1
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Dong T, Shen Q, Tsui GC. Synthesis and application of well-defined [Ph 4P] +[Cu(CF 2CF 3) 2] - complex as a versatile pentafluoroethylating reagent. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11550-11556. [PMID: 39055037 PMCID: PMC11268490 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02075h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We herein describe the preparation and application of a new bispentafluoroethylated organocuprate [Ph4P]+[Cu(CF2CF3)2]-. This complex has demonstrated a remarkable range of reactivities towards carboxylic acids, diazonium salts, organic halides, boronic esters, terminal alkynes and (hetero)arenes as a versatile pentafluoroethylating reagent. The construction of C(sp3)-/C(sp2)-/C(sp)-CF2CF3 bonds can therefore be achieved using a single reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Qilong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Gavin Chit Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong SAR China
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
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2
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Murawska GM, Armando AM, Dennis EA. Lipidomics of phospholipase A 2 reveals exquisite specificity in macrophages. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100571. [PMID: 38795860 PMCID: PMC11254598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) constitutes a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyze phospholipids at their sn-2 fatty acyl position. Our laboratory has demonstrated that PLA2 enzymes regulate membrane remodeling and cell signaling by their specificity toward their phospholipid substrates at the molecular level. Recent in vitro studies show that each type of PLA2, including Group IVA cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), Group V secreted PLA2 (sPLA2), Group VIA calcium independent PLA2 (iPLA2) and Group VIIA lipoprotein-associated PLA2, also known as platelet-activating factor acetyl hydrolase, can discriminate exquisitely between fatty acids at the sn-2 position. Thus, these enzymes regulate the production of diverse PUFA precursors of inflammatory metabolites. We now determined PLA2 specificity in macrophage cells grown in cell culture, where the amounts and localization of the phospholipid substrates play a role in which specific phospholipids are hydrolyzed by each enzyme type. We used PLA2 stereospecific inhibitors in tandem with a novel UPLC-MS/MS-based lipidomics platform to quantify more than a thousand unique phospholipid molecular species demonstrating cPLA2, sPLA2, and iPLA2 activity and specificity toward the phospholipids in living cells. The observed specificity follows the in vitro capability of the enzymes and can reflect the enrichment of certain phospholipid species in specific membrane locations where particular PLA2's associate. For assaying, we target 20:4-PI for cPLA2, 22:6-PG for sPLA2, and 18:2-PC for iPLA2. These new results provide great insight into the physiological role of PLA2 enzymes in cell membrane remodeling and could shed light on how PLA2 enzymes underpin inflammation and other lipid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gosia M Murawska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aaron M Armando
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Bermúdez MA, Garrido A, Pereira L, Garrido T, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. Rapid Movement of Palmitoleic Acid from Phosphatidylcholine to Phosphatidylinositol in Activated Human Monocytes. Biomolecules 2024; 14:707. [PMID: 38927110 PMCID: PMC11202010 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This work describes a novel route for phospholipid fatty acid remodeling involving the monounsaturated fatty acid palmitoleic acid. When administered to human monocytes, palmitoleic acid rapidly incorporates into membrane phospholipids, notably into phosphatidylcholine (PC). In resting cells, palmitoleic acid remains within the phospholipid pools where it was initially incorporated, showing no further movement. However, stimulation of the human monocytes with either receptor-directed (opsonized zymosan) or soluble (calcium ionophore A23187) agonists results in the rapid transfer of palmitoleic acid moieties from PC to phosphatidylinositol (PI). This is due to the activation of a coenzyme A-dependent remodeling route involving two different phospholipase A2 enzymes that act on different substrates to generate free palmitoleic acid and lysoPI acceptors. The stimulated enrichment of specific PI molecular species with palmitoleic acid unveils a hitherto-unrecognized pathway for lipid turnover in human monocytes which may play a role in regulating lipid signaling during innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Bermúdez
- Bioactive Lipids and Lipidomics Core, IBGM, CSIC-UVA, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Garrido
- Bioactive Lipids and Lipidomics Core, IBGM, CSIC-UVA, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Pereira
- Bioactive Lipids and Lipidomics Core, IBGM, CSIC-UVA, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Garrido
- Bioactive Lipids and Lipidomics Core, IBGM, CSIC-UVA, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. Balboa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation Group, IBGM, CSIC-UVA, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Bioactive Lipids and Lipidomics Core, IBGM, CSIC-UVA, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Liu J, Tan J, Tang B, Guo J. Unveiling the role of iPLA 2β in neurodegeneration: From molecular mechanisms to advanced therapies. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107114. [PMID: 38395207 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Calcium-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β), a member of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2s) superfamily, is encoded by the PLA2G6 gene. Mutations in the PLA2G6 gene have been identified as the primary cause of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) and, less commonly, as a contributor to Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies have revealed that iPLA2β deficiency leads to neuroinflammation, iron accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid dysregulation, and other pathological changes, forming a complex pathogenic network. These discoveries shed light on potential mechanisms underlying PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) and offer valuable insights for therapeutic development. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental characteristics of iPLA2β, its association with neurodegeneration, the pathogenic mechanisms involved in PLAN, and potential targets for therapeutic intervention. It offers an overview of the latest advancements in this field, aiming to contribute to ongoing research endeavors and facilitate the development of effective therapies for PLAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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5
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Mild and efficient one-pot synthesis of (E)-styrylperfluoroalkyl ketone from styrene. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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6
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Lantaño B, Yerien DE, Barata-Vallejo S, Postigo A. Visible light-catalyzed fluoroalkylation reactions of free aniline derivatives. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:971-983. [PMID: 34283407 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The electron-rich nature of aminoaromatic compounds and the electrophilic character of fluoroalkyl RF radicals allow for a special match in substitution reactions. We herein present visible light photocatalyzed fluoroalkylation reactions of aniline derivatives, with a study of the reaction mechanisms. The examples evaluated make use of different photocatalysts, such as polypyridyl complexes of Ir or Ru transition metals, organic dyes such as Rose Bengal, phthalocyanine-metal organocatalysts, or visible-light activated complexes. Different visible light sources that span from the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum to low power red light irradiation sources deliver the excited photocatalysts that ensue into the production of fluoroalkyl RF radicals. In turn, many sources of RF radicals can be employed, such as fluoroalkyl halides, Togni's reagents, Umemoto's reagent, etc. All these protocol variants demonstrate the expansion of the methodology and the versatility of photocatalytic techniques applied to a special family of organic compounds such as aminoaromatic substrates, which has been studied by different groups. Contributions from our own laboratory will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lantaño
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, CP 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damian E Yerien
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, CP 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Barata-Vallejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, CP 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Al Postigo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, CP 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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7
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Batsika CS, Gerogiannopoulou ADD, Mantzourani C, Vasilakaki S, Kokotos G. The design and discovery of phospholipase A 2 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1287-1305. [PMID: 34143707 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1942835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AREAS COVERED This review article summarizes the most important synthetic PLA2 inhibitors developed to target each one of the four major types of human PLA2 (cytosolic cPLA2, calcium-independent iPLA2, secreted sPLA2, and lipoprotein-associated Lp-PLA2), discussing their in vitro and in vivo activities as well as their recent applications and therapeutic properties. Recent findings on the role of PLA2 in the pathobiology of COVID-19 are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although a number of PLA2 inhibitors have entered clinical trials, none has reached the market yet. Lipoprotein-associated PLA2 is now considered a biomarker of vascular inflammation rather than a therapeutic target for inhibitors like darapladib. Inhibitors of cytosolic PLA2 may find topical applications for diseases like atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Inhibitors of secreted PLA2, varespladib and varespladib methyl, are under investigation for repositioning in snakebite envenoming. A deeper understanding of PLA2 enzymes is needed for the development of novel selective inhibitors. Lipidomic technologies combined with medicinal chemistry approaches may be useful tools toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christiana Mantzourani
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Greece
| | - Sofia Vasilakaki
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Greece
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8
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The Impact of the Ca 2+-Independent Phospholipase A 2β (iPLA 2β) on Immune Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040577. [PMID: 33920898 PMCID: PMC8071342 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β) is a member of the PLA2 family that has been proposed to have roles in multiple biological processes including membrane remodeling, cell proliferation, bone formation, male fertility, cell death, and signaling. Such involvement has led to the identification of iPLA2β activation in several diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular abnormalities, glaucoma, periodontitis, neurological disorders, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. More recently, there has been heightened interest in the role that iPLA2β plays in promoting inflammation. Recognizing the potential contribution of iPLA2β in the development of autoimmune diseases, we review this issue in the context of an iPLA2β link with macrophages and T-cells.
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9
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Reaction of 5-phenylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid with benzene in trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. Russ Chem Bull 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-020-2980-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Granados A, Ballesteros A, Vallribera A. Enantioenriched Quaternary α-Pentafluoroethyl Derivatives of Alkyl 1-Indanone-2-Carboxylates. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10378-10387. [PMID: 32709202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An electrophilic enantioselective catalytic method for the α-pentafluoroethylation of 3-oxoesters is described. Under the use of La(OTf)3 in combination with a (S,R)-indanyl-pybox ligand, good results in terms of yield and enantioselectivities were achieved (up to 89% ee). The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, leading to the formation of enantioenriched quaternary centers. This methodology uses an hypervalent iodine(III)-CF2CF3 reagent, and mechanistic investigations are consistent with the involvement of a radical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Granados
- Department of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Ballesteros
- Department of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelina Vallribera
- Department of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Nelson AJ, Stephenson DJ, Bone RN, Cardona CL, Park MA, Tusing YG, Lei X, Kokotos G, Graves CL, Mathews CE, Kramer J, Hessner MJ, Chalfant CE, Ramanadham S. Lipid mediators and biomarkers associated with type 1 diabetes development. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138034. [PMID: 32814707 PMCID: PMC7455134 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a consequence of autoimmune β cell destruction, but the role of lipids in this process is unknown. We previously reported that activation of Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β) modulates polarization of macrophages (MΦ). Hydrolysis of the sn-2 substituent of glycerophospholipids by iPLA2β can lead to the generation of oxidized lipids (eicosanoids), pro- and antiinflammatory, which can initiate and amplify immune responses triggering β cell death. As MΦ are early triggers of immune responses in islets, we examined the impact of iPLA2β-derived lipids (iDLs) in spontaneous-T1D prone nonobese diabetic mice (NOD), in the context of MΦ production and plasma abundances of eicosanoids and sphingolipids. We find that (a) MΦNOD exhibit a proinflammatory lipid landscape during the prediabetic phase; (b) early inhibition or genetic reduction of iPLA2β reduces production of select proinflammatory lipids, promotes antiinflammatory MΦ phenotype, and reduces T1D incidence; (c) such lipid changes are reflected in NOD plasma during the prediabetic phase and at T1D onset; and (d) importantly, similar lipid signatures are evidenced in plasma of human subjects at high risk for developing T1D. These findings suggest that iDLs contribute to T1D onset and identify select lipids that could be targeted for therapeutics and, in conjunction with autoantibodies, serve as early biomarkers of pre-T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Nelson
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, and.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Daniel J Stephenson
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology (CMMB), University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Robert N Bone
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Christopher L Cardona
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology (CMMB), University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Margaret A Park
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology (CMMB), University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ying G Tusing
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, and.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, and.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina L Graves
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joanna Kramer
- Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics at Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Martin J Hessner
- Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics at Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Charles E Chalfant
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology (CMMB), University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, and.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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12
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Gil-de-Gómez L, Monge P, Rodríguez JP, Astudillo AM, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. Phospholipid Arachidonic Acid Remodeling During Phagocytosis in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080274. [PMID: 32764331 PMCID: PMC7459916 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages contain large amounts of arachidonic acid (AA), which distributes differentially across membrane phospholipids. This is largely due to the action of coenzyme A-independent transacylase (CoA-IT), which transfers the AA primarily from diacyl choline-containing phospholipids to ethanolamine-containing phospholipids. In this work we have comparatively analyzed glycerophospholipid changes leading to AA mobilization in mouse peritoneal macrophages responding to either zymosan or serum-opsonized zymosan (OpZ). These two phagocytic stimuli promote the cytosolic phospholipase A2-dependent mobilization of AA by activating distinct surface receptors. Application of mass spectrometry-based lipid profiling to identify changes in AA-containing phospholipids during macrophage exposure to both stimuli revealed significant decreases in the levels of all major choline phospholipid molecular species and a major phosphatidylinositol species. Importantly, while no changes in ethanolamine phospholipid species were detected on stimulation with zymosan, significant decreases in these species were observed when OpZ was used. Analyses of CoA-IT-mediated AA remodeling revealed that the process occurred faster in the zymosan-stimulated cells compared with OpZ-stimulated cells. Pharmacological inhibition of CoA-IT strongly blunted AA release in response to zymosan but had only a moderate effect on the OpZ-mediated response. These results suggest a hitherto undescribed receptor-dependent role for CoA-independent AA remodeling reactions in modulating the eicosanoid biosynthetic response of macrophages. Our data help define novel targets within the AA remodeling pathway with potential use to control lipid mediator formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gil-de-Gómez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (L.G.-d.-G.); (P.M.); (J.P.R.); (A.M.A.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Monge
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (L.G.-d.-G.); (P.M.); (J.P.R.); (A.M.A.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan P. Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (L.G.-d.-G.); (P.M.); (J.P.R.); (A.M.A.); (M.A.B.)
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de la Facultad de Medicina (LIBIM), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Alma M. Astudillo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (L.G.-d.-G.); (P.M.); (J.P.R.); (A.M.A.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. Balboa
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (L.G.-d.-G.); (P.M.); (J.P.R.); (A.M.A.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (L.G.-d.-G.); (P.M.); (J.P.R.); (A.M.A.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-983-423-062
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13
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Abstract
We have found that the CuCF2CF3 complex generated from low-cost pentafluoroethane is a convenient and practical source for the CF2CF3 radical under aerobic conditions at room temperature. Using this system, readily available unactivated alkenes can be pentafluoroethylated to provide novel allylic CF2CF3 compounds with excellent E-selectivity and functional group tolerability. Mechanistic studies including TEMPO-CF2CF3 trapping and radical clock experiments provided strong evidence for radical pathways, offering a new opportunity for copper-mediated radical perfluoroalkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Gavin Chit Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
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14
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Urriolabeitia EP, Sánchez P, Pop A, Silvestru C, Laga E, Jiménez AI, Cativiela C. Synthesis of esters of diaminotruxillic bis-amino acids by Pd-mediated photocycloaddition of analogs of the Kaede protein chromophore. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1111-1123. [PMID: 32550926 PMCID: PMC7277947 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of truxillic bis-amino esters from polyfunctional oxazolones is reported. The reaction of 4-((Z)-arylidene)-2-(E)-styryl-5(4H)-oxazolones 2 with Pd(OAc)2 resulted in ortho-palladation and the formation of a dinuclear open-book complexes 3 with carboxylate bridges, where the Pd atom is C^N bonded to the oxazolone. In 3 the two exocyclic C=C bonds of the oxazolone are in a face-to-face arrangement, which is optimal for their [2 + 2] photocycloaddition. Irradiation of dimers 3 in CH2Cl2 solution with blue light (465 nm) promoted the chemo- and stereoselective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of the exocyclic C=C bonds and the formation of cyclobutane-containing ortho-palladated complexes 4. Treatment of 4 with CO in a MeOH/NCMe mixture promoted the methoxycarbonylation of the palladated carbon and the release of the corresponding ortho-functionalized 1,3-diaminotruxillic bis-amino esters 5 as single isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban P Urriolabeitia
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Sánchez
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alexandra Pop
- Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre, Departament of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. Arany Janos 11, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Silvestru
- Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre, Departament of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. Arany Janos 11, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eduardo Laga
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana I Jiménez
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Cativiela
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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15
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Monge P, Garrido A, Rubio JM, Magrioti V, Kokotos G, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. The Contribution of Cytosolic Group IVA and Calcium-Independent Group VIA Phospholipase A 2s to Adrenic Acid Mobilization in Murine Macrophages. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040542. [PMID: 32260121 PMCID: PMC7226511 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenic acid (AA), the 2-carbon elongation product of arachidonic acid, is present at significant levels in membrane phospholipids of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Despite its abundance and structural similarity to arachidonic acid, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms governing adrenic acid mobilization in cells of the innate immune system. This contrasts with the wide availability of data on arachidonic acid mobilization. In this work, we used mass-spectrometry-based lipidomic procedures to define the profiles of macrophage phospholipids that contain adrenic acid and their behavior during receptor activation. We identified the phospholipid sources from which adrenic acid is mobilized, and compared the data with arachidonic acid mobilization. Taking advantage of the use of selective inhibitors, we also showed that cytosolic group IVA phospholipase A2 is involved in the release of both adrenic and arachidonic acids. Importantly, calcium independent group VIA phospholipase A2 spared arachidonate-containing phospholipids and hydrolyzed only those that contain adrenic acid. These results identify separate mechanisms for regulating the utilization of adrenic and arachidonic acids, and suggest that the two fatty acids may serve non-redundant functions in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Monge
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (P.M.); (A.G.); (J.M.R.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Garrido
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (P.M.); (A.G.); (J.M.R.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio M. Rubio
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (P.M.); (A.G.); (J.M.R.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece; (V.M.); (G.K.)
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece; (V.M.); (G.K.)
| | - María A. Balboa
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (P.M.); (A.G.); (J.M.R.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (P.M.); (A.G.); (J.M.R.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-983-423-062
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16
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Koutoulogenis GS, Kokotou MG, Hayashi D, Mouchlis VD, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. 2-Oxoester Phospholipase A 2 Inhibitors with Enhanced Metabolic Stability. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030491. [PMID: 32213911 PMCID: PMC7175278 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Oxoesters constitute an important class of potent and selective inhibitors of human cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) combining an aromatic scaffold or a long aliphatic chain with a short aliphatic chain containing a free carboxylic acid. Although highly potent 2-oxoester inhibitors of GIVA cPLA2 have been developed, their rapid degradation in human plasma limits their pharmaceutical utility. In an effort to address this problem, we designed and synthesized two new 2-oxoesters introducing a methyl group either on the α-carbon to the oxoester functionality or on the carbon carrying the ester oxygen. We studied the in vitro plasma stability of both derivatives and their in vitro inhibitory activity on GIVA cPLA2. Both derivatives exhibited higher plasma stability in comparison with the unsubstituted compound and both derivatives inhibited GIVA cPLA2, however to different degrees. The 2-oxoester containing a methyl group on the α-carbon atom to the oxoester functionality exhibits enhancement of the metabolic stability and retains considerable inhibitory potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos S. Koutoulogenis
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece; (G.S.K.); (M.G.K.)
| | - Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece; (G.S.K.); (M.G.K.)
| | - Daiki Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; (D.H.); (V.D.M.)
| | - Varnavas D. Mouchlis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; (D.H.); (V.D.M.)
| | - Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; (D.H.); (V.D.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.D.); (G.K.); Tel.: +1-858-534-3055 (E.A.D.); +30-210-7274462 (G.K.)
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece; (G.S.K.); (M.G.K.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.D.); (G.K.); Tel.: +1-858-534-3055 (E.A.D.); +30-210-7274462 (G.K.)
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17
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Zeng F, Sun K, Chen X, Yuan X, He S, Liu Y, Peng Y, Qu L, Lv Q, Yu B. Metal‐Free Visible‐Light Promoted Radical Cyclization to Access Perfluoroalkyl‐Substituted Benzimidazo[2,1‐
a
]isoquinolin‐6(5
H
)‐ones and Indolo[2,1‐
a
]isoquinolin‐6(5
H
)‐ones. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan‐Lin Zeng
- College of Chemistry, School of Life SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Chemistry, School of Life SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐Lan Chen
- College of Chemistry, School of Life SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐Ya Yuan
- College of Chemistry, School of Life SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai‐Qi He
- College of Chemistry, School of Life SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry, School of Life SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical EngineeringXinyang Agriculture & Forestry University Xinyang 464000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu‐Yu Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and TransportationChangsha University of Science and Technology Changsha 410114 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling‐Bo Qu
- College of Chemistry, School of Life SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi‐Yan Lv
- College of Chemistry, School of Life SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- College of Chemistry, School of Life SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
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18
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Cellular Plasmalogen Content Does Not Influence Arachidonic Acid Levels or Distribution in Macrophages: A Role for Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2γ in Phospholipid Remodeling. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080799. [PMID: 31370188 PMCID: PMC6721556 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Availability of free arachidonic acid (AA) constitutes a rate limiting factor for cellular eicosanoid synthesis. AA distributes differentially across membrane phospholipids, which is largely due to the action of coenzyme A-independent transacylase (CoA-IT), an enzyme that moves the fatty acid primarily from diacyl phospholipid species to ether-containing species, particularly the ethanolamine plasmalogens. In this work, we examined the dependence of AA remodeling on plasmalogen content using the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and its plasmalogen-deficient variants RAW.12 and RAW.108. All three strains remodeled AA between phospholipids with similar magnitude and kinetics, thus demonstrating that cellular plasmalogen content does not influence the process. Cell stimulation with yeast-derived zymosan also had no effect on AA remodeling, but incubating the cells in AA-rich media markedly slowed down the process. Further, knockdown of cytosolic-group IVC phospholipase A2γ (cPLA2γ) by RNA silencing significantly reduced AA remodeling, while inhibition of other major phospholipase A2 forms such as cytosolic phospholipase A2α, calcium-independent phospholipase A2β, or secreted phospholipase A2 had no effect. These results uncover new regulatory features of CoA-IT-mediated transacylation reactions in cellular AA homeostasis and suggest a hitherto unrecognized role for cPLA2γ in maintaining membrane phospholipid composition via regulation of AA remodeling.
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19
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Nikolaou A, Kokotou MG, Vasilakaki S, Kokotos G. Small-molecule inhibitors as potential therapeutics and as tools to understand the role of phospholipases A 2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:941-956. [PMID: 30905350 PMCID: PMC7106526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are involved in various inflammatory pathological conditions including arthritis, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. The regulation of their catalytic activity is of high importance and a great effort has been devoted in developing synthetic inhibitors. We summarize the most important small-molecule synthetic PLA2 inhibitors developed to target each one of the four major types of human PLA2 (cytosolic cPLA2, calcium-independent iPLA2, secreted sPLA2, and lipoprotein-associated LpPLA2). We discuss recent applications of inhibitors to understand the role of each PLA2 type and their therapeutic potential. Potent and selective PLA2 inhibitors have been developed. Although some of them have been evaluated in clinical trials, none reached the market yet. Apart from their importance as potential medicinal agents, PLA2 inhibitors are excellent tools to unveil the role that each PLA2 type plays in cells and in vivo. Modern medicinal chemistry approaches are expected to generate improved PLA2 inhibitors as new agents to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Sofia Vasilakaki
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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20
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Dedaki C, Kokotou MG, Mouchlis VD, Limnios D, Lei X, Mu CT, Ramanadham S, Magrioti V, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. β-Lactones: A Novel Class of Ca 2+-Independent Phospholipase A 2 (Group VIA iPLA 2) Inhibitors with the Ability To Inhibit β-Cell Apoptosis. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2916-2927. [PMID: 30798607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (GVIA iPLA2) has gained increasing interest recently as it has been recognized as a participant in biological processes underlying diabetes development and autoimmune-based neurological disorders. The development of potent GVIA iPLA2 inhibitors is of great importance because only a few have been reported so far. We present a novel class of GVIA iPLA2 inhibitors based on the β-lactone ring. This functionality in combination with a four-carbon chain carrying a phenyl group at position-3 and a linear propyl group at position-4 of the lactone ring confers excellent potency. trans-3-(4-Phenylbutyl)-4-propyloxetan-2-one (GK563) was identified as being the most potent GVIA iPLA2 inhibitor ever reported ( XI(50) 0.0000021, IC50 1 nM) and also one that is 22 000 times more active against GVIA iPLA2 than GIVA cPLA2. It was found to reduce β-cell apoptosis induced by proinflammatory cytokines, raising the possibility that it can be beneficial in countering autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dedaki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | - Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | | | - Carol T Mu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | | | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece
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21
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Guo YP, Tang BS, Liu HL, Huang JJ, Xu Q, Sun QY, Yan XX, Guo JF. Impaired iPLA 2β activity affects iron uptake and storage without iron accumulation: An in vitro study excluding decreased iPLA 2β activity as the cause of iron deposition in PLAN. Brain Res 2019; 1712:25-33. [PMID: 30707893 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN, NBIA2) is the second most common type of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), caused by recessive mutations of PLA2G6 gene, which encodes Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β). In most PLAN cases, decreased iPLA2β activity and iron deposition was observed meanwhile, and researchers also identified a PLA2G6 mutation family without iron deposition shown by MRI images. This brought us the question of whether decreased iPLA2β activity was the cause of iron deposition in PLAN. In this study, we used S-BEL as the antagonist of iPLA2β to block its activity and used SH-SY5Y cells as the expression system. We incubated SH-SY5Y cells with different concentrations of S-BEL. The results showed that decreased iPLA2β activity led no obvious iron accumulation, while changes of cells state and activation of apoptosis were observed. To further investigate the cause of unchanged iron level, we examined the cellular iron regulatory proteins involved in iron uptake, storage and export. The results were as follows: TfR1 (iron uptake protein) expression was decreased, the expression of ferritin heavy chain and light chain (iron storage protein) was increased. There was no alteration of the expression of DMT1 (iron uptake protein) and FPN1 (iron export protein). Under the condition of decreased iPLA2β activity, there was no obvious iron accumulation but iron uptake activity decreased and iron storage activity increased. Therefore, we speculate that the decreased iPLA2β activity may not be the main reason for iron deposition in PLAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pei Guo
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Li Liu
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan-Juan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Ying Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Feng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Psarra A, Kokotou MG, Galiatsatou G, Mouchlis VD, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. Highly Potent 2-Oxoester Inhibitors of Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2 (GIVA cPLA 2). ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8843-8853. [PMID: 30197994 PMCID: PMC6120731 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) has attracted great interest as a medicinal target because it initiates the eicosanoid cascade and is involved in a number of inflammatory diseases. As a consequence, the development of potent synthetic inhibitors is of great importance. We have developed highly potent 2-oxoester inhibitors of GIVA cPLA2 presenting XI(50) values between 0.000019 and 0.000066. We demonstrate that the 2-oxoester functionality is essential for in vitro inhibitory activity, making these inhibitors useful research reagents. However, their high reactivity results in rapid degradation of the inhibitors in human plasma, limiting their pharmaceutical utility without further modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Psarra
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Gerasimia Galiatsatou
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Varnavas D. Mouchlis
- Department
of Pharmacology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School
of Medicine, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, United States
| | - Edward A. Dennis
- Department
of Pharmacology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School
of Medicine, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, United States
- E-mail: .
Phone: +1 858 534 3055 (E.A.D.)
| | - George Kokotos
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
- E-mail: . Phone: +30 210 7274462. Fax: +30 210 7274761 (G.K.)
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23
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Phospholipase A 2 catalysis and lipid mediator lipidomics. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:766-771. [PMID: 30905345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are the upstream regulators of the eicosanoid pathway liberating free arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids. Free intracellular arachidonic acid serves as a substrate for the eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes including cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochrome P450s that lead to inflammation. The Group IVA cytosolic (cPLA2), Group VIA calcium-independent (iPLA2), and Group V secreted (sPLA2) are three well-characterized human enzymes that have been implicated in eicosanoid formation. In this review, we will introduce and summarize the regulation of catalytic activity and cellular localization, structural characteristics, interfacial activation and kinetics, substrate specificity, inhibitor binding and interactions, and the downstream implications for eicosanoid biosynthesis of these three important PLA2 enzymes.
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24
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Malley KR, Koroleva O, Miller I, Sanishvili R, Jenkins CM, Gross RW, Korolev S. The structure of iPLA 2β reveals dimeric active sites and suggests mechanisms of regulation and localization. Nat Commun 2018; 9:765. [PMID: 29472584 PMCID: PMC5823874 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β) regulates important physiological processes including inflammation, calcium homeostasis and apoptosis. It is genetically linked to neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease. Despite its known enzymatic activity, the mechanisms underlying iPLA2β-induced pathologic phenotypes remain poorly understood. Here, we present a crystal structure of iPLA2β that significantly revises existing mechanistic models. The catalytic domains form a tight dimer. They are surrounded by ankyrin repeat domains that adopt an outwardly flared orientation, poised to interact with membrane proteins. The closely integrated active sites are positioned for cooperative activation and internal transacylation. The structure and additional solution studies suggest that both catalytic domains can be bound and allosterically inhibited by a single calmodulin. These features suggest mechanisms of iPLA2β cellular localization and activity regulation, providing a basis for inhibitor development. Furthermore, the structure provides a framework to investigate the role of neurodegenerative mutations and the function of iPLA2β in the brain. Calcium-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β) is involved in many physiological and pathological processes but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, the authors present the structure of dimeric iPLA2β, providing insights into the regulation of its activity and cellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin R Malley
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Olga Koroleva
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Ian Miller
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Ruslan Sanishvili
- GM/CA@APS, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Christopher M Jenkins
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8020, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Richard W Gross
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8020, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Sergey Korolev
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
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2-Oxoesters: A Novel Class of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Cytosolic Group IVA Phospholipase A 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7025. [PMID: 28765606 PMCID: PMC5539244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) is the only PLA2 that exhibits a marked preference for hydrolysis of arachidonic acid containing phospholipid substrates releasing free arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids and giving rise to the generation of diverse lipid mediators involved in inflammatory conditions. Thus, the development of potent and selective GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors is of great importance. We have developed a novel class of such inhibitors based on the 2-oxoester functionality. This functionality in combination with a long aliphatic chain or a chain carrying an appropriate aromatic system, such as the biphenyl system, and a free carboxyl group leads to highly potent and selective GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors (XI(50) values 0.00007–0.00008) and docking studies aid in understanding this selectivity. A methyl 2-oxoester, with a short chain carrying a naphthalene ring, was found to preferentially inhibit the other major intracellular PLA2, the calcium-independent PLA2. In RAW264.7 macrophages, treatment with the most potent 2-oxoester GIVA cPLA2 inhibitor resulted in over 50% decrease in KLA-elicited prostaglandin D2 production. The novel, highly potent and selective GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors provide excellent tools for the study of the role of the enzyme and could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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26
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Pelagalli A, Pellacani L, Fioravanti S. In Pursuit of β-Amino-α-nitro-β-(trifluoromethyl) Ketones: Nitro-Mannich versus Mannich-Type Reactions. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pelagalli
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”; P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Lucio Pellacani
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”; P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Stefania Fioravanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”; P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
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27
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Smyrniotou A, Kokotou MG, Mouchlis VD, Barbayianni E, Kokotos G, Dennis EA, Constantinou-Kokotou V. 2-Oxoamides based on dipeptides as selective calcium-independent phospholipase A 2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:926-940. [PMID: 28034646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (GVIA iPLA2) has recently attracted interest as a medicinal target. The number of known GVIA iPLA2 inhibitors is limited to a handful of synthetic compounds (bromoenol lactone and polyfluoroketones). To expand the chemical diversity, a variety of 2-oxoamides based on dipeptides and ether dipeptides were synthesized and studied for their in vitro inhibitory activity on human GVIA iPLA2 and their selectivity over the other major intracellular GIVA cPLA2 and the secreted GV sPLA2. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed the first 2-oxoamide derivative (GK317), which presents potent inhibition of GVIA iPLA2 (XI(50) value of 0.007) and at the same time significant selectivity over GIVA cPLA2 and GV sPLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneta Smyrniotou
- Chemical Laboratories, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA
| | - Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA
| | - Efrosini Barbayianni
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA.
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28
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Kokotou MG, Limnios D, Nikolaou A, Psarra A, Kokotos G. Inhibitors of phospholipase A2 and their therapeutic potential: an update on patents (2012-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:217-225. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1246540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Psarra
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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29
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Barbour SE, Ramanadham S. Analyses of Calcium-Independent Phospholipase A 2beta (iPLA 2β) in Biological Systems. Methods Enzymol 2016; 583:119-141. [PMID: 28063488 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The Ca2+-independent phospholipases A2 (iPLA2s) are part of a diverse family of PLA2s, manifest activity in the absence of Ca2+, are ubiquitous, and participate in a variety of biological processes. Among the iPLA2s, the cytosolic iPLA2β has received considerable attention and ongoing studies from various laboratories suggest that dysregulation of iPLA2β can have a profound impact on the onset and/or progression of many diseases (e.g., cardiovascular, neurological, metabolic, autoimmune). Therefore, appropriate approaches are warranted to gain a better understanding of the role of iPLA2β in vivo and its contribution to pathophysiology. Given that iPLA2β is very labile, its basal expression is low in a number of cell systems, and that crystal structure of iPLA2β is not yet available, careful and efficient protocols are needed to appropriately assess iPLA2β biochemistry, dynamics, and membrane association. Here, step-by-step details are provided to (a) measure iPLA2β-specific activity in cell lines or tissue preparations (using a simple radiolabel-based assay) and assess the impact of stimuli and inhibitors on resting- and disease-state iPLA2β activity, (b) purify the iPLA2β to near homogeneity (via sequential chromatography) from cell line or tissue preparations, enabling concentration of the enzyme for subsequent analyses (e.g., proteomics), and (c) employ hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analyses to probe both the structure of iPLA2β and dynamics of its association with the membranes, substrates, and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Barbour
- University of Georgia at Athens, Athens, GA, United States
| | - S Ramanadham
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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Antonopoulou G, Magrioti V, Kokotou MG, Nikolaou A, Barbayianni E, Mouchlis VD, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. 2-Oxoamide inhibitors of cytosolic group IVA phospholipase A2 with reduced lipophilicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4544-4554. [PMID: 27522578 PMCID: PMC5014611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic GIVA phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) initiates the eicosanoid pathway of inflammation and thus inhibitors of this enzyme constitute novel potential agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Traditionally, GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors have suffered systemically from high lipophilicity. We have developed a variety of long chain 2-oxoamides as inhibitors of GIVA PLA2. Among them, AX048 was found to produce a potent analgesic effect. We have now reduced the lipophilicity of AX048 by replacing the long aliphatic chain with a chain containing an ether linked aromatic ring with in vitro inhibitory activities similar to AX048.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Antonopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Efrosini Barbayianni
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA.
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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31
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Dennis EA. Liberating Chiral Lipid Mediators, Inflammatory Enzymes, and LIPID MAPS from Biological Grease. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24431-24448. [PMID: 27555328 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.x116.723791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1970, it was well accepted that the central role of lipids was in energy storage and metabolism, and it was assumed that amphipathic lipids simply served a passive structural role as the backbone of biological membranes. As a result, the scientific community was focused on nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates as information-containing molecules. It took considerable effort until scientists accepted that lipids also "encode" specific and unique biological information and play a central role in cell signaling. Along with this realization came the recognition that the enzymes that act on lipid substrates residing in or on membranes and micelles must also have important signaling roles, spurring curiosity into their potentially unique modes of action differing from those acting on water-soluble substrates. This led to the creation of the concept of "surface dilution kinetics" for describing the mechanism of enzymes acting on lipid substrates, as well as the demonstration that lipid enzymes such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2) contain allosteric activator sites for specific phospholipids as well as for membranes. As our understanding of phospholipases advanced, so did the understanding that many of the lipids released by these enzymes are chiral information-containing signaling molecules; for example, PLA2 regulates the generation of precursors for the biosynthesis of eicosanoids and other bioactive lipid mediators of inflammation and resolution underlying disease progression. The creation of the LIPID MAPS initiative in 2003 and the ensuing development of the lipidomics field have revealed that lipid metabolites are central to human metabolism. Today lipids are recognized as key mediators of health and disease as we enter a new era of biomarkers and personalized medicine. This article is my personal "reflection" on these scientific advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Dennis
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601.
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32
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Drissi-Amraoui S, Schmid TE, Lauberteaux J, Crévisy C, Baslé O, de Figueiredo RM, Halbert S, Gérard H, Mauduit M, Campagne JM. Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Dimethylzinc to Acyl-N
-methylimidazole Michael Acceptors: Scope, Limitations and Iterative Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Drissi-Amraoui
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier; 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Thibault E. Schmid
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
| | - Jimmy Lauberteaux
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
| | - Christophe Crévisy
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
| | - Olivier Baslé
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
| | - Renata Marcia de Figueiredo
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier; 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Stéphanie Halbert
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique CC 137-4; place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Hélène Gérard
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique CC 137-4; place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Marc Mauduit
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
| | - Jean-Marc Campagne
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier; 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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Vasilakaki S, Barbayianni E, Magrioti V, Pastukhov O, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Huwiler A, Kokotos G. Inhibitors of secreted phospholipase A2 suppress the release of PGE2 in renal mesangial cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3029-3034. [PMID: 27234891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The upregulation of PGE2 by mesangial cells has been observed under chronic inflammation condition. In the present work, renal mesangial cells were stimulated to trigger a huge increase of PGE2 synthesis and were treated in the absence or presence of known PLA2 inhibitors. A variety of synthetic inhibitors, mainly developed in our labs, which are known to selectively inhibit each of GIVA cPLA2, GVIA iPLA2, and GIIA/GV sPLA2, were used as tools in this study. Synthetic sPLA2 inhibitors, such as GK115 (an amide derivative based on the non-natural amino acid (R)-γ-norleucine) as well as GK126 and GK241 (2-oxoamides based on the natural (S)-α-amino acid leucine and valine, respectively) presented an interesting effect on the suppression of PGE2 formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Vasilakaki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Efrosini Barbayianni
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | | | | | - Andrea Huwiler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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Computer-aided drug design guided by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry: A powerful combination for the development of potent and selective inhibitors of Group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A 2. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4801-4811. [PMID: 27320659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Potent and selective inhibitors for phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are useful for studying their intracellular functions. PLA2 enzymes liberate arachidonic acid from phospholipids activating eicosanoid pathways that involve cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) leading to inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs target COX and LOX; thus, PLA2 can also be targeted to diminish inflammation at an earlier stage in the process. This paper describes the employment of enzymatic assays, hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (DXMS) and computational chemistry to develop PLA2 inhibitors. Beta-thioether trifluoromethylketones (TFKs) were screened against human GVIA calcium-independent, GIVA cytosolic and GV secreted PLA2s. These compounds exhibited inhibition toward Group VIA calcium-independent PLA2 (GVIA iPLA2), with the most potent and selective inhibitor 3 (OTFP) obtaining an XI(50) of 0.0002 mole fraction (IC50 of 110nM). DXMS binding experiments in the presence of OTFP revealed the peptide regions of GVIA iPLA2 that interact with the inhibitor. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations in the presence of a membrane were guided by the DXMS data in order to identify the binding mode of OTFP. Clustering analysis showed the binding mode of OTFP that occupied 70% of the binding modes occurring during the simulation. The resulted 3D complex was used for docking studies and a structure-activity relationship (SAR) was established. This paper describes a novel multidisciplinary approach in which a 3D complex of GVIA iPLA2 with an inhibitor is reported and validated by experimental data. The SAR showed that the sulfur atom is vital for the potency of beta-thioether analogues, while the hydrophobic chain is important for selectivity. This work constitutes the foundation for further design, synthesis and inhibition studies in order to develop new beta-thioether analogues that are potent and selective for GVIA iPLA2 exclusively.
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35
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Amézquita-Valencia M, Alper H. Regioselective Alkoxycarbonylation of Allyl Phenyl Ethers Catalyzed by Pd/dppb Under Syngas Conditions. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3860-7. [PMID: 27075974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple and regioselective synthesis of phenoxy esters and phenylthio esters is reported. The products are obtained by selective alkoxycarbonylation catalyzed by Pd2(dba)3, 1,4-bis(diphenylphisphino)butane (dppb), and syngas (CO/H2) in chloroform/alcohol. This methodology affords bifunctional products in good yield with excellent n-selectivity and without the need to use additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Amézquita-Valencia
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Howard Alper
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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36
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Mouchlis VD, Limnios D, Kokotou MG, Barbayianni E, Kokotos G, McCammon JA, Dennis EA. Development of Potent and Selective Inhibitors for Group VIA Calcium-Independent Phospholipase A2 Guided by Molecular Dynamics and Structure-Activity Relationships. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4403-14. [PMID: 27087127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of inhibitors for phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is important in elucidating the enzymes implication in various biological pathways. PLA2 enzymes are an important pharmacological target implicated in various inflammatory diseases. Computational chemistry, organic synthesis, and in vitro assays were employed to develop potent and selective inhibitors for group VIA calcium-independent PLA2. A set of fluoroketone inhibitors was studied for their binding mode with two human cytosolic PLA2 enzymes: group IVA cPLA2 and group VIA iPLA2. New compounds were synthesized and assayed toward three major PLA2s. This study led to the development of four potent and selective thioether fluoroketone inhibitors as well as a thioether keto-1,2,4-oxadiazole inhibitor for GVIA iPLA2, which will serve as lead compounds for future development and studies. The keto-1,2,4-oxadiazole functionality with a thioether is a novel structure, and it will be used as a lead to develop inhibitors with higher potency and selectivity toward GVIA iPLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0601, United States
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Efrosini Barbayianni
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - J Andrew McCammon
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0601, United States
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0601, United States
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37
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Zhang H, Tong R, Bai L, Shi J, Ouyang L. Emerging targets and new small molecule therapies in Parkinson’s disease treatment. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1419-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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38
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Membrane and inhibitor interactions of intracellular phospholipases A2. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 61:17-24. [PMID: 26774606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studying phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) is a challenging task since they act on membrane-like aggregated substrates and not on monomeric phospholipids. Multidisciplinary approaches that include hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (DXMS) and computational techniques have been employed with great success in order to address important questions about the mode of interactions of PLA2 enzymes with membranes, phospholipid substrates and inhibitors. Understanding the interactions of PLA2s is crucial since these enzymes are the upstream regulators of the eicosanoid pathway liberating free arachidonic acid (AA) and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The liberation of AA by PLA2 enzymes sets off a cascade of molecular events that involves downstream regulators such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) metabolites leading to inflammation. Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work by inhibiting COX, while Zileuton inhibits LOX and both rely on PLA2 enzymes to provide them with AA. That means PLA2 enzymes can potentially also be targeted to diminish inflammation at an earlier point in the process. In this review we describe extensive efforts reported in the past to define the interactions of PLA2 enzymes with membranes, substrate phospholipids and inhibitors using DXMS, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.
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Ong WY, Farooqui T, Kokotos G, Farooqui AA. Synthetic and natural inhibitors of phospholipases A2: their importance for understanding and treatment of neurological disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:814-31. [PMID: 25891385 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a diverse group of enzymes that hydrolyze membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid is metabolized to eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes), and lysophospholipids are converted to platelet-activating factors. These lipid mediators play critical roles in the initiation, maintenance, and modulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Neurological disorders including excitotoxicity; traumatic nerve and brain injury; cerebral ischemia; Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; multiple sclerosis; experimental allergic encephalitis; pain; depression; bipolar disorder; schizophrenia; and autism are characterized by oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, alterations in phospholipid metabolism, accumulation of lipid peroxides, and increased activities of brain phospholipase A2 isoforms. Several old and new synthetic inhibitors of PLA2, including fatty acid trifluoromethyl ketones; methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate; bromoenol lactone; indole-based inhibitors; pyrrolidine-based inhibitors; amide inhibitors, 2-oxoamides; 1,3-disubstituted propan-2-ones and polyfluoroalkyl ketones as well as phytochemical based PLA2 inhibitors including curcumin, Ginkgo biloba and Centella asiatica extracts have been discovered and used for the treatment of neurological disorders in cell culture and animal model systems. The purpose of this review is to summarize information on selective and potent synthetic inhibitors of PLA2 as well as several PLA2 inhibitors from plants, for treatment of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation associated with the pathogenesis of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Ong
- Department
of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Tahira Farooqui
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis,
Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Akhlaq A. Farooqui
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Ramanadham S, Ali T, Ashley JW, Bone RN, Hancock WD, Lei X. Calcium-independent phospholipases A2 and their roles in biological processes and diseases. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1643-68. [PMID: 26023050 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r058701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the family of phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are the Ca(2+)-independent PLA2s (iPLA2s) and they are designated group VI iPLA2s. In relation to secretory and cytosolic PLA2s, the iPLA2s are more recently described and details of their expression and roles in biological functions are rapidly emerging. The iPLA2s or patatin-like phospholipases (PNPLAs) are intracellular enzymes that do not require Ca(2+) for activity, and contain lipase (GXSXG) and nucleotide-binding (GXGXXG) consensus sequences. Though nine PNPLAs have been recognized, PNPLA8 (membrane-associated iPLA2γ) and PNPLA9 (cytosol-associated iPLA2β) are the most widely studied and understood. The iPLA2s manifest a variety of activities in addition to phospholipase, are ubiquitously expressed, and participate in a multitude of biological processes, including fat catabolism, cell differentiation, maintenance of mitochondrial integrity, phospholipid remodeling, cell proliferation, signal transduction, and cell death. As might be expected, increased or decreased expression of iPLA2s can have profound effects on the metabolic state, CNS function, cardiovascular performance, and cell survival; therefore, dysregulation of iPLA2s can be a critical factor in the development of many diseases. This review is aimed at providing a general framework of the current understanding of the iPLA2s and discussion of the potential mechanisms of action of the iPLA2s and related involved lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasanka Ramanadham
- Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Tomader Ali
- Undergraduate Research Office, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jason W Ashley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert N Bone
- Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - William D Hancock
- Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Medicinal applications of perfluoroalkylated chain-containing compounds. Future Med Chem 2015; 6:1201-29. [PMID: 25078138 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds with polyfluorinated molecular fragments possess unique properties associated with the presence of a large number of fluorine atoms that affect lipophilicity and conformational rigidity of the parent molecule along with other effects. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of synthesized compounds possessing perfluoroalkylated or polyfluorinated chains that have been tested for bioactivity or as potential drug candidates for the treatment of various diseases. As far as the length of the perfluoroalkylated chain is concerned the focus is centered on the compound bearing perfluoroethyl or tetrafluoroethyl as well as longer chains. The perfluoroalkylated compounds discussed are classified according to their biological activity.
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Panferova LI, Miloserdov FM, Lishchynskyi A, Martínez Belmonte M, Benet-Buchholz J, Grushin VV. Well-Defined CuC2F5Complexes and Pentafluoroethylation of Acid Chlorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Panferova LI, Miloserdov FM, Lishchynskyi A, Martínez Belmonte M, Benet-Buchholz J, Grushin VV. Well-Defined CuC2F5Complexes and Pentafluoroethylation of Acid Chlorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5218-22. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Zhu F, Xu PW, Zhou F, Wang CH, Zhou J. Recycle Waste Salt as Reagent: A One-Pot Substitution/Krapcho Reaction Sequence to α-Fluorinated Esters and Sulfones. Org Lett 2015; 17:972-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department
of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Wei Xu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department
of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department
of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Cui-Hong Wang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department
of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department
of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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Bone RN, Gai Y, Magrioti V, Kokotou MG, Ali T, Lei X, Tse HM, Kokotos G, Ramanadham S. Inhibition of Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β) ameliorates islet infiltration and incidence of diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 2015; 64:541-54. [PMID: 25213337 PMCID: PMC4303959 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune β-cell death leads to type 1 diabetes, and with findings that Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β) activation contributes to β-cell death, we assessed the effects of iPLA2β inhibition on diabetes development. Administration of FKGK18, a reversible iPLA2β inhibitor, to NOD female mice significantly reduced diabetes incidence in association with 1) reduced insulitis, reflected by reductions in CD4(+) T cells and B cells; 2) improved glucose homeostasis; 3) higher circulating insulin; and 4) β-cell preservation. Furthermore, FKGK18 inhibited production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from CD4(+) T cells and antibodies from B cells, suggesting modulation of immune cell responses by iPLA2β-derived products. Consistent with this, 1) adoptive transfer of diabetes by CD4(+) T cells to immunodeficient and diabetes-resistant NOD.scid mice was mitigated by FKGK18 pretreatment and 2) TNF-α production from CD4(+) T cells was reduced by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 12-lipoxygenase, which metabolize arachidonic acid to generate bioactive inflammatory eicosanoids. However, adoptive transfer of diabetes was not prevented when mice were administered FKGK18-pretreated T cells or when FKGK18 administration was initiated with T-cell transfer. The present observations suggest that iPLA2β-derived lipid signals modulate immune cell responses, raising the possibility that early inhibition of iPLA2β may be beneficial in ameliorating autoimmune destruction of β-cells and mitigating type 1 diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Bone
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ying Gai
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tomader Ali
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Nenajdenko VG, Muzalevskiy VM, Shastin AV. Polyfluorinated ethanes as versatile fluorinated C2-building blocks for organic synthesis. Chem Rev 2015; 115:973-1050. [PMID: 25594605 DOI: 10.1021/cr500465n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentine G Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia
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Kokotos G, Feuerherm AJ, Barbayianni E, Shah I, Sæther M, Magrioti V, Nguyen T, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Dennis EA, Johansen B. Inhibition of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 by thiazolyl ketones in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7523-35. [PMID: 25152071 DOI: 10.1021/jm500192s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) is the rate-limiting provider of pro-inflammatory mediators in many tissues and is thus an attractive target for the development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. In this work, we present the synthesis of new thiazolyl ketones and the study of their activities in vitro, in cells, and in vivo. Within this series of compounds, methyl 2-(2-(4-octylphenoxy)acetyl)thiazole-4-carboxylate (GK470) was found to be the most potent inhibitor of GIVA cPLA2, exhibiting an XI(50) value of 0.011 mole fraction in a mixed micelle assay and an IC50 of 300 nM in a vesicle assay. In a cellular assay using SW982 fibroblast-like synoviocytes, it suppressed the release of arachidonic acid with an IC50 value of 0.6 μM. In a prophylactic collagen-induced arthritis model, it exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect comparable to the reference drug methotrexate, whereas in a therapeutic model, it showed results comparable to those of the reference drug Enbrel. In both models, it significantly reduced plasma PGE2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15771, Greece
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Highly selective trifluoroacetic ester/ketone metathesis: an efficient approach to trifluoromethyl ketones and esters. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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50
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Limnios D, Kokotos CG. 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetophenone: an organocatalyst for an environmentally friendly epoxidation of alkenes. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4270-6. [PMID: 24735070 DOI: 10.1021/jo5003938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A cheap, mild, fast, and environmentally friendly oxidation of olefins to the corresponding epoxides is reported using polyfluoroalkyl ketones as efficient organocatalysts. Namely, 2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenone was identified as an improved organocatalyst for the epoxidation of alkenes. Various olefins, mono-, di-, and trisubstituted, are epoxidized chemoselectively in high to quantitative yields utilizing 2-5 mol % catalyst loading and H2O2 as the green oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Limnios
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece
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