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Ma H, Li M, Pagare PP, Wang H, Nassehi N, Santos EJ, Negus SS, Selley DE, Zhang Y. Novel bivalent ligands carrying potential antinociceptive effects by targeting putative mu opioid receptor and chemokine receptor CXCR4 heterodimers. Bioorg Chem 2022; 120:105641. [PMID: 35093692 PMCID: PMC9187593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The functional interactions between opioid and chemokine receptors have been implicated in the pathological process of chronic pain. Mounting studies have indicated the possibility that a MOR-CXCR4 heterodimer may be involved in nociception and related pharmacologic effects. Herein we have synthesized a series of bivalent ligands containing both MOR agonist and CXCR4 antagonist pharmacophores with an aim to investigate the functional interactions between these two receptors. In vitro studies demonstrated reasonable recognition of designed ligands at both respective receptors. Further antinociceptive testing in mice revealed compound 1a to be the most promising member of this series. Additional molecular modeling studies corroborated the findings observed. Taken together, we identified the first bivalent ligand 1a showing promising antinociceptive effect by targeting putative MOR-CXCR4 heterodimers, which may serve as a novel chemical probe to further develop more potent bivalent ligands with potential application in analgesic therapies for chronic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mengchu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Piyusha P. Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Nima Nassehi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Edna J. Santos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Dana E. Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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2
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CCK2 receptors in chronic pain. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN 2022; 11:100092. [PMID: 35571964 PMCID: PMC9097710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2022.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CCK2R is a historic target for pain management that has shown limited success. We review CCK2Rs and their role in peripheral and central circuits in chronic pain. We discuss the interactions between CCK2Rs and opioids. We highlight recent drug discovery efforts targeting CCK2R for chronic pain.
The cholecystokinin receptor system, specifically cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) is a historic target for pain management that has shown limited success. However, new approaches to target CCK2R have incited fresh enthusiasm for this target. In this mini-review, we discuss what is known about CCK2R in peripheral and central circuits under naïve physiological conditions and under conditions of chronic pain, the interactions of CCK2Rs with opioids and briefly, recent efforts to develop new treatments targeting CCK2R for chronic pain.
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3
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Huang B, Wang H, Zheng Y, Li M, Kang G, Barreto-de-Souza V, Nassehi N, Knapp PE, Selley DE, Hauser KF, Zhang Y. Structure-Based Design and Development of Chemical Probes Targeting Putative MOR-CCR5 Heterodimers to Inhibit Opioid Exacerbated HIV-1 Infectivity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7702-7723. [PMID: 34027668 PMCID: PMC10548452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Crystal structures of ligand-bound G-protein-coupled receptors provide tangible templates for rationally designing molecular probes. Herein, we report the structure-based design, chemical synthesis, and biological investigations of bivalent ligands targeting putative mu opioid receptor C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (MOR-CCR5) heterodimers. The bivalent ligand VZMC013 possessed nanomolar level binding affinities for both the MOR and CCR5, inhibited CCL5-stimulated calcium mobilization, and remarkably improved anti-HIV-1BaL activity over previously reported bivalent ligands. VZMC013 inhibited viral infection in TZM-bl cells coexpressing CCR5 and MOR to a greater degree than cells expressing CCR5 alone. Furthermore, VZMC013 blocked human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 entry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cells in a concentration-dependent manner and inhibited opioid-accelerated HIV-1 entry more effectively in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated PBMC cells than in the absence of opioids. A three-dimensional molecular model of VZMC013 binding to the MOR-CCR5 heterodimer complex is constructed to elucidate its mechanism of action. VZMC013 is a potent chemical probe targeting MOR-CCR5 heterodimers and may serve as a pharmacological agent to inhibit opioid-exacerbated HIV-1 entry.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry
- Anti-HIV Agents/metabolism
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- Binding Sites
- Dimerization
- Drug Design
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Ligands
- Maraviroc/chemistry
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Naltrexone/chemistry
- Phytohemagglutinins/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, CCR5/chemistry
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mengchu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Guifeng Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Victor Barreto-de-Souza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Nima Nassehi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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4
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Ma H, Wang H, Li M, Barreto-de-Souza V, Reinecke BA, Gunta R, Zheng Y, Kang G, Nassehi N, Zhang H, An J, Selley DE, Hauser KF, Zhang Y. Bivalent Ligand Aiming Putative Mu Opioid Receptor and Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 Dimers in Opioid Enhanced HIV-1 Entry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2318-2324. [PMID: 33214847 PMCID: PMC7667867 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A bivalent compound 1a featuring both a mu opioid receptor (MOR) and a CXCR4 antagonist pharmacophore (naltrexone and IT1t) was designed and synthesized. Further binding and functional studies demonstrated 1a acting as a MOR and a CXCR4 dual antagonist with reasonable binding affinities at both receptors. Furthermore, compound 1a seemed more effective than a combination of IT1t and naltrexone in inhibiting HIV entry at the presence of morphine. Additional molecular modeling results suggested that 1a may bind with the putative MOR-CXCR4 heterodimer to induce its anti-HIV activity. Collectively, bivalent ligand 1a may serve as a promising lead to develop chemical probes targeting the putative MOR-CXCR4 heterodimer in comprehending opioid exacerbated HIV-1 invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Ma
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mengchu Li
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Victor Barreto-de-Souza
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
| | - Bethany A. Reinecke
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Rama Gunta
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Guifeng Kang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Nima Nassehi
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Stein Clinical
Research Building, Suite 410, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jing An
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Stein Clinical
Research Building, Suite 410, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dana E. Selley
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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5
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Majewski MW, Gandhi DM, Holyst T, Wang Z, Hernandez I, Rosas R, Zhu J, Weiler H, Dockendorff C. Synthesis and initial pharmacology of dual-targeting ligands for putative complexes of integrin αVβ3 and PAR2. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:940-949. [PMID: 33479689 PMCID: PMC7496306 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unpublished data from our labs led us to hypothesize that activated protein C (aPC) may initiate an anti-inflammatory signal in endothelial cells by modulating both the integrin αVβ3 and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), which may exist in close proximity on the cellular surface. To test this hypothesis and to probe the possible inflammation-related pathway, we designed and synthesized dual-targeting ligands composed of modified versions of two αVβ3 ligands and two agonists of PAR2. These novel ligands were connected via copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloadditions with polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacers of variable length. Initial in vitro pharmacology with EA.hy926 and HUVEC endothelial cells indicated that these ligands are effective binders of αVβ3 and potent agonists of PAR2. These were also used in preliminary studies investigating their effects on PAR2 signaling in the presence of inflammatory agents, and represent the first examples of ligands targeting both PARs and integrins, though concurrent binding to αVβ3 and PAR2 has not yet been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Majewski
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881 , Milwaukee , WI 53201-1881 , USA . ; Tel: +1 414 288 1617
| | - Disha M Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881 , Milwaukee , WI 53201-1881 , USA . ; Tel: +1 414 288 1617
| | - Trudy Holyst
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Zhengli Wang
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Irene Hernandez
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Ricardo Rosas
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881 , Milwaukee , WI 53201-1881 , USA . ; Tel: +1 414 288 1617
| | - Jieqing Zhu
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
- Department of Biochemistry , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
- Department of Physiology , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Chris Dockendorff
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881 , Milwaukee , WI 53201-1881 , USA . ; Tel: +1 414 288 1617
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6
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Novak D, Anderluh M, Kolenc Peitl P. CCK 2R antagonists: from SAR to clinical trials. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1322-1336. [PMID: 32439608 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The widespread involvement of the cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor (CCK2R) in multiple (patho)physiological processes has propelled extensive searches for nonpeptide small-molecule CCK2R antagonists. For the past three decades, considerable research has yielded numerous chemically heterogeneous compounds. None of these entered into the clinic, mainly because of inadequate biological effects. However, it appears that the ultimate goal of a clinically useful CCK2R antagonist is now just around the corner, with the most promising compounds, netazepide and nastorazepide, now in Phase II clinical trials. Here, we illustrate the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of stablished CCK2R antagonists of various structural classes, and the most recent proof-of-concept studies where new applicabilities of CCK2R antagonists as visualizing agents are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doroteja Novak
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zaloška 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Anderluh
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Petra Kolenc Peitl
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zaloška 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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7
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Reinecke BA, Kang G, Zheng Y, Obeng S, Zhang H, Selley DE, An J, Zhang Y. Design and synthesis of a bivalent probe targeting the putative mu opioid receptor and chemokine receptor CXCR4 heterodimer. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:125-131. [PMID: 33479612 PMCID: PMC7451026 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00433e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid abuse and HIV/AIDS have been defined as synergistic epidemics. Opioids can accelerate HIV replication in the immune system by up-regulating the expression of HIV co-receptor CXCR4. Several hypotheses have been suggested as the mechanism of CXCR4 modulation by opioids through their activation on the mu opioid receptor (MOR). One hypothesis is the putative heterodimerization of the MOR and CXCR4 as a mechanism of cross-talk and subsequent exacerbation of HIV replication. Bivalent chemical probes can be powerful molecular tools to characterize protein-protein interactions, and modulate the function related to such interactions. Herein we report the design and synthesis of a novel bivalent probe to explore the putative MOR-CXCR4 dimerization and its potential pharmacological role in enhancing HIV progression. The developed bivalent probe was designed with two distinct pharmacophores linked through a spacer. One pharmacophore (naltrexone) will interact with the MOR and the other (IT1t) with the CXCR4. The overall synthetic routes to prepare the bivalent probe and its corresponding monovalent controls were comprised of 18-22 steps with acceptable yields. Preliminary biological evaluation showed that the bivalent probe preserved binding affinity and functional activity at both respective receptors, supporting the initial molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Reinecke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , 800 East Leigh Street , Richmond , VA 23298 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 804 828 0021
| | - Guifeng Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , 800 East Leigh Street , Richmond , VA 23298 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 804 828 0021
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , 800 East Leigh Street , Richmond , VA 23298 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 804 828 0021
| | - Samuel Obeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , 800 East Leigh Street , Richmond , VA 23298 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 804 828 0021
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases , School of Medicine , University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, Stein Clinical Research Building, Suite 410 , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , 410 North 12th Street , VA 23298 , USA
| | - Jing An
- Department of Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases , School of Medicine , University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, Stein Clinical Research Building, Suite 410 , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , 800 East Leigh Street , Richmond , VA 23298 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 804 828 0021
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8
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Shueb SS, Erb SJ, Lunzer MM, Speltz R, Harding-Rose C, Akgün E, Simone DA, Portoghese PS. Targeting MOR-mGluR 5 heteromers reduces bone cancer pain by activating MOR and inhibiting mGluR5. Neuropharmacology 2019; 160:107690. [PMID: 31271770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pain is among the most common symptoms in cancer and approximately 90% of patients experience end-stage cancer pain. The management of cancer pain is challenging due to the significant side effects associated with opioids, and novel therapeutic approaches are needed. MMG22 is a bivalent ligand containing MOR agonist and mGluR5 antagonist pharmacophores joined by a 22-atom spacer. MMG22 exhibited extraordinary analgesia following intrathecal administration in a mouse model of bone cancer pain. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of systemic administration of MMG22 in reducing cancer pain and evaluated whether MMG22 displays side effects associated with opioids. Fibrosarcoma cells were injected into and around the calcaneus bone in C3H mice. Mechanical hyperalgesia was defined as an increase in the paw withdrawal frequencies (PWFs) evoked by application of a von Frey monofilament (3.9 mN bending force) applied to the plantar surface of the hind paw Subcutaneous (s.c.), intramuscular (i.m.), and oral (p.o.) administration of MMG22 produced robust dose-dependent antihyperalgesia, whose ED50 was orders of magnitude lower than morphine. Moreover, the ED50 for MMG22 decreased with disease progression. Importantly, s.c. administration of MMG22 did not produce acute (24 h) or long-term (9 days) tolerance, was not rewarding (conditioned place preference test), and did not produce naloxone-induced precipitated withdrawal or alter motor function. A possible mechanism of action of MMG22 is discussed in terms of inhibition of spinal NMDAR via antagonism of its co-receptor, mGluR5, and concomitant activation of neuronal MOR. We suggest that MMG22 may be a powerful alternative to traditional opioids for managing cancer pain. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'New Vistas in Opioid Pharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Shueb
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Samuel J Erb
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mary M Lunzer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca Speltz
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Catherine Harding-Rose
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Eyup Akgün
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Donald A Simone
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Philip S Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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9
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Akgün E, Lunzer MM, Portoghese PS. Combined Glia Inhibition and Opioid Receptor Agonism Afford Highly Potent Analgesics without Tolerance. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2004-2011. [PMID: 30110531 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly prescribed opioid analgesics produce tolerance upon chronic use due in part to induction of hyperalgesia. Given that two reported bivalent ligands (MMG22 and MCC22) produce potent antinociception without tolerance only in inflamed mice, we have investigated the possible cellular and receptor targets of these ligands. The selective microglia inhibitors, minocycline and SB290157, antagonized intrathecal (i.t.) MCC22 antinociception orders of magnitude more potently than MMG22, suggesting that MCC22 selectively targets activated microglia. The astrocyte toxin, l-α-aminoadipic acid antagonized MMG22 antinociception 126-fold without reducing the potency of MCC22, indicating that activated astrocytes are targets of MMG22. MK-801 and Ro25-6981 antagonism of MMG22 antinociception, but not MCC22, is consistent with selective inhibition of activated NMDAR in astrocytes. The antinociception produced by i.t. MMG22 or MCC22 were both antagonized by the selective mu opioid receptor antagonist, β-FNA, implicating interaction of these ligands with MOR in spinal afferent neurons. MCC22 antinociception was potently blocked by kainate or AMPA ion channel antagonists (LY382884; NBQX), in contrast to MMG22. It is concluded that i.t. MMG22 and MCC22 produce exceptional antinociception via potent inhibition of activated spinal glia, thereby leading to desensitization of spinal neurons and enhanced activation of neuronal MOR. Thus, the present study suggests a new approach to treatment of chronic inflammatory pain without tolerance through a single molecular entity that simultaneously inhibits activated glia and stimulates MOR in spinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyup Akgün
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mary M. Lunzer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philip S. Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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10
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Cataldo G, Erb SJ, Lunzer MM, Luong N, Akgün E, Portoghese PS, Olson JK, Simone DA. The bivalent ligand MCC22 potently attenuates hyperalgesia in a mouse model of cisplatin-evoked neuropathic pain without tolerance or reward. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107598. [PMID: 30970233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin and other widely employed platinum-based anticancer agents produce chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) that often results in pain and hyperalgesia that are difficult to manage. We investigated the efficacy of a novel bivalent ligand, MCC22, for the treatment of pain arising from CIPN. MCC22 consists of mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist and chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonist pharmacophores connected through a 22-atom spacer and was designed to target a putative MOR-CCR5 heteromer localized in pain processing areas. Mice received once daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of cisplatin (1 mg/kg) for seven days and behavior testing began 7 days later. Cisplatin produced mechanical hyperalgesia that was decreased dose-dependently by MCC22 given by intrathecal (ED50 = 0.004 pmol) or i.p. (3.07 mg/kg) routes. The decrease in hyperalgesia was associated with decreased inflammatory response by microglia in the spinal cord. Unlike morphine, MCC22 given daily for nine days did not exhibit tolerance to its analgesic effect and its characteristic antihyperalgesic activity was fully retained in morphine-tolerant mice. Furthermore, MCC22 did not alter motor function and did not exhibit rewarding properties. Given the exceptional potency of MCC22 without tolerance or reward, MCC22 has the potential to vastly improve management of chronic pain due to CIPN. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'New Vistas in Opioid Pharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cataldo
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samuel J Erb
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mary M Lunzer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nhungoc Luong
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eyup Akgün
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Philip S Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Julie K Olson
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Donald A Simone
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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11
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Matera C, Bono F, Pelucchi S, Collo G, Bontempi L, Gotti C, Zoli M, De Amici M, Missale C, Fiorentini C, Dallanoce C. The novel hybrid agonist HyNDA-1 targets the D3R-nAChR heteromeric complex in dopaminergic neurons. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:154-168. [PMID: 30772268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we designed, synthesized and tested a small set of three new derivatives potentially targeting the D3R-nAChR heteromer, a receptor complex recently identified and characterized as the molecular entity that, in dopaminergic neurons, mediates the neurotrophic effects of nicotine. By means of a partially rigidified spacer of variable length, we incorporated in the new compounds (1a-c) the pharmacophoric substructure of a known β2-subunit-containing nAChR agonist (A-84543) and that of the D2/D3R agonist drug ropinirole. All the compounds retained the ability to bind with high affinity both β2-subunit-containing nAChR and D3R. Compound 1a, renamed HyNDA-1, which is characterized by the shortest linker moiety, was the most interesting ligand. We found, in fact, that HyNDA-1 significantly modulated structural plasticity on both mice and human dopaminergic neurons, an effect strongly prevented by co-incubating this ligand with either nAChR or D3R antagonists. Moreover, the neurotrophic effects of HyNDA-1 were specifically lost by disrupting the complex with specific interfering peptides. Interestingly, by using the Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer 2 (BRET2) assay in HEK-293 transfected cells, we also found that HyNDA-1 has the ability to increase the affinity of interaction between nAChR and D3R. Overall, our results indicate that the neurotrophic effects of HyNDA-1 are mediated by activation of the D3R-nAChR heteromeric complex specifically expressed on dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Matera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche - Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica "Pietro Pratesi", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Bono
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale - Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Pelucchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ginetta Collo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale - Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Bontempi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale - Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gotti
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, CNR, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Zoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco De Amici
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche - Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica "Pietro Pratesi", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Missale
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale - Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorentini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale - Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Clelia Dallanoce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche - Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica "Pietro Pratesi", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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12
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Cataldo G, Lunzer MM, Olson JK, Akgün E, Belcher JD, Vercellotti GM, Portoghese PS, Simone DA. Bivalent ligand MCC22 potently attenuates nociception in a murine model of sickle cell disease. Pain 2018; 159:1382-1391. [PMID: 29578946 PMCID: PMC6008209 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder accompanied by chronic pain. In addition to ongoing pain and hyperalgesia, vaso-occlusive crises-induced pain can be chronic or episodic. Because analgesics typically used to treat pain are not very effective in SCD, opioids, including morphine, are a primary treatment for managing pain in SCD but are associated with many serious side effects, including constipation, tolerance, addiction, and respiratory depression. Thus, there is a need for the development of novel treatments for pain in SCD. In this study, we used the Townes transgenic mouse model of SCD to investigate the antinociceptive efficacy of the bivalent ligand, MCC22, and compared its effectiveness with morphine. MCC22 consists of a mu-opioid receptor agonist and a chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) antagonist that are linked through a 22-atom spacer. Our results show that intraperitoneal administration of MCC22 produced exceptionally potent dose-dependent antihyperalgesia as compared to morphine, dramatically decreased evoked responses of nociceptive dorsal horn neurons, and decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord. Moreover, tolerance did not develop to its analgesic effects after repeated administration. In view of the extraordinary potency of MCC22 without tolerance, MCC22 and similar compounds may vastly improve the management of pain associated with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cataldo
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Mary M. Lunzer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Julie K. Olson
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Eyup Akgün
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - John D. Belcher
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Gregory M. Vercellotti
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Philip S. Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Donald A. Simone
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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13
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Lensing CJ, Freeman KT, Schnell SM, Speth RC, Zarth AT, Haskell-Luevano C. Developing a Biased Unmatched Bivalent Ligand (BUmBL) Design Strategy to Target the GPCR Homodimer Allosteric Signaling (cAMP over β-Arrestin 2 Recruitment) Within the Melanocortin Receptors. J Med Chem 2018; 62:144-158. [PMID: 29669202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the functional relevance of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) homodimerization has been limited by the insufficient tools to assess asymmetric signaling occurring within dimers comprised of the same receptor type. We present unmatched bivalent ligands (UmBLs) to study the asymmetric function of melanocortin homodimers. UmBLs contain one agonist and one antagonist pharmacophore designed to target a melanocortin homodimer such that one receptor is occupied by an agonist and the other receptor by an antagonist pharmacophore. First-in-class biased UmBLs (BUmBLs) targeting the human melanocortin-4 receptor (hMC4R) were discovered. The BUmBLs displayed biased agonism by potently stimulating cAMP signaling (EC50 ∼ 2-6 nM) but minimally activating the β-arrestin recruitment pathway (≤55% maximum signal at 10 μM). To our knowledge, we report the first single-compound strategy to pharmacologically target melanocortin receptor allosteric signaling that occurs between homodimers that can be applied straightforwardly in vitro and in vivo to other GPCR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Lensing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience , University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Katie T Freeman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience , University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Sathya M Schnell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience , University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Robert C Speth
- College of Pharmacy , Nova Southeastern University , Fort Lauderdale , Florida 33328-2018 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology , Georgetown University , Washington, D.C. 20057 , United States
| | - Adam T Zarth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience , University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States.,Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street SE, 2-210 CCRB , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience , University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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14
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Portoghese PS, Akgün E, Lunzer MM. Heteromer Induction: An Approach to Unique Pharmacology? ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:426-428. [PMID: 28139906 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is proposed that two types of opioid receptor heteromers exist: a) those that are constitutive and b) those that are induced by bivalent ligands. Mu opioid agonists interact with constitutive MOR-DOR heteromer to mediate tolerance and dependence. Bivalent ligand, MDAN21, is devoid of these adverse effects by virtue of its DOR antagonist pharmacophore. We propose that bivalent ligands MMG22 and MCC22 induce colocalized receptors to form heteromers (MOR-mGluR5 and MOR-CCR5, respectively) that do not occur naturally, thereby promoting unique pharmacology. Heteromer induction with bivalent ligands offers a general approach to unique pharmacology that complements traditional SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S. Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Eyup Akgün
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mary M. Lunzer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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15
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Vardanyan RS, Cain JP, Haghighi SM, Kumirov VK, McIntosh MI, Sandweiss AJ, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Synthesis and Investigation of Mixed μ-Opioid and δ-Opioid Agonists as Possible Bivalent Ligands for Treatment of Pain. J Heterocycl Chem 2017; 54:1228-1235. [PMID: 28819330 PMCID: PMC5557416 DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested functional association between μ-opioid and δ-opioid receptors and showed that μ-activity could be modulated by δ-ligands. The general conclusion is that agonists for the δ-receptor can enhance the analgesic potency and efficacy of μ-agonists. Our preliminary investigations demonstrate that new bivalent ligands constructed from the μ-agonist fentanyl and the δ-agonist enkephalin-like peptides are promising entities for creation of new analgesics with reduced side effects for treatment of neuropathic pain. A new superposition of the mentioned pharmacophores led to novel μ-bivalent/δ-bivalent compounds that demonstrate both μ-opioid and δ-opioid receptor agonist activity and high efficacy in anti-inflammatory and neuropathic pain models with the potential of reduced unwanted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben S. Vardanyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, US
| | - James P. Cain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, US
| | | | - Vlad K. Kumirov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, US
| | - Mary I. McIntosh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Alexander J. Sandweiss
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, US
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16
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Arnatt CK, Zhang Y. Bivalent ligands targeting chemokine receptor dimerization: molecular design and functional studies. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 14:1606-18. [PMID: 25159160 DOI: 10.2174/1568026614666140827144752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that chemokine receptors may form functional dimers with unique pharmacological profiles. A common practice to characterize such G protein-coupled receptor dimerization processes is to apply bivalent ligands as chemical probes which can interact with both receptors simultaneously. Currently, two chemokine receptor dimers have been studied by applying bivalent compounds: the CXCR4-CXCR4 homodimer and the CCR5-MOR heterodimer. These bivalent compounds have revealed how dimerization influences receptor function and may lead to novel therapeutics. Future design of bivalent ligands for chemokine receptor dimers may be aided with the recently available CXCR4 homodimer, and CCR5 monomer crystal structures by more accurately simulating chemokine receptors and their dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Since their discovery, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute one of the most studied proteins leading to important discoveries and perspectives in terms of their biology and implication in physiology and pathophysiology. This is mostly linked to the remarkable advances in the development and application of the biophysical resonance energy transfer (RET)-based approaches, including bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (BRET and FRET, respectively). Indeed, BRET and FRET have been extensively applied to study different aspects of GPCR functioning such as their activation and regulation either statically or dynamically, in real-time and intact cells. Consequently, our view on GPCRs has considerably changed opening new challenges for the study of GPCRs in their native tissues in the aim to get more knowledge on how these receptors control the biological responses. Moreover, the technological aspect of this field of research promises further developments for robust and reliable new RET-based assays that may be compatible with high-throughput screening as well as drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Biologie et Bioinformatique des Systèmes de Signalisation, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements; CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France; LE STUDIUM(®) Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans, France.
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18
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Schembri LS, Stoddart LA, Briddon SJ, Kellam B, Canals M, Graham B, Scammells PJ. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Utility of Fluorescent Ligands Targeting the μ-Opioid Receptor. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9754-67. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leigh A. Stoddart
- Cell
Signaling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s
Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Briddon
- Cell
Signaling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s
Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- School
of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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19
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Nomura W, Aikawa H, Taketomi S, Tanabe M, Mizuguchi T, Tamamura H. Exploration of labeling by near infrared dyes of the polyproline linker for bivalent-type CXCR4 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6967-73. [PMID: 26453409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have previously used poly-L-proline linkers for the development of bivalent-type ligands for the chemokine receptor, CXCR4. The bivalent ligands with optimum linkers showed specific binding to CXCR4, suggesting the existence of CXCR4 possibly as a dimer on the cell membrane, and enabled definition of the amount of CXCR4 expressed. This paper reports the synthesis by a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction as the key reaction, of bivalent CXCR4 ligands with near infrared (NIR) dyes at the terminus or the center of the poly-L-proline linker. Some of the NIR-labeled ligands, which would be valuable probes useful in studies of the behavior of cells expressing CXCR4, have been obtained. The information concerning the effects of the labeling positions of NIR dyes on their binding properties is useful for the design of modified bivalent-type CXCR4 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Haruo Aikawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Shohei Taketomi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Miho Tanabe
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mizuguchi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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20
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Akgün E, Javed MI, Lunzer MM, Powers MD, Sham YY, Watanabe Y, Portoghese PS. Inhibition of Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain by Targeting a Mu Opioid Receptor/Chemokine Receptor5 Heteromer (MOR-CCR5). J Med Chem 2015; 58:8647-57. [PMID: 26451468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine release promotes cross-talk between opioid and chemokine receptors that in part leads to reduced efficacy of morphine in the treatment of chronic pain. On the basis of the possibility that a MOR-CCR5 heteromer is involved in such cross-talk, we have synthesized bivalent ligands (MCC series) that contain mu opioid agonist and CCR5 antagonist pharmacophores linked through homologous spacers (14-24 atoms). When tested on lipopolysaccharide-inflamed mice, a member of the series (MCC22; 3e) with a 22-atom spacer exhibited profound antinociception (i.t. ED50 = 0.0146 pmol/mouse) that was 2000× greater than morphine. Moreover, MCC22 was ~3500× more potent than a mixture of mu agonist and CCR5 antagonist monovalent ligands. These data strongly suggest that MCC22 acts by bridging the protomers of a MOR-CCR5 heteromer having a TM5,6 interface. Molecular simulation studies are consistent with such bridging. This study supports the MOR-CCR5 heteromer as a novel target for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyup Akgün
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ‡Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Muhammad I Javed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ‡Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mary M Lunzer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ‡Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael D Powers
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ‡Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yuk Y Sham
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ‡Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yoshikazu Watanabe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ‡Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philip S Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ‡Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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21
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Nagase H, Kutsumura N. Synthesis of novel triplets with a 1,3,5-trioxazatriquinane skeleton and their pharmacologies for opioid receptors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:375-89. [PMID: 25964204 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized novel triplet molecules with 1,3,5-trioxazatriquinane skeletons. One class comprises double-capped triplets with a morphinan skeleton; the other class comprises simple phenol derivatives with phenethylamine moieties. One compound with m-phenolic hydroxyl group, called SYK-146, is a highly selective, potent agonist for the κ receptor, with activity nearly equivalent to that of U-50488H. The o-phenolic isomer of SYK-146, called SYK-524, showed potent but non-selective agonistic activity for the opioid receptors. We also added several simple phenol derivatives to a library of compounds that target opioid receptors, and they showed high hit rates for the receptor. This library might also be expected to show high hit rates for other receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nagase
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriki Kutsumura
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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22
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Nomura W, Koseki T, Ohashi N, Mizuguchi T, Tamamura H. Trivalent ligands for CXCR4 bearing polyproline linkers show specific recognition for cells with increased CXCR4 expression. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:8734-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00891c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The trivalent ligand with rigid linkers designed for exploration of GPCR multimerization shows specific recognition for overexpressed CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University
- Tokyo 101-0062
- Japan
| | - Taisuke Koseki
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University
- Tokyo 101-0062
- Japan
| | - Nami Ohashi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University
- Tokyo 101-0062
- Japan
| | - Takaaki Mizuguchi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University
- Tokyo 101-0062
- Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University
- Tokyo 101-0062
- Japan
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23
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Perrey DA, Gilmour BP, Thomas BF, Zhang Y. Toward the Development of Bivalent Ligand Probes of Cannabinoid CB1 and Orexin OX1 Receptor Heterodimers. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:634-8. [PMID: 24944734 DOI: 10.1021/ml4004759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1 and orexin OX1 receptors have been suggested to form heterodimers and oligomers. Aimed at studying these complexes, a series of bivalent CB1 and OX1 ligands combining SR141716 and ACT-078573 pharmacophores were designed, synthesized, and tested for activity against CB1 and OX1 individually and in cell lines that coexpress both receptors. Compound 20 showed a robust enhancement in potency at both receptors when coexpressed as compared to individually expressed, suggesting possible interaction with CB1-OX1 dimers. Bivalent ligands targeting CB1-OX1 receptor dimers could be potentially useful as a tool for further exploring the roles of such heterodimers in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian P. Gilmour
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F. Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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24
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Yekkirala AS, Kalyuzhny AE, Portoghese PS. An immunocytochemical-derived correlate for evaluating the bridging of heteromeric mu-delta opioid protomers by bivalent ligands. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1412-6. [PMID: 23675763 DOI: 10.1021/cb400113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bivalent ligands that contain two pharmacophores linked by a spacer are promising tools to investigate the pharmacology of opioid receptor heteromers. Evidence for occupation of neighboring protomers by two phamacophores of a single bivalent ligand (bridging) has relied mainly on pharmacological data. In the present study, we have employed an immunocytochemical correlate to support in vivo biological studies that are consistent with bridging. We show that a bivalent mu agonist/delta antagonist (MDAN-21) that is devoid of tolerance due to possible bridging of mu and delta protomers prevents endocytosis of the heteromeric receptors in HEK-293 cells. Conversely, a bivalent ligand (MDAN-16) with a short spacer or monovalent mu agonist give rise to robust internalization. The data suggest that the immobilization of proximal mu and delta protomers is due to bridging by MDAN-21. The finding that MDAN-21 and its shorter spacer homologue MDAN-16 possess equivalent activity in HEK-293 cells, but produce dramatically divergent internalization of mu-delta heteromer, is relevant to the role of internalization and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay S. Yekkirala
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of Neuroscience,
Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alexander E Kalyuzhny
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of Neuroscience,
Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philip S. Portoghese
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of Neuroscience,
Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
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25
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Naour ML, Akgün E, Yekkirala A, Lunzer MM, Powers MD, Kalyuzhny AE, Portoghese PS. Bivalent ligands that target μ opioid (MOP) and cannabinoid1 (CB1) receptors are potent analgesics devoid of tolerance. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5505-13. [PMID: 23734559 PMCID: PMC3849126 DOI: 10.1021/jm4005219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Given that μ opioid (MOP) and canabinoid (CB1) receptors are colocalized in various regions of the central nervous system and have been reported to associate as heteromer (MOP-CB1) in cultured cells, the possibility of functional, endogenous MOP-CB1 in nociception and other pharmacologic effects has been raised. As a first step in investigating this possibility, we have synthesized a series of bivalent ligands 1-5 that contain both μ agonist and CB1 antagonist pharmacophores for use as tools to study the functional interaction between MOP and CB1 receptors in vivo. Immunofluorescent studies on HEK293 cells coexpressing both receptors suggested 5 (20-atom spacer) to be the only member of the series that bridges the protomers of the heteromer. Antinociceptive testing in mice revealed 5 to be the most potent member of the series. As neither a mixture of monovalent ligands 9 + 10 nor bivalents 2-5 produced tolerance in mice, MOR-CB1 apparently is not an important target for reducing tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemical synthesis
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemistry
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Drug Design
- Drug Tolerance
- Endocytosis/drug effects
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Injections, Spinal
- Ligands
- Male
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Models, Chemical
- Molecular Structure
- Pain/physiopathology
- Pain/prevention & control
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Le Naour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Eyup Akgün
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Ajay Yekkirala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Mary M. Lunzer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Mike D. Powers
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Alexander E. Kalyuzhny
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Philip S. Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
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26
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Hiller C, Kühhorn J, Gmeiner P. Class A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Dimers and Bivalent Ligands. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6542-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4004335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Kühhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Zaveri NT, Jiang F, Olsen C, Polgar WE, Toll L. Designing bifunctional NOP receptor-mu opioid receptor ligands from NOP receptor-selective scaffolds. Part I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3308-13. [PMID: 23623415 PMCID: PMC3651809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nociceptin receptor (NOP) and its endogenous agonist, nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), members of the opioid receptor and peptide families respectively, modulate the pharmacological effects of classical opioids, particularly opioid-induced reward and nociception. We hypothesized that compounds containing both NOP and opioid receptor activity in a single molecule may have useful pharmacological profiles as non-addicting analgesics or as drug abuse medications. We report here our forays into the structure-activity relationships for discovering 'bifunctional' NOP-mu opioid receptor (MOP) ligands, starting from our NOP-selective scaffolds. This initial SAR suggests pharmacophoric elements that may be modified to modulate/increase opioid affinity, while maintaining high affinity for the NOP receptor, to result in potent bifunctional small-molecule NOP/MOP ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurulain T Zaveri
- Astraea Therapeutics, LLC. 320 Logue Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
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28
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Yuan Y, Arnatt CK, El-Hage N, Dever SM, Jacob JC, Selley DE, Hauser KF, Zhang Y. A Bivalent Ligand Targeting the Putative Mu Opioid Receptor and Chemokine Receptor CCR5 Heterodimers: Binding Affinity versus Functional Activities. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013; 4:847-851. [PMID: 23682308 PMCID: PMC3652433 DOI: 10.1039/c3md00080j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Opioid substitution and antiretroviral therapies have steadily increased the life spans of AIDS patients with opioid addiction, while the adverse drug-drug interactions and persistence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders still require new strategies to target opioid abuse and HIV-1 comorbidities. A bivalent ligand 1 with a 21-atom spacer was thus synthesized and explicitly characterized as a novel pharmacological probe to study the underlying mechanism of opioid-enhanced NeuroAIDS. The steric hindrance generated from the spacer affected the binding affinity and Ca2+ flux inhibition function activity of bivalent ligand 1 at the chemokine receptor CCR5 more profoundly than it did at the mu opioid receptor (MOR). However, the CCR5 radioligand binding affinity and the Ca2+ flux inhibition function of the ligand seemed not necessarily to correlate with its antiviral activity given that it was at least two times more potent than maraviroc alone in reducing Tat expression upon HIV-1 infection in human astrocytes. Furthermore, the ligand was also about two times more potent than the simple mixture of maraviroc and naltrexone in the same viral entry inhibition assay. Therefore bivalent ligand 1 seemed to function more effectively by targeting specifically the putative MOR-CCR5 heterodimer in the viral invasion process. The results reported here suggest that a properly designed bivalent ligand may serve as a useful chemical probe to study the potential MOR-CCR5 interaction during the progression of NeuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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29
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Yekkirala AS. Two to tango: GPCR oligomers and GPCR-TRP channel interactions in nociception. Life Sci 2013; 92:438-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Yuan Y, Arnatt CK, Li G, Haney KM, Ding D, Jacob JC, Selley DE, Zhang Y. Design and synthesis of a bivalent ligand to explore the putative heterodimerization of the mu opioid receptor and the chemokine receptor CCR5. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2633-46. [PMID: 22354464 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06801j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bivalent ligand approach has been utilized not only to study the underlying mechanism of G protein-coupled receptors dimerization and/or oligomerization, but also to enhance ligand affinity and/or selectivity for potential treatment of a variety of diseases by targeting this process. Substance abuse and addiction have made both the prevention and the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection more difficult to tackle. Morphine, a mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, can accelerate HIV infection through up-regulating the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR5, a well-known co-receptor for HIV invasion to the host cells and this has been extensively studied. Meanwhile, two research groups have described the putative MOR-CCR5 heterodimers in their independent studies. The purpose of this paper is to report the design and synthesis of a bivalent ligand to explore the biological and pharmacological process of the putative MOR-CCR5 dimerization phenomenon. The developed bivalent ligand thus contains two distinct pharmacophores linked through a spacer; ideally one of which will interact with the MOR and the other with the CCR5. Naltrexone and Maraviroc were selected as the pharmacophores to generate such a bivalent probe. The overall reaction route to prepare this bivalent ligand was convergent and efficient, and involved sixteen steps with moderate to good yields. The preliminary biological characterization showed that the bivalent compound 1 retained the pharmacological characteristics of both pharmacophores towards the MOR and the CCR5 respectively with relatively lower binding affinity, which tentatively validated our original molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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31
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Vardanyan R, Kumirov VK, Nichol GS, Davis P, Liktor-Busa E, Rankin D, Varga E, Vanderah T, Porreca F, Lai J, Hruby VJ. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new opioid agonist and neurokinin-1 antagonist bivalent ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6135-42. [PMID: 21925887 PMCID: PMC4137774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Newly designed bivalent ligands-opioid agonist/NK1-antagonists have been synthesized. The synthesis of new starting materials-carboxy-derivatives of Fentanyl (1a-1c) was developed. These products have been transformed to 'isoimidium perchlorates' (2a-c). The new isoimidium perchlorates have been successfully implemented in nucleophilic addition reactions, with l-tryptophan 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl ester to give the target compounds-amides (3a-c). Perchlorates (2a-c) successfully undergo reactions with other nucleophiles such as alcohols, amines or hydrazines. The obtained compound 3b exhibited μ-opioid agonist activity and NK1-antagonist activity and may serve as a useful lead compound for the further design of a new series of opioid agonist/NK1-antagonist compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Vardanyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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32
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Josan JS, Handl HL, Sankaranarayanan R, Xu L, Lynch RM, Vagner J, Mash EA, Hruby VJ, Gillies RJ. Cell-specific targeting by heterobivalent ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1270-8. [PMID: 21639139 DOI: 10.1021/bc1004284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Current cancer therapies exploit either differential metabolism or targeting to specific individual gene products that are overexpressed in aberrant cells. The work described herein proposes an alternative approach--to specifically target combinations of cell-surface receptors using heteromultivalent ligands ("receptor combination approach"). As a proof-of-concept that functionally unrelated receptors can be noncovalently cross-linked with high avidity and specificity, a series of heterobivalent ligands (htBVLs) were constructed from analogues of the melanocortin peptide ligand ([Nle(4), dPhe(7)]-α-MSH) and the cholecystokinin peptide ligand (CCK-8). Binding of these ligands to cells expressing the human Melanocortin-4 receptor and the Cholecystokinin-2 receptor was analyzed. The MSH(7) and CCK(6) were tethered with linkers of varying rigidity and length, constructed from natural and/or synthetic building blocks. Modeling data suggest that a linker length of 20-50 Å is needed to simultaneously bind these two different G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). These ligands exhibited up to 24-fold enhancement in binding affinity to cells that expressed both (bivalent binding), compared to cells with only one (monovalent binding) of the cognate receptors. The htBVLs had up to 50-fold higher affinity than that of a monomeric CCK ligand, i.e., Ac-CCK(6)-NH(2). Cell-surface targeting of these two cell types with labeled heteromultivalent ligand demonstrated high avidity and specificity, thereby validating the receptor combination approach. This ability to noncovalently cross-link heterologous receptors and target individual cells using a receptor combination approach opens up new possibilities for specific cell targeting in vivo for therapy or imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder S Josan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 1306 E. University Blvd., The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Abstract
Twin and triplet drugs are defined as compounds that contain respectively two and three pharmacophore components exerting pharmacological effects in a molecule. The twin drug bearing the same pharmacophores is a "symmetrical twin drug", whereas that possessing different pharmacophores is a "nonsymmetrical twin drug." In general, the symmetrical twin drug is expected to produce more potent and/or selective pharmacological effects, whereas the nonsymmetrical twin drug is anticipated to show both pharmacological activities stemming from the individual pharmacophores (dual action). On the other hand, nonsymmetrical triplet drugs, which have two of the same pharmacophores and one different moiety, are expected to elicit both increased pharmacological action and dual action. The two identical portions could bind the same receptor sites simultaneously while the third portion could bind a different receptor site or enzyme. This review will mainly focus on the twin and triplet drugs with an evaluation of their in vivo pharmacological effects, and will also include a description of their pharmacology and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Fujii
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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34
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Shonberg J, Scammells PJ, Capuano B. Design strategies for bivalent ligands targeting GPCRs. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:963-74. [PMID: 21520422 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Specifically designed bivalent ligands targeting G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) dimeric structures have become increasingly popular in recent literature. The advantages of the bivalent approach are numerous, including enhanced potency and receptor subtype specificity. However, the use of bivalent ligands as potential pharmacotherapeutics is limited by problematic molecular properties, such as high molecular weight and lipophilicity. This minireview focuses on the design of bivalent ligands recently described in the literature; discussing the choice of lead pharmacophore, the position and nature of the attachment point for linking the two pharmacophore units, and the length and composition of the spacer group. Furthermore, this minireview distils the molecular descriptors of the bivalent ligands that exhibit in vivo activity, as well as highlights their ability to access the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Shonberg
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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35
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Yekkirala AS, Lunzer MM, McCurdy CR, Powers MD, Kalyuzhny AE, Roerig SC, Portoghese PS. N-naphthoyl-beta-naltrexamine (NNTA), a highly selective and potent activator of μ/kappa-opioid heteromers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:5098-103. [PMID: 21385944 PMCID: PMC3064379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016277108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to form heteromeric receptors in cell-based assays. Among the many heteromers reported in the opioid receptor family are μ/κ, κ/δ, and μ/δ. However, the in vivo physiological and behavioral relevance for the proposed heteromers have not yet been established. Here we report a unique example of a ligand, N-naphthoyl-β-naltrexamine (NNTA) that selectively activates heteromeric μ/κ-opioid receptors in HEK-293 cells and induces potent antinociception in mice. NNTA was an exceptionally potent agonist in cells expressing μ/κ-opioid receptors. Intriguingly, it was found to be a potent antagonist in cells expressing only μ-receptors. In the mouse tail-flick assay, intrathecal (i.t.) NNTA produced antinociception that was ~100-fold greater than by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration. The κ-antagonist, norBNI, decreased the i.t. potency, and the activity was virtually abolished in μ-opioid receptor knockout mice. No tolerance was induced i.t., but marginal tolerance (3-fold) was observed via the i.c.v. route. Moreover, NNTA produced neither significant physical dependence nor place preference in the ED50 dose range. Taken together, this work provides an important pharmacologic tool for investigating the in vivo functional relevance of heteromeric μ/κ-opioid receptors and suggests an approach to potent analgesics with fewer deleterious side effects.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Animals
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Knockout
- Naltrexone/adverse effects
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/adverse effects
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay S. Yekkirala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy
- Department of Pharmacology, and
| | | | | | | | - Alexander E. Kalyuzhny
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Sandra C. Roerig
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71115
| | - Philip S. Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy
- Department of Pharmacology, and
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
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36
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Topical cholecystokinin depresses itch-associated scratching behavior in mice. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:956-61. [PMID: 21289641 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) serves as a gastrointestinal hormone and also functions as a neuropeptide in the central nervous system (CNS). CCK may be a downregulator in the CNS, as represented by its anti-opioid properties. The existence of CCK in the peripheral nervous system has also been reported. We investigated the suppressive effects of various CCKs on peripheral pruritus in mice. The clipped backs of ICR mice were painted with CCK synthetic peptides and injected intradermally with substance P (SP). The frequency of SP-induced scratching was reduced significantly by topical application of sulfated CCK8 (CCK8S) and CCK7 (CCK7S), but not by nonsulfated CCK8, CCK7, or CCK6. Dermal injection of CCK8S also suppressed the scratching frequency, suggesting that dermal cells as well as epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) are the targets of CCKs. As determined using real-time PCR, mRNA for CCK2R, one of the two types of CCK receptors, was expressed highly in mouse fetal skin-derived mast cells (FSMCs) and moderately in ICR mouse KCs. CCK8S decreased in vitro compound 48/80-promoted degranulation of FSMCs with a transient elevation of the intracellular calcium concentration. These findings suggest that CCK may exert an antipruritic effect via mast cells and that topical CCK may be clinically useful for pruritic skin disorders.
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37
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38
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Tang Y, Yang J, Lunzer MM, Powers MD, Portoghese PS. A κ Opioid Pharmacophore Becomes a Spinally Selective κ-δ Agonist When Modified with a Basic Extender Arm. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:7-10. [PMID: 24936231 DOI: 10.1021/ml1001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have explored the concept of a molecular extender arm attached to a κ opioid agonist pharmacophore 3 (ICI-199,441) in an effort to potentially interact with a complementary group on a neighboring opioid receptor. The molecular arm containing a terminal amine group was lengthened incrementally from 11 up to 18 atoms. Increasing the number of atoms in the arm produced virtually no change in the mouse intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) antinociceptive potency. In contrast, the intrathecal (i.t.) potency of 6 (KDA-16) with a 16-atom arm was dramatically increased, as reflected by its antinociceptive i.c.v./i.t. ED50 ratio of ∼130. Further lengthening led to a decreased ED50 ratio. In vivo selective antagonist studies of KDA-16 revealed that κ and δ opioid receptors were responsible for the greatly enhanced i.t. potency. Calcium release experiments in HEK-293 cells suggested that KDA-16 selectively activate κ-δ heteromers. These data are consistent with the reported possible presence of heteromeric κ-δ opioid receptors in mouse spinal cord but not in the brain. The use of a molecular extender arm may be useful for developing spinally selective analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mary M. Lunzer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael D. Powers
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philip S. Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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39
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Abstract
This paper is the 32nd consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2009 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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40
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Tanaka T, Nomura W, Narumi T, Masuda A, Tamamura H. Bivalent ligands of CXCR4 with rigid linkers for elucidation of the dimerization state in cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:15899-901. [PMID: 20973474 DOI: 10.1021/ja107447w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To date, challenges in the design of bivalent ligands for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have revealed difficulties stemming from lack of knowledge of the state of oligomerization of the GPCR. The synthetic bivalent ligands with rigid linkers that are presented here can predict the dimer form of CXCR4 and be applied to molecular probes in cancerous cells. This "molecular ruler" approach would be useful in elucidating the details of CXCR4 oligomer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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41
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Harikumar KG, Akgün E, Portoghese PS, Miller LJ. Modulation of cell surface expression of nonactivated cholecystokinin receptors using bivalent ligand-induced internalization. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2836-42. [PMID: 20235611 DOI: 10.1021/jm100135g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CCK(2) receptor antagonists potentiate pain relief by MOP receptor agonists. In an attempt to enhance this effect, we prepared bivalent ligands incorporating CCK(2) receptor antagonist and MOP receptor agonist pharmacophores. (9) Ligands with 16- to 22-atom spacers could simultaneously bind both receptors but provided no advantage in activity over individual ligands. We now examine the effect of these ligands on receptor internalization as a mechanism of receptor regulation. We prepared CHO cell lines expressing nonfluorescent halves (YN and YC) of yellow fluorescent protein attached to each receptor. Spatial approximation of constructs was needed to yield fluorescence. Monovalent MOP agonist 1 signaled normally and internalized the MOP receptor. Monovalent CCK(2) antagonist 2 did not stimulate receptor internalization. In the dual receptor-bearing cells, bivalent ligands 3a-c capable of simultaneously binding both receptors resulted in cell surface fluorescence and internalization of the fluorescent complex in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. Bivalent ligand 4 with spacer too short to occupy both receptors simultaneously yielded no signal. Receptor tethering with appropriate bivalent ligands can down-regulate signaling by moving a nonactivated receptor into the endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleeckal G Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
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42
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Huber D, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. 1,1′-Disubstituted Ferrocenes as Molecular Hinges in Mono- and Bivalent Dopamine Receptor Ligands. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6860-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901120h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Jacobson KA. Functionalized congener approach to the design of ligands for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1816-35. [PMID: 19405524 DOI: 10.1021/bc9000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized congeners, in which a chemically functionalized chain is incorporated at an insensitive site on a pharmacophore, have been designed from the agonist and antagonist ligands of various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These chain extensions enable a conjugation strategy for detecting and characterizing GPCR structure and function and pharmacological modulation. The focus in many studies of functionalized congeners has been on two families of GPCRs: those responding to extracellular purines and pyrimidines-i.e., adenosine receptors (ARs) and P2Y nucleotide receptors. Functionalized congeners of small molecule as ligands for other GPCRs and non-G protein coupled receptors have also been designed. For example, among biogenic amine neurotransmitter receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists and adrenergic receptor ligands have been studied with a functionalized congener approach. Adenosine A(1), A(2A), and A(3) receptor functionalized congeners have yielded macromolecular conjugates, irreversibly binding AR ligands for receptor inactivation and cross-linking, radioactive probes that use prosthetic groups, immobilized ligands for affinity chromatography, and dual-acting ligands that function as binary drugs. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers have served as nanocarriers for covalently conjugated AR functionalized congeners. Rational methods of ligand design derived from molecular modeling and templates have been included in these studies. Thus, the design of novel ligands, both small molecules and macromolecular conjugates, for studying the chemical and biological properties of GPCRs have been developed with this approach, has provided researchers with a strategy that is more versatile than the classical medicinal chemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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