1
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Bedini A, Boutin JA, Legros C, Zlotos DP, Spadoni G. Industrial and academic approaches to the search for alternative melatonin receptor ligands: An historical survey. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12953. [PMID: 38682544 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The search for melatonin receptor agonists formed the main part of melatonin medicinal chemistry programs for the last three decades. In this short review, we summarize the two main aspects of these programs: the development of all the necessary tools to characterize the newly synthesized ligands at the two melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2, and the medicinal chemist's approaches to find chemically diverse ligands at these receptors. Both strategies are described. It turns out that the main source of tools were industrial laboratories, while the medicinal chemistry was mainly carried out in academia. Such complete accounts are interesting, as they delineate the spirits in which the teams were working demonstrating their strength and innovative character. Most of the programs were focused on nonselective agonists and few of them reached the market. In contrast, discovery of MT1-selective agonists and melatonergic antagonists with proven in vivo activity and MT1 or MT2-selectivity is still in its infancy, despite the considerable interest that subtype selective compounds may bring in the domain, as the physiological respective roles of the two subtypes of melatonin receptors, is still poorly understood. Poly-pharmacology applications and multitarget ligands have also been considered.
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MESH Headings
- Ligands
- Humans
- Animals
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Melatonin/metabolism
- Receptors, Melatonin/agonists
- Melatonin/metabolism
- History, 20th Century
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalida Bedini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, NorDiC, Rouen, France
| | | | - Darius P Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Egypt
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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2
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Elisi GM, Scalvini L, Lodola A, Bedini A, Spadoni G, Rivara S. In silico drug discovery of melatonin receptor ligands with therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:343-354. [PMID: 35255751 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2043846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neurohormone melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) regulates circadian rhythms exerting a variety of effects in the central nervous system and in periphery. These activities are mainly mediated by activation of MT1 and MT2 GPCRs. MT1/MT2 agonist compounds are used clinically for insomnia, depression, and circadian rhythm disturbances. AREA COVERED The following review describes the design strategies that have led to the identification of melatonin receptor ligands, guided by in silico approaches and molecular modeling. Initial ligand-based design, mainly relying on pharmacophore modeling and 3D-QSAR, has been flanked by structure-based virtual screening, given the recent availability of MT1 and MT2 crystal structures. Receptor ligands with different activity profiles, agonist/antagonist and subtype-selective compounds, are available. EXPERT OPINION An insight on the pharmacological characterization and therapeutic perspectives for relevant ligands is provided. In silico drug discovery has been instrumental in the design of novel ligands targeting melatonin receptors. Ligand-based approaches has led to the construction of a solid framework defining structure-activity relationships to obtain compounds with a tailored pharmacological profile. Structure-based techniques could integrate previous knowledge and provide compounds with novel chemotypes and pharmacological activity as drug candidates for disease conditions in which melatonin receptor ligands are currently being investigated, including cancer and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Elisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Annalida Bedini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
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3
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Boutin JA, Witt-Enderby PA, Sotriffer C, Zlotos DP. Melatonin receptor ligands: A pharmaco-chemical perspective. J Pineal Res 2020; 69:e12672. [PMID: 32531076 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptor ligands have been vigorously explored for the last 4 decades. Inspection of approximately 80 publications in the field revealed that most melatonergic ligands were structural analogues of melatonin combining three essential features of the parent compound: an aromatic ring bearing a methoxy group and an amide side chain in a relative arrangement similar to that present in melatonin. While several series of MT2 -selective agents-agonists, antagonists, or partial agonists-were reported, the field was lacking MT1 -selective agents. Herein, we describe various approaches toward the development of melatonergic ligands, keeping in mind that most of the molecules/pharmacophores obtained were essentially melatonin copies, even though diverse tri- or tetra-cyclic compounds were explored. In addition to lack of structural diversity, only few studies examined the activity of the reported melatonergic ligands in vivo. Moreover, an extensive pharmacological characterization including biopharmaceutical stability, pharmacokinetic properties, specificity toward other major receptors to name a few remained scarce. For example, many of the antagonists described were not stable in vivo, were not selective for the melatonin receptor subtype of interest, and were not fully characterized from a pharmacological standpoint. Indeed, virtual screening of large compound libraries has led to the recent discovery of potent and selective melatonin receptor agonists and partial agonists of new chemotypes. Having said this, the melatonergic field is still lacking subtype-selective melatonin receptor antagonists "active" in vivo, which are critical to our understanding of melatonin and melatonin receptors' role in basic physiology and disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Ligands
- Melatonin/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER, Suresnes, France
| | - Paula A Witt-Enderby
- School of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Sotriffer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Darius P Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Egypt
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4
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Wang SY, Shi XC, Laborda P. Indole-based melatonin analogues: Synthetic approaches and biological activity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 185:111847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Baltatu OC, Senar S, Campos LA, Cipolla-Neto J. Cardioprotective Melatonin: Translating from Proof-of-Concept Studies to Therapeutic Use. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184342. [PMID: 31491852 PMCID: PMC6770816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we summarized the actual clinical data for a cardioprotective therapeutic role of melatonin, listed melatonin and its agonists in different stages of development, and evaluated the melatonin cardiovascular target tractability and prediction using machine learning on ChEMBL. To date, most clinical trials investigating a cardioprotective therapeutic role of melatonin are in phase 2a. Selective melatonin receptor agonists Tasimelteon, Ramelteon, and combined melatonergic-serotonin Agomelatine, and other agonists with registered structures in CHEMBL were not yet investigated as cardioprotective or cardiovascular drugs. As drug-able for these therapeutic targets, melatonin receptor agonists have the benefit over melatonin of well-characterized pharmacologic profiles and extensive safety data. Recent reports of the X-ray crystal structures of MT1 and MT2 receptors shall lead to the development of highly selective melatonin receptor agonists. Predictive models using machine learning could help to identify cardiovascular targets for melatonin. Selecting ChEMBL scores > 4.5 in cardiovascular assays, and melatonin scores > 4, we obtained 284 records from 162 cardiovascular assays carried out with 80 molecules with predicted or measured melatonin activity. Melatonin activities (agonistic or antagonistic) found in these experimental cardiovascular assays and models include arrhythmias, coronary and large vessel contractility, and hypertension. Preclinical proof-of-concept and early clinical studies (phase 2a) suggest a cardioprotective benefit from melatonin in various heart diseases. However, larger phase 3 randomized interventional studies are necessary to establish melatonin and its agonists’ actions as cardioprotective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), School of Health Sciences at Anhembi Morumbi University, Laureate International Universities, Sao Jose dos Campos 12247-016, Brazil.
| | | | - Luciana Aparecida Campos
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), School of Health Sciences at Anhembi Morumbi University, Laureate International Universities, Sao Jose dos Campos 12247-016, Brazil.
| | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
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6
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Spadoni G, Bedini A, Lucarini S, Mari M, Caignard DH, Boutin JA, Delagrange P, Lucini V, Scaglione F, Lodola A, Zanardi F, Pala D, Mor M, Rivara S. Highly Potent and Selective MT2 Melatonin Receptor Full Agonists from Conformational Analysis of 1-Benzyl-2-acylaminomethyl-tetrahydroquinolines. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7512-25. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Annalida Bedini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Simone Lucarini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Mari
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Daniel-Henri Caignard
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Jean A. Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Philippe Delagrange
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Valeria Lucini
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, I-20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Scaglione
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, I-20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Franca Zanardi
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Pala
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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7
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de la Fuente Revenga M, Pérez C, Morales-García JA, Alonso-Gil S, Pérez-Castillo A, Caignard DH, Yáñez M, Gamo AM, Rodríguez-Franco MI. Neurogenic Potential Assessment and Pharmacological Characterization of 6-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (Pinoline) and Melatonin-Pinoline Hybrids. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:800-10. [PMID: 25815906 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (pinoline) and N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin) are both structurally related to 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Here we describe the design, synthesis, and characterization of a series of melatonin rigid analogues resulting from the hybridization of both pinoline and melatonin structures. The pharmacological evaluation of melatonin-pinoline hybrids comprises serotonergic and melatonergic receptors, metabolic enzymes (monoamine oxidases), antioxidant potential, the in vitro blood-brain barrier permeability, and neurogenic studies. Pinoline at trace concentrations and 2-acetyl-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (2) were able to stimulate early neurogenesis and neuronal maturation in an in vitro model of neural stem cells isolated from the adult rat subventricular zone. Such effects are presumably mediated via serotonergic and melatonergic stimulation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario de la Fuente Revenga
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Morales-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel-Henri Caignard
- Institut
de Recherches
Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290-Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Matilde Yáñez
- Facultad
de Farmacia, Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, La Coruña, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana M. Gamo
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica
I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
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8
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Syntheses of spiroindole melatonin analogues via 2-(indolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile cycloadditions. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Li H, Liu T, Xuan H, Fang S, Zhao C. A combination of pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, and molecular docking studies for a diverse set of colchicine site inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Zlotos DP, Jockers R, Cecon E, Rivara S, Witt-Enderby PA. MT1 and MT2 Melatonin Receptors: Ligands, Models, Oligomers, and Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2013; 57:3161-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darius. P. Zlotos
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Inserm, U1016,
Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR
8104, Paris, France
- Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Erika Cecon
- Department
of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paula A. Witt-Enderby
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 421 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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11
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Liu Y, Lu X, Xue T, Hu S, Zhang H. Receptor and ligand-based 3D-QSAR study on a series of pyrazines/pyrrolidylquinazolines as inhibitors of PDE10A enzyme. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Pala D, Beuming T, Sherman W, Lodola A, Rivara S, Mor M. Structure-based virtual screening of MT2 melatonin receptor: influence of template choice and structural refinement. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:821-35. [PMID: 23541165 DOI: 10.1021/ci4000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Developing GPCR homology models for structure-based virtual screening requires the choice of a suitable template and refinement of binding site residues. We explored this systematically for the MT2 melatonin receptor, with the aim to build a receptor homology model that is optimized for the enrichment of active melatoninergic ligands. A set of 12 MT2 melatonin receptor models was built using different GPCR X-ray structural templates and submitted to a virtual screening campaign on a set of compounds composed of 29 known melatonin receptor ligands and 2560 drug-like decoys. To evaluate the effect of including a priori information in receptor models, 12 representative melatonin receptor ligands were placed into the MT2 receptor models in poses consistent with known mutagenesis data and with assessed pharmacophore models. The receptor structures were then adapted to the ligands by induced-fit docking. Most of the 144 ligand-adapted MT2 receptor models showed significant improvements in screening enrichments compared to the unrefined homology models, with some template/refinement combinations giving excellent enrichment factors. The discriminating ability of the models was further tested on the 29 active ligands plus a set of 21 inactive or low-affinity compounds from the same chemical classes. Rotameric states of side chains for some residues, presumed to be involved in the binding process, were correlated with screening effectiveness, suggesting the existence of specific receptor conformations able to recognize active compounds. The top MT2 receptor model was able to identify 24 of 29 active ligands among the first 2% of the screened database. This work provides insights into the use of refined GPCR homology models for virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pala
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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13
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Morellato L, Lefas-Le Gall M, Langlois M, Caignard DH, Renard P, Delagrange P, Mathé-Allainmat M. Synthesis of new N-(arylcyclopropyl)acetamides and N-(arylvinyl)acetamides as conformationally-restricted ligands for melatonin receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:430-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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New quinoxaline derivatives as potential MT₁ and MT₂ receptor ligands. Molecules 2012; 17:7737-57. [PMID: 22732886 PMCID: PMC6269071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17077737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the idea arose that melatonin might promote sleep and resynchronize circadian rhythms, many research groups have centered their efforts on obtaining new melatonin receptor ligands whose pharmacophores include an aliphatic chain of variable length united to an N-alkylamide and a methoxy group (or a bioisostere), linked to a central ring. Substitution of the indole ring found in melatonin with a naphthalene or quinoline ring leads to compounds of similar affinity. The next step in this structural approximation is to introduce a quinoxaline ring (a bioisostere of the quinoline and naphthalene rings) as the central nucleus of future melatoninergic ligands.
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15
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Spadoni G, Bedini A, Rivara S, Mor M. Melatonin receptor agonists: new options for insomnia and depression treatment. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 17:733-41. [PMID: 21554566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian nature of melatonin (MLT) secretion, coupled with the localization of MLT receptors to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, has led to numerous studies of the role of MLT in modulation of the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms in humans. Although much more needs to be understood about the various functions exerted by MLT and its mechanisms of action, three therapeutic agents (ramelteon, prolonged-release MLT, and agomelatine) are already in use, and MLT receptor agonists are now appearing as new promising treatment options for sleep and circadian-rhythm related disorders. In this review, emphasis has been placed on medicinal chemistry strategies leading to MLT receptor agonists, and on the evidence supporting therapeutic efficacy of compounds undergoing clinical evaluation. A wide range of clinical trials demonstrated that ramelteon, prolonged-release MLT and tasimelteon have sleep-promoting effects, providing an important treatment option for insomnia and transient insomnia, even if the improvements of sleep maintenance appear moderate. Well-documented effects of agomelatine suggest that this MLT agonist offers an attractive alternative for the treatment of depression, combining efficacy with a favorable side effect profile. Despite a large number of high affinity nonselective MLT receptor agonists, only limited data on MT₁ or MT₂ subtype-selective compounds are available up to now. Administration of the MT₂-selective agonist IIK7 to rats has proved to decrease NREM sleep onset latency, suggesting that MT₂ receptor subtype is involved in the acute sleep-promoting action of MLT; rigorous clinical studies are needed to demonstrate this hypothesis. Further clinical candidates based on selective activation of MT₁ or MT₂ receptors are expected in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino (PU), Italy.
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16
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Investigation on quantitative structure activity relationships and pharmacophore modeling of a series of mGluR2 antagonists. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:5999-6023. [PMID: 22016641 PMCID: PMC3189765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12095999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MGluR2 is G protein-coupled receptor that is targeted for diseases like anxiety, depression, Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Herein, we report the three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies of a series of 1,3-dihydrobenzo[ b][1,4]diazepin-2-one derivatives as mGluR2 antagonists. Two series of models using two different activities of the antagonists against rat mGluR2, which has been shown to be very similar to the human mGluR2, (activity I: inhibition of [3H]-LY354740; activity II: mGluR2 (1S,3R)-ACPD inhibition of forskolin stimulated cAMP.) were derived from datasets composed of 137 and 69 molecules respectively. For activity I study, the best predictive model obtained from CoMFA analysis yielded a Q2 of 0.513, R2ncv of 0.868, R2pred = 0.876, while the CoMSIA model yielded a Q2 of 0.450, R2ncv = 0.899, R2pred = 0.735. For activity II study, CoMFA model yielded statistics of Q2 = 0.5, R2ncv = 0.715, R2pred = 0.723. These results prove the high predictability of the models. Furthermore, a combined analysis between the CoMFA, CoMSIA contour maps shows that: (1) Bulky substituents in R7, R3 and position A benefit activity I of the antagonists, but decrease it when projected in R8 and position B; (2) Hydrophilic groups at position A and B increase both antagonistic activity I and II; (3) Electrostatic field plays an essential rule in the variance of activity II. In search for more potent mGluR2 antagonists, two pharmacophore models were developed separately for the two activities. The first model reveals six pharmacophoric features, namely an aromatic center, two hydrophobic centers, an H-donor atom, an H-acceptor atom and an H-donor site. The second model shares all features of the first one and has an additional acceptor site, a positive N and an aromatic center. These models can be used as guidance for the development of new mGluR2 antagonists of high activity and selectivity. This work is the first report on 3D-QSAR modeling of these mGluR2 antagonists. All the conclusions may lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of antagonism and be helpful in the design of new potent mGluR2 antagonists.
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17
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Mudit M, El Sayed KA. Optimization of (Phenylmethylidene)-hydantoins as Prostate Cancer Migration Inhibitors: SAR-Directed Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacophore Modeling. Chem Biodivers 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Jeanty M, Suzenet F, Delagrange P, Nosjean O, Boutin JA, Caignard DH, Guillaumet G. Design and synthesis of 1-(2-alkanamidoethyl)-6-methoxy-7-azaindole derivatives as potent melatonin agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2316-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Khanfar MA, Hill RA, Kaddoumi A, El Sayed KA. Discovery of novel GSK-3β inhibitors with potent in vitro and in vivo activities and excellent brain permeability using combined ligand- and structure-based virtual screening. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8534-45. [PMID: 21082766 DOI: 10.1021/jm100941j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3β) is implicated in the pathophysiology of many diseases, including type-2 diabetes, stroke, Alzheimer's, and others. A multistage virtual screening strategy designed so as to overcome known caveats arising from the considerable flexibility of GSK-3β yielded, from among compounds in our in-house database and two commercial databases, new GSK-3β inhibitors with novel scaffold structures. The two most potent and selective validated hits, a 2-anilino-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (24) and a phenylmethylene hydantoin (28), both exhibited nanomolar affinity and selectivity over CDK2 and were potent enough for direct in vivo validation. Both were able to cause significant increases in liver glycogen accumulation in dose-dependent fashion. One also exhibited excellent blood-brain barrier permeability, the other adequate for a lead compound. Analogues of the oxadiazole 24 were synthesized to experimentally corroborate or rule out ligand-bound structures arising from docking studies. SAR results supported one docking study among a number of alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Khanfar
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, USA
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20
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Harris PW, Hügel HM, Nurlawis F. A review of the molecular conformations of melatonin ligands at the melatonin receptor. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/089270204000002557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Dubocovich ML, Delagrange P, Krause DN, Sugden D, Cardinali DP, Olcese J. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXV. Nomenclature, classification, and pharmacology of G protein-coupled melatonin receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:343-80. [PMID: 20605968 PMCID: PMC2964901 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine) is synthesized primarily in the pineal gland and retina, and in several peripheral tissues and organs. In the circulation, the concentration of melatonin follows a circadian rhythm, with high levels at night providing timing cues to target tissues endowed with melatonin receptors. Melatonin receptors receive and translate melatonin's message to influence daily and seasonal rhythms of physiology and behavior. The melatonin message is translated through activation of two G protein-coupled receptors, MT(1) and MT(2), that are potential therapeutic targets in disorders ranging from insomnia and circadian sleep disorders to depression, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This review summarizes the steps taken since melatonin's discovery by Aaron Lerner in 1958 to functionally characterize, clone, and localize receptors in mammalian tissues. The pharmacological and molecular properties of the receptors are described as well as current efforts to discover and develop ligands for treatment of a number of illnesses, including sleep disorders, depression, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita L Dubocovich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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22
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Mor M, Rivara S, Pala D, Bedini A, Spadoni G, Tarzia G. Recent advances in the development of melatonin MT1and MT2receptor agonists. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:1059-77. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.496455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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23
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Synthesis of 4-haloserotonin derivatives and synthesis of the toad alkaloid dehydrobufotenine. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Sundberg RJ. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions of Indoles. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2010_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Abdel Bar FM, Khanfar MA, Elnagar AY, Badria FA, Zaghloul AM, Ahmad KF, Sylvester PW, El Sayed KA. Design and pharmacophore modeling of biaryl methyl eugenol analogs as breast cancer invasion inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 18:496-507. [PMID: 20034800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell invasion and migration are required for the parent solid tumor cells to metastasize to distant organs. Microtubules form a polarized network, enabling organelle and protein movement throughout the cell. Cytoskeletal elements coordinately regulate cell's motility, adhesion, migration, exocytosis, endocytosis, and division. Thus, microtubule disruption can be a useful target to control cancer cell invasion and metastasis. The phenolic ether methyl eugenol (1), the major component of the essential oil of the leaves of Melaleuca ericifolia Sm. (Myrtaceae), was used as a starting scaffold to design eleven new and three known anti-tubulin agents 2-15 using carbon-carbon coupling reactions. A computer-assisted approach was used to design these new biaryl derivatives using colchicine-binding site of tubulin as the molecular target and colchicine as an active ligand. Several derivatives showed potent inhibitory activity against MDA-MB-231 cell migration at the 1-4microM dose range. The Z isomers, 4 and 15 were more active as invasion inhibitors compared to their structurally related E isomers, 2 and 14. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 2-15 against two breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 were evaluated. Anti-invasive activity of the semisynthetic derivatives is not due to a direct cytotoxic effect on MDA-MB-231. Analogs 2-15 may promote their anti-invasive activity through the induction of changes in cell morphology. A pharmacophore model was generated involving seven essential features for activity, which was consistent with a previously generated colchicine site inhibitors model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M Abdel Bar
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
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26
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Khanfar MA, Asal BA, Mudit M, Kaddoumi A, El Sayed KA. The marine natural-derived inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta phenylmethylene hydantoins: In vitro and in vivo activities and pharmacophore modeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6032-9. [PMID: 19616957 PMCID: PMC2743475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Red Sea sponge Hemimycale arabica afforded the known (Z)-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-hydantoin (1). This natural phenylmethylene hydantoin (PMH) 1 and the synthetic (Z)-5-(4-(ethylthio)benzylidene)-hydantoin (2) showed potent in vitro and in vivo anti-growth and anti-invasive properties against PC-3M prostate cancer cells in MTT, spheroid disaggregation, and in mice models. To explore a possible molecular target of PMHs, the most potent synthetic analogue 2 has been virtually screened against various protein kinases. Molecular modeling study has shown that 2 can be successfully docked within the binding pocket of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) similar to the well-known GSK-3beta inhibitor I-5. Several PMHs showed potent in vitro GSK-3beta inhibitory activity with an IC(50) range of 4-20microM. The most potent analogue 3 showed a significant increase in liver glycogen level at the 5, 15, and 25mg/kg dose levels, in vivo. Pharmacophore model was built and validated using in-house database of active and inactive GSK-3beta inhibitors. The GSK-3beta inhibitory activity of PMHs entitles them to be potential leads for the treatment of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, bipolar disorders, stroke, different tau pathologies, and type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Khanfar
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, LA 71201, United States
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27
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Fillion E, Dumas AM. Synthesis of Fused 4,5-Disubstituted Indole Ring Systems by Intramolecular Friedel−Crafts Acylation of 4-Substituted Indoles. J Org Chem 2008; 73:2920-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702591p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fillion
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aaron M. Dumas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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28
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Hwangyy KJ, Lee TS. A Practical Synthesis of N-Acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine (Melatonin). SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919908086203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Jun Hwangyy
- a Department of Chemistry , College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University , Dukjindong , 664-14 , Korea
| | - Tae-Suk Lee
- a Department of Chemistry , College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University , Dukjindong , 664-14 , Korea
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29
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Kurokawa M, Watanabe T, Ishikawa T. Model Construction for the A–B–C Ring System of Lysergic Acidvia Vilsmeier–Haack-Type Cyclization of 1H-Indole-4-propanoic Acid Derivatives. Helv Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200790058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Spadoni G, Bedini A, Guidi T, Tarzia G, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Fraschini F. Towards the Development of Mixed MT1-Agonist/MT2-Antagonist Melatonin Receptor Ligands. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:1099-105. [PMID: 16955531 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report attempts to optimize the pharmacological properties of 5-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-N-acetyltryptamine (5-HEAT), a melatonin receptor ligand previously described by us. Several 5-substituted and 2,5-disubstituted N-acyltryptamines were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for the human cloned MT(1) and MT(2) receptors. From this series of N-acyltryptamines the 2-bromo derivative (5 c) retains the interesting efficacy profile of 5-HEAT and shows increased melatonin receptor affinities; it represents one of the first examples of a high-affinity MT(1) agonist/MT(2) antagonist. Some other full agonists for both melatonin receptors which exhibit similar or increased affinity relative to that of melatonin were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Spadoni
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, Urbino, Italy
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31
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Rivara S, Diamantini G, Di Giacomo B, Lamba D, Gatti G, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Mor M, Spadoni G, Tarzia G. Reassessing the melatonin pharmacophore—Enantiomeric resolution, pharmacological activity, structure analysis, and molecular modeling of a constrained chiral melatonin analogue. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3383-91. [PMID: 16431121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
3-(Acetylaminomethyl)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-6-methoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[cd]indole (2) is a rigid melatonin analogue that as a racemate displays about the same affinity and intrinsic activity of melatonin (1) in in vitro experiments. We report here the resolution of the racemate by preparative medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) and the X-ray determination of the R absolute configuration of the (-)-enantiomer. The two enantiomers were separately tested as MT1 and MT2 ligands, and the (+)-(S)-2 showed a potency comparable to that of melatonin and about three orders of magnitude greater than that of its enantiomer. The information obtained by crystallographic analysis and NMR studies about the conformational preference for 2 and by the pharmacological characterization of (R)-2 and (S)-2 was employed in a molecular modeling study, aimed at reassessing the melatonin receptor pharmacophore model for agonist compounds. Chiral enantioselective agonists reported in the literature were also included in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
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32
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Ates-Alagoz Z, Coban T, Buyukbingol E. Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of New Tetrahydro-Naphthalene-Indole Derivatives as Retinoid and Melatonin Analogs. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 339:193-200. [PMID: 16572477 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200500177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A number of retinoid-related compounds represent classes of antioxidative and proapoptotic agents with promising potential in the treatment of neoplastic diseases. Indeed, the synthetic retinoid amide fenretinide [N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide] induces apoptosis of cancer cells and acts as a chemotherapeutic drug in cancer therapy. In the present work, and as a continuation of our studies on retinoid-type compounds, the synthesis of melatonin retinamide derivatives was studied as a novel series of melatonin retinoids, using the condensation reaction sequence involving tetrahydrotetramethylnaphthalene carboxylic acid and appropriate melatonin-type moieties. Despite of the weak DPPH inhibition activity pattern of the synthesized compounds, some of them showed a strong inhibition on lipid peroxidation (IVa-b, Va, and VIIa-c, 88, 96, 90, 94, 93, and 86%, respectively at 10(-4) M concentration) when melatonin (85% at 10(-4) M concentration) was used as a reference compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ates-Alagoz
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
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33
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Elsner J, Boeckler F, Davidson K, Sugden D, Gmeiner P. Bicyclic melatonin receptor agonists containing a ring-junction nitrogen: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of the putative bioactive conformation. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:1949-58. [PMID: 16290939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Employing 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition for the synthesis of the 7a-azaindole nucleus, analogues of melatonin have been synthesized and tested against human and amphibian melatonin receptors. Introducing a phenyl substituent in position 2 of the heterocyclic moiety significantly increased binding affinity to both the MT1 and MT2 receptors. Shifting the methoxy group from position 5 to 2 of the 7a-azaindole ring led to a substantial reduction of MT1 binding when MT2 recognition was maintained. We theoretically investigated the hypothesis whether the 2-methoxy function of the azamelatonin analogue 27 is able to mimic the 5-methoxy group of the neurohormone by directing its 2-methoxy function toward the methoxy binding site. DFT calculations and experimental binding differences of analogue compounds indicate that the energy gained by forming the methoxy-specific hydrogen-bond interaction should exceed the energy required for adopting an alternative conformation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Humans
- Melatonin/analogs & derivatives
- Melatonin/chemistry
- Melatonin/pharmacology
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Molecular Structure
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Nitrogen/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Xenopus
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Elsner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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34
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Mor M, Rivara S, Lodola A, Lorenzi S, Bordi F, Plazzi PV, Spadoni G, Bedini A, Duranti A, Tontini A, Tarzia G. Application of 3D-QSAR in the Rational Design of Receptor Ligands and Enzyme Inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2005; 2:1438-51. [PMID: 17191945 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200590117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) are frequently employed in medicinal chemistry projects, both to rationalize structure-activity relationships (SAR) for known series of compounds and to help in the design of innovative structures endowed with desired pharmacological actions. As a difference from the so-called structure-based drug design tools, they do not require the knowledge of the biological target structure, but are based on the comparison of drug structural features, thus being defined ligand-based drug design tools. In the 3D-QSAR approach, structural descriptors are calculated from molecular models of the ligands, as interaction fields within a three-dimensional (3D) lattice of points surrounding the ligand structure. These descriptors are collected in a large X matrix, which is submitted to multivariate analysis to look for correlations with biological activity. Like for other QSARs, the reliability and usefulness of the correlation models depends on the validity of the assumptions and on the quality of the data. A careful selection of compounds and pharmacological data can improve the application of 3D-QSAR analysis in drug design. Some examples of the application of CoMFA and CoMSIA approaches to the SAR study and design of receptor or enzyme ligands is described, pointing the attention to the fields of melatonin receptor ligands and FAAH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle 27/A, I-43100 Parma.
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35
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Bedini A, Di Giacomo B, Gatti G, Spadoni G. Synthesis and conformational study of 3,4-carbocyclic bridged indole melatonin and serotonin analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4651-7. [PMID: 15916895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobenz[cd]indole, has been usually assumed to be a rigid scaffold of arylethylamines of pharmaceutical interest, such as melatonin and serotonin. A series of molecules containing this scaffold has been synthesized and their conformation in solution has been determined by 1H NMR. The values of the coupling constants show that the carbocycle fused with the indole ring is a mixture of the two conformers with substituent in equatorial or axial orientation. The molar fraction of the conformers appears to be sensibly affected by the bulkiness of the C-2 indole substituent. A pseudo-axial orientation of the C-3 alkylamido side chain is important for melatonin ligands to access the binding site and exhibit potent in vitro affinity, as illustrated for melatonin ligand 1 (pK(i)=9.32).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalida Bedini
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
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36
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Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone exerting its multiple actions mainly through two G-protein-coupled receptors MT(1) and MT(2). Exploring the physiological role of each of these subtypes requires subtype selective MT(1) and MT(2) ligands. While several MT(2)-selective ligands were developed in the 1990s, no selective agonists and antagonists for the MT(1) subtype were described. The present article reviews mela toninergic ligands developed in the current millennium focusing on subtype selective agents and on drug candidates. Notable compounds are the MT(1)-selective agonists 35 and 134, MT(1)-selective antagonists 117 and 131, MT(2)-selective agonists 58, 70, 79, 97 and 125, MT(2)-selective antagonists 27, 73 and 119, and the highly potent non-selective agonist 120. The non-selective agonists agomelatine 2, and ramelteon 87 are drug candidates as antidepressive agent and for the treatment of insomnia and circadian rhythm disfunction, respectively.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/trends
- Humans
- Ligands
- Molecular Structure
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/physiology
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/physiology
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37
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Lucini V, Pannacci M, Scaglione F, Fraschini F, Rivara S, Mor M, Bordi F, Plazzi PV, Spadoni G, Bedini A, Piersanti G, Diamantini G, Tarzia G. Tricyclic alkylamides as melatonin receptor ligands with antagonist or inverse agonist activity. J Med Chem 2004; 47:4202-12. [PMID: 15293992 DOI: 10.1021/jm040768k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the design and synthesis of novel alkylamides, characterized by a dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene nucleus, as melatonin (MLT) receptor ligands. The tricyclic scaffold was chosen on the basis of previous quantitative structure-activity studies on MT1 and MT2 antagonists, relating selective MT2 antagonism to the presence of an aromatic substituent out of the plane of the MLT indole ring. Some dibenzo seven-membered structures were thus selected because of the noncoplanar arrangement of their benzene rings, and an alkylamide chain was introduced to fit the requirements for MLT receptor binding, namely, dibenzocycloheptenes with an acylaminoalkyl side chain at position 10 and dibenzoazepines with this side chain originating from the nitrogen atom bridging the two phenyl rings. Binding affinity at human cloned MT1 and MT2 receptors was measured by 2-[125I]iodomelatonin displacement assay and intrinsic activity by the GTPgammaS test. The majority of the compounds were characterized by higher affinity at the MT2 than at the MT1 receptor and by very low intrinsic activity values, thus confirming the importance of the noncoplanar arrangement of the two aromatic rings for selective MT2 antagonism. Dibenzocycloheptenes generally displayed higher MT1 and MT 2affinity than dibenzoazepines. N-(8-Methoxy-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-10-ylmethyl)propionamide (4c) and -butyramide (4d) were the most selective MT2 receptor antagonists of the series, with MT2 receptor affinity comparable to that of melatonin and as such among the highest reported in the literature for MLT receptor antagonists. The acetamide derivative 4b produced a noticeable reduction of GTPgammaS binding at MT2 receptor, thus being among the few inverse agonists described.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- Cells, Cultured
- Dibenzocycloheptenes/chemical synthesis
- Dibenzocycloheptenes/chemistry
- Dibenzocycloheptenes/pharmacology
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism
- Humans
- Ligands
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Lucini
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, I-20129 Milano, Italy
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38
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Davies DJ, Faust R, Garratt PJ, Marivingt-Mounir C, Teh MT, Sugden D. Binding affinity and biological activity of oxygen and sulfur isosteres at melatonin receptors as a function of their hydrogen bonding capability. Bioorg Chem 2004; 32:1-12. [PMID: 14700558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of melatonin (1) and of N-acetyl 5-ethoxytryptamine (3) in which the oxygen atoms are replaced by sulfur have been prepared and tested against human and amphibian melatonin receptors. All sulfur analogues show a decreased binding affinity at human MT1 and MT2 receptors and a reduced potency as melatonin agonists on the Xenopus melanophore assay. The 5-methoxy oxygen of melatonin is significantly more important for receptor binding than the amide oxygen. N-Acetyl 5-ethoxytryptamine shows a decrease in both binding affinity and potency in comparison with melatonin. In this series, replacing either the ethoxy or amide oxygen by sulfur has a similar but smaller effect on both binding affinity and potency. Using K(B)(H) values from Abraham's equations we have assessed the possibility of estimating EC50 values for sulfur isosteres from the EC50 values of their oxygen analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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39
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Csontos J, Kálmán M, Tasi G. Conformational analysis of melatonin at Hartree–Fock ab initio level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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40
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Abstract
2-bromomelatonin is an analog of melatonin with a higher melatonin receptor affinity. We tested the hypnotic and analgesic properties of 2-bromomelatonin and compared them with those of propofol. Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to receive 2-bromomelatonin or propofol IV, or morphine intraperitoneally. Righting reflex and response to tail clamping were assessed. Both 2-bromomelatonin and propofol caused a dose-dependent increase in the percent of rats displaying loss of both the righting reflex and the response to tail clamping. 2-Bromomelatonin was comparable to propofol in terms of its rapid onset and short duration of hypnosis. The 50% effective dose (95% confidence interval) for loss of righting reflex for propofol and 2-bromomelatonin were 3.7 (3.4-4.0) and 38 (35-41) mg/kg, respectively. Corresponding values for loss of response to tail clamp were 2.9 (3.5-4.0) and 21 (15-30) mg/kg, respectively. 2-bromomelatonin is approximately 6-10 times less potent than propofol depending on the end-point used. Intraperitoneal 30 mg/kg morphine did not affect the righting reflex, but resulted in loss of response to tail clamping in all animals. 2-bromomelatonin can exert hypnotic and antinocifensive effects similar to that observed with propofol. Unlike propofol, the reduced nocifensive behavior persisted after the animals had regained their righting reflex. This study provides evidence that 2-bromomelatonin has properties that are desirable in anesthetics or anesthetic adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Naguib
- Departments of Anesthesia, *University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; and †Institute of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Urbino, piazza Rinascimento, Italy
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41
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Rivara S, Mor M, Silva C, Zuliani V, Vacondio F, Spadoni G, Bedini A, Tarzia G, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Fraschini F, Plazzi PV. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies on selected MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptor ligands: requirements for subtype selectivity and intrinsic activity modulation. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1429-39. [PMID: 12672242 DOI: 10.1021/jm020982d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship comparative molecular field analysis (3D-QSAR CoMFA) approach was applied to some classes of melatonin (MLT) membrane receptor ligands, with the principal aim of exploring the correlation between their steric features and MT(2)-selective antagonism. Binding data obtained from cloned MT(1) and MT(2) receptor subtypes were used to develop 3D-QSAR models for agonists and for antagonists at the two receptor subtypes, looking for the structural requirements for receptor subtype selectivity. In particular, we superposed the compounds showing antagonist activity, or very low intrinsic activity at the GTPgammaS test, following the hypothesis that the occupation of an additional pocket positioned out of the plane of MLT is one of the major determinants for MT(2) selectivity; the statistical models obtained confirmed this hypothesis. Structure-intrinsic activity relationship studies, applied to a set of compounds homogeneously tested, allowed the identification of the structural features whose modulation shifts the behavior from that of the agonist to that of the antagonist. The pocket out of the plane of MLT was identified as one of the key features for obtaining selective MT(2) antagonists. The reliability of our statistical models was further confirmed by the correct prediction of the pharmacological behavior of some N-substituted melatonin derivatives, which were prepared and tested on cloned receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Italy.
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42
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Tsotinis A, Panoussopoulou M, Hough K, Sugden D. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new beta,beta'-disubstituted 6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]indol-10-yl ethylamido melatoninergic ligands. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003; 18:297-304. [PMID: 12694881 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(03)00020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tricyclic analogs of melatonin with alkyl and cycloalkyl moieties in the beta position of the ethylamido chain have been prepared and tested for their ability to activate pigment granule aggregation in Xenopus laevis melanophores. The introduction of two methyl groups in the beta position of the side-chain of the methoxyl-substituted ligands induces a synergistic effect in agonist potency, which, importantly, is maintained after the methoxyl substituent is removed. The presence of more bulky beta-substituents, regardless of the size of the R group, seems to lead to antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsotinis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece.
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43
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Naguib M, Hammond DL, Schmid PG, Baker MT, Cutkomp J, Queral L, Smith T. Pharmacological effects of intravenous melatonin: comparative studies with thiopental and propofol. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90:504-7. [PMID: 12644425 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeg092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Possible utility of high-dose i.v. melatonin as an anaesthetic adjuvant has not been studied. This study compared its effects with thiopental and propofol. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to receive bolus or cumulative i.v. doses of melatonin, thiopental or propofol. Righting reflex, hindpaw withdrawal to a noxious stimulus, response to tail clamping and haemodynamic effects were assessed. RESULTS Melatonin caused a dose-dependent increase in paw withdrawal threshold and the percent of rats displaying loss of the righting reflex. Melatonin was comparable to thiopental and propofol in terms of its rapid onset of hypnosis. The mean ED(50) values for loss of righting reflex were 5.4 (SEM 1.2), 12.5 (1.1) and 178 (1.1) mg kg(-1) for propofol, thiopental and melatonin, respectively. The percent of rats displaying loss of response to tail clamping was greater with propofol than with melatonin (P<0.05). Haemodynamic changes produced by melatonin or propofol were similar in onset and magnitude. CONCLUSIONS I.V. melatonin can exert hypnotic effects similar to those observed with thiopental and propofol. Melatonin exhibited significant antinociceptive effects but was less effective in abolishing the response to tail clamping.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naguib
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1009, USA.
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44
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Charton I, Suzenet F, Boutin JA, Audinot V, Delagrange P, Bennejean C, Renard P, Guillaumet G. Synthesis of 5-substituted-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzoxathiins: biological evaluation as melatonin receptors ligands. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2003; 18:187-93. [PMID: 12943203 DOI: 10.1080/1475636032000096855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of benzoxathiins bearing a retroamide function is described from 8-hydroxythiochroman, the key step involving the synthesis of the benzoxathiin ring through a sulfonium salt. These new melatonin analogues were evaluated on human receptors MT1 and MT2 and have a similar affinity to that of melatonin itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Charton
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR-CNRS 6005, Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 02, France
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45
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Pégurier C, Morellato L, Chahed E, Andrieux J, Nicolas JP, Boutin JA, Bennejean C, Delagrange P, Langlois M, Mathé-Allainmat M. Synthesis of new arylalkoxy amido derivatives as melatoninergic ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:789-800. [PMID: 12538010 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amido derivatives 10-18 of the corresponding oxyamines were synthesised as melatoninergic ligands by the reaction of hydroxyphtalimide with the halogeno derivatives or the corresponding alcohols using Mitsunobu reaction conditions. The affinity of the compounds for chicken brain melatonin receptors and recombinant human MT(1) and MT(2) receptors was evaluated using 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin as the radioligand. Overall, the introduction of an oxygen atom in the amido chain was not a favourable parameter as the compounds were less potent than the corresponding deoxy derivatives. However, nanomolar compounds were obtained with the arylethyloxy derivatives (13c (R'=nPr), chicken brain, hMT(1), hMT(2), K(i) values: 4.8, 3.86, 2.4 nM, respectively) and the 2,7-dimethoxynaphthalene derivatives (17c (R'=nPr), chicken brain, hMT(1), hMT(2), K(i) values: 0.04, 0.13, 0.1 nM, respectively). The functional activity of these compounds was evaluated by the aggregation of melanophores in Xenopus laevis tadpoles and the potency was related to the affinity of the molecules for melatonin receptors. The compounds were found to be full agonists and compound 17a was 20-fold more potent than melatonin in this bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Pégurier
- CNRS-BIOCIS (UPRES A 8076), Université de Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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46
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Uchikawa O, Fukatsu K, Tokunoh R, Kawada M, Matsumoto K, Imai Y, Hinuma S, Kato K, Nishikawa H, Hirai K, Miyamoto M, Ohkawa S. Synthesis of a novel series of tricyclic indan derivatives as melatonin receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4222-39. [PMID: 12213063 DOI: 10.1021/jm0201159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To develop a new therapeutic agent for sleep disorders, we synthesized a novel series of tricyclic indan derivatives and evaluated them for their binding affinity to melatonin receptors. In our previous paper, we proposed a conformation of the methoxy group favorable for the binding of the MT(1) receptor. To fix the methoxy group in an active conformation, we decided to synthesize conformationally restricted tricyclic indan analogues with the oxygen atom in the 6-position incorporated into a furan, 1,3-dioxane, oxazole, pyran, morpholine, or 1,4-dioxane ring system. Among these compounds, indeno[5,4-b]furan analogues were found to be the most potent and selective MT(1) receptor ligands and to have superior metabolic stability. The optimization of substituents led to (S)-(-)-22b, which showed very strong affinity for human MT(1) (K(i) = 0.014 nM), but no significant affinity for hamster MT(3)() (K(i) = 2600 nM) or other neurotransmitter receptors. The pharmacological effects of (S)-(-)-22b were studied in experimental animals, and it was found that a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, po promoted a sleep in freely moving cats, as demonstrated by a decrease in wakefulness and increases in slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, which lasted for 6 h after administration. Melatonin (1 mg/kg, po) also had a sleep-promoting effect, though it lasted only 2 h. A new chiral method for the synthesis of (S)-(-)-22b starting from 60, which was prepared from 59 employing asymmetric hydrogenation with the (S)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl-Ru complex, was developed. (S)-(-)-22b (TAK-375) is currently under clinical trial for the treatment of insomnia and circadian rhythm disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Uchikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan.
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47
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Mor M, Spadoni G, Di Giacomo B, Diamantini G, Bedini A, Tarzia G, Plazzi PV, Rivara S, Nonno R, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Fraschini F, Stankov BM. Synthesis, pharmacological characterization and QSAR studies on 2-substituted indole melatonin receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:1045-57. [PMID: 11354661 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A number of 6-methoxy-1-(2-propionylaminoethyl)indoles, carrying properly selected substituents at the C-2 indole position, were prepared and tested as melatonin receptor ligands. Affinities and intrinsic activities for the human cloned mt1 and MT2 receptors were examined and compared with those of some 2-substituted melatonin derivatives recently described by us. A quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) study of the sixteen 2-substituted indole compounds, 5a-k, 1, 8-11, using partial least squares (PLS) and multiple regression analysis (MRA) revealed the existence of an optimal range of lipophilicity for the C2 indole substituent. There are also indications that planar, electron-withdrawing substituents contribute to the affinity by establishing additional interactions with the binding pocket. No mt1/MT2 subtype selectivity was observed, with the relevant exception of the 2-phenethyl derivative 5e, which exhibited the highest selectivity for the h-MT2 receptor among all the compounds tested (MT2/mt1 ratio of ca. 50). Conformational analysis and superposition of 5e to other reported selective MT2 ligands revealed structural and conformational similarities that might account for the MT2/mt1 selectivity of 5e.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy
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48
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Spadoni G, Balsamini C, Diamantini G, Tontini A, Tarzia G, Mor M, Rivara S, Plazzi PV, Nonno R, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Fraschini F, Stankov BM. 2-N-acylaminoalkylindoles: design and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies leading to MT2-selective melatonin antagonists. J Med Chem 2001; 44:2900-12. [PMID: 11520198 DOI: 10.1021/jm001125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several indole analogues of melatonin (MLT) were obtained by moving the MLT side chain from C(3) to C(2) of the indole ring. Binding and in vitro functional assays were performed on cloned human MT1 and MT2 receptors, stably transfected in NIH3T3 cells. Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies showed that 4-methoxy-2-(N-acylaminomethyl)indoles, with a benzyl group in position 1, were selective MT2 antagonists and, in particular, N-[(1-p-chlorobenzyl-4-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl]propanamide (12) behaved as a pure antagonist at MT1 and MT2 receptors, with a 148-fold selectivity for MT2. We present a topographical model that suggests a lipophilic group, located out of the plane of the indole ring of MLT, as the key feature of the MT2 selective antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Spadoni
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Italy.
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49
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Gohda K, Ohta D, Iwasaki G, Ertl P, Jacob O. Computational modeling of a binding conformation of the intermediate L-histidinal to histidinol dehydrogenase. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2001; 41:196-201. [PMID: 11206374 DOI: 10.1021/ci000332n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Histidinol dehydrogenase (HDH) is one of the enzymes involved in the L-histidine biosynthesis pathway. HDH is a dimer that contains one Zn2+ ion in each identical subunit. In this study, we predicted a possible binding conformation of the intermediate L-histidinal, which is experimentally not known, using a computational modeling method and three potent HDH inhibitors whose structures are similar to that of L-histidinal. At first, a set of the most probable active conformations of the potent inhibitors was determined using two different pharmacophore mapping techniques, the active analogue approach and the distance comparison method. From the most probable active conformations of the three potent inhibitors, the common parts of the L-histidinal structure were extracted and refined by energy minimization to obtain the binding conformation of L-histidinal. This predicted conformation of L-histidinal agrees with an experimentally determined conformation of L-histidine in a single crystal, suggesting that it is an experimentally acceptable conformation. The capability in this conformation to coordinate a Zn2+ ion was examined by comparing the spatial relative geometry of its functional groups with those of ligands that coordinate with a Zn2+ ion in Zn proteins of the Protein Data Bank. This comparison supported our predicted conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gohda
- Research and Development Department, CIBA-GEIGY AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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50
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Jellimann C, Mathé-Allainmat M, Andrieux J, Kloubert S, Boutin JA, Nicolas JP, Bennejean C, Delagrange P, Langlois M. Synthesis of phenalene and acenaphthene derivatives as new conformationally restricted ligands for melatonin receptors. J Med Chem 2000; 43:4051-62. [PMID: 11063602 DOI: 10.1021/jm000922c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conformationally restricted phenalene and acenaphthene derivatives 5 were synthesized from phenalen-1-one and acenaphthen-1-one derivatives using the Horner-Emmons reaction. The amines were prepared through the corresponding isocyanates by the Curtius reaction on the acids or by the reduction of the nitriles. Amido derivatives (R(3) = Me, Et, n-Pr, c-Pr) were prepared by acylation of the amines with the appropriate anhydrides or acid chlorides or by the reductive acylation of the nitriles. The affinities of the compounds for melatonin binding sites were evaluated in vitro in binding assays using chicken brain melatonin and the human mt(1) and MT(2) receptors expressed in HEK-293 cells. The functionality of the compounds was determined by the potency to lighten the skin of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Highly potent compounds were obtained. The data highlighted the role of the methoxy group located in the ortho position to the ethylamido chain as compounds with picomolar affinities such as 14c were obtained (chicken brain, hmt(1), hMT(2) K(i) values = 0.02, 0.008, 0.069 nM, respectively). Compound 14c was equipotent to the corresponding dimethoxy derivative 15c (chicken brain, hmt(1), hMT(2) K(i) values = 0.07, 0.016, 0.1 nM, respectively). On the other hand, the restricted conformation of the amido chain did not influence selectivity for the cloned hmt(1) and hMT(2) receptors. These compounds were also potent agonists of melanophore aggregation in X. laevis. 15a,c were several hundred fold more potent than melatonin (EC(50) = 0.025, 0.004 nM, respectively). Conformational studies indicated that the minimum energy folded conformation of the ethylamido chain could constitute the putative active form in the receptor site in agreement with previous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jellimann
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris-Sud, CNRS-BIOCIS (UPRES A 8076), 5 rue J. B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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