1
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Papa A, Cursaro I, Pozzetti L, Contri C, Cappello M, Pasquini S, Carullo G, Ramunno A, Gemma S, Varani K, Butini S, Campiani G, Vincenzi F. Pioneering first-in-class FAAH-HDAC inhibitors as potential multitarget neuroprotective agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300410. [PMID: 37750286 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to simultaneously modulate the endocannabinoid system (ECS) functions and the epigenetic machinery, we selected the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes as desired targets to develop potential neuroprotective multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs), expecting to achieve an additive or synergistic therapeutic effect in oxidative stress-related conditions. We herein report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of the first-in-class FAAH-HDAC multitarget inhibitors. A pharmacophore merging strategy was applied, yielding 1-phenylpyrrole-based compounds 4a-j. The best-performing compounds (4c, 4f, and 4h) were tested for their neuroprotective properties in oxidative stress models, employing 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells and SHSY5 human neuronal cells. In our preliminary studies, compound 4h stood out, showing a balanced nanomolar inhibitory activity against the selected targets and outperforming the standard antioxidant N-acetylcysteine in vitro. Together with 4f, 4h was also able to protect 1321N1 cells from tert-butyl hydroperoxide or glutamate insult. Our study may provide the basis for the development of novel MTDLs targeting the ECS and epigenetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cursaro
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Contri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Cappello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Ramunno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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2
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Santoso AD, De Ridder D. Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase: An Integrative Clinical Perspective. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:56-76. [PMID: 35900294 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is one of the main terminating enzymes of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Since being discovered in 1996, the modulation of FAAH has been viewed as a compelling alternative strategy to obtain the beneficial effect of the ECS. With a considerable amount of FAAH-related publication over time, the next step would be to comprehend the proximity of this evidence for clinical application. Objective: This review intends to highlight the rationale of FAAH modulation and provide the latest evidence from clinical studies. Methods: Publication searches were conducted to gather information focused on FAAH-related clinical evidence with an extension to the experimental research to understand the biological plausibility. The subtopics were selected to be multidisciplinary to offer more perspective on the current state of the arts. Discussion: Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that FAAH was highly expressed not only in the central nervous system but also in the peripheral tissues. As the key regulator of endocannabinoid signaling, it would appear that FAAH plays a role in the modulation of mood and emotional response, reward system, pain perception, energy metabolism and appetite regulation, inflammation, and other biological processes. Genetic variants may be associated with some conditions such as substance/alcohol use disorders, obesity, and eating disorder. The advancement of functional neuroimaging has enabled the evaluation of the neurochemistry of FAAH in brain tissues and this can be incorporated into clinical trials. Intriguingly, the application of FAAH inhibitors in clinical trials seems to provide less striking results in comparison with the animal models, although some potential still can be seen. Conclusion: Modulation of FAAH has an immense potential to be a new therapeutic candidate for several disorders. Further exploration, however, is still needed to ensure who is the best candidate for the treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anugrah D Santoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dirk De Ridder
- Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Molecular Basis for Non-Covalent, Non-Competitive FAAH Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415502. [PMID: 36555144 PMCID: PMC9779292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) plays a key role in the control of cannabinoid signaling and it represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including neuropathic pain and chronic inflammation. Starting from kinetics experiments carried out in our previous work for the most potent inhibitor 2-amino-3-chloropyridine amide (TPA14), we have investigated its non-competitive mechanism of action using molecular dynamics, thermodynamic integration and QM-MM/GBSA calculations. The computational studies highlighted the impact of mutations on the receptor binding pockets and elucidated the molecular basis of the non-competitive inhibition mechanism of TPA14, which prevents the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) from reaching its pro-active conformation. Our study provides a rationale for the design of non-competitive potent FAAH inhibitors for the treatment of neuropathic pain and chronic inflammation.
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Chitti S, Nandikolla A, Khetmalis YM, Van Calster K, Kumar BVS, Kumar BK, Murugesan S, Cappoen D, Kondapalli CSVG. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Spiro-[chroman-2,4'-piperidin]-4-one Analogues as Anti-Tubercular Agents. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200304. [PMID: 35821618 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel spiro-[chromane-2,4'-piperidine]-4(3 H )-one derivatives were designed, synthesized and structures were confirmed by analytical methods viz., 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and Mass spectrometry. Synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) H37Ra strain. Among all the evaluated compounds, PS08 exhibited significant inhibition with MIC value of 3.72 μM while MIC values of the remaining compounds ranged from 7.68 to 230.42 μM in comparison to the standard drug INH (MIC 0.09 μM). The two most active compounds however showed acute cytotoxicity towards the human MRC-5 lung fibroblast cell line. The in-silico ADMET profiles of the titled compounds were predicted and found within the prescribed limits of the Lipinski and Jorgenson rules. Molecular docking study of the significantly active compound ( PS08 ) was also carried out after performing validation in order to understand the putative binding position of the test ligand at the active site of selected target protein Mtb tyrosine phosphatase (PtpB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendar Chitti
- Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani - Hyderabad Campus, Department of chemistry, Alwal, hyderabad, INDIA
| | - Adinarayana Nandikolla
- Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani - Hyderabad Campus, Department of chemistry, VYAS Bhavan, V169, Jawaha, 500078, Hyderabad, INDIA
| | - Yogesh Mahadu Khetmalis
- Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani - Hyderabad Campus, Department of chemistry, jawahar nagar, hyderabad, INDIA
| | - Kevin Van Calster
- University of Antwerp - City campus: Universiteit Antwerpen, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wilrijk, Wilrijk, BELGIUM
| | - Boddupalli Venkata Siva Kumar
- Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani - Hyderabad Campus, Department of chemistry, nacharam, hyderabad, INDIA
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani Campus: Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, Department of Pharmacy, nacharam, hyderabad, INDIA
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani Campus: Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, Department of Pharmacy, pilani, Pilani, INDIA
| | - Davie Cappoen
- University of Antwerp - City campus: Universiteit Antwerpen, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wilrijk, Wilrijk, BELGIUM
| | - Chandra Sekhar Venkata Gowri Kondapalli
- Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Chemistry Department, Jawahar Nagar, Shamirpet Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, 500 078, Hyderabad, INDIA
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5
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Tripathi RKP. A perspective review on fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 188:111953. [PMID: 31945644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an important enzyme creditworthy of hydrolyzing endocannabinoids and related-amidated signalling lipids, discovery of which has pioneered novel arena of pharmacological canvasses to unwrap its curative potency in various diseased circumstances. It presents contemporary basis for understanding molecules regulating and mediating inflammatory reactions, pain, anxiety, depression, and neurodegeneration. FAAH inhibitors form vital approach for discovery of therapeutic agents that are concerned with local elevation of endocannabinoids under certain stimuli, debarring adverse/unwanted secondary effects from global activation of cannabinoid receptors by exogenous cannabimimetics. During past decades, several molecules with excellent potency developed through tailor-made approaches entered into clinical trials, but none could reach market. Hence, hunt for novel, non-toxic and selective FAAH inhibitors are on horizon. This review summarizes present perception on FAAH in conjunction with its structure, mechanism of catalysis and biological functions. It also foregrounds recent development of molecules belonging to diverse chemical classes as potential FAAH inhibitors bobbing up from in-depth chemical, mechanistic and computational studies published since 2015-November 2019, focusing on their potency. This review will assist readers to obtain rationale on FAAH as potential target for addressing various disease conditions, acquiring significant knowledge on recently established inhibitor scaffolds and their development potentials. New technologies including MD-MM simulations and 3D-QSAR studies allow mechanistic characterization of enzyme. Assessment of in-vitro and in-vivo efficacy of existing FAAH inhibitors will facilitate researchers to design novel ligands utilizing modern drug design methods. The discussions will also impose precaution in decision making process, quashing possibility of late stage failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Kailash Prasad Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sushruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, 788011, India; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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6
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Lamani M, Malamas MS, Farah SI, Shukla VG, Almeida MF, Weerts CM, Anderson J, Wood JT, Farizatto KLG, Bahr BA, Makriyannis A. Piperidine and piperazine inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase targeting excitotoxic pathology. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115096. [PMID: 31629610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FAAH inhibitors offer safety advantages by augmenting the anandamide levels "on demand" to promote neuroprotective mechanisms without the adverse psychotropic effects usually seen with direct and chronic activation of the CB1 receptor. FAAH is an enzyme implicated in the hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), which is a partial agonist of the CB1 receptor. Herein, we report the discovery of a new series of highly potent and selective carbamate FAAH inhibitors and their evaluation for neuroprotection. The new inhibitors showed potent nanomolar inhibitory activity against human recombinant and purified rat FAAH, were selective (>1000-fold) against serine hydrolases MGL and ABHD6 and lacked any affinity for the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Evaluation of FAAH inhibitors 9 and 31 using the in vitro competitive activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) assay confirmed that both inhibitors were highly selective for FAAH in the brain, since none of the other FP-reactive serine hydrolases in this tissue were inhibited by these agents. Our design strategy followed a traditional SAR approach and was supported by molecular modeling studies based on known FAAH cocrystal structures. To rationally design new molecules that are irreversibly bound to FAAH, we have constructed "precovalent" FAAH-ligand complexes to identify good binding geometries of the ligands within the binding pocket of FAAH and then calculated covalent docking poses to select compounds for synthesis. FAAH inhibitors 9 and 31 were evaluated for neuroprotection in rat hippocampal slice cultures. In the brain tissue, both inhibitors displayed protection against synaptic deterioration produced by kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity. Thus, the resultant compounds produced through rational design are providing early leads for developing therapeutics against seizure-related damage associated with a variety of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath Lamani
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Michael S Malamas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Shrouq I Farah
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Vidyanand G Shukla
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Michael F Almeida
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA
| | - Catherine M Weerts
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Joseph Anderson
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - JodiAnne T Wood
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Karen L G Farizatto
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA
| | - Ben A Bahr
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
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7
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Otrubova K, Chatterjee S, Ghimire S, Cravatt BF, Boger DL. N-Acyl pyrazoles: Effective and tunable inhibitors of serine hydrolases. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1693-1703. [PMID: 30879861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-acyl pyrazoles was examined as candidate serine hydrolase inhibitors in which the active site acylating reactivity and the leaving group ability of the pyrazole could be tuned not only through the nature of the acyl group (reactivity: amide > carbamate > urea), but also through pyrazole C4 substitution with electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents. Their impact on enzyme inhibitory activity displayed pronounced effects with the activity improving substantially as one alters both the nature of the reacting carbonyl group (urea > carbamate > amide) and the pyrazole C4 substituent (CN > H > Me). It was further demonstrated that the acyl chain of the N-acyl pyrazole ureas can be used to tailor the potency and selectivity of the inhibitor class to a targeted serine hydrolase. Thus, elaboration of the acyl chain of pyrazole-based ureas provided remarkably potent, irreversible inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, apparent Ki = 100-200 pM), dual inhibitors of FAAH and monoacylglycerol hydrolase (MGLL), or selective inhibitors of MGLL (IC50 = 10-20 nM) while simultaneously minimizing off-target activity (e.g., ABHD6 and KIAA1363).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shreyosree Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Srijana Ghimire
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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8
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Garzinsky D, Zahov S, Ekodo Voundi M, Hanekamp W, Lehr M. Tetrazolylpropan-2-ones as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase: Studies on structure-activity relationships and metabolic stability. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 160:183-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Kiss LE, Beliaev A, Ferreira HS, Rosa CP, Bonifácio MJ, Loureiro AI, Pires NM, Palma PN, Soares-da-Silva P. Discovery of a Potent, Long-Acting, and CNS-Active Inhibitor (BIA 10-2474) of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2177-2188. [PMID: 30113139 PMCID: PMC6582431 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) can be targeted for the treatment of pain associated with various medical conditions. Herein we report the design and synthesis of a novel series of heterocyclic-N-carboxamide FAAH inhibitors that have a good alignment of potency, metabolic stability and selectivity for FAAH over monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and carboxylesterases (CEs). Lead optimization efforts carried out with benzotriazolyl- and imidazolyl-N-carboxamide series led to the discovery of clinical candidate 8 l (3-(1-(cyclohexyl(methyl)carbamoyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine 1-oxide; BIA 10-2474) as a potent and long-acting inhibitor of FAAH. However, during a Phase I clinical trial with compound 8 l, unexpected and unpredictable serious neurological adverse events occurred, affecting five healthy volunteers, including the death of one subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- László E Kiss
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - Alexandre Beliaev
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - Humberto S Ferreira
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - Carla P Rosa
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - Maria João Bonifácio
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - Ana I Loureiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - Nuno M Pires
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - P Nuno Palma
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal.,MedInUp-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Wu X, Iwata T, Scharf A, Qin T, Reichl KD, Porco JA. Asymmetric Synthesis of Gonytolide A: Strategic Use of an Aryl Halide Blocking Group for Oxidative Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5969-5975. [PMID: 29658717 PMCID: PMC5943148 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The first synthesis of the chromanone lactone dimer gonytolide A has been achieved employing vanadium(V)-mediated oxidative coupling of the monomer gonytolide C. An o-bromine blocking group strategy was employed to favor para- para coupling and to enable kinetic resolution of (±)-gonytolide C. Asymmetric conjugate reduction enabled practical kinetic resolution of a chiral, racemic precursor and the asymmetric synthesis of (+)-gonytolide A and its atropisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Scharf
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD),
Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD),
Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Kyle D. Reichl
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD),
Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD),
Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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11
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Boger DL. The Difference a Single Atom Can Make: Synthesis and Design at the Chemistry-Biology Interface. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11961-11980. [PMID: 28945374 PMCID: PMC5712263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A Perspective of work in our laboratory on the examination of biologically active compounds, especially natural products, is presented. In the context of individual programs and along with a summary of our work, selected cases are presented that illustrate the impact single atom changes can have on the biological properties of the compounds. The examples were chosen to highlight single heavy atom changes that improve activity, rather than those that involve informative alterations that reduce or abolish activity. The examples were also chosen to illustrate that the impact of such single-atom changes can originate from steric, electronic, conformational, or H-bonding effects, from changes in functional reactivity, from fundamental intermolecular interactions with a biological target, from introduction of a new or altered functionalization site, or from features as simple as improvements in stability or physical properties. Nearly all the examples highlighted represent not only unusual instances of productive deep-seated natural product modifications and were introduced through total synthesis but are also remarkable in that they are derived from only a single heavy atom change in the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Research Institute, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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12
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Deplano A, Morgillo CM, Demurtas M, Björklund E, Cipriano M, Svensson M, Hashemian S, Smaldone G, Pedone E, Luque FJ, Cabiddu MG, Novellino E, Fowler CJ, Catalanotti B, Onnis V. Novel propanamides as fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:523-542. [PMID: 28535469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has a key role in the control of the cannabinoid signaling, through the hydrolysis of the endocannabinoids anandamide and in some tissues 2-arachidonoylglycerol. FAAH inhibition represents a promising strategy to activate the cannabinoid system, since it does not result in the psychotropic and peripheral side effects characterizing the agonists of the cannabinoid receptors. Here we present the discovery of a novel class of profen derivatives, the N-(heteroaryl)-2-(4-((2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)propanamides, as FAAH inhibitors. Enzymatic assays showed potencies toward FAAH ranging from nanomolar to micromolar range, and the most compounds lack activity toward the two isoforms of cyclooxygenase. Extensive structure-activity studies and the definition of the binding mode for the lead compound of the series are also presented. Kinetic assays in rat and mouse FAAH on selected compounds of the series demonstrated that slight modifications of the chemical structure could influence the binding mode and give rise to competitive (TPA1) or non-competitive (TPA14) inhibition modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Deplano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, Cagliari I-09124, Italy
| | | | - Monica Demurtas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, Cagliari I-09124, Italy
| | - Emmelie Björklund
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mariateresa Cipriano
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mona Svensson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sanaz Hashemian
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Emilia Pedone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - F Javier Luque
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Maria G Cabiddu
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bruno Catalanotti
- Department of Pharmacy, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, Cagliari I-09124, Italy
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13
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Devi P, Rutledge PJ. Cyclobutanone Analogues of β-Lactam Antibiotics: β-Lactamase Inhibitors with Untapped Potential? Chembiochem 2017; 18:338-351. [PMID: 27992105 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
β-Lactam antibiotics have been used for many years to treat bacterial infections. However the effective treatment of an increasing range of microbial infections is threatened by bacterial resistance to β-lactams: the prolonged, widespread (and at times reckless) use of these drugs has spawned widespread resistance, which renders them ineffective against many bacterial strains. The cyclobutanone ring system is isosteric with β-lactam: in cyclobutanone analogues, the eponymous cyclic amide is replaced with an all-carbon ring, the amide N is substituted by a tertiary C-H α to a ketone. Cyclobutanone analogues of various β-lactam antibiotics have been investigated over the last 35 years, initially as prospective antibiotics in their own right and inhibitors of the β-lactamase enzymes that impart resistance to β-lactams. More recently they have been tested as inhibitors of other serine proteases and as mechanistic probes of β-lactam biosynthesis. Cyclobutanone analogues of the penam ring system are the first reversible inhibitors with moderate activity against all classes of β-lactamase; other compounds from this family inhibit Streptomyces R61 dd-carboxypeptidase/transpeptidase, human neutrophil elastase and porcine pancreatic elastase. But has their potential as enzyme inhibitors been fully exploited? Challenges in synthesising diversely functionalised cyclobutanone derivatives mean that only a limited number have been made (with limited structural diversity) and evaluated. This review surveys the different synthetic approaches that have been taken to these compounds, the investigations made to evaluate their biological activity and prospects for future developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana Devi
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter J Rutledge
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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14
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A Synopsis of the Properties and Applications of Heteroaromatic Rings in Medicinal Chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Terwege T, Hanekamp W, Garzinsky D, König S, Koch O, Lehr M. ω-Imidazolyl- and ω-Tetrazolylalkylcarbamates as Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase: Biological Activity and in vitro Metabolic Stability. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:429-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Terwege
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; University of Münster; Corrensstrasse 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; University of Münster; Corrensstrasse 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - David Garzinsky
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; University of Münster; Corrensstrasse 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Simone König
- Core Unit Proteomics; Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF); University of Münster; Röntgenstrasse 21 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Oliver Koch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; TU Dortmund University; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; University of Münster; Corrensstrasse 48 48149 Münster Germany
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16
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Palermo G, Favia AD, Convertino M, De Vivo M. The Molecular Basis for Dual Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH)/Cyclooxygenase (COX) Inhibition. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:1252-8. [PMID: 26593700 PMCID: PMC5063142 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The design of multitarget‐directed ligands is a promising strategy for discovering innovative drugs. Here, we report a mechanistic study that clarifies key aspects of the dual inhibition of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes by a new multitarget‐directed ligand named ARN2508 (2‐[3‐fluoro‐4‐[3‐(hexylcarbamoyloxy)phenyl]phenyl]propanoic acid). This potent dual inhibitor combines, in a single scaffold, the pharmacophoric elements often needed to block FAAH and COX, that is, a carbamate moiety and the 2‐arylpropionic acid functionality, respectively. Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that ARN2508 uses a noncovalent mechanism of inhibition to block COXs, while inhibiting FAAH via the acetylation of the catalytic Ser241, in line with previous experimental evidence for covalent FAAH inhibition. This study proposes the molecular basis for the dual FAAH/COX inhibition by this novel hybrid scaffold, stimulating further experimental studies and offering new insights for the rational design of novel anti‐inflammatory agents that simultaneously act on FAAH and COX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Palermo
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo D Favia
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marino Convertino
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy. .,Computational Biomedicine (IAS-5/INM-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany.
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17
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Palermo G, Bauer I, Campomanes P, Cavalli A, Armirotti A, Girotto S, Rothlisberger U, De Vivo M. Keys to Lipid Selection in Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Catalysis: Structural Flexibility, Gating Residues and Multiple Binding Pockets. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004231. [PMID: 26111155 PMCID: PMC4481349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) regulates the endocannabinoid system cleaving primarily the lipid messenger anandamide. FAAH has been well characterized over the years and, importantly, it represents a promising drug target to treat several diseases, including inflammatory-related diseases and cancer. But its enzymatic mechanism for lipid selection to specifically hydrolyze anandamide, rather than similar bioactive lipids, remains elusive. Here, we clarify this mechanism in FAAH, examining the role of the dynamic paddle, which is formed by the gating residues Phe432 and Trp531 at the boundary between two cavities that form the FAAH catalytic site (the “membrane-access” and the “acyl chain-binding” pockets). We integrate microsecond-long MD simulations of wild type and double mutant model systems (Phe432Ala and Trp531Ala) of FAAH, embedded in a realistic membrane/water environment, with mutagenesis and kinetic experiments. We comparatively analyze three fatty acid substrates with different hydrolysis rates (anandamide > oleamide > palmitoylethanolamide). Our findings identify FAAH’s mechanism to selectively accommodate anandamide into a multi-pocket binding site, and to properly orient the substrate in pre-reactive conformations for efficient hydrolysis that is interceded by the dynamic paddle. Our findings therefore endorse a structural framework for a lipid selection mechanism mediated by structural flexibility and gating residues between multiple binding cavities, as found in FAAH. Based on the available structural data, this exquisite catalytic strategy for substrate specificity seems to be shared by other lipid-degrading enzymes with similar enzymatic architecture. The mechanistic insights for lipid selection might assist de-novo enzyme design or drug discovery efforts. We describe a new structural enzymatic framework to regulate substrate specificity in lipid-degrading enzymes such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a key enzyme for the endocannabinoid lipid signaling that hydrolyzes a variety of lipids, however with different catalytic rates. The identified novel mechanism and key features for lipid selection in FAAH are then analysed in the context of other relevant lipid-degrading enzymes. Through the integration of microsecond-long molecular dynamics simulations with mutagenesis and kinetic experiments, our study suggests that structural flexibility, gating residues and multiple cavities in one catalytic site are keys to lipid selection in the endocannabinoid system. Our results suggest that the structural framework proposed here could likely be a general enzymatic strategy of other lipid-degrading enzymes to select the preferred lipid substrate within a broad spectrum of biologically active lipids. This new, and likely general, structural framework for lipid selection in FAAH could therefore now encourage additional experimental verifications of the role of ligand and structural flexibility, as regulated by key gating residues at the boundaries of multiple cavities forming a single catalytic site, as observed in several other lipid-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Palermo
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Inga Bauer
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Pablo Campomanes
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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18
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Nishio M, Umezawa Y, Fantini J, Weiss MS, Chakrabarti P. CH-π hydrogen bonds in biological macromolecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:12648-83. [PMID: 24836323 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00099d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This is a sequel to the previous Perspective "The CH-π hydrogen bond in chemistry. Conformation, supramolecules, optical resolution and interactions involving carbohydrates", which featured in a PCCP themed issue on "Weak Hydrogen Bonds - Strong Effects?": Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13, 13873-13900. Evidence that weak hydrogen bonds play an enormously important role in chemistry and biochemistry has now accumulated to an extent that the rigid classical concept of hydrogen bonds formulated by Pauling needs to be seriously revised and extended. The concept of a more generalized hydrogen bond definition is indispensable for understanding the folding mechanisms of proteins. The CH-π hydrogen bond, a weak molecular force occurring between a soft acid CH and a soft base π-electron system, among all is one of the most important and plays a functional role in defining the conformation and stability of 3D structures as well as in many molecular recognition events. This concept is also valuable in structure-based drug design efforts. Despite their frequent occurrence in organic molecules and bio-molecules, the importance of CH-π hydrogen bonds is still largely unknown to many chemists and biochemists. Here we present a review that deals with the evidence, nature, characteristics and consequences of the CH-π hydrogen bond in biological macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and polysaccharides). It is hoped that the present Perspective will show the importance of CH-π hydrogen bonds and stimulate interest in the interactions of biological macromolecules, one of the most fascinating fields in bioorganic chemistry. Implication of this concept is enormous and valuable in the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Nishio
- The CHPI Institute, 705-6-338, Minamioya, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-0031, Japan.
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19
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Palermo G, Rothlisberger U, Cavalli A, De Vivo M. Computational insights into function and inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 91:15-26. [PMID: 25240419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme is a membrane-bound serine hydrolase responsible for the deactivating hydrolysis of a family of naturally occurring fatty acid amides. FAAH is a critical enzyme of the endocannabinoid system, being mainly responsible for regulating the level of its main cannabinoid substrate anandamide. For this reason, pharmacological inhibition of FAAH, which increases the level of endogenous anandamide, is a promising strategy to cure a variety of diseases including pain, inflammation, and cancer. Much structural, mutagenesis, and kinetic data on FAAH has been generated over the last couple of decades. This has prompted several informative computational investigations to elucidate, at the atomic-level, mechanistic details on catalysis and inhibition of this pharmaceutically relevant enzyme. Here, we review how these computational studies - based on classical molecular dynamics, full quantum mechanics, and hybrid QM/MM methods - have clarified the binding and reactivity of some relevant substrates and inhibitors of FAAH. We also discuss the experimental implications of these computational insights, which have provided a thoughtful elucidation of the complex physical and chemical steps of the enzymatic mechanism of FAAH. Finally, we discuss how computations have been helpful for building structure-activity relationships of potent FAAH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Palermo
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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20
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Otrubova K, Srinivasan V, Boger DL. Discovery libraries targeting the major enzyme classes: the serine hydrolases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3807-13. [PMID: 25037918 PMCID: PMC4130767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two libraries of modestly reactive ureas containing either electron-deficient acyl anilines or acyl pyrazoles were prepared and are reported as screening libraries for candidate serine hydrolase inhibitors. Within each library is a small but powerful subset of compounds that serve as a chemotype fragment screening library capable of subsequent structural diversification. Elaboration of the pyrazole-based ureas provided remarkably potent irreversible inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, apparent Ki=100-200 pM) complementary to those previously disclosed enlisting electron-deficient aniline-based ureas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States.
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21
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Duncan KK, Otrubova K, Boger DL. α-Ketoheterocycle inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase: exploration of conformational constraints in the acyl side chain. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2763-70. [PMID: 24690529 PMCID: PMC4029506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of α-ketooxazoles containing heteroatoms embedded within conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain of 2 (OL-135) were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The studies reveal that the installation of a heteroatom (O) in the conformational constraint is achievable, although the potency of these novel derivatives is reduced slightly relative to 2 and the analogous 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene series. Interestingly, both enantiomers (R and S) of the candidate inhibitors bearing a chiral center adjacent to the electrophilic carbonyl were found to effectively inhibit FAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine K Duncan
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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22
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Kono M, Matsumoto T, Imaeda T, Kawamura T, Fujimoto S, Kosugi Y, Odani T, Shimizu Y, Matsui H, Shimojo M, Kori M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of piperazine ureas as fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1468-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Meanwell NA. The Influence of Bioisosteres in Drug Design: Tactical Applications to Address Developability Problems. TACTICS IN CONTEMPORARY DRUG DESIGN 2014; 9. [PMCID: PMC7416817 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of bioisosteres in drug discovery is a well-established design concept that has demonstrated utility as an approach to solving a range of problems that affect candidate optimization, progression, and durability. In this chapter, the application of isosteric substitution is explored in a fashion that focuses on the development of practical solutions to problems that are encountered in typical optimization campaigns. The role of bioisosteres to affect intrinsic potency and selectivity, influence conformation, solve problems associated with drug developability, including P-glycoprotein recognition, modulating basicity, solubility, and lipophilicity, and to address issues associated with metabolism and toxicity is used as the underlying theme to capture a spectrum of creative applications of structural emulation in the design of drug candidates.
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24
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Otrubova K, Cravatt BF, Boger DL. Design, synthesis, and characterization of α-ketoheterocycles that additionally target the cytosolic port Cys269 of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1079-89. [PMID: 24456116 PMCID: PMC3940414 DOI: 10.1021/jm401820q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A series
of α-ketooxazoles incorporating electrophiles at
the C5 position of the pyridyl ring of 2 (OL-135) and
related compounds were prepared and examined as inhibitors of fatty
acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that additionally target the cytosolic
port Cys269. From this series, a subset of the candidate inhibitors
exhibited time-dependent FAAH inhibition and noncompetitive irreversible
inactivation of the enzyme, consistent with the targeted Cys269 covalent
alkylation or addition, and maintained or enhanced the intrinsic selectivity
for FAAH versus other serine hydrolases. A preliminary in vivo assessment
demonstrates that these inhibitors raise endogenous brain levels of
anandamide and other FAAH substrates upon intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration
to mice, with peak levels achieved within 1.5–3 h, and that
the elevations of the signaling lipids were maintained >6 h, indicating
that the inhibitors effectively reach and remain active in the brain,
inhibiting FAAH for a sustained period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Chemical Physiology, and §The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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25
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Caruano J, Feledziak M, Labar G, Michaux C, Perpète EA, Muccioli GG, Robiette R, Marchand-Brynaert J. (S)-1-(Pent-4'-enoyl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-azetidin-2-one derivatives as inhibitors of human fatty acid amide hydrolase (hFAAH): synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 29:654-62. [PMID: 24102523 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.837900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of lipophilic ester derivatives (2a-g) of (S)-1-(pent-4'-enoyl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-azetidin-2-one has been synthesised in three steps from (S)-4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-azetidin-2-one and evaluated as novel, reversible, β-lactamic inhibitors of endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes (human fatty acid amide hydrolase (hFAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (hMAGL)). The compounds showed IC50 values in the micromolar range and selectivity for hFAAH versus hMAGL. The unexpected 1000-fold decrease in activity of 2a comparatively to the known regioisomeric structure 1a (i.e. lipophilic chains placed on N1 and C3 positions of the β-lactam core) could be explained on the basis of docking studies into a revisited model of hFAAH active site, considering one or two water molecules in interaction with the catalytic triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joséphine Caruano
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
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26
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Macamides and their synthetic analogs: Evaluation of in vitro FAAH inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5188-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Otrubova K, Brown M, McCormick MS, Han GW, O’Neal ST, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Lichtman AH, Boger DL. Rational design of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors that act by covalently bonding to two active site residues. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6289-99. [PMID: 23581831 PMCID: PMC3678763 DOI: 10.1021/ja4014997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design and characterization of α-ketoheterocycle fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors are disclosed that additionally and irreversibly target a cysteine (Cys269) found in the enzyme cytosolic port while maintaining the reversible covalent Ser241 attachment responsible for their rapid and initially reversible enzyme inhibition. Two α-ketooxazoles (3 and 4) containing strategically placed electrophiles at the C5 position of the pyridyl substituent of 2 (OL-135) were prepared and examined as inhibitors of FAAH. Consistent with the observed time-dependent noncompetitive inhibition, the cocrystal X-ray structure of 3 bound to a humanized variant of rat FAAH revealed that 3 was not only covalently bound to the active site catalytic nucleophile Ser241 as a deprotonated hemiketal, but also to Cys269 through the pyridyl C5-substituent, thus providing an inhibitor with dual covalent attachment in the enzyme active site. In vivo characterization of the prototypical inhibitors in mice demonstrates that they raise endogenous brain levels of FAAH substrates to a greater extent and for a much longer duration (>6 h) than the reversible inhibitor 2, indicating that the inhibitors accumulate and persist in the brain to completely inhibit FAAH for a prolonged period. Consistent with this behavior and the targeted irreversible enzyme inhibition, 3 reversed cold allodynia in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain in mice for a sustained period (>6 h) beyond that observed with the reversible inhibitor 2, providing effects that were unchanged over the 1-6 h time course monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Monica Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Michael S. McCormick
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Gye W. Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Scott T. O’Neal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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Bisogno T, Maccarrone M. Latest advances in the discovery of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:509-22. [PMID: 23488865 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.780021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is the major catabolic enzyme of the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) that, with different degrees of efficiency, also hydrolyzes other endogenous fatty acid ethanolamides. FAAH is increasingly being considered a relevant therapeutic target, especially in models of inflammatory pain. The opportunity to selectively increase the endocannabinoid tone only in those tissues where such an enhancement can be beneficial might result in a therapeutic benefit with more limited side effects, compared to the use of direct agonists of anandamide-binding receptors. Thus the research for selective FAAH inhibitors has become a hot topic in current drug discovery. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the advances in the development of different compounds belonging to different chemical families that have been proposed as FAAH inhibitors. Several classes of inhibitors have been reported so far, and they may be classified into two major classes: reversible and irreversible compounds. These inhibitors are reviewed herein with an emphasis on their potency and selectivity. EXPERT OPINION In recent years, tremendous efforts have been made to develop the FAAH inhibitors, and consequently many novel chemical templates have been discovered. It is still a major challenge to identify the first inhibitor of FAAH suitable for clinical exploitation that satisfies the requirements of potency, selectivity versus proteins related to anandamide activity as well as other potential off-targets, reversibility versus irreversibility, and efficacy toward rat versus human FAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry/Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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29
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An unprecedented reversible mode of action of β-lactams for the inhibition of human fatty acid amide hydrolase (hFAAH). Eur J Med Chem 2013; 60:101-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Tou WI, Chang SS, Lee CC, Chen CYC. Drug design for neuropathic pain regulation from traditional Chinese medicine. Sci Rep 2013; 3:844. [PMID: 23378894 PMCID: PMC3558695 DOI: 10.1038/srep00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
FAAH-like anandamide transporter (FLAT) regulates anandamide transport for hydrolysis and may be an attractive drug target for pain regulation. We aimed to discover potential FLAT antagonists from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) using virtual screening, ligand-based drug design and molecular dynamics simulation (MD). Guineensine and Retrofractamide A exhibited high Dock Scores in FLAT. Consensus from multiple linear regression (MLR; R2 = 08973) and support vector machine (SVM; R2 = 0.7988) showed similar bioactivities for Guineensine and the FAAH-1 inhibitor (9Z)-1-(5-pyridin-2-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)octadec-9-en-1-one. Contour of Guineensine to CoMFA and CoMSIA features also imply bioactivity. MD revealed shake or vibration in the secondary structure of FLAT complexed with Guineensine and (9Z)-1-(5-pyridin-2-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)octadec-9-en-1-one. Ligand movement might contribute to protein changes leading to vibration patterns. Violent vibrations leading to an overall decrease in FLAT function could be the underlying mechanism for Guineensine. Here we suggest Guineensine as a drug-like compound with potential application in relieving neuropathic pain by inhibiting FLAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng Ieong Tou
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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31
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Palermo G, Campomanes P, Neri M, Piomelli D, Cavalli A, Rothlisberger U, De Vivo M. Wagging the Tail: Essential Role of Substrate Flexibility in FAAH Catalysis. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:1202-13. [PMID: 26588763 DOI: 10.1021/ct300611q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The serine hydrolase, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), is responsible for the intracellular degradation of anandamide and other bioactive fatty acid ethanolamides involved in the regulation of pain, inflammation, and other pathophysiological processes. The catalytic site of FAAH is composed of multiple cavities with mixed hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, the role of which remains incompletely understood. Anandamide is thought to enter the active site through a "membrane-access" (MA) channel and position its flexible fatty acyl chain in a highly hydrophobic "acyl chain-binding" (AB) cavity to allow for hydrolysis to occur. Using microsecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of FAAH embedded in a realistic membrane/water environment, we show now that anandamide may not lock itself into the AB cavity but may rather assume catalytically significant conformations required for hydrolysis by moving its flexible arachidonoyl tail between the MA and AB cavities. This process is regulated by a phenylalanine residue (Phe432) located at the boundary between the two cavities, which may act as a "dynamic paddle." The results identify structural flexibility as a key determinant by which FAAH recognizes its primary lipid substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Palermo
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.,Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Campomanes
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marilisa Neri
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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Kono M, Matsumoto T, Kawamura T, Nishimura A, Kiyota Y, Oki H, Miyazaki J, Igaki S, Behnke CA, Shimojo M, Kori M. Synthesis, SAR study, and biological evaluation of a series of piperazine ureas as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:28-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Heteroaryl urea inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase: Structure–mutagenicity relationships for arylamine metabolites. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7357-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Alapafuja SO, Nikas SP, Bharathan IT, Shukla VG, Nasr ML, Bowman AL, Zvonok N, Li J, Shi X, Engen JR, Makriyannis A. Sulfonyl fluoride inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10074-89. [PMID: 23083016 DOI: 10.1021/jm301205j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonyl fluorides are known to inhibit esterases. Early work from our laboratory has identified hexadecyl sulfonylfluoride (AM374) as a potent in vitro and in vivo inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). We now report on later generation sulfonyl fluoride analogs that exhibit potent and selective inhibition of FAAH. Using recombinant rat and human FAAH, we show that 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pentanesulfonyl fluoride (AM3506) has similar inhibitory activity for both the rat and the human enzyme, while rapid dilution assays and mass spectrometry analysis suggest that the compound is a covalent modifier for FAAH and inhibits its action in an irreversible manner. Our SAR results are highlighted by molecular docking of key analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakiru O Alapafuja
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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35
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Hong S, Kim J, Seo JH, Jung KH, Hong SS, Hong S. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of 3,5-Disubstituted 7-Azaindoles as Trk Inhibitors with Anticancer and Antiangiogenic Activities. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5337-49. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3002982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 400-712, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 400-712, Korea
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 400-712, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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36
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Otrubova K, Boger DL. α-Ketoheterocycle-based Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH). ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:340-348. [PMID: 22639704 PMCID: PMC3359644 DOI: 10.1021/cn2001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A summary of the initial discovery and characterization of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and the subsequent advancement of an important class of competitive, reversible, potent and selective inhibitors is presented. Initially explored using substrate-inspired inhibitors bearing electrophilic carbonyls, the examination of α-ketoheterocyle-based inhibitors of FAAH with the benefit of a unique activity-based protein-profiling (ABPP)-based proteome-wide selectivity assay, a powerful in vivo biomarker-based in vivo screen, and subsequent retrospective X-ray co-crystal structures with the enzyme, is summarized. These efforts defined the impact of the central activating heterocycle and its key substituents, provided key simplifications in the C2 acyl side chain and clear interpretations for the unique role and subsequent optimization of the central activating heterocycle, and established the basis for the recent further conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain, providing potent, long-acting, orally-active FAAH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
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37
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Bowman AL, Makriyannis A. Approximating protein flexibility through dynamic pharmacophore models: application to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:3247-53. [PMID: 22098169 DOI: 10.1021/ci200371z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A structure-based drug discovery method is described that incorporates target flexibility through the use of an ensemble of protein conformations. The approach was applied to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a key deactivating enzyme in the endocannabinoid system. The resultant dynamic pharmacophore models are rapidly able to identify known FAAH inhibitors over drug-like decoys. Different sources of FAAH conformational ensembles were explored, with both snapshots from molecular dynamics simulations and a group of X-ray structures performing well. Results were compared to those from docking and pharmacophore models generated from a single X-ray structure. Increasing conformational sampling consistently improved the pharmacophore models, emphasizing the importance of incorporating target flexibility in structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Bowman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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38
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Feledziak M, Muccioli GG, Lambert DM, Marchand-Brynaert J. SAR and LC/MS Studies of β-Lactamic Inhibitors of Human Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (hFAAH): Evidence of a Nonhydrolytic Process. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6812-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200723m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Feledziak
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Médicinale, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Bâtiment Lavoisier, Place Louis Pasteur L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- Unité de Chimie Pharmaceutique et de Radiopharmacie, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73.40, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G. Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Laboratory, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 72, B1.72.01, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Didier M. Lambert
- Unité de Chimie Pharmaceutique et de Radiopharmacie, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73.40, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jacqueline Marchand-Brynaert
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Médicinale, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Bâtiment Lavoisier, Place Louis Pasteur L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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39
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Otrubova K, Ezzili C, Boger DL. The discovery and development of inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4674-85. [PMID: 21764305 PMCID: PMC3146581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A summary of the discovery and advancement of inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey, Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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40
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Vacondio F, Silva C, Lodola A, Carmi C, Rivara S, Duranti A, Tontini A, Sanchini S, Clapper JR, Piomelli D, Tarzia G, Mor M. Biphenyl-3-yl alkylcarbamates as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors: steric effects of N-alkyl chain on rat plasma and liver stability. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4466-73. [PMID: 21820769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Secondary alkylcarbamic acid biphenyl-3-yl esters are a class of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors, which include the reference compounds URB597 and URB694. Given the intrinsic reactivity of the carbamate group, the in vivo potency of these molecules in rats is strongly affected by their hydrolysis in plasma or hepatic metabolism. In the present study, in vitro chemical and metabolic stability assays (rat plasma and rat liver S(9) fraction) were used to investigate the structure-property relationships (SPRs) for a focused series of title compounds, where lipophilicity and steric hindrance of the carbamate N-substituent had been modulated. The resulting degradation rates indicate that a secondary or tertiary alkyl group at the carbamate nitrogen atom increases hydrolytic stability towards rat plasma esterases. The calculated solvent accessible surface area (SASA) of the carbamate fragment was employed to describe the differences observed in rate constants of hydrolysis in rat plasma (log k(plasma)), suggesting that stability in plasma increases if the substituent exerts a shielding effect on the carbamate carbonyl. Stability in rat liver S(9) fraction is increased when a tertiary carbon is bound to the carbamate nitrogen atom, while other steric effects showed complex relationships with degradation rates. The SPRs here described may be applied at the pharmacokinetic optimization of other classes of carbamate FAAH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale GP Usberti 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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41
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Ezzili C, Mileni M, McGlinchey N, Long JZ, Kinsey SG, Hochstatter DG, Stevens RC, Lichtman AH, Cravatt BF, Bilsky EJ, Boger DL. Reversible competitive α-ketoheterocycle inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase containing additional conformational constraints in the acyl side chain: orally active, long-acting analgesics. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2805-22. [PMID: 21428410 PMCID: PMC3085948 DOI: 10.1021/jm101597x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of α-ketooxazoles containing conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain of 2 (OL-135) were examined as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Only one of the two possible enantiomers displayed potent FAAH inhibition (S vs R enantiomer), and their potency is comparable or improved relative to 2, indicating that the conformational restriction in the C2 acyl side chain is achievable. A cocrystal X-ray structure of the α-ketoheterocycle 12 bound to a humanized variant of rat FAAH revealed its binding details, confirmed that the (S)-enantiomer is the bound active inhibitor, shed light on the origin of the enantiomeric selectivity, and confirmed that the catalytic Ser241 is covalently bound to the electrophilic carbonyl as a deprotonated hemiketal. Preliminary in vivo characterization of the inhibitors 12 and 14 is reported demonstrating that they raise brain anandamide levels following either intraperitoneal (ip) or oral (po) administration indicative of effective in vivo FAAH inhibition. Significantly, the oral administration of 12 caused dramatic accumulation of anandamide in the brain, with peak levels achieved between 1.5 and 3 h, and these elevations were maintained over 9 h. Additional studies of these two representative members of the series (12 and 14) in models of thermal hyperalgesia and neuropathic pain are reported, including the demonstration that 12 administered orally significantly attenuated mechanical (>6 h) and cold (>9 h) allodynia for sustained periods consistent with its long-acting effects in raising the endogenous concentration of anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Nicholas McGlinchey
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005
| | - Jonathan Z. Long
- Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Steven G. Kinsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | | | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Edward J. Bilsky
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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42
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Discovery and molecular basis of potent noncovalent inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:7379-84. [PMID: 21502526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016167108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), an amidase-signature family member, is an integral membrane enzyme that degrades lipid amides including the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide and the sleep-inducing molecule oleamide. Both genetic knock out and pharmacological administration of FAAH inhibitors in rodent models result in analgesic, anxiolytic, and antiinflammatory phenotypes. Targeting FAAH activity, therefore, presents a promising new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pain and other neurological-related or inflammatory disorders. Nearly all FAAH inhibitors known to date attain their binding potency through a reversible or irreversible covalent modification of the nucleophile Ser241 in the unusual Ser-Ser-Lys catalytic triad. Here, we report the discovery and mechanism of action of a series of ketobenzimidazoles as unique and potent noncovalent FAAH inhibitors. Compound 2, a representative of these ketobenzimidazoles, was designed from a series of ureas that were identified from high-throughput screening. While urea compound 1 is characterized as an irreversible covalent inhibitor, the cocrystal structure of FAAH complexed with compound 2 reveals that these ketobenzimidazoles, though containing a carbonyl moiety, do not covalently modify Ser241. These inhibitors achieve potent inhibition of FAAH activity primarily from shape complementarity to the active site and through numerous hydrophobic interactions. These noncovalent compounds exhibit excellent selectivity and good pharmacokinetic properties. The discovery of this distinctive class of inhibitors opens a new avenue for modulating FAAH activity through nonmechanism-based inhibition.
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Mileni M, Garfunkle J, Ezzili C, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Boger DL. Fluoride-mediated capture of a noncovalent bound state of a reversible covalent enzyme inhibitor: X-ray crystallographic analysis of an exceptionally potent α-ketoheterocycle inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4092-100. [PMID: 21355555 PMCID: PMC3060301 DOI: 10.1021/ja110877y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two cocrystal X-ray structures of the exceptionally potent α-ketoheterocycle inhibitor 1 (K(i) = 290 pM) bound to a humanized variant of rat fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are disclosed, representing noncovalently and covalently bound states of the same inhibitor with the enzyme. Key to securing the structure of the noncovalently bound state of the inhibitor was the inclusion of fluoride ion in the crystallization conditions that is proposed to bind the oxyanion hole precluding inhibitor covalent adduct formation with stabilization of the tetrahedral hemiketal. This permitted the opportunity to detect important noncovalent interactions stabilizing the binding of the inhibitor within the FAAH active site independent of the covalent reaction. Remarkably, noncovalently bound 1 in the presence of fluoride appears to capture the active site in the same "in action" state with the three catalytic residues Ser241-Ser217-Lys142 occupying essentially identical positions observed in the covalently bound structure of 1, suggesting that this technique of introducing fluoride may have important applications in structural studies beyond inhibiting substrate or inhibitor oxyanion hole binding. Key insights to emerge from the studies include the observations that noncovalently bound 1 binds in its ketone (not gem diol) form, that the terminal phenyl group in the acyl side chain of the inhibitor serves as the key anchoring interaction overriding the intricate polar interactions in the cytosolic port, and that the role of the central activating heterocycle is dominated by its intrinsic electron-withdrawing properties. These two structures are also briefly compared with five X-ray structures of α-ketoheterocycle-based inhibitors bound to FAAH recently disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joie Garfunkle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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Capoferri L, Mor M, Sirirak J, Chudyk E, Mulholland AJ, Lodola A. Application of a SCC-DFTB QM/MM approach to the investigation of the catalytic mechanism of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Mol Model 2011; 17:2375-83. [PMID: 21365225 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-0981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Self-consistent charge density functional tight binding (SCC-DFTB) is a promising method for hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The acylation reaction of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a promising drug target, was investigated by applying a SCC-DFTB/CHARMM27 scheme. Calculated potential energy barriers resulted in reasonable agreement with experiments for oleamide (OA) and oleoylmethyl ester (OME) substrates, outperforming previous calculations performed at the PM3/CHARMM22 level. Furthermore, the experimental preference of FAAH in hydrolyzing OA faster than OME was adequately reproduced by calculations. All these findings indicate that the SCC-DFTB/CHARMM27 approach can be successfully applied to mechanistic investigations of FAAH-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Capoferri
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, viale G. P. Usberti 27/A Campus Universitario, 43124, Parma, Italy
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Gustin DJ, Ma Z, Min X, Li Y, Hedberg C, Guimaraes C, Porter AC, Lindstrom M, Lester-Zeiner D, Xu G, Carlson TJ, Xiao S, Meleza C, Connors R, Wang Z, Kayser F. Identification of potent, noncovalent fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2492-6. [PMID: 21392988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Starting from a series of ureas that were determined to be mechanism-based inhibitors of FAAH, several spirocyclic ureas and lactams were designed and synthesized. These efforts identified a series of novel, noncovalent FAAH inhibitors with in vitro potency comparable to known covalent FAAH inhibitors. The mechanism of action for these compounds was determined through a combination of SAR and co-crystallography with rat FAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin J Gustin
- Department of Chemistry, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Lodola A, Capoferri L, Rivara S, Chudyk E, Sirirak J, Dyguda-Kazimierowicz E, Andrzej Sokalski W, Mileni M, Tarzia G, Piomelli D, Mor M, Mulholland AJ. Understanding the role of carbamate reactivity in fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition by QM/MM mechanistic modelling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:2517-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04937a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ezzili C, Otrubova K, Boger DL. Fatty acid amide signaling molecules. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5959-68. [PMID: 20817522 PMCID: PMC2942981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Key studies leading to the discovery and definition of the role of endogenous fatty acid amide signaling molecules are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Deng H. Recent advances in the discovery and evaluation of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:961-93. [PMID: 22823990 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.513378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Cannabis has been used for both medicinal and recreational purposes since ancient times. Although cannabinoid-based medicines hold great promise in several challenging therapeutic areas such as pain management and mode control, their development has been hampered by psychoactive and other CNS-related side effects. The identification of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a key enzyme responsible for the degradation of endocannabinoids, has brought in tremendous opportunities in that inhibition of FAAH leads to local elevation of endocannabinoids under certain stimuli, thus, avoiding the side effects from global activation of cannabinoid receptors by exogenous cannabimimetic compounds. The search for selective FAAH inhibitors has thus become a strong focus in current drug discovery. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review summarizes our current understanding of FAAH including its structure, catalytic mechanism and biological functions with emphases on its role in the regulation of endocannabinoids and other signaling lipids. The review then highlights the most recent discovery and biological activities of different classes of FAAH inhibitors. Last, the review discusses challenges and potential drawbacks in the development of FAAH inhibitor-based therapy. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will have an overview of FAAH and obtain a rationale on FAAH as an attractive therapeutic target for the development of medicines for treating pain, inflammation, anxiety and other diseases. More importantly, readers will gain knowledge on various newly established FAAH inhibitor scaffolds and their development potentials, and such information will hopefully stimulate ideas for the designing of new inhibitors with superior activity profiles. The discussions on the potential challenges in developing FAAH inhibitors will impose more caution in the decision-making process, thus, lowering the possibility of late stage failure. TAKE HOME MESSAGE FAAH is an attractive target for modulating the endocannabinoid system, thus, treating many disease conditions including pain and mode control without the CNS side effects associated with cannabis usage. In recent years, tremendous effort has been focused in the FAAH inhibitor research field, and consequently many novel chemical templates have been discovered. FAAH hydrolyzes several important signaling lipids, but the long-term effects of FAAH inhibition in humans remain to be seen. While it is challenging to identify the right molecule with the right level of intervention of the FAAH function for treating a disease condition, it is possible to avoid mechanism-related undesired effects. With the entry of several compounds into clinical trials, FAAH inhibitor-based medicines are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Deng
- GlaxoSmithKline, Platform Technology & Science/Molecular Discovery Research, ELT-Boston, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
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Johnson JW, Gretes M, Goodfellow VJ, Marrone L, Heynen ML, Strynadka NCJ, Dmitrienko GI. Cyclobutanone Analogues of β-Lactams Revisited: Insights into Conformational Requirements for Inhibition of Serine- and Metallo-β-Lactamases. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:2558-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9086374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod W. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Michael Gretes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Valerie J. Goodfellow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Laura Marrone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Miriam L. Heynen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Natalie C. J. Strynadka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Gary I. Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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