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A facile approach towards amidinophenylalanine derivatives as building blocks for the synthesis of non-natural peptides and peptidomimetics. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2
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Trader DJ, Simanski S, Dickson P, Kodadek T. Establishment of a suite of assays that support the discovery of proteasome stimulators. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:892-899. [PMID: 28065760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proteasome catalyzes the degradation of many mis-folded proteins, which are otherwise cytotoxic. There is interest in the discovery of proteasome agonists, but previous efforts to do so have been disappointing. METHODS The cleavage of small fluorogenic peptides is used routinely as an assay to screen for proteasome modulators. We have developed follow-on assays that employ more physiologically relevant substrates. RESULTS To demonstrate the efficacy of this workflow, the NIH Clinical Collection (NCC) was screened. While many compounds stimulated proteasome-mediated proteolysis of the pro-fluorogenic peptide substrates, most failed to evince activity in assays with larger peptide or protein substrates. We also show that two molecules claimed previously to be proteasome agonists, oleuropein and betulinic acid, indeed accelerate hydrolysis of the fluorogenic substrate, but have no effect on the turnover of a mis-folded protein in vitro or in cellulo. However, two small molecules from the NCC, MK-866 and AM-404, stimulate the proteasome-mediated turnover of a mis-folded protein in living cells by 3- to 4-fold. CONCLUSION Assays that monitor the proteasome-mediated degradation of larger peptides and proteins can distinguish bona fide agonists from compounds only able to stimulate the cleavage of short, non-physiologically relevant peptides. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE A suite of assays has been established that allows the discovery of bona fide proteasome agonists. AM-404 and MK-866 can be useful tools for cell culture experiments, and can serve as scaffolds to generate more potent 20S stimulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci J Trader
- Departments of Chemistry and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Scott Simanski
- Departments of Chemistry and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Paige Dickson
- Departments of Chemistry and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Thomas Kodadek
- Departments of Chemistry and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
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Discovery of the Novel Oxadiazole-Containing 5-Lipoxygenase Activating Protein (FLAP) Inhibitor BI 665915. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1239.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Takahashi H, Riether D, Bartolozzi A, Bosanac T, Berger V, Binetti R, Broadwater J, Chen Z, Crux R, De Lombaert S, Dave R, Dines JA, Fadra-Khan T, Flegg A, Garrigou M, Hao MH, Huber J, Hutzler JM, Kerr S, Kotey A, Liu W, Lo HY, Loke PL, Mahaney PE, Morwick TM, Napier S, Olague A, Pack E, Padyana AK, Thomson DS, Tye H, Wu L, Zindell RM, Abeywardane A, Simpson T. Synthesis, SAR, and Series Evolution of Novel Oxadiazole-Containing 5-Lipoxygenase Activating Protein Inhibitors: Discovery of 2-[4-(3-{(R)-1-[4-(2-Amino-pyrimidin-5-yl)-phenyl]-1-cyclopropyl-ethyl}-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl)-pyrazol-1-yl]-N,N-dimethyl-acetamide (BI 665915). J Med Chem 2015; 58:1669-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501185j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca Crux
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jonathon A. Dines
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam Flegg
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Garrigou
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Kotey
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pui Leng Loke
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Spencer Napier
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Heather Tye
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
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Knab LM, Grippo PJ, Bentrem DJ. Involvement of eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer: The roles of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10729-10739. [PMID: 25152576 PMCID: PMC4138453 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between inflammation and cancer progression is a growing area of research. A combination of clinical, epidemiological, and basic science investigations indicate that there is a relationship between inflammatory changes in the pancreas and neoplastic progression. Diets high in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids provide increased substrate for arachidonic acid metabolism by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) to form eicosanoids. These eicosanoids directly contribute to pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. Both COX-2 and 5-LOX are upregulated in multiple cancer types, including pancreatic cancer. In vitro studies using pancreatic cancer cell lines have demonstrated upregulation of COX-2 and 5-LOX at both the mRNA and protein levels. When COX-2 and 5-LOX are blocked via a variety of mechanisms, cancer cell proliferation is abrogated both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of COX-2 has been shown to include effects on apoptosis as well as angiogenesis. 5-LOX has been implicated in apoptosis. The use of COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitors in clinical studies in patients with pancreatic cancer has been limited. Patient enrollment has been restricted to those with advanced disease which makes evaluation of these drugs as chemopreventive agents difficult. COX-2 and 5-LOX expression have been shown to be present during the early neoplastic changes of pancreatic cancer, well before progression to invasive disease. This indicates that the ideal role for these interventions is early in the disease process as preventive agents, perhaps in patients with chronic pancreatitis or hereditary pancreatitis.
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6
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Structural Analysis of Leukotriene B4 (LBT4) Receptor (BLT1 AND BLT2) Antagonists. Pharm Chem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-014-1102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Identification of benzofuran central cores for the inhibition of leukotriene A(4) hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:811-5. [PMID: 23260350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LT's) are known to play a physiological role in inflammatory immune response. Leukotriene A(4) hydrolase (LTA(4)H) is a cystolic enzyme that stereospecifically catalyzes the transformation of LTA(4) to LTB(4). LTB(4) is a known pro-inflammatory mediator. This paper describes the identification and synthesis of substituted benzofurans as LTH(4)H inhibitors. The benzofuran series demonstrated reduced mouse and human whole blood LTB(4) levels in vitro and led to the identification one analog for advanced profiling. Benzofuran 28 showed dose responsive target engagement and provides a useful tool to explore a LTA(4)H inhibitor for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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8
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GRICE CHERYLA, FOURIE ANNEM, LEE-DUTRA ALICE. Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase: Biology, Inhibitors and Clinical Applications. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene A4 hydrolase is a zinc-containing cytosolic enzyme with both hydrolase and aminopeptidase activity. LTA4H stereospecifically catalyzes the transformation of the unstable epoxide LTA4 to the potent pro-inflammatory mediator LTB4. Variations in the lta4h gene have been linked to susceptibility to multiple diseases including myocardial infarction, stroke and asthma. Pre-clinical animal models and human biomarker data have implicated LTB4 in inflammatory diseases. Several groups have now identified selective inhibitors of LTA4H, many of which were influenced by the disclosure of a protein crystal structure a decade ago. Clinical validation of LTA4H remains elusive despite the progression of inhibitors into pre-clinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHERYL A. GRICE
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego California 92121 USA
| | - ANNE M. FOURIE
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego California 92121 USA
| | - ALICE LEE-DUTRA
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego California 92121 USA
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9
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Lee T, Gong YD. Solid-phase parallel synthesis of drug-like artificial 2H-benzopyran libraries. Molecules 2012; 17:5467-96. [PMID: 22572931 PMCID: PMC6268589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17055467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the construction of drug-like 2H-benzopyrans and related libraries using solid-phase parallel synthesis. In this context, the preparation of substituted benzopyrans such as mono-, di- and trisubstituted benzopyran derivatives and additional ring-fused benzopyrans such as benzopyranoisoxazoles, benzopyranopyrazoles, six-membered ring-fused benzopyrans, and polycyclic benzopyrans are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeho Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 1370, Sangyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea;
| | - Young-Dae Gong
- Center for Innovative Drug Library Research, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, 26 Pildong 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +82-2-2260-3206; Fax: +82-2-2268-8204
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Suh J, Yum EK, Cheon HG, Cho YS. Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-aryl-4-aryl-1,3-thiazole-2-amine derivatives as direct 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:89-98. [PMID: 22404847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological evaluation of N-aryl-4-aryl-1,3-thiazole-2-amine derivatives was examined for anti-inflammatory activity in in vitro and in vivo assays. The thiazole compounds showed direct inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) that is a key enzyme of leukotrienes synthesis and involved in the inflammation-related diseases, including asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. To optimize biological activity, we synthesized 1,3-thiazole-2-amine derivatives and investigated for structure and activity relationship. Especially, N-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-thiazole-2-amine was shown to have a potent anti-inflammatory activity as a 5-LOX inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehee Suh
- Center for Metabolic Syndrome Therapeutics, Bio-Organic Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, PO Box 107, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
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Ham J, Hwang H, Kim E, Kim JA, Cho SJ, Ko J, Lee W, Lee J, Holla H, Banerjee J, Kim S, Yang I, Lee HJ, Shin K, Choi H, Nam SJ, Tak J, Hahn D, Oh T, Won DH, Lee TG, Choi J, Park MS, Seok C, Chin J, Kang H. Discovery, design and synthesis of Y-shaped peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ agonists as potent anti-obesity agents in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 53:190-202. [PMID: 22534184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We have discovered and demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo PPARδ-selective activity of novel Y-shaped agonists. These compounds activated hPPARδ with EC(50) values between 1 and 523 nM. Surprisingly, compounds 10a, 11d, 11e and 11f were the most potent and most selective hPPARδ agonists with 10(4)-fold selectivity over the other two subtypes, namely, hPPARα and hPPARγ. The PPARδ ligands 10a, 11e and 11f showed good bioavailability and in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungyeob Ham
- Center for Marine Natural Products and Drug Discovery, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, NS-80, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
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Gong YD, Cheon HG, Lee TH, Bae MS, Kang NS. A Novel 6-(2-methyl-2-alkylsubstituted-2H-chromen-6-yl)-amine Derivatives and Pharmacophore Model as 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.10.3752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Busch C, Passon M, Wenzel M, Socher I, Kaiser WA, Hilger I. Detection of Leukotriene Receptor CysLT
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R in Inflammatory Diseases by Molecular Imaging with Near-Infrared Fluorescence-Based Contrast Agents. Mol Imaging 2011. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Busch
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany, and Dyomics GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Marta Passon
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany, and Dyomics GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Wenzel
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany, and Dyomics GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Ines Socher
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany, and Dyomics GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Werner A. Kaiser
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany, and Dyomics GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hilger
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany, and Dyomics GmbH, Jena, Germany
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14
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15
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Grice CA, Tays KL, Savall BM, Wei J, Butler CR, Axe FU, Bembenek SD, Fourie AM, Dunford PJ, Lundeen K, Coles F, Xue X, Riley JP, Williams KN, Karlsson L, Edwards JP. Identification of a potent, selective, and orally active leukotriene a4 hydrolase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4150-69. [PMID: 18588282 DOI: 10.1021/jm701575k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
LTA 4H is a ubiquitously distributed 69 kDa zinc-containing cytosolic enzyme with both hydrolase and aminopeptidase activity. As a hydrolase, LTA 4H stereospecifically catalyzes the transformation of the unstable epoxide LTA 4 to the diol LTB 4, a potent chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils and a chemoattractant of eosinophils, macrophages, mast cells, and T cells. Inhibiting the formation of LTB 4 is expected to be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), asthma, and atherosclerosis. We developed a pharmacophore model using a known inhibitor manually docked into the active site of LTA 4H to identify a subset of compounds for screening. From this work we identified a series of benzoxazole, benzthiazole, and benzimidazole inhibitors. SAR studies resulted in the identification of several potent inhibitors with an appropriate cross-reactivity profile and excellent PK/PD properties. Our efforts focused on further profiling JNJ 27265732, which showed encouraging efficacy in a disease model relevant to IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Grice
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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16
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McKew JC, Lee KL, Shen MWH, Thakker P, Foley MA, Behnke ML, Hu B, Sum FW, Tam S, Hu Y, Chen L, Kirincich SJ, Michalak R, Thomason J, Ipek M, Wu K, Wooder L, Ramarao MK, Murphy EA, Goodwin DG, Albert L, Xu X, Donahue F, Ku MS, Keith J, Nickerson-Nutter CL, Abraham WM, Williams C, Hegen M, Clark JD. Indole cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha inhibitors: discovery and in vitro and in vivo characterization of 4-{3-[5-chloro-2-(2-{[(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)sulfonyl]amino}ethyl)-1-(diphenylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]propyl}benzoic acid, efipladib. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3388-413. [PMID: 18498150 DOI: 10.1021/jm701467e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The optimization of a class of indole cPLA 2 alpha inhibitors is described herein. The importance of the substituent at C3 and the substitution pattern of the phenylmethane sulfonamide region are highlighted. Optimization of these regions led to the discovery of 111 (efipladib) and 121 (WAY-196025), which are shown to be potent, selective inhibitors of cPLA 2 alpha in a variety of isolated enzyme assays, cell based assays, and rat and human whole blood assays. The binding of these compounds has been further examined using isothermal titration calorimetry. Finally, these compounds have shown efficacy when dosed orally in multiple acute and chronic prostaglandin and leukotriene dependent in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C McKew
- Department of Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, 200 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Pontiki E, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Lipoxygenase inhibitors: a comparative QSAR study review and evaluation of new QSARs. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:39-117. [PMID: 17191217 DOI: 10.1002/med.20099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper contains a quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) study for lipoxygenase (LO) inhibitors. It reveals that in almost all cases, the clog P parameter plays an important part in the QSARs (linear or bilinear model). In some cases the steric factors such as the overall molar refractivity (CMR) or the substituents molar refractivity (MR) (linear or parabola) are important. Electronic effects are comparatively unimportant. The study shows that log P as calculated from the Clog P program is suitable for this form of QSAR study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Pontiki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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Whatling C, McPheat W, Herslöf M. The potential link between atherosclerosis and the 5-lipoxygenase pathway: investigational agents with new implications for the cardiovascular field. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 16:1879-93. [PMID: 18041998 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.12.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 5-lipoxygenase pathway is responsible for the production of leukotrienes--inflammatory lipid mediators that have a role in innate immunity, but that can also have pathological effects in inflammatory diseases. Recently, a potential link between leukotriene production and atherosclerosis has been proposed. The expression of leukotriene biosynthetic enzymes and leukotriene receptors has been identified in coronary and carotid atherosclerotic plaques, and the levels of biosynthetic enzymes have been correlated with the clinical symptoms of unstable plaques. Genetic variants in 5-lipoxygenase pathway genes have also been associated with a relative risk of developing myocardial infarction and stroke. On the basis of these discoveries, antileukotriene compounds are now being evaluated for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Several tool compounds have been shown to limit the progression of lesion development in preclinical models of atherosclerosis, and three compounds, including two drugs previously developed for asthma, are undergoing clinical trials in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Whatling
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Bioscience Department, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
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Prabhakar KR, Veerapur VP, Bansal P, Vipan KP, Reddy KM, Barik A, Reddy BKD, Reddanna P, Priyadarsini KI, Unnikrishnan MK. Identification and evaluation of antioxidant, analgesic/anti-inflammatory activity of the most active ninhydrin–phenol adducts synthesized. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7113-20. [PMID: 16889968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of phenols with ninhydrin in acidic medium afforded 2-hydroxy-2-(ortho-hydroxy-phenyl/naphthyl)-1,3-dioxoindanes, which being unstable were isolated in their hemiketal forms. These synthesized compounds were subjected to TLC screening for radical scavenging and in vitro lipoxgenase and cycloxygenase enzyme inhibition assays. The best compound was identified and studied in detail for steady-state and time-resolved free radical kinetics, viz., DPPH, ABTS(-), *OH and rate constants for these reactions were evaluated. The best compound was also subjected to in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in which the compound showed good promise for further structural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Prabhakar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal 576 104, India
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Grimm EL, Brideau C, Chauret N, Chan CC, Delorme D, Ducharme Y, Ethier D, Falgueyret JP, Friesen RW, Guay J, Hamel P, Riendeau D, Soucy-Breau C, Tagari P, Girard Y. Substituted coumarins as potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2528-31. [PMID: 16464579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors have potential as therapeutic agents for asthma and inflammatory diseases. A novel series of substituted coumarin derivatives has been synthesized and the structure-activity relationship was evaluated with respect to their ability to inhibit the formation of leukotrienes via the human 5-lipoxygenase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich L Grimm
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Hwy, Kirkland, Que., Canada H9H 3L1.
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Broekema M, van Eerd JJEM, Oyen WJG, Corstens FHM, Liskamp RMJ, Boerman OC, Harris TD. Synthesis of Leukotriene B4 Antagonists Labeled with In-111 or Tc-99m to Image Infectious and Inflammatory Foci. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6442-53. [PMID: 16190770 DOI: 10.1021/jm050383h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies we demonstrated that lipophilic (99m)Tc-labeled LTB4 antagonist 1 (RP517) accumulated in infectious foci in rabbits, but hepatobiliary clearance hampered imaging of abdominal lesions. We now report the use of cysteic acid as a pharmacokinetic modifier to improve the water solubility and renal clearance of three hydrophilic analogues of 1. Divalent LTB4 antagonist 17 (DPC11870-11) is a DTPA conjugate for radiolabeling with In-111. Monovalent LTB4 antagonists 15 (BMS57868-88) and divalent LTB4 antagonist 18 (BMS57868-81) are conjugated to bifunctional chelator HYNIC for radiolabeling with (99m)Tc. The three compounds labeled efficiently with 111In or (99m)Tc with high radiochemical purity and specific activities. Scintigraphic images obtained in New Zealand White rabbits having acute intramuscular E. coli infection demonstrated that all agents were able to clearly visualize the abscess, and clearance was exclusively renal. The biodistribution of the (99m)Tc-labeled LTB4 antagonists was affected by the coligands used with the HYNIC chelator and by the monovalent or divalent nature of the receptor binding moiety. The best scintigraphic images were obtained with monovalent HYNIC conjugate 15 using tricine and isonicotinic acid as coligands with HYNIC for coordination with (99m)Tc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Broekema
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Medical Imaging, North Billerica, Massachusetts 01862, USA
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Petasis NA, Akritopoulou-Zanze I, Fokin VV, Bernasconi G, Keledjian R, Yang R, Uddin J, Nagulapalli KC, Serhan CN. Design, synthesis and bioactions of novel stable mimetics of lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxins. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 73:301-21. [PMID: 16098719 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lipoxins (LX) are a class of potent endogenous oxygenated products that are enzymatically generated from arachidonic acid and have novel anti-inflammatory properties and promote resolution. Elucidation of the biochemical pathways involved in the metabolic inactivation of LX and the discovery of the aspirin-triggered lipoxins (ATL) provided the basis for the design and synthesis of stable analogs of LX and ATL. This special issue review describes the efforts that led to the design and synthesis of stable LX/ATL mimetics, which permitted the detailed elucidation of their novel biological roles, leading to the development of new anti-inflammatory agents that mimic their actions. These synthetic molecules provided the means to uncover the physiologic roles of both the LX and the ATL biosynthetic pathways which led to several unexpected discoveries. Among these findings is the involvement of polyisoprenyl phosphates (PIPP) in intracellular signaling mediated by presqualene diphosphate (PSDP), and the recognition of the novel roles of these lipid mediators in regulating cell trafficking during inflammation as well as in promoting resolution of inflammatory processes. These efforts also provided the basis for examining the potential therapeutic role of LX/ATL stable mimetics and led to the development of new analogs with improved pharmacokinetics that opened the way to potentially new approaches to treating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicos A Petasis
- Department of Chemistry and the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Benedetti P, Mannhold R, Cruciani G, Ottaviani G. GRIND/ALMOND investigations on CysLT1 receptor antagonists of the quinolinyl(bridged)aryl type. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:3607-17. [PMID: 15186845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the current routes in developing antiasthmatics is CysLT(1) receptor antagonism. For a training set of 54 CysLT(1) receptor antagonists of the quinolinyl(bridged)aryl type we developed chemometric QSAR models applying GRID independent descriptors (=GRIND). PLS analysis resulted in a two-component model explaining 67% of the variance for CysLT(1) receptor binding (r2=0.67, SDEC = 0.47, q2=0.54). GRIND variables 11-50 and 22-55 are responsible for high-affinity binding; variable 11-62 is detrimental. The predictivity of the above chemometric model is tested with a set of 69 CysLT(1) receptor antagonists, exhibiting varying chemical similarity to the training set. Nearly 50% of the test set are quite well predicted. The quality of prediction coincides in part with chemical subclassification: phenylene bridged compounds are quite well predicted; for structures with bridging heterocycles predictions are rather poor. For explaining the outlier behavior, a PLS discriminant analysis including the training set and the strongest outliers of the test set was performed. The scores plot of discriminant PLS shows an almost complete separation between the two subsets. A PLS coefficients plot explains which GRIND variables are important for the discrimination between the training set and the outliers of the test set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chemiometria, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 10, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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Kenny JR, Maggs JL, Tettey JNA, Harrell AW, Parker SG, Clarke SE, Park BK. FORMATION AND PROTEIN BINDING OF THE ACYL GLUCURONIDE OF A LEUKOTRIENE B4ANTAGONIST (SB-209247): RELATION TO SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN HEPATOTOXICITY. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 33:271-81. [PMID: 15523047 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.104.001677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SB-209247 [(E)-3-[6-[[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-thio]methyl]-3-(2-phenylethoxy)-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid], an anti-inflammatory leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist, was associated in beagle dogs but not male rats with an inflammatory hepatopathy. It also produced a concentration-dependent (10-1000 microM) but equal leakage of enzymes from dog and rat precision-cut liver slices. The hepatic metabolism of SB-209247 was investigated with reference to the formation of reactive acyl glucuronides. [14C]SB-209247 (100 micromol/kg) administered i.v. to anesthetized male rats was eliminated by biliary excretion of the acyl glucuronides of the drug and its sulfoxide. After 5 h, 1.03 +/- 0.14% (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 4) of the dose was bound irreversibly to liver tissue. The sulfoxide glucuronide underwent pH-dependent rearrangement in bile more rapidly than did the SB-209247 conjugate. [14C]SB-209247 was metabolized by sulfoxidation and glucuronidation in rat and dog hepatocytes, and approximately 1 to 2% of [14C]SB-209247 (100 microM) became irreversibly bound to cellular material. [14C]SB-209247 sulfoxide and glucuronide were the only metabolites produced by dog, rat, and human liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH and UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA), respectively. V(max) values for [14C]SB-209247 glucuronidation by dog, rat, and human microsomes were 2.6 +/- 0.1, 1.2 +/- 0.1, and 0.4 +/- 0.0 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Hepatic microsomes from all three species catalyzed UDPGA-dependent but not NADPH-dependent irreversible binding of [14C]SB-209247 (100-250 microM) to microsomal protein. Although a reactive acyl glucuronide was formed by microsomes from every species, the binding did not differ between species. Therefore, neither the acute cellular injury nor glucuronidation-driven irreversible protein binding in vitro is predictive of the drug-induced hepatopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane R Kenny
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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Ferrari F, Mennuni L, Caselli G, Zanelli T, Makovec F. Pharmacological profile of CR3465, a new leukotriene CysLT1 receptor antagonist with broad anti-inflammatory activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 504:223-33. [PMID: 15541426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Revised: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CR3465 (L-Tyrosine, N-[(2-quinolinyl)carbonyl]-O-(7-fluoro-2-quinolinylmethyl) sodium salt) is a potent antagonist of [3H]leukotriene D4 ([3H]LTD4) binding to guinea pig lung preparations, its Ki (4.7+/-0.7 nM) being comparable with that of montelukast (5.6+/-0.6 nM). In tracheal strips from standard or ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs, CR3465 caused parallel rightward shifts in the concentration-response curves obtained with either LTD4 or antigen (pA(2), 8.74 and 8.15). Intravenous (i.v.) administration of the agent both antagonized (ED50, 9.9+/-1.9 microg/kg) and reverted LTD4 -induced bronchoconstriction of anesthetized guinea pigs. CR3465 reduced inflammatory infiltrates in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after antigen challenge of sensitized animals, and proved also active in inhibiting phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) and phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) activities exhibited by human platelets and neutrophils (IC50, 2.01+/-0.07 and 4.7+/-0.5 microM). In line with properties shown by phosphodiesterase inhibitors, CR3465 reduced the contractile response of guinea pig airways to histamine and decreased N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-induced degranulation of human neutrophils (IC50, 13.8 microM). Oral administration (20 mg/kg) of the compound in rats produced a significant (37%) ex vivo inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood. Pharmacokinetic data in the rat demonstrated approximately 100% bioavailability of the agent. We conclude that CR3465 represents a potent leukotriene CysLT1 receptor antagonist with enhanced effects, being also useful for counteracting spasmogenic and inflammatory stimuli other than those elicited by cysteinyl-leukotrienes (Cys-LTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Ferrari
- Rotta Research Laboratorium S.p.A., Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Via Valosa di Sopra 7/9-20052 Monza (MI), Italy.
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Clark RD, Jahangir A, Severance D, Salazar R, Chang T, Chang D, Jett MF, Smith S, Bley K. Discovery and SAR development of 2-(phenylamino) imidazolines as prostacyclin receptor antagonists [corrected]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1053-6. [PMID: 15013022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of screening hits (1a,b), a series of selective, high affinity prostacyclin receptor antagonists was developed. The optimized lead compound 25d [(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-[4-(4-isopropoxybenzyl)phenyl]amine] had analgesic activity in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Clark
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Wei ZL, Kozikowski AP. A short and efficient synthesis of the pharmacological research tool GW501516 for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. J Org Chem 2004; 68:9116-8. [PMID: 14604391 DOI: 10.1021/jo035140g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The most potent and selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta) agonist GW501516 (1) was synthesized in 4 steps and 78% overall yield starting from o-cresol by using a one-pot regiocontrolled dialkylation of mercaptophenol 5 as the key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Liang Wei
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA
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Kuchař M, Kmoníček V, Panajotová V, Jandera A, Brunová B, Junek R, Bucharová V, Čejka J, Šatinský D. Derivatives of (Phenylsulfanyl)benzoic Acids with Multiple Antileukotrienic Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20042098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A series of derivatives of (phenylsulfanyl)benzoic acids bearing quinoline, 2,4-dihydroxy-3-propylacetophenone and 2,4-difluorobiphenyl moieties were prepared and their antileukotrienic activities evaluated. Some of the compounds were found to display multiple antileukotrienic effect in the inhibition of LTB4biosynthesis, binding to LTD4and LTB4receptors, superior to the standards (zileuton and zafirlukast) used. The compounds had an antiinflammatory effect, manifested with quinoline derivatives by a significant inhibition of bronchospasm induced by LTD4and/or albumin. The results of regression analysis correspond to the observation that the most active compounds belong to quinoline derivatives with the lowest lipophilicity. X-ray analysis of the quinoline compounds revealed that an intramolecular hydrophobic interaction of their aromatic rings does not occur in the solid state.
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Błażewska K, Gajda T. N-(Diethoxyphosphoryl)-O-benzylhydroxylamine—a convenient substrate for the synthesis of N-substituted O-benzylhydroxylamines. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Miller AR, Etgen GJ. Novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands for Type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 12:1489-500. [PMID: 12943493 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.12.9.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As the incidence of Type 2 diabetes has reached near epidemic proportions, the quest for novel therapies to combat this disorder has intensified dramatically. In recent years, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family has received tremendous attention as perhaps an ideal target class to address the multiple metabolic anomalies associated with the diabetic state. This review focuses on a variety of novel PPAR approaches currently being investigated for Type 2 diabetes or the metabolic syndrome, including the highly potent selective PPAR agonists, PPAR combination agonists and alternative PPAR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Miller
- Endocrine Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Körner P. 3-alkyl- and 3-aryl-(7-oxo-7H-furo[3, 2-g]chromen-5-yl)alkanoic acids as inhibitors of leukotriene B4 biosynthesis. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2003; 336:273-84. [PMID: 12953215 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200300741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological properties of 3-alkyl-and 3-aryl-(7-oxo-7H-furo [3, 2-g]chromen-5-yl)alkanoic acids are described. The compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit soybean 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) and the production of leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The furocoumarins were further investigated for their lipophilicity and their capacity to photobleach N, N-dimethyl-p-nitrosoaniline (RNO) after irradiation with UVA light. The synthesised furocoumarins showed only a moderate ability to inhibit the 15-LO and the production of LT B(4). The 3-alkyl substituted furocoumarins had a higher capacity to photobleach RNO than then the 3-aryl substituted furocoumarinso. The inhibitory activity of the newcompounds was quite modest in comparison to other known inhibitors of 15-LO and LTB(4) production. Nevertheless, they may provide the basis for the development of more potent antiinflammatory potential photoreactive furocoumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Körner
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Germany.
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Ram VJ. Therapeutic role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in obesity, diabetes and inflammation. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2003; 60:93-132. [PMID: 12790340 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8012-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor family and play a significant role in regulation of lipid metabolism, hepatic peroxisomal enzyme expression, insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. PPARs have been classified into three subtypes encoded by different genes: PPARalpha (NR1C1), PPARdelta (NR1C2), and PPARgamma (NR1C3). Each subtype of PPARs appears to be differently expressed in a tissue-specific manner because of their binding to specific consensus DNA sequences, known as PPREs (peroxisome proliferator response elements). Thus, PPARs have emerged as potential molecular targets for the design and synthesis of a different class of compounds, considering the conformation of receptors for the treatment of human metabolic disorders. This review covers the rapid progress made in functional analysis of PPARs and progress made towards the identification of ligands for each subtype receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Ji Ram
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.
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36
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Charlier C, Michaux C. Dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) as a new strategy to provide safer non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2003; 38:645-59. [PMID: 12932896 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(03)00115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dual COX/5-LOX (cyclooxygenase/5-lipoxygenase) inhibitors constitute a valuable alternative to classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective COX-2 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Indeed, these latter present diverse side effects, which are reduced or absent in dual-acting agents. In this review, COX and 5-LOX pathways are first described in order to highlight the therapeutic interest of designing such compounds. Various structural families of dual inhibitors are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Charlier
- Lab. de Chimie Moléculaire Structurale, Facultés Universitaires N.-D. de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium.
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Mechiche H, Naline E, Candenas L, Pinto FM, Birembault P, Advenier C, Devillier P. Effects of cysteinyl leukotrienes in small human bronchus and antagonist activity of montelukast and its metabolites. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:887-94. [PMID: 12859443 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that small airways contribute to clinically significant processes in asthma. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are considered to be pivotal mediators in the pathogenesis of asthma. Montelukast (MK), a specific CysLT1 receptor antagonist, is metabolized in two main hydroxylated metabolites (termed M5 and M6, respectively). OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to compare the responsiveness of small and large human bronchi to the three CysLTs, to evaluate the antagonist activity of MK, M5 and M6 in these preparations of human bronchi, and to characterize the CysLT receptors involved in the contractile response. METHODS AND RESULTS In isolated small bronchus (i.d. 0.5-2 mm), the potencies (-log molar EC50) of LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 were 9.3 (n=11), 9.1 (n=30) and 8.4 (n=14), respectively. The three CysLTs were about 30-fold more potent in small bronchi than in larger bronchi (i.d. 4-6 mm). In small bronchi, MK significantly shifted to the right the CysLT concentration-effect curves with pA2 values against LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 of 9.1 (n=3), 9.0 (n=11) and 8.7 (n=5), respectively. The antagonist potencies of M6 and M5 were similar to MK and fivefold lower, respectively. A similar activity of MK against the three CysLTs suggested that CysLT1 receptors are involved in the contraction of human bronchus. Analysis by RT-PCR also indicated that human bronchus mainly expressed CysLT1 receptors. CONCLUSION MK exerts a potent antagonist activity against the particularly potent constricting effects of CysLTs in isolated human small bronchi, which only expressed the CysLT1 receptor subtype. The metabolites of MK are also potent in vitro antagonists, but may not participate in the therapeutic activity of MK due to their low plasma concentrations in patients treated with the recommended dose of MK.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mechiche
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, EA 2070, Faculty of Medicine, Reims, France
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Baneres JL, Martin A, Hullot P, Girard JP, Rossi JC, Parello J. Structure-based analysis of GPCR function: conformational adaptation of both agonist and receptor upon leukotriene B4 binding to recombinant BLT1. J Mol Biol 2003; 329:801-14. [PMID: 12787679 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We produced the human leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) receptor BLT1, a G-protein-coupled receptor, in Escherichia coli with yields that are sufficient for the first structural characterization of this receptor in solution. Overexpression was achieved through codon optimization and the search for optimal refolding conditions of BLT1 recovered from inclusion bodies. The detergent-solubilized receptor displays a 3D-fold compatible with a seven transmembrane (TM) domain with ca 50% alpha-helix and an essential disulfide bridge (circular dichroism evidence); it binds LTB(4) with K(a)=7.8(+/-0.2)x10(8)M(-1) and a stoichiometric ratio of 0.98(+/-0.02). Antagonistic effects were investigated using a synthetic molecule that shares common structural features with LTB(4). We report evidence that both partners, LTB(4) and BLT1, undergo a rearrangement of their respective conformations upon complex formation: (i) a departure from planarity of the LTB(4) conjugated triene moiety; (ii) a change in the environment of Trp234 (TM-VI helix) and in the exposure of the cytoplasmic region of this transmembrane helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Baneres
- UMR 5074 CNRS, Chimie Biomoléculaire et Interactions Biologiques, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Ch. Flahault, BP 14491, 34093, Cedex 05, Montpellier, France.
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39
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Sznaidman ML, Haffner CD, Maloney PR, Fivush A, Chao E, Goreham D, Sierra ML, LeGrumelec C, Xu HE, Montana VG, Lambert MH, Willson TM, Oliver WR, Sternbach DD. Novel selective small molecule agonists for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta)--synthesis and biological activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1517-21. [PMID: 12699745 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biological activity of a new series of small molecule agonists of the human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor delta (PPARdelta). Several hits were identified from our original libraries containing lipophilic carboxylic acids. Optimization of these hits by structure-guided design led to 7k (GW501516) and 7l (GW0742), which shows an EC(50) of 1.1 nM against PPARdelta with 1000-fold selectivity over the other human subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos L Sznaidman
- GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3398, USA
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Okumura Y, Ando A, William Stevens R, Shimizu M. Efficient and practical synthesis of both enantiomers of 3-phenylcyclopentanol derivatives. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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41
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Cardoso CR, de Brito FCF, da Silva KCM, de Miranda ALP, Fraga CAM, Barreiro EJ. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel pyrazolo[3,4-b]thieno[2,3-d]pyridine acid derivatives: a new class of anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:9-12. [PMID: 11738562 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyrazolo[3,4-b]thieno[2,3-d]pyridine alkanoic acid derivatives has been synthesized and evaluated as thromboxane synthetase inhibitors and leukotriene D(4) receptor antagonists. The glutaric acid derivative LASSBio341 (6) was shown to be active in arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation (IC(50)=0.14 microM) and inhibition of the contraction of guinea pig tracheal strip induced with LTD(4) (IC(50) = 43.7 microM), displaying still in vivo anti-inflammatory profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla R Cardoso
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900, RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Radschuweit A, Rüttinger HH, Nuhn P. Capillary zone electrophoresis with electrochemical detection--a simple and effective method to analyze oxygen-consuming and peroxide-forming processes. J Chromatogr A 2001; 937:127-34. [PMID: 11765078 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous biological, chemical and photochemical processes consume molecular oxygen, thereby forming peroxides, hydroperoxides and even hydrogen peroxide. This paper describes a new system for monitoring quasi simultaneously oxygen uptake and peroxide formation. For this purpose capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection was connected to a new automated injector that periodically injects a sample of the reaction mixture into the capillary electrophoresis system without any contact with the atmosphere. The device was tested with some pharmacologically relevant reactions such as enzymatic oxidation of glucose catalyzed by glucose oxidase, enzymatic lipid oxidation by lipoxygenase and the photodynamic reaction of the anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Radschuweit
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Germany.
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Williams M. Receptor nomenclature guidelines. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2001; Appendix 1:1B. [PMID: 21965062 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.pha01bs06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Receptors are typically characterized via two distinct approaches: (1) the identification and pharmacological characterization of a receptor-mediated response using classical pharmacological and/or radioligand approaches in tissues and animal models using selective agonist and antagonist ligands, and; (2) the cloning and expression of proteins with structural homology to known receptors, the function of which is subsequently established by studying the structure activity relationship (SAR) of receptor-mediated responses. An additional means to characterize receptors proceeded, and evolved, with the structural approach, namely classification in terms of signal transduction mechanisms. The International Union of Pharmacology (IUPHAR) created guidelines and selected working groups for each receptor family to establish a common nomenclature system. Reports from those groups that have reached some degree of consensus have been summarized in this appendix.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Williams
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
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Hirano T, Kawasaki N, Miyataka H, Nishiki M, Satoh T. Antioxidative and 5-lipoxygenase inhibiting activities of novel bis(4-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy)alkyl derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:225-9. [PMID: 11217113 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel bis(4-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy)alkyl derivatives were synthesized and evaluations were made of their inhibiting action on Fe3+-ADP induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsome and reducing action on alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH), a stable radical, in addition to their inhibiting action on 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), an enzyme that synthesizes leukotrienes. We performed a structure-activity correlation study on these derivatives. A strong Fe3+-ADP induced lipid peroxidation preventing activity was observed for the derivatives with an odd number of methylene groups including 1,3-bis(4-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy)propane (3b) and 3a. No change in the DPPH reducing activity was found with change in the number of methylene groups. 5-LO inhibiting activity among the derivatives was the highest for 1,6-bis(4-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy)hexane (3e). MM2 calculations were performed to find a stable steric structure for the derivatives, and 1,5-bis(4-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy)pentane (3d) showed a strong activity in both antioxidative action and 5-LO inhibiting action.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
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45
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Müller K, Breu K, Reindl H. 10-Phenylbutyryl-substituted anthracenones as inhibitors of keratinocyte growth and LTB(4) biosynthesis. Eur J Med Chem 2001; 36:179-84. [PMID: 11311748 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(01)01212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A recent observation that phenylbutyryl anthracenone 2, an analogue of the antipsoriatic anthralin, is a potent inhibitor of leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) biosynthesis has prompted a search of other anthracenones with improved antiproliferative activity. In that direction, a limited number of analogues related to 2 have been prepared and evaluated in the HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation and in the polymorphonuclear leukocyte LTB(4) assay. The 4-methoxy analogue 2a and the side chain methylated 2l retain the full inhibitory activity of 1 against LTB(4) biosynthesis while their antiproliferative activity is markedly enhanced and comparable to that of the antipsoriatic anthralin. In contrast to anthralin, cytotoxic effects against cell membranes are strongly reduced as documented by the LDH activity released from cytoplasm of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Müller
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
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Dupont R, Goossens JF, Cotelle N, Vrielynck L, Vezin H, Hénichart JP, Cotelle P. New bis-catechols 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:229-35. [PMID: 11249115 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three polyhydroxy-2-phenylnaphthalenes (1-3) and the oxy analogue of tetrahydroxypavinan (4) were prepared and evaluated for their antioxidant properties (inhibition of diphenylpycrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), reduction of iron (III) ion) and inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity. Their three-dimensional structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic data and semiempirical calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 were found as potent 5-LO inhibitors as nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), whereas 4 is 2.5 times less potent than NDGA. The reliability of the 3-D structures with the 5-LO inhibition properties is discussed. Their antioxidant properties show that tested compounds are expected to act as redox inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dupont
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Macromoléculaire, UPRESA CNRS 8009, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Chung SJ, Kim DH. N-(Hydroxyaminocarbonyl)phenylalanine: a novel class of inhibitor for carboxypeptidase A. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:185-9. [PMID: 11197339 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
N-(Hydroxyaminocarbonyl)phenylalanine (1) was designed rationally as a new type of inhibitor for carboxypeptidase A (CPA). The designed inhibitor was readily prepared from phenylalnine benzyl ester in two steps and evaluated to find that rac-1 inhibits CPA in a competitive fashion with the Ki value of 2.09 microM. Surprisingly, inhibitor 1 having the D-configuration is more potent (Ki = 1.54 microM) than its antipode by about 3-fold. A possible explanation for the stereochemistry observed in the inhibition of CPA with 1 is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Chung
- Center for Biofunctional Molecules and Departnent of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Namgu, South Korea
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Shimizu T, Yokomizo T, Izumi T. Leukotriene-B4 receptor and signal transduction. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2000:125-41. [PMID: 10943331 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-04047-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Youdim KA, Martin A, Joseph JA. Essential fatty acids and the brain: possible health implications. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000; 18:383-99. [PMID: 10817922 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(00)00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid are essential for normal cellular function, and act as precursors for the synthesis of longer chained polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), which have been shown to partake in numerous cellular functions affecting membrane fluidity, membrane enzyme activities and eicosanoid synthesis. The brain is particularly rich in PUFAs such as DHA, and changes in tissue membrane composition of these PUFAs reflect that of the dietary source. The decline in structural and functional integrity of this tissue appears to correlate with loss in membrane DHA concentrations. Arachidonic acid, also predominant in this tissue, is a major precursor for the synthesis of eicosanoids, that serve as intracellular or extracellular signals. With aging comes a likely increase in reactive oxygen species and hence a concomitant decline in membrane PUFA concentrations, and with it, cognitive impairment. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease also appear to exhibit membrane loss of PUFAs. Thus it may be that an optimal diet with a balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids may help to delay their onset or reduce the insult to brain functions which these diseases elicit.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Youdim
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, United States Department of Agriculture, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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S. Wayne G, S. Lannoye G, R. Haight A, I. Parekh S, Zhang W, R. Copp R. Synthesis of a 5-Substituted Benzo[b]thiophene. HETEROCYCLES 2000. [DOI: 10.3987/com-00-8848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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