1
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Sharma U, Cozier GE, Sturrock ED, Acharya KR. Molecular Basis for Omapatrilat and Sampatrilat Binding to Neprilysin-Implications for Dual Inhibitor Design with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5488-5500. [PMID: 32337993 PMCID: PMC7304895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
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Neprilysin
(NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) are two
key zinc-dependent metallopeptidases in the natriuretic peptide and
kinin systems and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system,
respectively. They play an important role in blood pressure regulation
and reducing the risk of heart failure. Vasopeptidase inhibitors omapatrilat
and sampatrilat possess dual activity against these enzymes by blocking
the ACE-dependent conversion of angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor
angiotensin II while simultaneously halting the NEP-dependent degradation
of vasodilator atrial natriuretic peptide. Here, we report crystal
structures of omapatrilat, sampatrilat, and sampatrilat-ASP (a sampatrilat
analogue) in complex with NEP at 1.75, 2.65, and 2.6 Å, respectively.
A detailed analysis of these structures and the corresponding structures
of ACE with these inhibitors has provided the molecular basis of dual
inhibitor recognition involving the catalytic site in both enzymes.
This new information will be very useful in the design of safer and
more selective vasopeptidase inhibitors of NEP and ACE for effective
treatment in hypertension and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi Sharma
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Gyles E Cozier
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7935 Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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2
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Loh J, Asad N, Samarakoon TB, Hanson PR. Modular, One-Pot, Sequential Aziridine Ring Opening-S(N)Ar Strategy to 7-, 10-, and 11-Membered Benzo-Fused Sultams. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9926-41. [PMID: 26446396 PMCID: PMC4943336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The generation of common and stereochemically rich medium-sized benzo-fused sultams via complementary pairing of heretofore-unknown (o-fluoroaryl)sulfonyl aziridine building blocks with an array of amino alcohols/amines in a modular one-pot, sequential protocol using an aziridine ring opening and intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution is reported. The strategy employs a variety of amino alcohols/amines and proceeds with 6 + 4/6 + 5 and 6 + 1 cycloetherification pathways in a highly chemo- and regioselective fashion to obtain skeletally and structurally diverse, polycyclic, 10- to 11- and 7-membered benzo-fused sultams for broad-scale screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna
K. Loh
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe
Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United
States
- Center
for Chemical Methodologies
and Library Development (KU-CMLD), Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology
Center, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Naeem Asad
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe
Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United
States
- Center
for Chemical Methodologies
and Library Development (KU-CMLD), Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology
Center, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Thiwanka B. Samarakoon
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe
Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United
States
- Center
for Chemical Methodologies
and Library Development (KU-CMLD), Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology
Center, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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3
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Hussain A, Yousuf SK, Mukherjee D. Importance and synthesis of benzannulated medium-sized and macrocyclic rings (BMRs). RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07434c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic molecular frameworks, especially the benzannulated medium-sized and macrocyclic ring (BMR) systems, constitute an integral component of a large number of biologically significant natural or synthetic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Hussain
- Acedemy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM)
- , India
| | - S. K. Yousuf
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM)
- , India
| | - Debaraj Mukherjee
- Acedemy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM)
- , India
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4
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Brummond KM, Goodell JR, LaPorte MG, Wang L, Xie XQ. Synthesis and in silico screening of a library of β-carboline-containing compounds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1048-58. [PMID: 23019432 PMCID: PMC3458722 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a library of tetrahydro-β-carboline-containing compounds in milligram quantities is described. Among the unique heterocyclic frameworks are twelve tetrahydroindolizinoindoles, six tetrahydrocyclobutanindoloquinolizinones and three tetrahydrocyclopentenoneindolizinoindolones. These compounds were selected from a virtual combinatorial library of 11,478 compounds. Physical chemical properties were calculated and most of them are in accordance with Lipinski's rules. Virtual docking and ligand-based target evaluations were performed for the β-carboline library compounds and selected synthetic intermediates to assess the therapeutic potential of these small organic molecules. These compounds have been deposited into the NIH Molecular Repository (MLSMR) and may target proteins such as histone deacetylase 4, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1. These in silico screening results aim to add value to the β-carboline library of compounds for those interested in probes of these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay M Brummond
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Methodologies and Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - John R Goodell
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Methodologies and Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Matthew G LaPorte
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Methodologies and Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Lirong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Center, School of Pharmacy; Drug Discovery Institute; Department of Computational Biology; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Center, School of Pharmacy; Drug Discovery Institute; Department of Computational Biology; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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5
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Ferraris DM, Sbardella D, Petrera A, Marini S, Amstutz B, Coletta M, Sander P, Rizzi M. Crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis zinc-dependent metalloprotease-1 (Zmp1), a metalloprotease involved in pathogenicity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32475-82. [PMID: 21813647 PMCID: PMC3173161 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.271809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, parasitizes host macrophages. The resistance of the tubercle bacilli to the macrophage hostile environment relates to their ability to impair phagosome maturation and its fusion with the lysosome, thus preventing the formation of the phago-lysosome and eventually arresting the process of phagocytosis. The M. tuberculosis zinc-dependent metalloprotease Zmp1 has been proposed to play a key role in the process of phagosome maturation inhibition and emerged as an important player in pathogenesis. Here, we report the crystal structure of wild-type Zmp1 at 2.6 Å resolution in complex with the generic zinc metalloprotease inhibitor phosphoramidon, which we demonstrated to inhibit the enzyme potently. Our data represent the first structural characterization of a bacterial member of the zinc-dependent M13 endopeptidase family and revealed a significant degree of conservation with eukaryotic enzymes. However, structural comparison of the Zmp1-phosphoramidon complex with homologous human proteins neprilysin and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 revealed unique features of the Zmp1 active site to be exploited for the rational design of specific inhibitors that may prove useful as a pharmacological tool for better understanding Zmp1 biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide M. Ferraris
- From the DISCAFF Department of Chemical, Food, Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Diego Sbardella
- the Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- the Interuniversity Consortium for Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, 70126 Bari, Italy, and
| | - Agnese Petrera
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Marini
- the Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Beat Amstutz
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Coletta
- From the DISCAFF Department of Chemical, Food, Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, 28100 Novara, Italy
- the Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Sander
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Menico Rizzi
- From the DISCAFF Department of Chemical, Food, Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, 28100 Novara, Italy
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6
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Marsault E, Peterson ML. Macrocycles Are Great Cycles: Applications, Opportunities, and Challenges of Synthetic Macrocycles in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1961-2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1012374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Marsault
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke Québec, J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Mark L. Peterson
- Tranzyme Pharma Inc., 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada
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7
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8
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Schulz H, Dale GE, Karimi-Nejad Y, Oefner C. Structure of human endothelin-converting enzyme I complexed with phosphoramidon. J Mol Biol 2008; 385:178-87. [PMID: 18992253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-converting enzyme I (ECE-1) is a mammalian type II integral membrane zinc-containing endopeptidase. ECE-1 catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of endothelins in a rate-limiting fashion, through post-translational conversion of the biologically inactive big endothelins. Endothelin-1 overproduction has been implicated in a heterogeneous list of diseases including systemic and pulmonary hypertension, stroke and asthma, cardiac and renal failure. Therefore, ECE-1 is a prime therapeutic target for the regulation of endothelin-1 production in vivo and there is considerable interest in selective inhibitors of this enzyme. Here, we present the crystal structure of the extracellular domain (residues 90-770) of human ECE-1 (C428S) with the generic metalloprotease inhibitor phosphoramidon determined at 2.38 A resolution. The structure is closely related to that of human NEP, providing essential information for a detailed understanding of ligand-binding, specificity determinants as well as selectivity criteria. Selective inhibitors of ECE-1s should have beneficial effects for the treatment of diseases in which an overproduction of ETs plays a pathogenic role.
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9
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Bohacek R, Boosalis MS, McMartin C, Faller DV, Perrine SP. Identification of novel small-molecule inducers of fetal hemoglobin using pharmacophore and 'PSEUDO' receptor models. Chem Biol Drug Des 2006; 67:318-28. [PMID: 16784456 PMCID: PMC4263278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2006.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologic reinduction of the developmentally silenced fetal (gamma) globin genes has been achieved in hemoglobinopathy patients using short chain fatty acid derivatives, with therapeutic effects. However, higher-potency inducers than are available in currently identified short chain fatty acid derivatives are desirable for long-term use. Using several short-chain fatty acids with established gamma-globin induction activity, a pharmacophore template was constructed with the TFIT module of the flo software and used to select several new candidate compounds, three of which exhibited significant activity in a gamma-globin gene reporter transcriptional assay which detects only strong inducers. The data were used to construct a new pharmacophore and a 'pseudo' receptor around it. Six hundred and thirty low-molecular weight compounds were docked into this receptor model. Of 26 compounds selected and tested in functional assays, two compounds showed activity >500% over control levels and two had activity 200% over control range, significantly more active than previously identified short chain fatty acid derivative fetal globin gene inducers. Three compounds had less activity; the remainder showed moderate activity. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using iterative construction of pharmacophores, pseudo-binding site modeling, and virtual screening to identify small molecules with the ability to induce transcription of specific target genes, for potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Bohacek
- Boston De Novo Design, 50 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02116, USA.
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10
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Chen KX, Njoroge FG, Prongay A, Pichardo J, Madison V, Girijavallabhan V. Synthesis and biological activity of macrocyclic inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4475-8. [PMID: 16112859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The 17-membered phenylalanine-based macrocycle 6 was prepared starting from 3-iodo-phenylalanine. Macrocyclization of alkene phenyl iodide 5 was effected through a palladium-catalyzed Heck reaction. The macrocyclic alpha-ketoamides were active inhibitors of the HCV NS3 protease, with the C-terminal acids and amides being more potent than tert-butyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin X Chen
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, K-15-3-3545, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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11
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Robl JA, Ryono DE. Recent advances in the design and development of vasopeptidase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.9.12.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nagase
- Imperial College School of Medicine London United Kingdom
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13
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Dales NA, Bohacek RS, Satyshur KA, Rich DH. Design and synthesis of unsymmetrical peptidyl urea inhibitors of aspartic peptidases. Org Lett 2001; 3:2313-6. [PMID: 11463304 DOI: 10.1021/ol0160912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The design, synthesis, and enzyme inhibition of a new class of aspartic peptidase inhibitors is described. Unsymmetrical ureas were designed from computer-generated structures. Using mechanism-based and substrate-based design techniques, potent pepsin inhibitors were developed and the binding mode was established. Two X-ray crystal structures of enzyme-bound inhibitors revealed a new binding mode that is closely related to the computer-generated binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Dales
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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14
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Decicco CP, Song Y, Evans DA. Intramolecular O-arylation of phenols with phenylboronic acids: application to the synthesis of macrocyclic metalloproteinase inhibitors. Org Lett 2001; 3:1029-32. [PMID: 11277787 DOI: 10.1021/ol015572i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text]. The copper acetate mediated intramolecular O-arylation of phenols with phenylboronic acid pseudopeptides is the key step in the preparation of macrocyclic biphenyl ether hydroxamic acid inhibitors of collagenase 1 and gelatinases A and B. The intramolecular macrocyclization was found to be mild and tolerant of common chemical functionality. This methodology should provide a general route to macrocyclic biphenyl ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Decicco
- Chemical and Physical Sciences, The DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-E500-1604B, USA.
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15
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Oefner C, D'Arcy A, Hennig M, Winkler FK, Dale GE. Structure of human neutral endopeptidase (Neprilysin) complexed with phosphoramidon. J Mol Biol 2000; 296:341-9. [PMID: 10669592 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutral endopeptidase is a mammalian type II integral membrane zinc-containing endopeptidase, which degrades and inactivates a number of bioactive peptides. The range of substrates cleaved by neutral endopeptidase in vitro includes the enkephalins, substance P, endothelin, bradykinin and atrial natriuretic factor. Due to the physiological importance of neutral endopeptidase in the modulation of nociceptive and pressor responses there is considerable interest in inhibitors of this enzyme as novel analgesics and anti-hypertensive agents. Here we describe the crystal structure of the extracellular domain (residues 52-749) of human NEP complexed with the generic metalloproteinase inhibitor phosphoramidon at 2.1 A resolution. The structure reveals two multiply connected folding domains which embrace a large central cavity containing the active site. The inhibitor is bound to one side of this cavity and its binding mode provides a detailed understanding of the ligand-binding and specificity determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oefner
- Pharma Preclinical Research, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, CH-4070, Switzerland
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16
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Duan JJ, Chen L, Xue CB, Wasserman ZR, Hardman KD, Covington MB, Copeland RR, Arner EC, Decicco CP. P1, P2'-linked macrocyclic amine derivatives as matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1453-8. [PMID: 10360755 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 13- and 14-membered macrocyclic amines was developed by linking the P1 and P2' groups. The synthesis entails stereoselective Frater alkylation to install the anti-succinate configuration and macrocyclic amination via nucleophilic displacement. This strategy resulted in a new class of conformationally constrained inhibitors that are potent and selective for MMP-8 and 9 over MMP-1 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Duan
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0500, USA
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17
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Tiraboschi G, Jullian N, Thery V, Antonczak S, Fournie-Zaluski MC, Roques BP. A three-dimensional construction of the active site (region 507-749) of human neutral endopeptidase (EC.3.4.24.11). PROTEIN ENGINEERING 1999; 12:141-9. [PMID: 10195285 DOI: 10.1093/protein/12.2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A three-dimensional model of the 507-749 region of neutral endopeptidase-24.11 (NEP; E.C.3.4.24.11) was constructed integrating the results of secondary structure predictions and sequence homologies with the bacterial endopeptidase thermolysin. Additional data were extracted from the structure of two other metalloproteases, astacin and stromelysin. The resulting model accounts for the main biological properties of NEP and has been used to describe the environment close to the zinc atom defining the catalytic site. The analysis of several thiol inhibitors, complexed in the model active site, revealed the presence of a large hydrophobic pocket at the S1' subsite level. This is supported by the nature of the constitutive amino acids. The computed energies of bound inhibitors correspond with the relative affinities of the stereoisomers of benzofused macrocycle derivatives of thiorphan. The model could be used to facilitate the design of new NEP inhibitors, as illustrated in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tiraboschi
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale, INSERM U266, CNRS URA D1500, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
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18
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Harrowven DC, Lucas MC, Howes PD. A simple and direct method for converting thioamides into thioesters. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)01096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Major discoveries have been made of new type-I and type-III peptidomimetic inhibitors of peptide-derived systems. Innovative reversible inhibitors of cysteine proteases and renin, and additional examples of peptidomimetic inhibitors of interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme, neutral endopeptidase, herpes simplex virus protease, thrombin, HIV protease, Ras farnesyltransferase, the RGD motif, Factor Xa and various aspartic proteases have been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Ripka
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA
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20
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Ksander GM, Savage P, Trapani AJ, Balwierczak JL, Jeng AY. Benzofused macrocyclic lactams as triple inhibitors of endothelin-converting enzyme, neutral endopeptidase 24.11, and angiotensin-converting enzyme. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998; 31 Suppl 1:S71-3. [PMID: 9595404 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199800001-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE) inhibitors that also possess inhibitory activity for neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). The ortho-substituted benzofused macrocyclic lactams, such as CGS 26670, are generally potent NEP inhibitors but poor ACE inhibitors. CGS 26670 inhibited ECE activity with an IC50 of 600 nM, whereas it inhibited NEP and ACE activities with IC50 values of 0.9 and > 10,000 nM, respectively. This compound also prevented the conversion of big endothelin-1 (big ET-1) to ET-1 by denuded porcine coronary arterial smooth muscle with an IC50 of 200 nM. The ACE inhibitory activity is greatly is greatly improved in metasubstituted benzofused macrocyclic lactams. For example, CGS 26582 inhibited ECE, NEP, and ACE activities with IC50 values of 620, 4, and 175 nM, respectively. When injected at 30 mg/kg i.v. in conscious rats, followed by a challenge with big ET-1 at 1 nmol/kg i.v., this compound suppressed by 44% the increase in mean arterial blood pressure owing to the generation of ET-1 by ECE. Because ECE, NEP, and ACE play regulatory roles in cardiovascular and renal function, triple inhibitors of these enzymes may represent a novel class of agents for treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Ksander
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Summit, New Jersey 07901, USA
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21
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Xue CB, He X, Roderick J, DeGrado WF, Cherney RJ, Hardman KD, Nelson DJ, Copeland RA, Jaffee BD, Decicco CP. Design and synthesis of cyclic inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases and TNF-alpha production. J Med Chem 1998; 41:1745-8. [PMID: 9599225 DOI: 10.1021/jm970849z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C B Xue
- The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0500, USA
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22
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McMartin C, Bohacek RS. QXP: powerful, rapid computer algorithms for structure-based drug design. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1997; 11:333-44. [PMID: 9334900 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007907728892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
New methods for docking, template fitting and building pseudo-receptors are described. Full conformational searches are carried out for flexible cyclic and acyclic molecules. QXP (quick explore) search algorithms are derived from the method of Monte Carlo perturbation with energy minimization in Cartesian space. An additional fast search step is introduced between the initial perturbation and energy minimization. The fast search produces approximate low-energy structures, which are likely to minimize to a low energy. For template fitting, QXP uses a superposition force field which automatically assigns short-range attractive forces to similar atoms in different molecules. The docking algorithms were evaluated using X-ray data for 12 protein-ligand complexes. The ligands had up to 24 rotatable bonds and ranged from highly polar to mostly nonpolar. Docking searches of the randomly disordered ligands gave rms differences between the lowest energy docked structure and the energy-minimized X-ray structure, of less than 0.76 A for 10 of the ligands. For all the ligands, the rms difference between the energy-minimized X-ray structure and the closest docked structure was less than 0.4 A, when parts of one of the molecules which are in the solvent were excluded from the rms calculation. Template fitting was tested using four ACE inhibitors. Three ACE templates have been previously published. A single run using QXP generated a series of templates which contained examples of each of the three. A pseudo-receptor, complementary to an ACE template, was built out of small molecules, such as pyrrole, cyclopentanone and propane. When individually energy minimized in the pseudo-receptor, each of the four ACE inhibitors moved with an rms of less than 0.25 A. After random perturbation, the inhibitors were docked into the pseudo-receptor. Each lowest energy docked structure matched the energy-minimized geometry with an rms of less than 0.08 A. Thus, the pseudo-receptor shows steric and chemical complementarity to all four molecules. The QXP program is reliable, easy to use and sufficiently rapid for routine application in structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McMartin
- Research Department, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
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