrations. The effects of glucagon appeared independent of changes in gastric emptying of paracetamol. CONCLUSIONS Glucagon receptor signaling regulates triglyceride metabolism, both chronically and acutely, in mice. These data expand glucagon´s biological role and implicate that intact glucagon signaling is important for lipid metabolism. Glucagon agonism may have beneficial effects on hepatic and peripheral triglyceride metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine D. Galsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie Elmelund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian D. Johansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna B. Bomholt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hüsün S. Kizilkaya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Ceutz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenna E. Hunt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Winther-Sørensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte M. Sørensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kruse
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Research Chemistry, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jesper F. Lau
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Research Chemistry, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Mette M. Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Ørskov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J. Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg Hospitals, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Bispebjerg, Denmark,Corresponding author. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg Hospitals, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Bispebjerg, Denmark.
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4
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Kuznetsov YP, Burmistrov VV, Butov GM. Synthesis and Properties of Symmetrical Bis-ureas Containing a 4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl Fragment. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Lee C, Choi H, Park E, Nguyen T, Maeng H, Mee Lee K, Jun H, Shin D. Synthesis and anti-diabetic activity of novel biphenylsulfonamides as glucagon receptor antagonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:733-750. [PMID: 34310065 PMCID: PMC9291748 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Insulin, a hormone secreted from pancreatic β-cells, decreases blood glucose levels, and glucagon, a hormone secreted from pancreatic α-cells, increases blood glucose levels by counterregulation of insulin through stimulation of hepatic glucose production. In diabetic patients, dysregulation of glucagon secretion contributes to hyperglycemia. Thus, inhibition of the glucagon receptor is one strategy for the treatment of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. In this paper, we report a series of biphenylsulfonamide derivatives that were designed, synthesized, and then evaluated by cAMP and hepatic glucose production assays as glucagon receptor antagonists. Of these, compound 7aB-3 decreased glucagon-induced cAMP production and glucagon-induced glucose production in the in vitro assays. Glucagon challenge tests and glucose tolerance tests showed that compound 7aB-3 significantly inhibited glucagon-induced glucose increases and improved glucose tolerance. These results suggest that compound 7aB-3 has therapeutic potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang‐Yong Lee
- College of PharmacyGachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
| | - Hojung Choi
- College of PharmacyGachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
| | - Eun‐Young Park
- College of PharmacyMokpo National UniversityMuan‐gunJeollanam‐doKorea
| | - Thi‐Thao‐Linh Nguyen
- College of PharmacyGachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
| | - Han‐Joo Maeng
- College of PharmacyGachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
| | | | - Hee‐Sook Jun
- College of PharmacyGachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
- Gachon Medical Research InstituteGil HospitalIncheonKorea
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of PharmacyGachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
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6
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Kjeldsen SAS, Hansen LH, Esser N, Mongovin S, Winther-Sørensen M, Galsgaard KD, Hunt JE, Kissow H, Ceutz FR, Terzic D, Mark PD, Plomgaard P, Goetze JP, Goossens GH, Blaak EE, Deacon CF, Rosenkilde MM, Zraika S, Holst JJ, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ. Neprilysin Inhibition Increases Glucagon Levels in Humans and Mice With Potential Effects on Amino Acid Metabolism. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab084. [PMID: 34337276 PMCID: PMC8317634 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Inhibitors of the protease neprilysin (NEP) are used for treating heart failure, but are also linked to improvements in metabolism. NEP may cleave proglucagon-derived peptides, including the glucose and amino acid (AA)-regulating hormone glucagon. Studies investigating NEP inhibition on glucagon metabolism are warranted. Objective This work aims to investigate whether NEP inhibition increases glucagon levels. Methods Plasma concentrations of glucagon and AAs were measured in eight healthy men during a mixed meal with and without a single dose of the NEP inhibitor/angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, sacubitril/valsartan (194 mg/206 mg). Long-term effects of sacubitril/valsartan (8 weeks) were investigated in individuals with obesity (n = 7). Mass spectrometry was used to investigate NEP-induced glucagon degradation, and the derived glucagon fragments were tested pharmacologically in cells transfected with the glucagon receptor (GCGR). Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of NEP with or without concomitant GCGR antagonism was tested in mice to evaluate effects on AA metabolism. Results In healthy men, a single dose of sacubitril/valsartan significantly increased postprandial concentrations of glucagon by 228%, concomitantly lowering concentrations of AAs including glucagonotropic AAs. Eight-week sacubitril/valsartan treatment increased fasting glucagon concentrations in individuals with obesity. NEP cleaved glucagon into 5 inactive fragments (in vitro). Pharmacological NEP inhibition protected both exogenous and endogenous glucagon in mice after an AA challenge, while NEP-deficient mice showed elevated fasting and AA-stimulated plasma concentrations of glucagon and urea compared to controls. Conclusion NEP cleaves glucagon, and inhibitors of NEP result in hyperglucagonemia and may increase postprandial AA catabolism without affecting glycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha A S Kjeldsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen,Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen,Denmark
| | - Lasse H Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nathalie Esser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6426, USA.,Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA
| | - Steve Mongovin
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA
| | - Marie Winther-Sørensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen,Denmark
| | - Katrine D Galsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen,Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenna E Hunt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen,Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen,Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik R Ceutz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen,Denmark
| | - Dijana Terzic
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter D Mark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens P Goetze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen,Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gijs H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carolyn F Deacon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen,Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen,Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6426, USA.,Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen,Denmark.,Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen,Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen,Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Huang Q, Zhong Y, Li B, Ouyang S, Deng L, Mo J, Shi S, Lv N, Wu R, Liu P, Hu W, Zhang X, Wang Y. Structure-based discovery of potent and selective small-molecule inhibitors targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113525. [PMID: 34000483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
STAT3 has been validated as an attractive anticancer target due to its important roles in cancer initiation and progression. However, discovery of potent and selective STAT3 small-molecule inhibitors with druglike properties is still challenging. In this study, two series of substituted 2-phenylquinolines and 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines were designed through structure-based drug discovery approach by condensing the privileged structures of STX-119 and SH4-54. Our study has resulted in the discovery of a number of highly potent and selective STAT3 inhibitors, exemplified by compound 39 with the privileged structure of 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, which selectively inhibits phosphorylation of STAT3 and suppresses subsequent signaling pathway. Moreover, 39 inhibits cell growth, migration and invasion of human triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells lines. Consistently, it achieves significant and dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition in both cell line-derived and patient-derived xenograft tumor models in mice. These results clearly indicate that 39 is a highly potent and selective STAT3 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyao Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shumin Ouyang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianshan Mo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuo Shi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Nan Lv
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruibo Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yuanxiang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Shuai H, Xu Y, Ahooghalandari P, Tengholm A. Glucose-induced cAMP elevation in β-cells involves amplification of constitutive and glucagon-activated GLP-1 receptor signalling. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13611. [PMID: 33369112 PMCID: PMC8047901 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aim cAMP typically signals downstream of Gs‐coupled receptors and regulates numerous cell functions. In β‐cells, cAMP amplifies Ca2+‐triggered exocytosis of insulin granules. Glucose‐induced insulin secretion is associated with Ca2+‐ and metabolism‐dependent increases of the sub‐plasma‐membrane cAMP concentration ([cAMP]pm) in β‐cells, but potential links to canonical receptor signalling are unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptors (GLP1Rs) for glucose‐induced cAMP signalling in β‐cells. Methods Total internal reflection microscopy and fluorescent reporters were used to monitor changes in cAMP, Ca2+ and ATP concentrations as well as insulin secretion in MIN6 cells and mouse and human β‐cells. Insulin release from mouse and human islets was also measured with ELISA. Results The GLP1R antagonist exendin‐(9‐39) (ex‐9) prevented both GLP1‐ and glucagon‐induced elevations of [cAMP]pm, consistent with GLP1Rs being involved in the action of glucagon. This conclusion was supported by lack of unspecific effects of the antagonist in a reporter cell‐line. Ex‐9 also suppressed IBMX‐ and glucose‐induced [cAMP]pm elevations. Depolarization with K+ triggered Ca2+‐dependent [cAMP]pm elevation, an effect that was amplified by high glucose. Ex‐9 inhibited both the Ca2+ and glucose‐metabolism‐dependent actions on [cAMP]pm. The drug remained effective after minimizing paracrine signalling by dispersing the islets and it reduced basal [cAMP]pm in a cell‐line heterologously expressing GLP1Rs, indicating that there is constitutive GLP1R signalling. The ex‐9‐induced reduction of [cAMP]pm in glucose‐stimulated β‐cells was paralleled by suppression of insulin secretion. Conclusion Agonist‐independent and glucagon‐stimulated GLP1R signalling in β‐cells contributes to basal and glucose‐induced cAMP production and insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Shuai
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences Dali University Yunnan China
- Department of Medical Cell Biology Biomedical Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Yunjian Xu
- Department of Medical Cell Biology Biomedical Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Parvin Ahooghalandari
- Department of Medical Cell Biology Biomedical Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anders Tengholm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology Biomedical Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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9
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Patle D, Vyas M, Khatik GL. A Review on Natural Products and Herbs Used in the Management of Diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:186-197. [PMID: 32268866 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200408090058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to review the importance of the natural products and herbs used in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) as medicinal agents. BACKGROUND Naturally occuring phytoactive compounds and herbs are very important because they are found to be effective against several diseases. DM is a commonly occurring endocrinological disorder, with the incidences increased four times in the last 34 years. There are several oral hypoglycemic agents available in the market, which in the long term, may lead to a high risk of secondary failure rate. OBJECTIVES This review focuses on natural products and herbs application for effective management of diabetic conditions, and natural products that can be utilized as alternative therapy. METHODS We searched the various online databases (PubMed, Bentham, ScienceDirect) and scientific publications from the library using a qualitative systematic review. The criteria of the review were based on natural products and herbs application for possessing medicinal value against diabetes and the literature of previous thirty years has been searched. The inclusion criteria of materials were based on the quality and relevancy with our aim. RESULTS We observed that owing to the potential of natural products and herbs, different research groups are searching for the potent natural antidiabetic agents with minimal side effects. Recent research showed that there is a decline in a number of new molecules that fail in clinical trials because of toxicity thus, natural products and herbs are considered as the alternative. Currently, some of the natural products and herbs like coixol, andrographolide, Tinospora cordifolia, polypeptide p, charantin, Annona squamosa, and Nigella are being explored for their potential to be used successfully for the management of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION The significance of natural products and herbs in the anticipation of diabetes and allied complications are being described herein. We observed that a huge amount of work is being done to explore the natural products and herbs to manage the diabetes and this review gives the highlights of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Patle
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences - PCTE Group of Institutes, Jhande, VPO Baddowal, Ludhiana, Punjab, 142021, India
| | - Manish Vyas
- Department of Ayurveda, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Gopal L Khatik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar- Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
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10
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Winther-Sørensen M, Galsgaard KD, Santos A, Trammell SAJ, Sulek K, Kuhre RE, Pedersen J, Andersen DB, Hassing AS, Dall M, Treebak JT, Gillum MP, Torekov SS, Windeløv JA, Hunt JE, Kjeldsen SAS, Jepsen SL, Vasilopoulou CG, Knop FK, Ørskov C, Werge MP, Bisgaard HC, Eriksen PL, Vilstrup H, Gluud LL, Holst JJ, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ. Glucagon acutely regulates hepatic amino acid catabolism and the effect may be disturbed by steatosis. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101080. [PMID: 32937194 PMCID: PMC7560169 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon is well known to regulate blood glucose but may be equally important for amino acid metabolism. Plasma levels of amino acids are regulated by glucagon-dependent mechanism(s), while amino acids stimulate glucagon secretion from alpha cells, completing the recently described liver-alpha cell axis. The mechanisms underlying the cycle and the possible impact of hepatic steatosis are unclear. METHODS We assessed amino acid clearance in vivo in mice treated with a glucagon receptor antagonist (GRA), transgenic mice with 95% reduction in alpha cells, and mice with hepatic steatosis. In addition, we evaluated urea formation in primary hepatocytes from ob/ob mice and humans, and we studied acute metabolic effects of glucagon in perfused rat livers. We also performed RNA sequencing on livers from glucagon receptor knock-out mice and mice with hepatic steatosis. Finally, we measured individual plasma amino acids and glucagon in healthy controls and in two independent cohorts of patients with biopsy-verified non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). RESULTS Amino acid clearance was reduced in mice treated with GRA and mice lacking endogenous glucagon (loss of alpha cells) concomitantly with reduced production of urea. Glucagon administration markedly changed the secretion of rat liver metabolites and within minutes increased urea formation in mice, in perfused rat liver, and in primary human hepatocytes. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that three genes responsible for amino acid catabolism (Cps1, Slc7a2, and Slc38a2) were downregulated both in mice with hepatic steatosis and in mice with deletion of the glucagon receptor. Cultured ob/ob hepatocytes produced less urea upon stimulation with mixed amino acids, and amino acid clearance was lower in mice with hepatic steatosis. Glucagon-induced ureagenesis was impaired in perfused rat livers with hepatic steatosis. Patients with NAFLD had hyperglucagonemia and increased levels of glucagonotropic amino acids, including alanine in particular. Both glucagon and alanine levels were reduced after diet-induced reduction in Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR, a marker of hepatic steatosis). CONCLUSIONS Glucagon regulates amino acid metabolism both non-transcriptionally and transcriptionally. Hepatic steatosis may impair glucagon-dependent enhancement of amino acid catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Winther-Sørensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine D Galsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alberto Santos
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuel A J Trammell
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karolina Sulek
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel B Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna S Hassing
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Dall
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew P Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe S Torekov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanne A Windeløv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenna E Hunt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sasha A S Kjeldsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara L Jepsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catherine G Vasilopoulou
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Filip K Knop
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Ørskov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel P Werge
- Gastrounit, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Hanne Cathrine Bisgaard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Lykke Eriksen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lise Lotte Gluud
- Gastrounit, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department for Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Abbas G, Haq QMI, Hamaed A, Al-Sibani M, Hussain H. Glucagon and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptors: Promising Therapeutic Targets for an Effective Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:501-508. [PMID: 32003684 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200131143231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound proteins, which are responsible for the detection of extracellular stimuli and the origination of intracellular responses. Both glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors belong to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. Along with insulin, glucagon and GLP-1 are critical hormones for maintaining normal serum glucose within the human body. Glucagon generally plays its role in the liver through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), where it compensates for the action of insulin. GLP-1 is secreted by the L-cells of the small intestine to stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon action. Despite extensive research efforts and the multiple approaches adopted, the glycemic control in the case of type-2 diabetes mellitus remains a major challenge. Therefore, a deep understanding of the structure-function relationship of these receptors will have great implications for future therapies in order to maintain a normal glucose level for an extended period of time. The antagonists of glucagon receptors that can effectively block the hepatic glucose production, as a result of glucagon action, are highly desirable for the tuning of the hyperglycemic state in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the same manner, GLP-1R agonists act as important treatment modalities, thanks to their multiple anti-diabetic actions to attain normal glucose levels. In this review article, the structural diversity of glucagon and GLP-1 receptors along with their signaling pathways, site-directed mutations and significance in drug discovery against type-2 diabetes are illustrated. Moreover, the promising non-peptide antagonists of glucagon receptor and agonists of GLP-1 receptor, for the management of diabetes are presented with elaboration on the structure-activity relationship (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, PC 616, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Quazi M I Haq
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, PC 616, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmad Hamaed
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, PC 616, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Mohammed Al-Sibani
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, PC 616, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Salle) D-06120, Germany
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12
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Song G, Qu C, Lei J, Yan W, Tang D, Li H, Chen Z, Xu Z. A Decarboxylative C(
sp
3
)−N Bond Forming Reaction to Construct 4‐Imidazolidinones
via
Post‐Ugi Cascade Sequence in One Pot. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gui‐Ting Song
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan‐Hua Qu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lei
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 United States
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 United States
| | - Dian‐Yong Tang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong‐yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 United States
| | - Zhong‐Zhu Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi‐Gang Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
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13
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Cheng C, Jabri S, Taoka BM, Sinz CJ. Small molecule glucagon receptor antagonists: an updated patent review (2015–2019). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:509-526. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1769600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA (MSD)
| | - Salman Jabri
- Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA (MSD)
| | - Brandon M Taoka
- Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA (MSD)
| | - Christopher J Sinz
- Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA (MSD)
- Current Address: Maze Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
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14
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Galsgaard KD, Jepsen SL, Kjeldsen SAS, Pedersen J, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ. Alanine, arginine, cysteine, and proline, but not glutamine, are substrates for, and acute mediators of, the liver-α-cell axis in female mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E920-E929. [PMID: 32255678 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00459.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the amino acids that stimulate glucagon secretion in mice and whose metabolism depends on glucagon receptor signaling. Pancreata of female C57BL/6JRj mice were perfused with 19 individual amino acids and pyruvate (at 10 mM), and secretion of glucagon was assessed using a specific glucagon radioimmunoassay. Separately, a glucagon receptor antagonist (GRA; 25-2648, 100 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered to female C57BL/6JRj mice 3 h before an intraperitoneal injection of four different isomolar amino acid mixtures (in total 7 µmol/g body wt) as follows: mixture 1 contained alanine, arginine, cysteine, and proline; mixture 2 contained aspartate, glutamate, histidine, and lysine; mixture 3 contained citrulline, methionine, serine, and threonine; and mixture 4 contained glutamine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Blood glucose, plasma glucagon, amino acid, and insulin concentrations were measured using well-characterized methodologies. Alanine (P = 0.03), arginine (P < 0.0001), cysteine (P = 0.01), glycine (P = 0.02), lysine (P = 0.02), and proline (P = 0.03), but not glutamine (P = 0.9), stimulated glucagon secretion from the perfused mouse pancreas. However, when the four isomolar amino acid mixtures were administered in vivo, the four mixtures elicited similar glucagon responses (P > 0.5). Plasma concentrations of total amino acids in vivo were higher after administration of GRA when mixture 1 (P = 0.004) or mixture 3 (P = 0.04) were injected. Our data suggest that alanine, arginine, cysteine, and proline, but not glutamine, are involved in the acute regulation of the liver-α-cell axis in female mice, as they all increased glucagon secretion and their disappearance rate was altered by GRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine D Galsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara L Jepsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sasha A S Kjeldsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Nordsjaellands Hospital Hilleroed, University of Copenhagen, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Galsgaard KD, Pedersen J, Kjeldsen SAS, Winther-Sørensen M, Stojanovska E, Vilstrup H, Ørskov C, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ. Glucagon receptor signaling is not required for N-carbamoyl glutamate- and l-citrulline-induced ureagenesis in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G912-G927. [PMID: 32174131 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00294.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon regulates the hepatic amino acid metabolism and increases ureagenesis. Ureagenesis is activated by N-acetylglutamate (NAG), formed via activation of N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS). With the aim to identify the steps whereby glucagon both acutely and chronically regulates ureagenesis, we investigated whether glucagon receptor-mediated activation of ureagenesis is required in a situation where NAGS activity and/or NAG levels are sufficient to activate the first step of the urea cycle in vivo. Female C57BL/6JRj mice treated with a glucagon receptor antagonist (GRA), glucagon receptor knockout (Gcgr-/-) mice, and wild-type (Gcgr+/+) littermates received an intraperitoneal injection of N-carbamoyl glutamate (Car; a stable variant of NAG), l-citrulline (Cit), Car and Cit (Car + Cit), or PBS. In separate experiments, Gcgr-/- and Gcgr+/+ mice were administered N-carbamoyl glutamate and l-citrulline (wCar + wCit) in the drinking water for 8 wk. Car, Cit, and Car + Cit significantly (P < 0.05) increased plasma urea concentrations, independently of pharmacological and genetic disruption of glucagon receptor signaling (P = 0.9). Car increased blood glucose concentrations equally in GRA- and vehicle-treated mice (P = 0.9), whereas the increase upon Car + Cit was impaired in GRA-treated mice (P = 0.008). Blood glucose concentrations remained unchanged in Gcgr-/- mice upon Car (P = 0.2) and Car + Cit (P = 0.9). Eight weeks administration of wCar + wCit did not change blood glucose (P > 0.2), plasma amino acid (P > 0.4), and urea concentrations (P > 0.3) or the area of glucagon-positive cells (P > 0.3) in Gcgr-/- and Gcgr+/+ mice. Our data suggest that glucagon-mediated activation of ureagenesis is not required when NAGS activity and/or NAG levels are sufficient to activate the first step of the urea cycle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hepatic ureagenesis is essential in amino acid metabolism and is importantly regulated by glucagon, but the exact mechanism is unclear. With the aim to identify the steps whereby glucagon both acutely and chronically regulates ureagenesis, we here show, contrary to our hypothesis, that glucagon receptor-mediated activation of ureagenesis is not required when N-acetylglutamate synthase activity and/or N-acetylglutamate levels are sufficient to activate the first step of the urea cycle in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine D Galsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjaellands Hospital Hilleroed, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | - Sasha A S Kjeldsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Winther-Sørensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Stojanovska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Ørskov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Wiesler S, Bau MA, Niepel T, Younas SL, Luu H, Streuff J. Synthesis of α,ω‐Bis‐Enones by the Double Addition of Alkenyl Grignard Reagents to Diacid Weinreb Amides. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wiesler
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Michael A. Bau
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Thomas Niepel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Sara L. Younas
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Hieu‐Trinh Luu
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Jan Streuff
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
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17
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Galsgaard KD, Winther-Sørensen M, Pedersen J, Kjeldsen SAS, Rosenkilde MM, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ. Glucose and amino acid metabolism in mice depend mutually on glucagon and insulin receptor signaling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E660-E673. [PMID: 30807215 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00410.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon and insulin are important regulators of blood glucose. The importance of insulin receptor signaling for alpha-cell secretion and of glucagon receptor signaling for beta-cell secretion is widely discussed and of clinical interest. Amino acids are powerful secretagogues for both hormones, and glucagon controls amino acid metabolism through ureagenesis. The role of insulin in amino acid metabolism is less clear. Female C57BL/6JRj mice received an insulin receptor antagonist (IRA) (S961; 30 nmol/kg), a glucagon receptor antagonist (GRA) (25-2648; 100 mg/kg), or both GRA and IRA (GRA + IRA) 3 h before intravenous administration of similar volumes of saline, glucose (0.5 g/kg), or amino acids (1 µmol/g) while anesthetized with isoflurane. IRA caused basal hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglucagonemia. Unexpectedly, IRA lowered basal plasma concentrations of amino acids, whereas GRA increased amino acids, lowered glycemia, and increased glucagon but did not influence insulin concentrations. After administration of GRA + IRA, insulin secretion was significantly reduced compared with IRA administration alone. Blood glucose responses to a glucose and amino acid challenge were similar after vehicle and GRA + IRA administration but greater after IRA and lower after GRA. Anesthesia may have influenced the results, which otherwise strongly suggest that both hormones are essential for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis and that the secretion of both is regulated by powerful negative feedback mechanisms. In addition, insulin limits glucagon secretion, while endogenous glucagon stimulates insulin secretion, revealed during lack of insulin autocrine feedback. Finally, glucagon receptor signaling seems to be of greater importance for amino acid metabolism than insulin receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine D Galsgaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Marie Winther-Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Nephrology and Endocrinology, Nordsjaellands Hospital Hilleroed, University of Copenhagen, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | - Sasha A S Kjeldsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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18
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Galsgaard KD, Winther-Sørensen M, Ørskov C, Kissow H, Poulsen SS, Vilstrup H, Prehn C, Adamski J, Jepsen SL, Hartmann B, Hunt J, Charron MJ, Pedersen J, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ. Disruption of glucagon receptor signaling causes hyperaminoacidemia exposing a possible liver-alpha-cell axis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E93-E103. [PMID: 28978545 PMCID: PMC6048389 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00198.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon secreted from the pancreatic alpha-cells is essential for regulation of blood glucose levels. However, glucagon may play an equally important role in the regulation of amino acid metabolism by promoting ureagenesis. We hypothesized that disruption of glucagon receptor signaling would lead to an increased plasma concentration of amino acids, which in a feedback manner stimulates the secretion of glucagon, eventually associated with compensatory proliferation of the pancreatic alpha-cells. To address this, we performed plasma profiling of glucagon receptor knockout ( Gcgr-/-) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics, and tissue biopsies from the pancreas were analyzed for islet hormones and by histology. A principal component analysis of the plasma metabolome from Gcgr-/- and WT littermates indicated amino acids as the primary metabolic component distinguishing the two groups of mice. Apart from their hyperaminoacidemia, Gcgr-/- mice display hyperglucagonemia, increased pancreatic content of glucagon and somatostatin (but not insulin), and alpha-cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy compared with WT littermates. Incubating cultured α-TC1.9 cells with a mixture of amino acids (Vamin 1%) for 30 min and for up to 48 h led to increased glucagon concentrations (~6-fold) in the media and cell proliferation (~2-fold), respectively. In anesthetized mice, a glucagon receptor-specific antagonist (Novo Nordisk 25-2648, 100 mg/kg) reduced amino acid clearance. Our data support the notion that glucagon secretion and hepatic amino acid metabolism are linked in a close feedback loop, which operates independently of normal variations in glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine D Galsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Marie Winther-Sørensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Cathrine Ørskov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Steen S Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München-Neuerberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München-Neuerberg, Germany
- Lehrstul für Experimentelle Genetik, Technishe Universität München, Freising- Weihenstephan , Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Nueherberg, Germany
| | - Sara L Jepsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jenna Hunt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Maureen J Charron
- Departments of Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, New York
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Holst JJ, Holland W, Gromada J, Lee Y, Unger RH, Yan H, Sloop KW, Kieffer TJ, Damond N, Herrera PL. Insulin and Glucagon: Partners for Life. Endocrinology 2017; 158:696-701. [PMID: 28323959 PMCID: PMC6061217 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In August 2016, several leaders in glucagon biology gathered for the European Association for the Study of Diabetes Hagedorn Workshop in Oxford, England. A key point of discussion focused on the need for basal insulin to allow for the therapeutic benefit of glucagon blockade in the treatment of diabetes. Among the most enlightening experimental results presented were findings from studies in which glucagon receptor-deficient mice were administered streptozotocin to destroy pancreatic β cells or had undergone diphtheria toxin-induced β cell ablation. This article summarizes key features of the discussion as a consensus was reached. Agents that antagonize glucagon may be of great benefit for the treatment of diabetes; however, sufficient levels of basal insulin are required for their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William Holland
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | | | - Young Lee
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Roger H Unger
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Hai Yan
- REMD Biotherapeutics Inc., Camarillo, California
| | - Kyle W Sloop
- Endocrine Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicolas Damond
- Department of Genetic Medicine & Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine & Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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20
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Extraction, purification, methylation and GC–MS analysis of short-chain carboxylic acids for metabolic flux analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1028:165-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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21
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Steenberg VR, Jensen SM, Pedersen J, Madsen AN, Windeløv JA, Holst B, Quistorff B, Poulsen SS, Holst JJ. Acute disruption of glucagon secretion or action does not improve glucose tolerance in an insulin-deficient mouse model of diabetes. Diabetologia 2016; 59:363-70. [PMID: 26537124 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3794-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Normal glucose metabolism depends on pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon. The bihormonal hypothesis states that while lack of insulin leads to glucose underutilisation, glucagon excess is the principal factor in diabetic glucose overproduction. A recent study reported that streptozotocin-treated glucagon receptor knockout mice have normal glucose tolerance. We investigated the impact of acute disruption of glucagon secretin or action in a mouse model of severe diabetes by three different approaches: (1) alpha cell elimination; (2) glucagon immunoneutralisation; and (3) glucagon receptor antagonism, in order to evaluate the effect of these on glucose tolerance. METHODS Severe diabetes was induced in transgenic and wild-type mice by streptozotocin. Glucose metabolism was investigated using OGTT in transgenic mice with the human diphtheria toxin receptor expressed in proglucagon producing cells allowing for diphtheria toxin (DT)-induced alpha cell ablation and in mice treated with either a specific high affinity glucagon antibody or a specific glucagon receptor antagonist. RESULTS Near-total alpha cell elimination was induced in transgenic mice upon DT administration and resulted in a massive decrease in pancreatic glucagon content. Oral glucose tolerance in diabetic mice was neither affected by glucagon immunoneutralisation, glucagon receptor antagonism, nor alpha cell removal, but did not deteriorate further compared with mice with intact alpha cell mass. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Disruption of glucagon action/secretion did not improve glucose tolerance in diabetic mice. Near-total alpha cell elimination may have prevented further deterioration. Our findings support insulin lack as the major factor underlying hyperglycaemia in beta cell-deficient diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi R Steenberg
- Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, building 12.2, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe M Jensen
- Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, building 12.2, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, building 12.2, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas N Madsen
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanne A Windeløv
- Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, building 12.2, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Quistorff
- Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, building 12.2, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen S Poulsen
- Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, building 12.2, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, building 12.2, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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22
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Lin S, Zhang F, Jiang G, Qureshi SA, Yang X, Chicchi GG, Tota L, Bansal A, Brady E, Trujillo M, Salituro G, Miller C, Tata JR, Zhang BB, Parmee ER. A novel series of indazole-/indole-based glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4143-7. [PMID: 26303893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel, potent series of glucagon receptor antagonists (GRAs) was discovered. These indazole- and indole-based compounds were designed on an earlier pyrazole-based GRA lead MK-0893. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies were focused on the C3 and C6 positions of the indazole core, as well as the benzylic position on the N-1 of indazole. Multiple potent GRAs were identified with excellent in vitro profiles and good pharmacokinetics in rat. Among them, GRA 16d was found to be orally active in blunting glucagon induced glucose excursion in an acute glucagon challenge model in glucagon receptor humanized (hGCGR) mice at 1, 3 and 10mg/kg (mpk), and significantly lowered acute glucose levels in hGCGR ob/ob mice at 3 mpk dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songnian Lin
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States.
| | - Fengqi Zhang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Guoqiang Jiang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Sajjad A Qureshi
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Gary G Chicchi
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Laurie Tota
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Alka Bansal
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Edward Brady
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Maria Trujillo
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Corey Miller
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - James R Tata
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Bei B Zhang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Emma R Parmee
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
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23
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Reductive Cyclization and Petasis-Like Reaction for the Synthesis of Functionalized γ-Lactams. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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24
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Lotfy M, Kalasz H, Szalai G, Singh J, Adeghate E. Recent Progress in the Use of Glucagon and Glucagon Receptor Antago-nists in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2014; 8:28-35. [PMID: 25674162 PMCID: PMC4321206 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501408010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon is an important pancreatic hormone, released into blood circulation by alpha cells of the islet of
Langerhans. Glucagon induces gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in hepatocytes, leading to an increase in hepatic glucose
production and subsequently hyperglycemia in susceptible individuals. Hyperglucagonemia is a constant feature in
patients with T2DM. A number of bioactive agents that can block glucagon receptor have been identified. These glucagon
receptor antagonists can reduce the hyperglycemia associated with exogenous glucagon administration in normal as well
as diabetic subjects. Glucagon receptor antagonists include isoserine and beta-alanine derivatives, bicyclic 19-residue peptide
BI-32169, Des-His1-[Glu9] glucagon amide and related compounds, 5-hydroxyalkyl-4-phenylpyridines, N-[3-cano-6-
(1,1 dimethylpropyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothien-2-yl]-2-ethylbutamide, Skyrin and NNC 250926. The absorption,
dosage, catabolism, excretion and medicinal chemistry of these agents are the subject of this review. It emphasizes the
role of glucagon in glucose homeostasis and how it could be applied as a novel tool for the management of diabetes mellitus
by blocking its receptors with either monoclonal antibodies, peptide and non-peptide antagonists or gene knockout
techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Lotfy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University; School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, England, UK; National Research Centre, Hormones Department, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Huba Kalasz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Szalai
- ENT Department, St. Janos Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jaipaul Singh
- School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences and School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, England, UK
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Ar-ab Emirates
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25
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Hasegawa F, Niidome K, Migihashi C, Murata M, Negoro T, Matsumoto T, Kato K, Fujii A. Discovery of furan-2-carbohydrazides as orally active glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4266-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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DeMong D, Dai X, Hwa J, Miller M, Lin SI, Kang L, Stamford A, Greenlee W, Yu W, Wong M, Lavey B, Kozlowski J, Zhou G, Yang DY, Patel B, Soriano A, Zhai Y, Sondey C, Zhang H, Lachowicz J, Grotz D, Cox K, Morrison R, Andreani T, Cao Y, Liang M, Meng T, McNamara P, Wong J, Bradley P, Feng KI, Belani J, Chen P, Dai P, Gauuan J, Lin P, Zhao H. The Discovery of N-((2H-Tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)-4-((R)-1-((5r,8R)-8-(tert-butyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,4-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-1-yl)-4,4-dimethylpentyl)benzamide (SCH 900822): A Potent and Selective Glucagon Receptor Antagonist. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2601-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401858f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duane DeMong
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xing Dai
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joyce Hwa
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Miller
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sue-Ing Lin
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ling Kang
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew Stamford
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William Greenlee
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wensheng Yu
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Wong
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brian Lavey
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joseph Kozlowski
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Guowei Zhou
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - De-Yi Yang
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Bhuneshwari Patel
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Aileen Soriano
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ying Zhai
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Christopher Sondey
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jean Lachowicz
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Diane Grotz
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kathleen Cox
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Richard Morrison
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Teresa Andreani
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yang Cao
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mark Liang
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Tao Meng
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Paul McNamara
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jesse Wong
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Prudence Bradley
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kung-I Feng
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jitendra Belani
- Medicinal
Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Ping Chen
- Medicinal
Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Peng Dai
- Medicinal
Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Jolicia Gauuan
- Medicinal
Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Peishan Lin
- Medicinal
Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - He Zhao
- Medicinal
Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
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27
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Nicolas C, Pluta R, Pasternak-Suder M, Martin OR, Mlynarski J. Organocatalyticsyn-Aldol Reactions of Hydroxy Ketones with (S)-Isoserinal: Asymmetric Synthesis of 6-Deoxy-1,5-iminohexitols and Related Compounds. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Yu R, Chen CR, Liu X, Kodra JT. Rescue of a pathogenic mutant human glucagon receptor by pharmacological chaperones. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 49:69-78. [PMID: 22693263 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that a homozygous inactivating P86S mutation of the glucagon receptor (GCGR) causes a novel human disease of hyperglucagonemia, pancreatic α-cell hyperplasia, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (Mahvash disease). The mechanisms for the decreased activity of the P86S mutant (P86S) are abnormal receptor localization to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and defective interaction with glucagon. To search for targeted therapies for Mahvash disease, we examined whether P86S can be trafficked to the plasma membrane by pharmacological chaperones and whether novel glucagon analogs restore effective receptor interaction. We used enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged P86S stably expressed in HEK 293 cells to allow fluorescence imaging and western blotting and molecular modeling to design novel glucagon analogs in which alanine 19 was replaced with serine or asparagine. Incubation at 27 °C largely restored normal plasma membrane localization and normal processing of P86S but osmotic chaperones had no effects. The ER stressors thapsigargin and curcumin partially rescued P86S. The lipophilic GCGR antagonist L-168,049 also partially rescued P86S, so did Cpd 13 and 15 to a smaller degree. The rescued P86S led to more glucagon-stimulated cAMP production and was internalized by glucagon. Compared with the native glucagon, the novel glucagon analogs failed to stimulate more cAMP production by P86S. We conclude that the mutant GCGR is partially rescued by several pharmacological chaperones and our data provide proof-of-principle evidence that Mahvash disease can be potentially treated with pharmacological chaperones. The novel glucagon analogs, however, failed to interact with P86S more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Carcinoid and Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, B-131, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
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29
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Cho YM, Merchant CE, Kieffer TJ. Targeting the glucagon receptor family for diabetes and obesity therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:247-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Xiong Y, Guo J, Candelore MR, Liang R, Miller C, Dallas-Yang Q, Jiang G, McCann PE, Qureshi SA, Tong X, Xu SS, Shang J, Vincent SH, Tota LM, Wright MJ, Yang X, Zhang BB, Tata JR, Parmee ER. Discovery of a novel glucagon receptor antagonist N-[(4-{(1S)-1-[3-(3, 5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethyl}phenyl)carbonyl]-β-alanine (MK-0893) for the treatment of type II diabetes. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6137-48. [PMID: 22708876 DOI: 10.1021/jm300579z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A potent, selective glucagon receptor antagonist 9m, N-[(4-{(1S)-1-[3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethyl}phenyl)carbonyl]-β-alanine, was discovered by optimization of a previously identified lead. Compound 9m is a reversible and competitive antagonist with high binding affinity (IC(50) of 6.6 nM) and functional cAMP activity (IC(50) of 15.7 nM). It is selective for glucagon receptor relative to other family B GPCRs, showing IC(50) values of 1020 nM for GIPR, 9200 nM for PAC1, and >10000 nM for GLP-1R, VPAC1, and VPAC2. Compound 9m blunted glucagon-induced glucose elevation in hGCGR mice and rhesus monkeys. It also lowered ambient glucose levels in both acute and chronic mouse models: in hGCGR ob/ob mice it reduced glucose (AUC 0-6 h) by 32% and 39% at 3 and 10 mpk single doses, respectively. In hGCGR mice on a high fat diet, compound 9m at 3, and 10 mpk po in feed lowered blood glucose levels by 89% and 94% at day 10, respectively, relative to the difference between the vehicle control and lean hGCGR mice. On the basis of its favorable biological and DMPK properties, compound 9m (MK-0893) was selected for further preclinical and clinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Xiong
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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31
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Verspohl EJ. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:188-237. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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32
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Filipski KJ, Bian J, Ebner DC, Lee EC, Li JC, Sammons MF, Wright SW, Stevens BD, Didiuk MT, Tu M, Perreault C, Brown J, Atkinson K, Tan B, Salatto CT, Litchfield J, Pfefferkorn JA, Guzman-Perez A. A novel series of glucagon receptor antagonists with reduced molecular weight and lipophilicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:415-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Abstract
The increasing prevalence, variable pathogenesis, progressive natural history, and complications of type 2 diabetes emphasise the urgent need for new treatment strategies. Longacting (eg, once weekly) agonists of the glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor are advanced in development, and they improve prandial insulin secretion, reduce excess glucagon production, and promote satiety. Trials of inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, which enhance the effect of endogenous incretin hormones, are also nearing completion. Novel approaches to glycaemic regulation include use of inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, which increase renal glucose elimination, and inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, which reduce the glucocorticoid effects in liver and fat. Insulin-releasing glucokinase activators and pancreatic-G-protein-coupled fatty-acid-receptor agonists, glucagon-receptor antagonists, and metabolic inhibitors of hepatic glucose output are being assessed. Early proof of principle has been shown for compounds that enhance and partly mimic insulin action and replicate some effects of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd A Tahrani
- Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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34
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Abstract
There is a rising worldwide prevalence of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is one of the most challenging health problems in the 21st century. The associated complications of diabetes, such as cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, diabetic neuropathy, amputations, renal failure, and blindness result in increasing disability, reduced life expectancy, and enormous health costs. T2DM is a polygenic disease characterized by multiple defects in insulin action in tissues and defects in pancreatic insulin secretion, which eventually leads to loss of pancreatic insulin-secreting cells. The treatment goals for T2DM patients are effective control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids (if elevated) and, ultimately, to avert the serious complications associated with sustained tissue exposure to excessively high glucose concentrations. Prevention and control of diabetes with diet, weight control, and physical activity has been difficult. Treatment of T2DM has centered on increasing insulin levels, either by direct insulin administration or oral agents that promote insulin secretion, improving sensitivity to insulin in tissues, or reducing the rate of carbohydrate absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. This review presents comprehensive and up-to-date information on the mechanism(s) of action, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pleiotropic effects, drug interactions, and adverse effects of the newer antidiabetic drugs, including (1) peroxisome proliferator-activated-receptor-γ agonists (thiazolidinediones, pioglitazone, and rosiglitazone); (2) the incretin, glucagon-like peptide-) receptor agonists (incretin-mimetics, exenatide. and liraglutide), (3) inhibitors of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (incretin enhancers, sitagliptin, and vildagliptin), (4) short-acting, nonsulfonylurea secretagogue, meglitinides (repaglinide and nateglinide), (5) amylin anlog-pramlintide, (6) α-glucosidase inhibitors (miglitol and voglibose), and (7) colesevelam (a bile acid sequestrant). In addition, information is presented on drug candidates in clinical trials, experimental compounds, and some plants used in the traditional treatment of diabetes based on experimental evidence. In the opinion of this reviewer, therapy based on orally active incretins and incretin mimetics with long duration of action that will be efficacious, preserve the β-cell number/function, and block the progression of diabetes will be highly desirable. However, major changes in lifestyle factors such as diet and, especially, exercise will also be needed if the growing burden of diabetes is to be contained.
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35
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Shen DM, Lin S, Parmee ER. A survey of small molecule glucagon receptor antagonists from recent patents (2006 – 2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1211-40. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.587001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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36
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Shen DM, Brady EJ, Candelore MR, Dallas-Yang Q, Ding VDH, Feeney WP, Jiang G, McCann ME, Mock S, Qureshi SA, Saperstein R, Shen X, Tong X, Tota LM, Wright MJ, Yang X, Zheng S, Chapman KT, Zhang BB, Tata JR, Parmee ER. Discovery of novel, potent, selective, and orally active human glucagon receptor antagonists containing a pyrazole core. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 21:76-81. [PMID: 21147532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of 1,3,5-pyrazoles has been discovered as potent human glucagon receptor antagonists. Notably, compound 26 is orally bioavailable in several preclinical species and shows selectivity towards cardiac ion channels, other family B receptors such hGIP and hGLP1, and a large panel of enzymes and additional receptors. When dosed orally, compound 26 is efficacious in suppressing glucagon induced plasma glucose excursion in rhesus monkey and transgenic murine pharmacodynamic models at 1 and 10 mpk, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Shen
- Department of Basic Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, RY50G-346, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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37
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Piya MK, Tahrani AA, Barnett AH. Emerging treatment options for type 2 diabetes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 70:631-44. [PMID: 20831513 PMCID: PMC2997303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rapidly increasing in prevalence and is a major public health problem. It is a progressive disease which commonly requires multiple pharmacotherapy. Current options for treatment may have undesirable side effects (particularly weight gain and hypoglycaemia) and contraindications, and little effect on disease progression. Incretin based therapy is one of several newer therapies to improve glycaemia and is available in two different forms, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists. Use of these agents results in a 'glucose-dependant' increase in insulin secretion and glucagon suppression resulting in improved glycaemia with low incidence of hypoglycaemia. DPP-4 inhibitors are oral drugs which are weight neutral, while GLP-1 agonists are injected subcutaneously and help promote weight loss while improving glycaemia. GLP-1 agonists have also been shown to increase beta cell mass in rat models. Bariatric surgery is another option for the obese patient with T2DM, with blood glucose normalizing in over half of the patients following surgery. Other therapies in development for the treatment of T2DM include sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, glucagon receptor antagonists, glucokinase activators and sirtuins. In this article, we will review the various existing and emerging treatment options for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan K Piya
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Abd A Tahrani
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Anthony H Barnett
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
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38
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Allosteric antagonist binding sites in class B GPCRs: corticotropin receptor 1. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2010; 24:659-74. [PMID: 20512399 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-010-9364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The 41 amino acid neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its associated receptors CRF(1)-R and CRF(2)-R have been targeted for treating stress related disorders. Both CRF(1)-R and CRF(2)-R belong to the class B G-protein coupled receptors for which little information is known regarding the small molecule antagonist binding characteristics. However, it has been shown recently that different non-peptide allosteric ligands stabilize different receptor conformations for CRF(1)-R and hence an understanding of the ligand induced receptor conformational changes is important in the pharmacology of ligand binding. In this study, we modeled the receptor and identified the binding sites of representative small molecule allosteric antagonists for CRF(1)-R. The predicted binding sites of the investigated compounds are located within the transmembrane (TM) domain encompassing TM helices 3, 5 and 6. The docked compounds show strong interactions with H228 on TM3 and M305 on TM5 that have also been implicated in the binding by site directed mutation studies. H228 forms a hydrogen bond of varied strengths with all the antagonists in this study and this is in agreement with the decreased binding affinity of several compounds with H228F mutation. Also mutating M305 to Ile showed a sharp decrease in the calculated binding energy whereas the binding energy loss on M305 to Leu was less significant. These results are in qualitative agreement with the decrease in binding affinities observed experimentally. We further predicted the conformational changes in CRF(1)-R induced by the allosteric antagonist NBI-27914. Movement of TM helices 3 and 5 are dominant and generates three degenerate conformational states two of which are separated by an energy barrier from the third, when bound to NBI-27914. Binding of NBI-27914 was predicted to improve the interaction of the ligand with M305 and also enhanced the aromatic stacking between the ligand and F232 on TM3. A virtual ligand screening of ~13,000 compounds seeded with ~350 CRF(1)-R specific active antagonists performed on the NBI-27914 stabilized conformation of CRF(1)-R yielded a 44% increase in enrichment compared to the initially modeled receptor conformation at a 10% cutoff. The NBI-27914 stabilized conformation also shows a high enrichment for high affinity antagonists compared to the weaker ones. Thus, the conformational changes induced by NBI-27914 improved the ligand screening efficiency of the CRF(1)-R model and demonstrate a generalized application of the method in drug discovery.
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39
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Kawamori D, Welters HJ, Kulkarni RN. Molecular Pathways Underlying the Pathogenesis of Pancreatic α-Cell Dysfunction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:421-45. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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40
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Tahrani AA, Piya MK, Kennedy A, Barnett AH. Glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: targets and new therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 125:328-61. [PMID: 19931305 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide public health challenge. Despite the availability of many antidiabetes agents and pharmacotherapies targeting cardiovascular risk factors, the morbidity, mortality and economic consequences of T2DM are still a great burden to patients, society, health care systems and the economy. The need for new therapies for glycaemic control is compounded by the fact that existing treatments have limitations either because of their side effects (particularly weight gain and hypoglycaemia) or contraindications that limit their use. Furthermore, none of the current therapies have a significant impact on disease progression. Incretin-based therapies offer a new therapeutic approach to the management of T2DM, and there are also several even newer therapies in development. There are two groups of incretin-based therapies currently available; dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and GLP-1 analogues/mimetics. The former are given orally while the latter subcutaneously. These drugs result in glucose-dependent insulin secretion and glucose-dependent glucagon suppression, with consequent low risk of hypoglycaemia when used as mono- or combination therapy (except when used with sulphonylureas). In addition, they are either weight neutral in the case of DPP-4 inhibitors or cause weight loss in the case of incretin mimetics/analogues. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that these agents prolong beta cell survival which offers the theoretical possibility of slowing the progression to T2DM. In this article we will review the currently available antidiabetes agents with particular emphasis on incretin-based and future therapies. In addition, we will review and discuss the evidence relating to glycaemic control and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd A Tahrani
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
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41
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DeSouza C, Fonseca V. Therapeutic targets to reduce cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:361-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd2872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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42
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Madsen P, Kodra JT, Behrens C, Nishimura E, Jeppesen CB, Pridal L, Andersen B, Knudsen LB, Valcarce-Aspegren C, Guldbrandt M, Christensen IT, Jørgensen AS, Ynddal L, Brand CL, Bagger MA, Lau J. Human Glucagon Receptor Antagonists with Thiazole Cores. A Novel Series with Superior Pharmacokinetic Properties. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2989-3000. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8016249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Madsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - János T. Kodra
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Carsten Behrens
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Erica Nishimura
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Lone Pridal
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lars Ynddal
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jesper Lau
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
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