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Lee C, Choi H, Park E, Nguyen T, Maeng H, Mee Lee K, Jun H, Shin D. Synthesis and anti-diabetic activity of novel biphenylsulfonamides as glucagon receptor antagonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:733-750. [PMID: 34310065 PMCID: PMC9291748 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Insulin, a hormone secreted from pancreatic β-cells, decreases blood glucose levels, and glucagon, a hormone secreted from pancreatic α-cells, increases blood glucose levels by counterregulation of insulin through stimulation of hepatic glucose production. In diabetic patients, dysregulation of glucagon secretion contributes to hyperglycemia. Thus, inhibition of the glucagon receptor is one strategy for the treatment of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. In this paper, we report a series of biphenylsulfonamide derivatives that were designed, synthesized, and then evaluated by cAMP and hepatic glucose production assays as glucagon receptor antagonists. Of these, compound 7aB-3 decreased glucagon-induced cAMP production and glucagon-induced glucose production in the in vitro assays. Glucagon challenge tests and glucose tolerance tests showed that compound 7aB-3 significantly inhibited glucagon-induced glucose increases and improved glucose tolerance. These results suggest that compound 7aB-3 has therapeutic potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang‐Yong Lee
- College of PharmacyGachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
| | - Hojung Choi
- College of PharmacyGachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
| | - Eun‐Young Park
- College of PharmacyMokpo National UniversityMuan‐gunJeollanam‐doKorea
| | - Thi‐Thao‐Linh Nguyen
- College of PharmacyGachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
| | - Han‐Joo Maeng
- College of PharmacyGachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
| | | | - Hee‐Sook Jun
- College of PharmacyGachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
- Gachon Medical Research InstituteGil HospitalIncheonKorea
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of PharmacyGachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
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Babel RA, Dandekar MP. A Review on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Linked to the Development of Diabetes Complications. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:457-473. [PMID: 33143626 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666201103143818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Modern lifestyle, changing eating habits and reduced physical work have been known to culminate into making diabetes a global pandemic. Hyperglycemia during the course of diabetes is an important causative factor for the development of both microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular (coronary artery disease, stroke and peripheral artery disease) complications. In this article, we summarize several mechanisms accountable for the development of both microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Several metabolic and cellular events are linked to the augmentation of oxidative stress like the activation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) pathway, polyol pathway, Protein Kinase C (PKC) pathway, Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARP) and hexosamine pathway. Oxidative stress also leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion and peroxides. Enhanced levels of ROS rescind the anti-oxidant defence mechanisms associated with superoxide dismutase, glutathione and ascorbic acid. Moreover, ROS triggers oxidative damages at the level of DNA, protein and lipids, which eventually cause cell necrosis or apoptosis. These physiological insults may be related to the microvascular complications of diabetes by negatively impacting the eyes, kidneys and the brain. While underlying pathomechanism of the macrovascular complications is quite complex, hyperglycemia associated atherosclerotic abnormalities like changes in the coagulation system, thrombin formation, fibrinolysis, platelet and endothelial function and vascular smooth muscle are well proven. Since hyperglycemia also modulates the vascular inflammation, cytokines, macrophage activation and gene expression of growth factors, elevated blood glucose level may play a central role in the development of macrovascular complications of diabetes. Taken collectively, chronic hyperglycemia and increased production of ROS are the miscreants for the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh A Babel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Pettus JH, D'Alessio D, Frias JP, Vajda EG, Pipkin JD, Rosenstock J, Williamson G, Zangmeister MA, Zhi L, Marschke KB. Efficacy and Safety of the Glucagon Receptor Antagonist RVT-1502 in Type 2 Diabetes Uncontrolled on Metformin Monotherapy: A 12-Week Dose-Ranging Study. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:161-168. [PMID: 31694861 DOI: 10.2337/dc19-1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the safety and efficacy of RVT-1502, a novel oral glucagon receptor antagonist, in subjects with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, subjects with type 2 diabetes (n = 166) on a stable dose of metformin were randomized (1:1:1:1) to placebo or RVT-1502 5, 10, or 15 mg once daily for 12 weeks. The primary end point was change from baseline in HbA1c for each dose of RVT-1502 compared with placebo. Secondary end points included change from baseline in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and safety assessments. RESULTS Over 12 weeks, RVT-1502 significantly reduced HbA1c relative to placebo by 0.74%, 0.76%, and 1.05% in the 5-, 10-, and 15-mg groups (P < 0.001), respectively, and FPG decreased by 2.1, 2.2, and 2.6 mmol/L (P < 0.001). The proportions of subjects achieving an HbA1c <7.0% were 19.5%, 39.5%, 39.5%, and 45.0% with placebo and RVT-1502 5, 10, and 15 mg (P ≤ 0.02 vs. placebo). The frequency of hypoglycemia was low, and no episodes were severe. Mild increases in mean aminotransferase levels remaining below the upper limit of normal were observed with RVT-1502 but were reversible and did not appear to be dose related, with no other liver parameter changes. Weight and lipid changes were similar between RVT-1502 and placebo. RVT-1502-associated mild increases in blood pressure were not dose related or consistent across time. CONCLUSIONS Glucagon receptor antagonism with RVT-1502 significantly lowers HbA1c and FPG, with a safety profile that supports further clinical development with longer-duration studies (NCT02851849).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric G Vajda
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lin Zhi
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, San Diego, CA
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Xu G, Gaul MD, Song F, Du F, Liang Y, DesJarlais RL, DiLoreto K, Shook B, Rentzeperis D, Santulli R, Eckardt A, Demarest K. Discovery of potent and orally bioavailable indazole-based glucagon receptor antagonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Song F, Xu G, Gaul MD, Zhao B, Lu T, Zhang R, DesJarlais RL, DiLoreto K, Huebert N, Shook B, Rentzeperis D, Santulli R, Eckardt A, Demarest K. Design, synthesis and structure activity relationships of indazole and indole derivatives as potent glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1974-1980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Demant M, Bagger JI, Suppli MP, Lund A, Gyldenløve M, Hansen KB, Hare KJ, Christensen M, Sonne DP, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Determinants of Fasting Hyperglucagonemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Nondiabetic Control Subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2018; 16:530-536. [PMID: 30325692 DOI: 10.1089/met.2018.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasting hyperglucagonemia can be detrimental to glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and may contribute to metabolic disturbances in obese and/or prediabetic subjects. However, the mechanisms underlying fasting hyperglucagonemia remain elusive. METHODS We evaluated the interrelationship between fasting hyperglucagonemia and demographic and biochemical parameters in 106 patients with T2D (31% female, age: 57 ± 9 years [mean ± standard deviation; body mass index (BMI): 30.1 ± 4.4 kg/m2; fasting plasma glucose (FPG): 9.61 ± 2.39 mM; hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): 57.1 ± 13.1 mmol/mol] and 163 nondiabetic control subjects (29% female; age: 45 ± 17 years; BMI: 25.8 ± 4.1 kg/m2; FPG: 5.2 ± 0.4 mM; and HbA1c: 35.4 ± 3.8 mmol/mol). Multiple linear regression analysis was applied using a stepwise approach with fasting plasma glucagon as dependent parameter and BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, FPG, and insulin concentrations as independent parameters. RESULTS Fasting plasma glucagon concentrations were significantly higher among patients with T2D (13.5 ± 6.3 vs. 8.5 ± 3.8 mM, P < 0.001) together with HbA1c (P < 0.001), FPG (P < 0.001), and insulin (84.9 ± 56.4 vs. 57.7 ± 35.3 mM, P < 0.001). When adjusted for T2D, HbA1c and insulin were significantly positive determinants for fasting plasma glucagon concentrations. Furthermore, WHR comprised a significant positive determinant. CONCLUSIONS We confirm that fasting plasma glucagon concentrations are abnormally high in patients with T2D, and show that fasting plasma glucagon concentrations are influenced by WHR (in addition to glycemic control and fasting plasma insulin concentrations), which may point to visceral fat deposition as an important determinant of increased fasting plasma glucagon concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Demant
- 1 Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jonatan I Bagger
- 1 Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Malte P Suppli
- 1 Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Asger Lund
- 1 Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mette Gyldenløve
- 1 Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Katrine B Hansen
- 1 Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Kristine J Hare
- 1 Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Christensen
- 1 Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- 1 Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- 1 Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark .,3 Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- 1 Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark .,3 Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark .,4 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hoque M, Ali S, Hoda M. Current status of G-protein coupled receptors as potential targets against type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:2237-2244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Vajda EG, Logan D, Lasseter K, Armas D, Plotkin DJ, Pipkin JD, Li YX, Zhou R, Klein D, Wei X, Dilzer S, Zhi L, Marschke KB. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single and multiple doses of the glucagon receptor antagonist LGD-6972 in healthy subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:24-32. [PMID: 27501510 PMCID: PMC5215471 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single and multiple doses of a novel, oral glucagon receptor antagonist, LGD-6972, in healthy subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS In the single ascending dose study, LGD-6972 (2-480 mg) was administered to healthy subjects (n = 48) and T2DM subjects (n = 8). In the multiple ascending dose study, healthy subjects (n = 12) received a dose of 15 mg LGD-6972 and T2DM subjects (n = 36) received doses of 5, 10 or 15 mg of LGD-6972 daily for 14 days. RESULTS LGD-6972 had linear plasma pharmacokinetics consistent with once-daily dosing that was comparable in healthy and T2DM subjects. Dose-dependent decreases in fasting plasma glucose were observed in all groups with a maximum of 3.15 mmol/L (56.8 mg/dL) on day 14 in T2DM subjects. LGD-6972 also reduced plasma glucose in the postprandial state. Dose-dependent increases in fasting plasma glucagon were observed, but glucagon levels decreased and insulin levels increased after an oral glucose load in T2DM subjects. LGD-6972 was well tolerated at the doses tested without dose-related or clinically meaningful changes in clinical laboratory parameters. No subject experienced hypoglycaemia. CONCLUSION Inhibition of glucagon action by LGD-6972 was associated with decreases in glucose in both healthy and T2DM subjects, the magnitude of which was sufficient to predict improvement in glycaemic control with longer treatment duration in T2DM patients. The safety and pharmacological profile of LGD-6972 after 14 days of dosing supports continued clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Vajda
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals IncorporatedSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Douglas Logan
- Cincinnati VA Medical Center Ringgold Standard InstitutionCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | | | | | | | - JD Pipkin
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals IncorporatedSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Stacy Dilzer
- Clinical Pharmacology of Miami, Inc.MiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Lin Zhi
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals IncorporatedSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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Arora P, Narang R, Nayak SK, Singh SK, Judge V. 2,4-Disubstituted thiazoles as multitargated bioactive molecules. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Lin S, Zhang F, Jiang G, Qureshi SA, Yang X, Chicchi GG, Tota L, Bansal A, Brady E, Trujillo M, Salituro G, Miller C, Tata JR, Zhang BB, Parmee ER. A novel series of indazole-/indole-based glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4143-7. [PMID: 26303893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel, potent series of glucagon receptor antagonists (GRAs) was discovered. These indazole- and indole-based compounds were designed on an earlier pyrazole-based GRA lead MK-0893. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies were focused on the C3 and C6 positions of the indazole core, as well as the benzylic position on the N-1 of indazole. Multiple potent GRAs were identified with excellent in vitro profiles and good pharmacokinetics in rat. Among them, GRA 16d was found to be orally active in blunting glucagon induced glucose excursion in an acute glucagon challenge model in glucagon receptor humanized (hGCGR) mice at 1, 3 and 10mg/kg (mpk), and significantly lowered acute glucose levels in hGCGR ob/ob mice at 3 mpk dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songnian Lin
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States.
| | - Fengqi Zhang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Guoqiang Jiang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Sajjad A Qureshi
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Gary G Chicchi
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Laurie Tota
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Alka Bansal
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Edward Brady
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Maria Trujillo
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Corey Miller
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - James R Tata
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Bei B Zhang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Emma R Parmee
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
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Grover S, Dhanjal JK, Goyal S, Grover A, Sundar D. Computational identification of novel natural inhibitors of glucagon receptor for checking type II diabetes mellitus. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15 Suppl 16:S13. [PMID: 25521597 PMCID: PMC4290642 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-s16-s13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interaction of the small peptide hormone glucagon with glucagon receptor (GCGR) stimulates the release of glucose from the hepatic cells during fasting; hence GCGR performs a significant function in glucose homeostasis. Inhibiting the interaction between glucagon and its receptor has been reported to control hepatic glucose overproduction and thus GCGR has evolved as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. RESULTS In the present study, a large library of natural compounds was screened against 7 transmembrane domain of GCGR to identify novel therapeutic molecules that can inhibit the binding of glucagon with GCGR. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the dynamic behaviour of the docked complexes and the molecular interactions between the screened compounds and the ligand binding residues of GCGR were analysed in detail. The top scoring compounds were also compared with already documented GCGR inhibitors- MK-0893 and LY2409021 for their binding affinity and other ADME properties. Finally, we have reported two natural drug like compounds PIB and CAA which showed good binding affinity for GCGR and are potent inhibitor of its functional activity. CONCLUSION This study contributes evidence for application of these compounds as prospective small ligand molecules against type II diabetes. Novel natural drug like inhibitors against the 7 transmembrane domain of GCGR have been identified which showed high binding affinity and potent inhibition of GCGR.
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O'Harte FPM, Franklin ZJ, Rafferty EP, Irwin N. Characterisation of structurally modified analogues of glucagon as potential glucagon receptor antagonists. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:26-34. [PMID: 23891841 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acute in vitro and in vivo biological activities of four novel structural analogues of glucagon were tested. desHis(1)Pro(4)-glucagon, desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)-glucagon, desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)Lys(12)FA-glucagon and desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)Lys(30)FA-glucagon were stable to DPP-4 degradation and dose-dependently inhibited glucagon-mediated cAMP production (p<0.05 to p<0.001). None stimulated insulin secretion in vitro above basal levels, but all inhibited glucagon-induced insulin secretion (p<0.01 to p<0.001). In normal mice all analogues antagonised acute glucagon-mediated elevations of blood glucose (p<0.05 to p<0.001) and blocked corresponding insulinotropic responses. In high-fat fed mice, glucagon-induced increases in plasma insulin (p<0.05 to p<0.001) and glucagon-induced hyperglycaemia were blocked (p<0.05 to p<0.01) by three analogues. In obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice only desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)-glucagon effectively (p<0.05 to p<0.01) inhibited both glucagon-mediated glycaemic and insulinotropic responses. desHis(1)Pro(4)-glucagon and desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)-glucagon were biologically ineffective when administered 8h prior to glucagon, whereas desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)Lys(12)FA-glucagon retained efficacy (p<0.01) for up to 24h. Such peptide-derived glucagon receptor antagonists have potential for type 2 diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P M O'Harte
- The Saad Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Aicher TD, Boyd SA, McVean M, Celeste A. Novel therapeutics and targets for the treatment of diabetes. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 3:209-29. [PMID: 22111568 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microvascular complications of insufficiently controlled diabetes (neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy) and the marked increased risk of macrovascular events (e.g., stroke and myocardial infarction) have a dire impact on society in both human and economic terms. In Type 1 diabetes total β-cell loss occurs. In Type 2 diabetes, partial β-cell loss occurs before diagnosis, and the progressive β-cell loss during the life of the patient increases the severity of the disease. In patients with diabetes, increased insulin resistance in the muscle and liver are key pathophysiologic defects. In addition, defects in metabolic processes in the fat, GI tract, brain, pancreatic α-cells and kidney are detrimental to the overall health of the patient. This review addresses novel therapies for these deficiencies in clinical and preclinical evaluation, emphasizing their potential to address glucose homeostasis, β-cell mass and function, and the comorbidities of cardiovascular disease and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Aicher
- Principal Research Investigator, Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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14
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Cho YM, Merchant CE, Kieffer TJ. Targeting the glucagon receptor family for diabetes and obesity therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:247-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Xiong Y, Guo J, Candelore MR, Liang R, Miller C, Dallas-Yang Q, Jiang G, McCann PE, Qureshi SA, Tong X, Xu SS, Shang J, Vincent SH, Tota LM, Wright MJ, Yang X, Zhang BB, Tata JR, Parmee ER. Discovery of a novel glucagon receptor antagonist N-[(4-{(1S)-1-[3-(3, 5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethyl}phenyl)carbonyl]-β-alanine (MK-0893) for the treatment of type II diabetes. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6137-48. [PMID: 22708876 DOI: 10.1021/jm300579z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A potent, selective glucagon receptor antagonist 9m, N-[(4-{(1S)-1-[3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethyl}phenyl)carbonyl]-β-alanine, was discovered by optimization of a previously identified lead. Compound 9m is a reversible and competitive antagonist with high binding affinity (IC(50) of 6.6 nM) and functional cAMP activity (IC(50) of 15.7 nM). It is selective for glucagon receptor relative to other family B GPCRs, showing IC(50) values of 1020 nM for GIPR, 9200 nM for PAC1, and >10000 nM for GLP-1R, VPAC1, and VPAC2. Compound 9m blunted glucagon-induced glucose elevation in hGCGR mice and rhesus monkeys. It also lowered ambient glucose levels in both acute and chronic mouse models: in hGCGR ob/ob mice it reduced glucose (AUC 0-6 h) by 32% and 39% at 3 and 10 mpk single doses, respectively. In hGCGR mice on a high fat diet, compound 9m at 3, and 10 mpk po in feed lowered blood glucose levels by 89% and 94% at day 10, respectively, relative to the difference between the vehicle control and lean hGCGR mice. On the basis of its favorable biological and DMPK properties, compound 9m (MK-0893) was selected for further preclinical and clinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Xiong
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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16
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Verspohl EJ. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:188-237. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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17
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Sinz C, Bittner A, Brady E, Candelore M, Dallas-Yang Q, Ding V, Jiang G, Lin Z, Qureshi S, Salituro G, Saperstein R, Shang J, Szalkowski D, Tota L, Vincent S, Wright M, Xu S, Yang X, Zhang B, Tata J, Kim R, Parmee ER. Discovery of N-Aryl-2-acylindole human glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Sinz C, Chang J, Lins AR, Brady E, Candelore M, Dallas-Yang Q, Ding V, Jiang G, Lin Z, Mock S, Qureshi S, Salituro G, Saperstein R, Shang J, Szalkowski D, Tota L, Vincent S, Wright M, Xu S, Yang X, Zhang B, Tata J, Kim R, Parmee E. Discovery of cyclic guanidines as potent, orally active, human glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7131-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Christensen M, Bagger JI, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. The alpha-cell as target for type 2 diabetes therapy. Rev Diabet Stud 2011; 8:369-81. [PMID: 22262074 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2011.8.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon is the main secretory product of the pancreatic alpha-cells. The main function of this peptide hormone is to provide sustained glucose supply to the brain and other vital organs during fasting conditions. This is exerted by stimulation of hepatic glucose production via specific G protein-coupled receptors in the hepatocytes. Type 2 diabetic patients are characterized by elevated glucagon levels contributing decisively to hyperglycemia in these patients. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that targeting the pancreatic alpha-cell and its main secretory product glucagon is a possible treatment for type 2 diabetes. Several lines of preclinical evidence have paved the way for the development of drugs, which suppress glucagon secretion or antagonize the glucagon receptor. In this review, the physiological actions of glucagon and the role of glucagon in type 2 diabetic pathophysiology are outlined. Furthermore, potential advantages and limitations of antagonizing the glucagon receptor or suppressing glucagon secretion in the treatment of type 2 diabetes are discussed with a focus on already marketed drugs and drugs in clinical development. It is concluded that the development of novel glucagon receptor antagonists are confronted with several safety issues. At present, available pharmacological agents based on the glucose-dependent glucagonostatic effects of GLP-1 represent the most favorable way to apply constraints to the alpha-cell in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Christensen
- Diabetes Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine F, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Bagger JI, Knop FK, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T. Glucagon antagonism as a potential therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13:965-71. [PMID: 21615669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon is a hormone secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets. Through its effect on hepatic glucose production (HGP), glucagon plays a central role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), abnormal regulation of glucagon secretion has been implicated in the development of fasting and postprandial hyperglycaemia. Therefore, new therapeutic agents based on antagonizing glucagon action, and hence blockade of glucagon-induced HGP, could be effective in lowering both fasting and postprandial hyperglycaemia in patients with T2DM. This review focuses on the mechanism of action, safety and efficacy of glucagon antagonists in the treatment of T2DM and discusses the challenges associated with this new potential antidiabetic treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Bagger
- Diabetes Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine F, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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21
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Abstract
Incretin-based therapy for type 2 diabetes is based on the antidiabetic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and instituted by GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors targeting the key islet defects of the disease. The treatment is clinically efficient and safe, and associated with a low risk of adverse events. It can be used both in early and late stages of the disease and both as monotherapy and add-on to other therapies. Current research on the future of incretin-based therapy focuses on optimizing its place in diabetes treatment and examines its potential in type 1 diabetes, in subjects with obesity without type 2 diabetes and in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Other studies aim at prolonging the duration of action of the GLP-1 receptor agonists to allow weekly administration, and to develop orally GLP-1 receptor agonists. Furthermore, other investigators focus on stimulation of GLP-1 secretion by activating GLP-1-producing L-cells or using gene therapy. Finally, also other gastro-entero-pancreatic bioactive peptides are potential targets for drug development as are synthetic peptides engineered as co-agonists stimulating more than one receptor. We can therefore expect a dynamic development within this field in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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22
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Abstract
The increasing prevalence, variable pathogenesis, progressive natural history, and complications of type 2 diabetes emphasise the urgent need for new treatment strategies. Longacting (eg, once weekly) agonists of the glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor are advanced in development, and they improve prandial insulin secretion, reduce excess glucagon production, and promote satiety. Trials of inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, which enhance the effect of endogenous incretin hormones, are also nearing completion. Novel approaches to glycaemic regulation include use of inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, which increase renal glucose elimination, and inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, which reduce the glucocorticoid effects in liver and fat. Insulin-releasing glucokinase activators and pancreatic-G-protein-coupled fatty-acid-receptor agonists, glucagon-receptor antagonists, and metabolic inhibitors of hepatic glucose output are being assessed. Early proof of principle has been shown for compounds that enhance and partly mimic insulin action and replicate some effects of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd A Tahrani
- Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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23
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Shen DM, Lin S, Parmee ER. A survey of small molecule glucagon receptor antagonists from recent patents (2006 – 2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1211-40. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.587001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Shen DM, Brady EJ, Candelore MR, Dallas-Yang Q, Ding VDH, Feeney WP, Jiang G, McCann ME, Mock S, Qureshi SA, Saperstein R, Shen X, Tong X, Tota LM, Wright MJ, Yang X, Zheng S, Chapman KT, Zhang BB, Tata JR, Parmee ER. Discovery of novel, potent, selective, and orally active human glucagon receptor antagonists containing a pyrazole core. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 21:76-81. [PMID: 21147532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of 1,3,5-pyrazoles has been discovered as potent human glucagon receptor antagonists. Notably, compound 26 is orally bioavailable in several preclinical species and shows selectivity towards cardiac ion channels, other family B receptors such hGIP and hGLP1, and a large panel of enzymes and additional receptors. When dosed orally, compound 26 is efficacious in suppressing glucagon induced plasma glucose excursion in rhesus monkey and transgenic murine pharmacodynamic models at 1 and 10 mpk, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Shen
- Department of Basic Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, RY50G-346, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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25
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Dolle RE, Bourdonnec BL, Worm K, Morales GA, Thomas CJ, Zhang W. Comprehensive survey of chemical libraries for drug discovery and chemical biology: 2009. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2010; 12:765-806. [PMID: 20923157 PMCID: PMC4140011 DOI: 10.1021/cc100128w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
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26
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Piya MK, Tahrani AA, Barnett AH. Emerging treatment options for type 2 diabetes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 70:631-44. [PMID: 20831513 PMCID: PMC2997303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rapidly increasing in prevalence and is a major public health problem. It is a progressive disease which commonly requires multiple pharmacotherapy. Current options for treatment may have undesirable side effects (particularly weight gain and hypoglycaemia) and contraindications, and little effect on disease progression. Incretin based therapy is one of several newer therapies to improve glycaemia and is available in two different forms, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists. Use of these agents results in a 'glucose-dependant' increase in insulin secretion and glucagon suppression resulting in improved glycaemia with low incidence of hypoglycaemia. DPP-4 inhibitors are oral drugs which are weight neutral, while GLP-1 agonists are injected subcutaneously and help promote weight loss while improving glycaemia. GLP-1 agonists have also been shown to increase beta cell mass in rat models. Bariatric surgery is another option for the obese patient with T2DM, with blood glucose normalizing in over half of the patients following surgery. Other therapies in development for the treatment of T2DM include sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, glucagon receptor antagonists, glucokinase activators and sirtuins. In this article, we will review the various existing and emerging treatment options for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan K Piya
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Abd A Tahrani
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Anthony H Barnett
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
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27
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Tahrani AA, Piya MK, Kennedy A, Barnett AH. Glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: targets and new therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 125:328-61. [PMID: 19931305 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide public health challenge. Despite the availability of many antidiabetes agents and pharmacotherapies targeting cardiovascular risk factors, the morbidity, mortality and economic consequences of T2DM are still a great burden to patients, society, health care systems and the economy. The need for new therapies for glycaemic control is compounded by the fact that existing treatments have limitations either because of their side effects (particularly weight gain and hypoglycaemia) or contraindications that limit their use. Furthermore, none of the current therapies have a significant impact on disease progression. Incretin-based therapies offer a new therapeutic approach to the management of T2DM, and there are also several even newer therapies in development. There are two groups of incretin-based therapies currently available; dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and GLP-1 analogues/mimetics. The former are given orally while the latter subcutaneously. These drugs result in glucose-dependent insulin secretion and glucose-dependent glucagon suppression, with consequent low risk of hypoglycaemia when used as mono- or combination therapy (except when used with sulphonylureas). In addition, they are either weight neutral in the case of DPP-4 inhibitors or cause weight loss in the case of incretin mimetics/analogues. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that these agents prolong beta cell survival which offers the theoretical possibility of slowing the progression to T2DM. In this article we will review the currently available antidiabetes agents with particular emphasis on incretin-based and future therapies. In addition, we will review and discuss the evidence relating to glycaemic control and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd A Tahrani
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
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