1
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Iijima D, Sugama H, Awai N, Takahashi Y, Togashi Y, Takebe T, Xie J, Shen J, Ke Y, Akatsuka H, Kawaguchi T, Takedomi K, Kashima A, Nishio M, Inui Y, Yoneda H, Xia G, Iijima T. Discovery of Novel 2-Carbamoyl Morpholine Derivatives as Highly Potent and Orally Active Direct Renin Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1351-1357. [PMID: 35978678 PMCID: PMC9377009 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure. Renin, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the RAAS, is an attractive target for the treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular/renal diseases. Therefore, various direct renin inhibitors (DRIs) have been researched over recent decades; however, most exhibited poor pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability due to the peptidomimetic or nonpeptidomimetic structures with a molecular weight (MW) of >600, and only aliskiren is approved. This study introduces a novel class of DRIs comprised of a 2-carbamoyl morpholine scaffold. These compounds have a nonpeptidomimetic structure and a MW of <500. The representative compound 26 was highly potent despite not occupying S1'-S2' sites or the opened flap region used by other DRIs and exerted a significant antihypertensive efficacy via oral administration on double transgenic mice carrying both the human angiotensinogen and the human renin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Iijima
- Sohyaku,
Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugama
- Sohyaku,
Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Awai
- Sohyaku,
Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takahashi
- Sohyaku,
Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Yuko Togashi
- Sohyaku,
Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Tohru Takebe
- Sohyaku,
Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Jianshu Xie
- Central
Research Institute, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals
Holding Co., Ltd., Building 5, No. 898 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Pudong New
Area, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jingkang Shen
- Central
Research Institute, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals
Holding Co., Ltd., Building 5, No. 898 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Pudong New
Area, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Ying Ke
- Central
Research Institute, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals
Holding Co., Ltd., Building 5, No. 898 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Pudong New
Area, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Hidenori Akatsuka
- Sohyaku,
Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawaguchi
- Sohyaku,
Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Kei Takedomi
- Sohyaku,
Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Kashima
- Sohyaku,
Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishio
- Sohyaku,
Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Yosuke Inui
- Sohyaku,
Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yoneda
- Sohyaku,
Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Guangxin Xia
- Central
Research Institute, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals
Holding Co., Ltd., Building 5, No. 898 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Pudong New
Area, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Toru Iijima
- Sohyaku,
Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
- Lead
Exploration Unit, Drug Discovery Initiative, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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2
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Iijima D, Sugama H, Takahashi Y, Hirai M, Togashi Y, Xie J, Shen J, Ke Y, Akatsuka H, Kawaguchi T, Takedomi K, Kashima A, Nishio M, Inui Y, Yoneda H, Xia G, Iijima T. Discovery of SPH3127: A Novel, Highly Potent, and Orally Active Direct Renin Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10882-10897. [PMID: 35939295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Renin is the rate-limiting enzyme in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) which regulates blood pressure and renal function and hence is an attractive target for the treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular/renal diseases. However, the development of direct renin inhibitors (DRIs) with favorable oral bioavailability has been a longstanding challenge for many years. This problem was thought to be because most of the reported DRIs were peptide-like structures or nonpeptide-like structures with a molecular weight (MW) of > 600. Therefore, we tried to find nonpeptidomimetic DRIs with a MW of < 500 and discovered the promising 2-carbamoyl morpholine derivative 4. In our efforts to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of 4 without a significant increase in the MW, we discovered compound 18 (SPH3127), which demonstrated higher bioavailability and a more potent antihypertensive effect in preclinical models than aliskiren and has completed a phase II clinical trial for essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Iijima
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugama
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takahashi
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Miki Hirai
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Yuko Togashi
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Jianshu Xie
- Central Research Institute, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding Co., Ltd., Building 5, No. 898 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jingkang Shen
- Central Research Institute, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding Co., Ltd., Building 5, No. 898 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Ying Ke
- Central Research Institute, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding Co., Ltd., Building 5, No. 898 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Hidenori Akatsuka
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawaguchi
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Kei Takedomi
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Kashima
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishio
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Yosuke Inui
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yoneda
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Guangxin Xia
- Central Research Institute, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding Co., Ltd., Building 5, No. 898 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Toru Iijima
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan.,Lead Exploration Unit, Drug Discovery Initiative, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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3
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Kryštůfek R, Šácha P, Starková J, Brynda J, Hradilek M, Tloušt'ová E, Grzymska J, Rut W, Boucher MJ, Drąg M, Majer P, Hájek M, Řezáčová P, Madhani HD, Craik CS, Konvalinka J. Re-emerging Aspartic Protease Targets: Examining Cryptococcus neoformans Major Aspartyl Peptidase 1 as a Target for Antifungal Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6706-6719. [PMID: 34006103 PMCID: PMC8165695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cryptococcosis is
an invasive infection that accounts for 15% of
AIDS-related fatalities. Still, treating cryptococcosis remains a
significant challenge due to the poor availability of effective antifungal
therapies and emergence of drug resistance. Interestingly, protease
inhibitor components of antiretroviral therapy regimens have shown
some clinical benefits in these opportunistic infections. We investigated
Major aspartyl peptidase 1 (May1), a secreted Cryptococcus
neoformans protease, as a possible target for the
development of drugs that act against both fungal and retroviral aspartyl
proteases. Here, we describe the biochemical characterization of May1,
present its high-resolution X-ray structure, and provide its substrate
specificity analysis. Through combinatorial screening of 11,520 compounds,
we identified a potent inhibitor of May1 and HIV protease. This dual-specificity
inhibitor exhibits antifungal activity in yeast culture, low cytotoxicity,
and low off-target activity against host proteases and could thus
serve as a lead compound for further development of May1 and HIV protease
inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kryštůfek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityHlavova 8, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityHlavova 8, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Starková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hradilek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušt'ová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Justyna Grzymska
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Wioletta Rut
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Michael J Boucher
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Genentech Hall, 600 16th St Rm N374, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Marcin Drąg
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Hájek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Hiten D Madhani
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Genentech Hall, 600 16th St Rm N374, San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, UCSF Genentech Hall, 600 16th St Rm S512, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityHlavova 8, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
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4
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Al-Awadhi FH, Luesch H. Targeting eukaryotic proteases for natural products-based drug development. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:827-860. [PMID: 32519686 PMCID: PMC7406119 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to April 2020 Proteases are involved in the regulation of many physiological processes. Their overexpression and dysregulated activity are linked to diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, viral infections, blood clotting disorders, respiratory diseases, and cancer. Therefore, they represent an important class of therapeutic targets. Several protease inhibitors have reached the market and >60% of them are directly related to natural products, even when excluding synthetic natural product mimics. Historically, natural products have been a valuable and validated source of therapeutic agents, as over half of the marketed drugs across targets and diseases are inspired by natural product structures. In the past two decades the number of new protease inhibitors discovered from nature has sharply increased. Additionally, the availability of 3D structural information for proteases has permitted structure-based design and accelerated the synthesis of optimized lead structures with improved potency and selectivity profiles, resulting in some of the most-potent-in-class inhibitors. These discoveries were oftentimes maximized by in-depth biological assessments of lead inhibitors, linking them to a relevant disease state. This review will discuss some of the current and emerging drug targets and their involvement in various disease processes, highlighting selected success stories behind several FDA-approved protease inhibitors that have natural products scaffolds as well as recent selected pharmacologically well-characterized inhibitors derived from marine or terrestrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma H Al-Awadhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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5
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Ramya K, Suresh R, Kumar HY, Kumar BRP, Murthy NBS. Decades-old renin inhibitors are still struggling to find a niche in antihypertensive therapy. A fleeting look at the old and the promising new molecules. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115466. [PMID: 32247750 PMCID: PMC7112834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a diverse illness interlinked with cerebral, cardiovascular (CVS) and renal abnormalities. Presently, the malady is being treated by focusing on Renin- angiotensin system (RAS), voltage-gated calcium channels, peripheral vasodilators, renal and sympathetic nervous systems. Cardiovascular and renal abnormalities are associated with the overactivation of RAS, which can be constrained by angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin II (Ang-II) -AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and renin inhibitors. The latter is a new player in the old system. The renin catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I (Ang-I). This can be overcome by inhibiting renin, a preliminary step, eventually hinders the occurrence of the cascade of events in the RAS. Various peptidomimetics, the first-generation renin inhibitors developed six decades ago have limited drug-like properties as they suffered from poor intestinal absorption, high liver first-pass metabolism and low oral bioavailability. The development of chemically diverse molecules from peptides to nonpeptides expanded the horizon to achieving direct renin inhibition. Aliskiren, a blockbuster drug that emerged as a clinical candidate and got approved by the US FDA in 2007 was developed by molecular modeling studies. Aliskiren indicated superior to average efficacy and with minor adverse effects relative to other RAS inhibitors. However, its therapeutic use is limited by poor oral bioavailability of less than 2% that is similar to first-generation peptidic compounds. In this review, we present the development of direct renin inhibitors (DRIs) from peptidic to nonpeptidics that lead to the birth of aliskiren, its place in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and its limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnappa Ramya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Oxbridge College of Pharmacy, Mahadeshwara Nagara, Bengaluru 560091, Karnataka, India; Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar, Chidambaram 608002, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Ramalingam Suresh
- Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar, Chidambaram 608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Honnavalli Yogish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), SS Nagara, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - B R Prashantha Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), SS Nagara, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - N B Sridhara Murthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Oxbridge College of Pharmacy, Mahadeshwara Nagara, Bengaluru 560091, Karnataka, India
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6
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Marc Y, Boitard SE, Balavoine F, Azizi M, Llorens-Cortes C. Targeting Brain Aminopeptidase A: A New Strategy for the Treatment of Hypertension and Heart Failure. Can J Cardiol 2020; 36:721-731. [PMID: 32389345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of heart failure (HF) and hypertension are thought to involve brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) hyperactivity. Angiotensin III, a key effector peptide in the brain RAS, provides tonic stimulatory control over blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive rats. Aminopeptidase A (APA), the enzyme responsible for generating brain angiotensin III, constitutes a potential therapeutic target for hypertension treatment. We focus here on studies of RB150/firibastat, the first prodrug of the specific and selective APA inhibitor EC33 able to cross the blood-brain barrier. We consider its development from therapeutic target discovery to clinical trials of the prodrug. After oral administration, firibastat crosses the gastrointestinal and blood-brain barriers. On arrival in the brain, it is cleaved to generate EC33, which inhibits brain APA activity, lowering BP in various experimental models of hypertension. Firibastat was clinically and biologically well tolerated, even at high doses, in phase I trials conducted in healthy human subjects. It was then shown to decrease BP effectively in patients of various ethnic origins with hypertension in phase II trials. Brain RAS hyperactivity leads to excessive sympathetic activity, which can contribute to HF after myocardial infarction (MI). Chronic treatment with oral firibastat (4 or 8 weeks after MI) has been shown to normalize brain APA activity in mice. This effect is accompanied by a normalization of brain RAS and sympathetic activities, reducing cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy and preventing cardiac dysfunction. Firibastat may therefore represent a novel therapeutic advance in the clinical management of patients with hypertension and potentially with HF after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Marc
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7241, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France; Quantum Genomics, Paris, France
| | - Solène Emmanuelle Boitard
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7241, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France; Quantum Genomics, Paris, France
| | | | - Michel Azizi
- Centres d'Investigation Clinique 1418, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France; Hypertension Unit and Départements Médico-Universitaires Cardiovasculaire, Rénal, transplantation et neurovasculaire (DMU CARTE), l'Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital European Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7241, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France.
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7
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Loganathan L, Muthusamy K. Investigation of Drug Interaction Potentials and Binding Modes on Direct Renin Inhibitors: A Computational Modeling Studies. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180827113622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Hypertension is one of the key risk factors for cardiovascular disease, it is
regulated through Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) cascade. Renin catalyzes the initial
rate-limiting step in RAAS system, that influences the synthesis of angiotensin I from precursor
angiotensin. Renin inhibition could be a potential step for the blood pressure lowering mechanism as
well as for organ protection.
Methods:
In order to understand the structure-activity association of direct renin inhibitors (DRIs),
we have carried out three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR), molecular
docking studies and Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis to identify the attractive compounds.
Five-point pharmacophore model of one acceptor, three hydrophobic groups and one aromatic
ring was chosen for the dataset of 40 compounds.
Results:
The generated 3D-QSAR model shows that the alignment has a good correlation coefficient
for the training set compounds, which comprise the value of R2 = 0.96, SD = 0.1, and F = 131.3. The
test compounds had Q2 = 0.91, RMSE = 0.25, and Pearson-R = 0.97, which describes the predicted
model was reliable.
Discussion:
External validations were carried out to validate the predicted QSAR model. Further, the
significant compounds were studied using different in silico approaches in order to explore the difference
in the atomic configuration and binding mechanism of the identified compounds.
Conclusion:
The molecular dynamics simulation of the complex was analyzed and confirmed the
stability of the compounds in the protein. The outcome of the result could be useful to improve the
safety and efficacy of DRIs that can be projected to clinical trials.
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8
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Ranjbar R, Shafiee M, Hesari A, Ferns GA, Ghasemi F, Avan A. The potential therapeutic use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2277-2295. [PMID: 30191985 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a normal part of the immune response to injury or infection but its dysregulation promotes the development of inflammatory diseases, which cause considerable human suffering. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents are the most commonly prescribed agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, but they are accompanied by a broad range of side effects, including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular events. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is traditionally known for its role in blood pressure regulation. However, there is increasing evidence that RAS signaling is also involved in the inflammatory response associated with several disease states. Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by binding to angiotensin type 1 (AT1 ) receptor, and direct renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) are clinically used as antihypertensive agents. Recent data suggest that these drugs also have anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this review summarizes these recent findings for the efficacy of two of the most widely used antihypertensive drug classes, ACE inhibitors and ARBs, to reduce or treat inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, arthritis, steatohepatitis, colitis, pancreatitis, and nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shafiee
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - AmirReza Hesari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Sussex, UK
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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9
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Marakalala MB, Mmutlane EM, Kinfe HH. β-Hydroxy sulfides and their syntheses. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1668-1692. [PMID: 30013693 PMCID: PMC6036969 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur-containing natural products are ubiquitous in nature, their most abundant source being marine organisms since sulfur, in the form of the sulfate ion, is the second most abundant anion in sea water after chloride. As part of natural products, sulfur can appear in a multitude of combinations and oxidation states: thiol, sulfide (acyclic or heterocyclic), disulfide, sulfoxide, sulfonate, thioaminal, hemithioacetal, various thioesters, thiocarbamate and isothiocyanate. This review article focuses on β-hydroxy sulfides and analogs; their presence in natural products, general protocols for their synthesis, and examples of their application in target oriented synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin M Mmutlane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Henok H Kinfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
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10
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Strecker C, Meyer B. Plasticity of the Binding Site of Renin: Optimized Selection of Protein Structures for Ensemble Docking. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:1121-1131. [PMID: 29683661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein flexibility poses a major challenge to docking of potential ligands in that the binding site can adopt different shapes. Docking algorithms usually keep the protein rigid and only allow the ligand to be treated as flexible. However, a wrong assessment of the shape of the binding pocket can prevent a ligand from adapting a correct pose. Ensemble docking is a simple yet promising method to solve this problem: Ligands are docked into multiple structures, and the results are subsequently merged. Selection of protein structures is a significant factor for this approach. In this work we perform a comprehensive and comparative study evaluating the impact of structure selection on ensemble docking. We perform ensemble docking with several crystal structures and with structures derived from molecular dynamics simulations of renin, an attractive target for antihypertensive drugs. Here, 500 ns of MD simulations revealed binding site shapes not found in any available crystal structure. We evaluate the importance of structure selection for ensemble docking by comparing binding pose prediction, ability to rank actives above nonactives (screening utility), and scoring accuracy. As a result, for ensemble definition k-means clustering appears to be better suited than hierarchical clustering with average linkage. The best performing ensemble consists of four crystal structures and is able to reproduce the native ligand poses better than any individual crystal structure. Moreover this ensemble outperforms 88% of all individual crystal structures in terms of screening utility as well as scoring accuracy. Similarly, ensembles of MD-derived structures perform on average better than 75% of any individual crystal structure in terms of scoring accuracy at all inspected ensembles sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claas Strecker
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
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11
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Tokuhara H, Imaeda Y, Fukase Y, Iwanaga K, Taya N, Watanabe K, Kanagawa R, Matsuda K, Kajimoto Y, Kusumoto K, Kondo M, Snell G, Behnke CA, Kuroita T. Discovery of benzimidazole derivatives as orally active renin inhibitors: Optimization of 3,5-disubstituted piperidine to improve pharmacokinetic profile. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3261-3286. [PMID: 29754833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified 2-tert-butyl-4-[(3-methoxypropyl)amino]-N-(2-methylpropyl)-N-[(3S,5R)-5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)piperidin-3-yl]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide 3 as a potent renin inhibitor. Since 3 showed unacceptably low bioavailability (BA) in rats, structural modification, using SBDD and focused on physicochemical properties was conducted to improve its PK profile while maintaining renin inhibitory activity. Conversion of the amino group attached at the 4-position of pyrimidine to methylene group improved PK profile and decreased renin inhibitory activity. New central cores with carbon side chains were explored to improve potency. We had designed a series of 5-membered azoles and fused heterocycles that interacted with the lipophilic S3 pocket. In the course of modification, renin inhibitory activity was enhanced by the formation of an additional hydrogen bonding with the hydroxyl group of Thr77. Consequently, a series of novel benzimidazole derivatives were discovered as potent and orally bioavailable renin inhibitors. Among those, compound 13 exhibited more than five-fold of plasma renin inhibition than aliskiren in cynomolgus monkeys at dose ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Tokuhara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Imaeda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukase
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwanaga
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naohiro Taya
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Koji Watanabe
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ray Kanagawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; PRA Health Sciences KK, 3-8, Doshomachi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsuda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kajimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; SPERA PHARMA,1nc., 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-0024, Japan
| | - Keiji Kusumoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Kondo
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Gyorgy Snell
- Takeda California, Inc, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Craig A Behnke
- Takeda California, Inc, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States; 10996 Torreyana Rd. Suite 280, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Takanobu Kuroita
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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12
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Chénard É, Cusson JP, Hanessian S. Catalytic asymmetric Friedel–Crafts synthesis of 1,1′-diaryl-2-substituted 4-pentenes enables stereoselective access to functionalized tetrahydronaphthalenes. CAN J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of electron-rich arenes were reacted with 1-alkyl or 1-aryl 1′-allyl benzylic alcohols to give the corresponding 1,1′-diarylalkanes, in the presence of Lewis and Brønsted acids as catalysts. In the presence of HBF4, 1,1′-diarylalkanes containing an allylic chain were shown to form tetrahydronaphthalenes through a rearrangement involving spirocyclic intermediates. The mechanism of the cyclization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Chénard
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale A, Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale A, Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Cusson
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale A, Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale A, Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale A, Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale A, Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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13
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Al-Awadhi FH, Law BK, Paul VJ, Luesch H. Grassystatins D-F, Potent Aspartic Protease Inhibitors from Marine Cyanobacteria as Potential Antimetastatic Agents Targeting Invasive Breast Cancer. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2969-2986. [PMID: 29087712 PMCID: PMC5764543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Three new modified peptides named grassystatins D-F (1-3) were discovered from a marine cyanobacterium from Guam. Their structures were elucidated using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The hallmark structural feature in the peptides is a statine unit, which contributes to their aspartic protease inhibitory activity preferentially targeting cathepsins D and E. Grassystatin F (3) was the most potent analogue, with IC50 values of 50 and 0.5 nM against cathepsins D and E, respectively. The acidic tumor microenvironment is known to increase the activation of some of the lysosomal proteases associated with tumor metastasis such as cathepsins. Because cathepsin D is a biomarker in aggressive forms of breast cancer and linked to poor prognosis, the effects of cathepsin D inhibition by 1 and 3 on the downstream cellular substrates cystatin C and PAI-1 were investigated. Furthermore, the functional relevance of targeting cathepsin D substrates was evaluated by examining the effect of 1 and 3 on the migration of MDA-MD-231 cells. Grassystatin F (3) inhibited the cleavage of cystatin C and PAI-1, the activities of their downstream targets cysteine cathepsins and tPA, and the migration of the highly aggressive triple negative breast cancer cells, phenocopying the effect of siRNA-mediated knockdown of cathepsin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma H. Al-Awadhi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Brian K. Law
- Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1600 Archer Road, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Valerie J. Paul
- Smithsonian Marine Station, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, Florida 34949, United States
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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14
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Discovery of renin inhibitors containing a simple aspartate binding moiety that imparts reduced P450 inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4838-4843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of renin inhibitors guided by simulated annealing of chemical potential simulations. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3947-3963. [PMID: 28601508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have applied simulated annealing of chemical potential (SACP) to a diverse set of ∼150 very small molecules to provide insights into new interactions in the binding pocket of human renin, a historically difficult target for which to find low molecular weight (MW) inhibitors with good bioavailability. In one of its many uses in drug discovery, SACP provides an efficient, thermodynamically principled method of ranking chemotype replacements for scaffold hopping and manipulating physicochemical characteristics for drug development. We introduce the use of Constrained Fragment Analysis (CFA) to construct and analyze ligands composed of linking those fragments with predicted high affinity. This technique addresses the issue of effectively linking fragments together and provides a predictive mechanism to rank order prospective inhibitors for synthesis. The application of these techniques to the identification of novel inhibitors of human renin is described. Synthesis of a limited set of designed compounds provided potent, low MW analogs (IC50s<100nM) with good oral bioavailability (F>20-58%).
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16
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Imaeda Y, Tokuhara H, Fukase Y, Kanagawa R, Kajimoto Y, Kusumoto K, Kondo M, Snell G, Behnke CA, Kuroita T. Discovery of TAK-272: A Novel, Potent, and Orally Active Renin Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:933-938. [PMID: 27774132 PMCID: PMC5066151 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aspartic proteinase renin is an attractive target for the treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular/renal disease such as chronic kidney disease and heart failure. We introduced an S1' site binder into the lead compound 1 guided by structure-based drug design (SBDD), and further optimization of physicochemical properties led to the discovery of benzimidazole derivative 10 (1-(4-methoxybutyl)-N-(2-methylpropyl)-N-[(3S,5R)-5-(morpholin-4-yl)carbonylpiperidin-3-yl]-1H-benzimidazole-2-carboxamide hydrochloride, TAK-272) as a highly potent and orally active renin inhibitor. Compound 10 demonstrated good oral bioavailability (BA) and long-lasting efficacy in rats. Compound 10 is currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Imaeda
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1,
Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tokuhara
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1,
Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukase
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1,
Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ray Kanagawa
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1,
Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kajimoto
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1,
Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Keiji Kusumoto
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1,
Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Kondo
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1,
Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Gyorgy Snell
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410
Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Craig A. Behnke
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410
Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Takanobu Kuroita
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1,
Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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17
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Van der Poorten O, Knuhtsen A, Sejer Pedersen D, Ballet S, Tourwé D. Side Chain Cyclized Aromatic Amino Acids: Great Tools as Local Constraints in Peptide and Peptidomimetic Design. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10865-10890. [PMID: 27690430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Constraining the conformation of flexible peptides is a proven strategy to increase potency, selectivity, and metabolic stability. The focus has mostly been on constraining the backbone dihedral angles; however, the correct orientation of the amino acid side chains (χ-space) that constitute the peptide pharmacophore is equally important. Control of χ-space utilizes conformationally constrained amino acids that favor, disfavor, or exclude the gauche (-), the gauche (+), or the trans conformation. In this review we focus on cyclic aromatic amino acids in which the side chain is connected to the peptide backbone to provide control of χ1- and χ2-space. The manifold applications for cyclized analogues of the aromatic amino acids Phe, Tyr, Trp, and His within peptide medicinal chemistry are showcased herein with examples of enzyme inhibitors and ligands for G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Van der Poorten
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Astrid Knuhtsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Tawada M, Suzuki S, Imaeda Y, Oki H, Snell G, Behnke CA, Kondo M, Tarui N, Tanaka T, Kuroita T, Tomimoto M. Novel approach of fragment-based lead discovery applied to renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6066-6074. [PMID: 27720325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach was conducted for fragment-based lead discovery and applied to renin inhibitors. The biochemical screening of a fragment library against renin provided the hit fragment which showed a characteristic interaction pattern with the target protein. The hit fragment bound only to the S1, S3, and S3SP (S3 subpocket) sites without any interactions with the catalytic aspartate residues (Asp32 and Asp215 (pepsin numbering)). Prior to making chemical modifications to the hit fragment, we first identified its essential binding sites by utilizing the hit fragment's substructures. Second, we created a new and smaller scaffold, which better occupied the identified essential S3 and S3SP sites, by utilizing library synthesis with high-throughput chemistry. We then revisited the S1 site and efficiently explored a good building block attaching to the scaffold with library synthesis. In the library syntheses, the binding modes of each pivotal compound were determined and confirmed by X-ray crystallography and the library was strategically designed by structure-based computational approach not only to obtain a more active compound but also to obtain informative Structure Activity Relationship (SAR). As a result, we obtained a lead compound offering synthetic accessibility as well as the improved in vitro ADMET profiles. The fragments and compounds possessing a characteristic interaction pattern provided new structural insights into renin's active site and the potential to create a new generation of renin inhibitors. In addition, we demonstrated our FBDD strategy integrating highly sensitive biochemical assay, X-ray crystallography, and high-throughput synthesis and in silico library design aimed at fragment morphing at the initial stage was effective to elucidate a pocket profile and a promising lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Tawada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 2-26-1, Muraoka-higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Shinkichi Suzuki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 2-26-1, Muraoka-higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Imaeda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 2-26-1, Muraoka-higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Oki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 2-26-1, Muraoka-higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Gyorgy Snell
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410, Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Craig A Behnke
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410, Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Mitsuyo Kondo
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 2-26-1, Muraoka-higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Tarui
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 2-26-1, Muraoka-higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Tanaka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 2-26-1, Muraoka-higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kuroita
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 2-26-1, Muraoka-higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Tomimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 2-26-1, Muraoka-higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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19
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Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs from 1981 to 2014. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:629-61. [PMID: 26852623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3662] [Impact Index Per Article: 457.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This contribution is a completely updated and expanded version of the four prior analogous reviews that were published in this journal in 1997, 2003, 2007, and 2012. In the case of all approved therapeutic agents, the time frame has been extended to cover the 34 years from January 1, 1981, to December 31, 2014, for all diseases worldwide, and from 1950 (earliest so far identified) to December 2014 for all approved antitumor drugs worldwide. As mentioned in the 2012 review, we have continued to utilize our secondary subdivision of a "natural product mimic", or "NM", to join the original primary divisions and the designation "natural product botanical", or "NB", to cover those botanical "defined mixtures" now recognized as drug entities by the U.S. FDA (and similar organizations). From the data presented in this review, the utilization of natural products and/or their novel structures, in order to discover and develop the final drug entity, is still alive and well. For example, in the area of cancer, over the time frame from around the 1940s to the end of 2014, of the 175 small molecules approved, 131, or 75%, are other than "S" (synthetic), with 85, or 49%, actually being either natural products or directly derived therefrom. In other areas, the influence of natural product structures is quite marked, with, as expected from prior information, the anti-infective area being dependent on natural products and their structures. We wish to draw the attention of readers to the rapidly evolving recognition that a significant number of natural product drugs/leads are actually produced by microbes and/or microbial interactions with the "host from whence it was isolated", and therefore it is considered that this area of natural product research should be expanded significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Newman
- NIH Special Volunteer, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, United States
| | - Gordon M Cragg
- NIH Special Volunteer, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
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20
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Winiecka I, Jaworski P, Mazurek AP, Marszałek D, Goldnik A, Sokulski D. Novel renin inhibitors containing derivatives of N-alkylleucyl-β-hydroxy-γ-amino acids. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:106-15. [PMID: 26780837 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In search for new drugs lowering arterial blood pressure, which could be applied in anti-hypertensive therapy, research concerning agents blocking of renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system has been conducted. Despite many years of research conducted at many research centers around the world, aliskiren is the only one renin inhibitor, which is used up to now. Four novel potential renin inhibitors, having structure based on the peptide fragment 8-13 of human angiotensinogen, a natural substrate for renin, were designed and synthesized. All these inhibitors contain unnatural moieties that are derivatives of N-methylleucyl-β-hydroxy-γ-amino acids at the P2-P1' position: 4-[N-(N-methylleucyl)-amino]-3-hydroxy-7-(3-nitroguanidino)-heptanoic acid (AHGHA), 4-[N-(N-methylleucyl)-amino]-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-pentanoic acid (AHPPA) or 4-[N-(N-methylleucyl)-amino]-8-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (AAHOA). The previously listed synthetic β-hydroxy-γ-amino acids constitute pseudodipeptidic units that correspond to the P1-P1' position of the inhibitor molecule. An unnatural amino acid, 4-methoxyphenylalanin (Phe(4-OMe)), was introduced at the P3 position of the obtained compounds. Three of these compounds contain isoamylamide of 6-aminohexanoic acid (ε-Ahx-Iaa) at the P2'-P3' position. The proposed modifications of the selected human angiotensinogen fragment are intended to increase bioactivity, bioavailability, and stability of the inhibitor molecule in body fluids and tissues. The inhibitor Boc-Phe(4-OMe)-MeLeu-AHGHA-OEt was obtained in the form of an ethyl ester. The hydrophobicity coefficient, expressed as log P varied between 3.95 and 8.17. In vitro renin inhibitory activity of all obtained compounds was contained within the range 10(-6)-10(-9) M. The compound Boc-Phe(4-OMe)-MeLeu-AHPPA-Ahx-Iaa proved to be the most active (IC50 = 1.05 × 10(-9) M). The compounds Boc-Phe(4-OMe)-MeLeu-AHGHA-Ahx-Iaa and Boc-Phe(4-OMe)-MeLeu-AHPPA-Ahx-Iaa are resistant to chymotrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Winiecka
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02 - 097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Jaworski
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02 - 097, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Marszałek
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02 - 097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Goldnik
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02 - 097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Sokulski
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02 - 097, Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Cini E, Banfi L, Barreca G, Carcone L, Malpezzi L, Manetti F, Marras G, Rasparini M, Riva R, Roseblade S, Russo A, Taddei M, Vitale R, Zanotti-Gerosa A. Convergent Synthesis of the Renin Inhibitor Aliskiren Based on C5–C6 Disconnection and CO2H–NH2 Equivalence. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cini
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Banfi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Luca Carcone
- Chemessentia SRL, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Luciana Malpezzi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Renata Riva
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Stephen Roseblade
- Johnson Matthey Catalysis and Chiral Technologies, 28 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FP, United Kingdom
| | - Adele Russo
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Taddei
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Romina Vitale
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Zanotti-Gerosa
- Johnson Matthey Catalysis and Chiral Technologies, 28 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FP, United Kingdom
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22
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Gambini L, Rizzi L, Pedretti A, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Carucci M, Pancotti A, Galli C, Read M, Giurisato E, Romeo S, Russo I. Picomolar Inhibition of Plasmepsin V, an Essential Malaria Protease, Achieved Exploiting the Prime Region. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142509. [PMID: 26566224 PMCID: PMC4643876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It results in an annual death-toll of ~ 600,000. Resistance to all medications currently in use exists, and novel antimalarial drugs are urgently needed. Plasmepsin V (PmV) is an essential Plasmodium protease and a highly promising antimalarial target, which still lacks molecular characterization and drug-like inhibitors. PmV, cleaving the PExEl motif, is the key enzyme for PExEl-secretion, an indispensable parasitic process for virulence and infection. Here, we describe the accessibility of PmV catalytic pockets to inhibitors and propose a novel strategy for PmV inhibition. We also provide molecular and structural data suitable for future drug development. Using high-throughput platforms, we identified a novel scaffold that interferes with PmV in-vitro at picomolar ranges (~ 1,000-fold more active than available compounds). Via systematic replacement of P and P' regions, we assayed the physico-chemical requirements for PmV inhibition, achieving an unprecedented IC50 of ~20 pM. The hydroxyethylamine moiety, the hydrogen acceptor group in P2', the lipophilic groups upstream to P3, the arginine and other possible substitutions in position P3 proved to be critically important elements in achieving potent inhibition. In-silico analyses provided essential QSAR information and model validation. Our inhibitors act ‘on-target’, confirmed by cellular interference of PmV function and biochemical interaction with inhibitors. Our inhibitors are poorly performing against parasite growth, possibly due to poor stability of their peptidic component and trans-membrane permeability. The lowest IC50 for parasite growth inhibition was ~ 15μM. Analysis of inhibitor internalization revealed important pharmacokinetic features for PExEl-based molecules. Our work disclosed novel pursuable drug design strategies for highly efficient PmV inhibition highlighting novel molecular elements necessary for picomolar activity against PmV. All the presented data are discussed in respect to human aspartic proteases and previously reported inhibitors, highlighting differences and proposing new strategies for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gambini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Rizzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pedretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Carucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pancotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Corinna Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin Read
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuele Giurisato
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Romeo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Russo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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23
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Aluko RE, Girgih AT, He R, Malomo S, Li H, Offengenden M, Wu J. Structural and functional characterization of yellow field pea seed (Pisum sativum L.) protein-derived antihypertensive peptides. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Sun X, Wen X, Chen YY, Shi C, Gao C, Wu Y, Wang LJ, Yang XH, Sun H. Discovery of highly potent renin inhibitors potentially interacting with the S3' subsite of renin. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:269-88. [PMID: 26363506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To exploit the S3' subsite of renin active site for renin inhibitor design, 42 aliskiren derivatives with modified P2' portion were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated. Some highly potent renin inhibitors (IC₅₀ < 3 nM) were identified, among which compounds 38 (IC₅₀ = 0.9 nM) and 39 (IC₅₀ = 0.7 nM) were over 2.5-fold more potent than aliskiren (IC₅₀ = 2.3 nM). SAR analysis indicated that incorporation of polar hydrophilic moieties into the P2' portion of renin inhibitors generally enhanced the potency. Consistently with this, molecular modeling study revealed that the triazole part of 39 could provide additional interactions to the S3' subsite of renin active site. Moreover, in vivo evaluation in the double transgenic mouse hypertension model demonstrated that 39 produced greater reduction of the mean arterial blood pressure than ariskiren at the doses of 17.0 and 34.0 μmol/kg, respectively. Taken together, the S3' subsite of renin active site merits further consideration for renin inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sun
- Center for Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xiaoan Wen
- Center for Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yan-yan Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei United University, 57 Jianshe South Road, Tangshan 063000, PR China
| | - Chen Shi
- Center for Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chengzhe Gao
- Center for Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yong Wu
- Center for Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Li-jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei United University, 57 Jianshe South Road, Tangshan 063000, PR China
| | - Xiu-hong Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei United University, 57 Jianshe South Road, Tangshan 063000, PR China.
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Center for Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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25
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trans-(3S,4S)-Disubstituted pyrrolidines as inhibitors of the human aspartyl protease renin. Part I: prime site exploration using an amino linker. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1782-1786. [PMID: 25782742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported on the discovery of (3S,4S)-disubstituted pyrrolidines (e.g., 2) as inhibitors of the human aspartyl protease renin. In our effort to further expand the scope of this novel class of direct renin inhibitors, a new sub-series was designed in which the prime site substituents are linked to the pyrrolidine core by a (3S)-amino functional group. In particular, analogs bearing the corresponding sulfonamide spacer (50, 51 and 54a) demonstrated a pronounced increase in in vitro potency compared to compound 2.
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26
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Sellner H, Cottens S, Cumin F, Ehrhardt C, Kosaka T, Lorthiois E, Ostermann N, Webb RL, Rigel DF, Wagner T, Maibaum J. trans -3,4-Disubstituted pyrrolidines as inhibitors of the human aspartyl protease renin. Part II: Prime site exploration using an oxygen linker. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1787-1791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Persch E, Dumele O, Diederich F. Molekulare Erkennung in chemischen und biologischen Systemen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Persch E, Dumele O, Diederich F. Molecular recognition in chemical and biological systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3290-327. [PMID: 25630692 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based ligand design in medicinal chemistry and crop protection relies on the identification and quantification of weak noncovalent interactions and understanding the role of water. Small-molecule and protein structural database searches are important tools to retrieve existing knowledge. Thermodynamic profiling, combined with X-ray structural and computational studies, is the key to elucidate the energetics of the replacement of water by ligands. Biological receptor sites vary greatly in shape, conformational dynamics, and polarity, and require different ligand-design strategies, as shown for various case studies. Interactions between dipoles have become a central theme of molecular recognition. Orthogonal interactions, halogen bonding, and amide⋅⋅⋅π stacking provide new tools for innovative lead optimization. The combination of synthetic models and biological complexation studies is required to gather reliable information on weak noncovalent interactions and the role of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Persch
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
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29
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Kondoh A, Terada M. Brønsted base-catalyzed α-oxygenation of carbonyl compounds utilizing the [1,2]-phospha-Brook rearrangement. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00108k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel α-oxygenation reaction of carbonyl compounds was developed by utilizing the [1,2]-phospha-Brook rearrangement under Brønsted base catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Kondoh
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
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30
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Murakami K, Sasano Y, Tomizawa M, Shibuya M, Kwon E, Iwabuchi Y. Highly Enantioselective Organocatalytic Oxidative Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols Using Chiral Alkoxyamines as Precatalysts: Catalyst Structure, Active Species, and Substrate Scope. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17591-600. [DOI: 10.1021/ja509766f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Murakami
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and ‡Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School
of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sasano
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and ‡Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School
of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masaki Tomizawa
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and ‡Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School
of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Shibuya
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and ‡Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School
of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and ‡Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School
of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Iwabuchi
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and ‡Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School
of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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31
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Hanessian S, Chénard E, Guesné S, Cusson JP. Conception and Evolution of Stereocontrolled Strategies toward Functionalized 8-Aryloctanoic Acids Related to the Total Synthesis of Aliskiren. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9531-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5015195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale A, Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Etienne Chénard
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale A, Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sébastien Guesné
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale A, Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Cusson
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale A, Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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32
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Kratz JM, Schuster D, Edtbauer M, Saxena P, Mair CE, Kirchebner J, Matuszczak B, Baburin I, Hering S, Rollinger JM. Experimentally validated HERG pharmacophore models as cardiotoxicity prediction tools. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:2887-901. [PMID: 25148533 DOI: 10.1021/ci5001955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to design, experimentally validate, and apply a virtual screening workflow to identify novel hERG channel blockers. The hERG channel is an important antitarget in drug development since cardiotoxic risks remain as a major cause of attrition. A ligand-based pharmacophore model collection was developed and theoretically validated. The seven most complementary and suitable models were used for virtual screening of in-house and commercially available compound libraries. From the hit lists, 50 compounds were selected for experimental validation through bioactivity assessment using patch clamp techniques. Twenty compounds inhibited hERG channels expressed in HEK 293 cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.13 to 2.77 μM, attesting to the suitability of the models as cardiotoxicity prediction tools in a preclinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadel M Kratz
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , 88.040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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33
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Ehara T, Irie O, Kosaka T, Kanazawa T, Breitenstein W, Grosche P, Ostermann N, Suzuki M, Kawakami S, Konishi K, Hitomi Y, Toyao A, Gunji H, Cumin F, Schiering N, Wagner T, Rigel DF, Webb RL, Maibaum J, Yokokawa F. Structure-based design of substituted piperidines as a new class of highly efficacious oral direct Renin inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:787-92. [PMID: 25050166 DOI: 10.1021/ml500137b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A cis-configured 3,5-disubstituted piperidine direct renin inhibitor, (syn,rac)-1, was discovered as a high-throughput screening hit from a target-family tailored library. Optimization of both the prime and the nonprime site residues flanking the central piperidine transition-state surrogate resulted in analogues with improved potency and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, culminating in the identification of the 4-hydroxy-3,5-substituted piperidine 31. This compound showed high in vitro potency toward human renin with excellent off-target selectivity, 60% oral bioavailability in rat, and dose-dependent blood pressure lowering effects in the double-transgenic rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Ehara
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Osamu Irie
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kosaka
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanazawa
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Werner Breitenstein
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Grosche
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Ostermann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Masaki Suzuki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Shimpei Kawakami
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Konishi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Yuko Hitomi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Hiroki Gunji
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Frederic Cumin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaus Schiering
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Trixie Wagner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dean F. Rigel
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals
Corp., Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Randy L. Webb
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals
Corp., Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Jürgen Maibaum
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fumiaki Yokokawa
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
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34
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Moorthy NSHN, Brás NF, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Binding mode prediction and identification of new lead compounds from natural products as renin and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study a novel renin and ACE inhibitor was developed from natural products using computational techniques. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that the new lead compound has significant binding to the targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natércia F. Brás
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramos
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Porto, Portugal
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35
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Subramanian G, Rao SN. Comprehending renin inhibitor's binding affinity using structure-based approaches. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6667-72. [PMID: 24239018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The performance of several structure-based design (SBD) approaches in predicting the binding affinity of diverse small molecule inhibitors co-crystallized to human renin was assessed to ascertain the modeling tool and method of choice required when dealing with structure-based lead optimization projects. Most of the SBD approaches investigated here were able to provide qualitative guidance, but quantitative accuracy as well as decisive discrimination between [in]actives is still not within reach. Such an outcome suggests that the current methods need improvement to capture the overall physics of the binding phenomenon for consistent applications in a lead optimization setting.
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36
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Yokokawa F. Recent progress on the discovery of non-peptidic direct renin inhibitors for the clinical management of hypertension. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:673-90. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.791279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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37
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Nakamura Y, Fujimoto T, Ogawa Y, Namiki H, Suzuki S, Asano M, Sugita C, Mochizuki A, Miyazaki S, Tamaki K, Nagai Y, Inoue SI, Nagayama T, Kato M, Chiba K, Takasuna K, Nishi T. Lead optimization of 5-amino-6-(2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-hydroxyhexanamides to reduce a cardiac safety issue: discovery of DS-8108b, an orally active renin inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3175-96. [PMID: 23598247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
With the aim to address an undesired cardiac issue observed with our related compound in the recently disclosed novel series of renin inhibitors, further chemical modifications of this series were performed. Extensive structure-activity relationships studies as well as in vivo cardiac studies using the electrophysiology rat model led to the discovery of clinical candidate trans-adamantan-1-ol analogue 56 (DS-8108b) as a potent renin inhibitor with reduced potential cardiac risk. Oral administration of single doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg of 56 in cynomolgus monkeys pre-treated with furosemide led to significant reduction of mean arterial blood pressure for more than 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakamura
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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38
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Lorthiois E, Breitenstein W, Cumin F, Ehrhardt C, Francotte E, Jacoby E, Ostermann N, Sellner H, Kosaka T, Webb RL, Rigel DF, Hassiepen U, Richert P, Wagner T, Maibaum J. The discovery of novel potent trans-3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine inhibitors of the human aspartic protease renin from in silico three-dimensional (3D) pharmacophore searches. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2207-17. [PMID: 23425156 DOI: 10.1021/jm3017078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The small-molecule trans-3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine 6 was identified from in silico three-dimensional (3D) pharmacophore searches based on known X-ray structures of renin-inhibitor complexes and demonstrated to be a weakly active inhibitor of the human enzyme. The unexpected binding mode of the more potent enantiomer (3S,4S)-6a in an extended conformation spanning the nonprime and S1' pockets of the recombinant human (rh)-renin active site was elucidated by X-ray crystallography. Initial structure-activity relationship work focused on modifications of the hydrophobic diphenylamine portion positioned in S1 and extending toward the S2 pocket. Replacement with an optimized P3-P1 pharmacophore interacting to the nonsubstrate S3(sp) cavity eventually resulted in significantly improved in vitro potency and selectivity. The prototype analogue (3S,4S)-12a of this new class of direct renin inhibitors exerted blood pressure lowering effects in a hypertensive double-transgenic rat model after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Lorthiois
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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39
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Harmsen RAG, Sivertsen A, Michetti D, Brandsdal BO, Sydnes LK, Haug BE. Synthesis and docking of novel piperidine renin inhibitors. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Subramanian G. Computational modeling and design of renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:460-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Pacheco Homem D, Flores R, Tosqui P, de Castro Rozada T, Abicht Basso E, Gasparotto Junior A, Augusto Vicente Seixas F. Homology modeling of dihydrofolate reductase from T. gondii bonded to antagonists: molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:1308-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Mori Y, Ogawa Y, Mochizuki A, Nakamura Y, Sugita C, Miyazaki S, Tamaki K, Matsui Y, Takahashi M, Nagayama T, Nagai Y, Inoue SI, Nishi T. Design and discovery of new (3S,5R)-5-[4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxopiperazin-1-yl]piperidine-3-carboxamides as potent renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7677-82. [PMID: 23122821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing X-ray crystal structure analysis, (3S,5R)-5-[4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxopiperazin-1-yl]piperidine-3-carboxamides were designed and identified as renin inhibitors. The most potent compound 15 demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Mori
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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43
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Mandal M, Zhu Z, Cumming JN, Liu X, Strickland C, Mazzola RD, Caldwell JP, Leach P, Grzelak M, Hyde L, Zhang Q, Terracina G, Zhang L, Chen X, Kuvelkar R, Kennedy ME, Favreau L, Cox K, Orth P, Buevich A, Voigt J, Wang H, Kazakevich I, McKittrick BA, Greenlee W, Parker EM, Stamford AW. Design and Validation of Bicyclic Iminopyrimidinones As Beta Amyloid Cleaving Enzyme-1 (BACE1) Inhibitors: Conformational Constraint to Favor a Bioactive Conformation. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9331-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301039c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihirbaran Mandal
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jared N. Cumming
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Corey Strickland
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert D. Mazzola
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John P. Caldwell
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Prescott Leach
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Grzelak
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynn Hyde
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Giuseppe Terracina
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xia Chen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Reshma Kuvelkar
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Matthew E. Kennedy
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Leonard Favreau
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kathleen Cox
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Peter Orth
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexei Buevich
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Johannes Voigt
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Irina Kazakevich
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brian A. McKittrick
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William Greenlee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric M. Parker
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew W. Stamford
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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44
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Nakamura Y, Fujimoto T, Ogawa Y, Sugita C, Miyazaki S, Tamaki K, Takahashi M, Matsui Y, Nagayama T, Manabe K, Mizuno M, Masubuchi N, Chiba K, Nishi T. Discovery of DS-8108b, a Novel Orally Bioavailable Renin Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:754-8. [PMID: 24900544 DOI: 10.1021/ml300168e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel orally bioavailable renin inhibitor, DS-8108b (5), showing potent renin inhibitory activity and excellent in vivo efficacy is described. We report herein the synthesis and pharmacological effects of 5 including renin inhibitory activity in vitro, suppressive effects of ex vivo plasma renin activity (PRA) in cynomolgus monkey, pharmacokinetic data, and blood pressure-lowering effects in an animal model. Compound 5 demonstrated inhibitory activities toward human renin (IC50 = 0.9 nM) and human and monkey PRA (IC50 = 1.9 and 6.3 nM, respectively). Oral administration of single doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg of 5 in cynomolgus monkey on pretreatment with furosemide led to dose-dependent significant reductions in ex vivo PRA and sustained lowering of mean arterial blood pressure for more than 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakamura
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Teppei Fujimoto
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ogawa
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Chie Sugita
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Shojiro Miyazaki
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Tamaki
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Mizuki Takahashi
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsui
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagayama
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kenichi Manabe
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizuno
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Noriko Masubuchi
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Chiba
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Takahide Nishi
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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45
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Dinca E, Hartmann P, Smrček J, Dix I, Jones PG, Jahn U. General and Efficient α-Oxygenation of Carbonyl Compounds by TEMPO Induced by Single-Electron-Transfer Oxidation of Their Enolates. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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46
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Barawkar DA, Bandyopadhyay A, Deshpande A, Koul S, Kandalkar S, Patil P, Khose G, Vyas S, Mone M, Bhosale S, Singh U, De S, Meru A, Gundu J, Chugh A, Palle VP, Mookhtiar KA, Vacca JP, Chakravarty PK, Nargund RP, Wright SD, Roy S, Graziano MP, Cully D, Cai TQ, Singh SB. Discovery of pyrazole carboxylic acids as potent inhibitors of rat long chain l-2-hydroxy acid oxidase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4341-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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Fournier PA, Arbour M, Cauchon E, Chen A, Chefson A, Ducharme Y, Falgueyret JP, Gagné S, Grimm E, Han Y, Houle R, Lacombe P, Lévesque JF, MacDonald D, Mackay B, McKay D, Percival MD, Ramtohul Y, St-Jacques R, Toulmond S. Design and synthesis of potent, isoxazole-containing renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2670-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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Review of companies and drug classes in the 2007–2011 antihypertensive patent literature. Pharm Pat Anal 2012; 1:45-64. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, defined as elevated systolic blood pressure and/or diastolic blood pressure generally greater than 140/90 mmHg, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes such as arterial aneurysm, myocardial infarction and stroke, and for nonvascular conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. The prevalence of the disease is rapidly increasing both in the USA and in the rest of the world. Hypertension can be managed to a degree through behavioral changes (e.g., reduction in salt intake and loss of excess body weight). When lifestyle changes fail, pharmacological therapy provides benefits, with combination drug therapy often required for many patients to reach their blood pressure-reduction goals. Approximately one-third of hypertensive patients who seek treatment fail to reach their goals, either because they are resistant to drug therapy or stop treatment due to side-effect issues. A medical need exists for new antihypertensive agents with improved risk–benefit profiles. However, within the past decade, the economics of bringing a new antihypertensive agent to market have become challenging due to the plethora of generic drugs available, the advent of polypharmacology, and the difficulty of identifying agents that are better than the standard of care. Only a few new mechanistic classes of antihypertensive agents have been recently approved, suggesting a lack of innovation within the industry. In this review, we describe the results of a survey of drug companies and drug classes in the 2007–2009 antihypertensive patent literature and comment on the current state of innovation in antihypertensive drug discovery.
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49
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An integrated computational workflow for efficient and quantitative modeling of renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:851-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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50
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Barawkar DA, Meru A, Bandyopadhyay A, Banerjee A, Deshpande AM, Athare C, Koduru C, Khose G, Gundu J, Mahajan K, Patil P, Kandalkar SR, Niranjan S, Bhosale S, De S, Mukhopadhyay S, Chaudhary S, Koul S, Singh U, Chugh A, Palle VP, Mookhtiar KA, Vacca J, Chakravarty PK, Nargund RP, Wright SD, Roy S, Graziano MP, Singh SB, Cully D, Cai TQ. Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Long Chain l-2-Hydroxy Acid Oxidase Reduced Blood Pressure in DOCA Salt-Treated Rats. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:919-23. [PMID: 24900281 DOI: 10.1021/ml2001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
l-2-Hydroxy acid oxidase (Hao2) is a peroxisomal enzyme with predominant expression in the liver and kidney. Hao2 was recently identified as a candidate gene for blood pressure quantitative trait locus in rats. To investigate a pharmacological role of Hao2 in the management of blood pressure, selective Hao2 inhibitors were developed. Optimization of screening hits 1 and 2 led to the discovery of compounds 3 and 4 as potent and selective rat Hao2 inhibitors with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for in vivo studies in rats. Treatment with compound 3 or 4 resulted in a significant reduction or attenuation of blood pressure in an established or developing model of hypertension, deoxycorticosterone acetate-treated rats. This is the first report demonstrating a pharmacological benefit of selective Hao2 inhibitors in a relevant model of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh A. Barawkar
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Ashwin Meru
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Anish Bandyopadhyay
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Abir Banerjee
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Anil M. Deshpande
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Chandrashekhar Athare
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Chandrasekhar Koduru
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Goraksha Khose
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Jayasagar Gundu
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Koshu Mahajan
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Pradeep Patil
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Sachin R. Kandalkar
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Sanjay Niranjan
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Shubhangi Bhosale
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Siddhartha De
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Sudit Mukhopadhyay
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Sumit Chaudhary
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Summon Koul
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Umesh Singh
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Anita Chugh
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Venkata P. Palle
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Kasim A. Mookhtiar
- Drug Discovery Facility, Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjewadi,
Pune 411 057, India
| | - Joseph Vacca
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | | | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Samuel D. Wright
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Sophie Roy
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | | | - Sheo B. Singh
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Doris Cully
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Tian-Quan Cai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
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