Novel 5-(3-aryl-2-propynyl)-5-(arylsulfonyl)thiazolidine-2,4-diones as antihyperglycemic agents

Synthetic Strategies of Thiazolidine-2,4-dione Derivatives for the Development of New Anti-diabetic Agents: Compressive Review

BACKGROUND

Thiazolidine-2,4-dione (2,4-TZD) is a flexible pharmacophore and a privileged platform and contains a five-membered ring with a 2-oxygen atom with double bond 2,4- position and one nitrogen atom as well as sulphur containing in the heterocyclic compound. A famous electron-rich nitrogen transporter combines invigorating electronic properties with the prospective for elemental applications. Thiazolidine-2,4-dione analogues have been synthesized using a variety of methods, all of which have shown to have a strong biological effect.

OBJECTIVES

The study of the biological activity of Thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives has been a fascinating field of pharmaceutical chemistry and has many purposes. This derivative described in the literature between 1995 to 2023 was the focus of this study. Thiazolidine-2,4-diones have been discussed in terms of their introduction, general method, synthetic scheme and antidiabetic significance in the current review.

CONCLUSION

Thiazolidine-2,4-diones are well-known heterocyclic compounds. The synthesis of Thiazolidine-2,4-diones has been described using a variety of methods. Antidiabetic activity has been discovered in several Thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives, which enhance further research. The use of Thiazolidine-2,4-diones to treat antidiabetics has piqued researchers' interest in learning more about thiazolidine-2,4-diones.

An overview on medicinal perspective of thiazolidine-2,4-dione: A remarkable scaffold in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

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TZDs, an important pharmacophore in the treatment of diabetes.

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Various analog-based synthetic strategies and biological significance are discussed.

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Clinical studies using TZDs along with other antidiabetic agents are also highlighted.

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SAR has been discussed to suggest the interactions between derivatives and receptor sites.

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Pyrazole, chromone, and acid-based TZDs can be considered as potential lead molecules.

Diabetes or diabetes mellitus is a complex or polygenic disorder, which is characterized by increased levels of glucose (hyperglycemia) and deficiency in insulin secretion or resistance to insulin over an elongated period in the liver and peripheral tissues. Thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD) is a privileged scaffold and an outstanding heterocyclic moiety in the field of drug discovery, which provides various opportunities in exploring this moiety as an antidiabetic agent. In the past few years, various novel synthetic approaches had been undertaken to synthesize different derivatives to explore them as more potent antidiabetic agents with devoid of side effects (i.e., edema, weight gain, and bladder cancer) of clinically used TZD (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone). In this review, an effort has been made to summarize the up to date research work of various synthetic strategies for TZD derivatives as well as their biological significance and clinical studies of TZDs in combination with other category as antidiabetic agents. This review also highlights the structure-activity relationships and the molecular docking studies to convey the interaction of various synthesized novel derivatives with its receptor site.

Versatile Starting Materials for Novel 1,ω-bis(pyridin-4-ylphenoxy)alkanes, and their Corresponding bis(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-4-ylphenoxy) derivatives

A synthesis is described, starting from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, of some new bis(activated styrene) derivatives, and their conversion into novel bis(pyridin-4-yl) ethers and bis(thieno[2,3- b]pyridine) derivatives.

Application of the 4-trifluoromethylbenzenepropargyl ether group as an unhindered, electron deficient protecting group for stereoselective glycosylation

4-Trifluoromethylbenzenepropargyl ethers are stable and sterically minimal alcohol protecting groups that are readily cleaved in a single step by exposure to lithium naphthalenide. In conjunction with the 4,6-O-benzylidene protecting group, glycosylation reactions of 2-O-(4-trifluoromethylbenzenepropargyl)-protected mannosyl donors are extremely beta-selective.

Electrophilic fluorodesilylation of allenylmethylsilanes: a novel entry to 2-fluoro-1,3-dienes

[reaction: see text] Various fluorodienes were prepared by treatment of the corresponding allenylmethylsilanes with Selectfluor. This is the first route to these compounds not based on the use of a fluorinated building block. The reaction allows the preparation of 2-fluoro-1,3-dienes with several substitution patterns, including di- and trisubstituted compounds.

The molecular basis for oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen molecules have been typically viewed as the toxic by-products of metabolism. However, accumulating evidence has revealed that reactive species, including hydrogen peroxide, serve as signaling molecules that are involved in the regulation of cellular function. The chronic and/or increased production of these reactive molecules or a reduced capacity for their elimination, termed oxidative stress, can lead to abnormal changes in intracellular signaling and result in chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Inflammation and oxidative stress have been linked to insulin resistance in vivo. Recent studies have found that this association is not restricted to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, but is also evident in obese, nondiabetic individuals, and in those patients with the metabolic syndrome. An increased concentration of reactive molecules triggers the activation of serine/threonine kinase cascades such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase, nuclear factor-kappaB, and others that in turn phosphorylate multiple targets, including the insulin receptor and the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins. Increased serine phosphorylation of IRS reduces its ability to undergo tyrosine phosphorylation and may accelerate the degradation of IRS-1, offering an attractive explanation for the molecular basis of oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance. Consistent with this idea, studies with antioxidants such as vitamin E, alpha-lipoic acid, and N-acetylcysteine indicate a beneficial impact on insulin sensitivity, and offer the possibility for new treatment approaches for insulin resistance.

Oxidative stress and stress-activated signaling pathways: a unifying hypothesis of type 2 diabetes

In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the late diabetic complications in nerve, vascular endothelium, and kidney arise from chronic elevations of glucose and possibly other metabolites including free fatty acids (FFA). Recent evidence suggests that common stress-activated signaling pathways such as nuclear factor-kappaB, p38 MAPK, and NH2-terminal Jun kinases/stress-activated protein kinases underlie the development of these late diabetic complications. In addition, in type 2 diabetes, there is evidence that the activation of these same stress pathways by glucose and possibly FFA leads to both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Thus, we propose a unifying hypothesis whereby hyperglycemia and FFA-induced activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB, p38 MAPK, and NH2-terminal Jun kinases/stress-activated protein kinases stress pathways, along with the activation of the advanced glycosylation end-products/receptor for advanced glycosylation end-products, protein kinase C, and sorbitol stress pathways, plays a key role in causing late complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, along with insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. Studies with antioxidants such as vitamin E, alpha-lipoic acid, and N-acetylcysteine suggest that new strategies may become available to treat these conditions.

3D-QSAR CoMFA and CoMSIA on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors

3D-QSAR and molecular modeling was performed on a series of benzofuran/benzothiophene biphenyls as protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP 1B) inhibitors with anti-hyperglycemic activity. Evaluation of 92 compounds served to establish the model, which was validated by evaluation of an external set of 26 compounds. The lowest energy conformer of most active compound (compound 54) obtained from simulated annealing was used as a template structure for the alignment. The best predictions were obtained with the CoMFA model from RMS fit and A log P as additional descriptor (r(2)(cv)=0.615, r(2)=0.842), and with the CoMSIA combined steric, electrostatic, and lipophilic fields (r(2)(cv)=0.597, r(2)=0.910). The 3D-QSAR model was then superimposed to the PTP 1B active site, giving direct contour maps of the different fields. Further comparison of the contour maps from the 3D-QSAR showed high level of compatibility with the active site of PTP 1B enzyme.

Synthesis and PTP1B inhibition of novel 4-aryl-1-oxa-9-thiacyclopenta[b]fluorenes

Novel 4-aryl-1-oxa-9-thiacyclopenta[b]fluorenes were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as inhibitors of the protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP1B. Compounds 3 (IC50 = 284 nM) and 4 (IC50 = 74 nM), showed nanomolar potency against PTP1B (TRDI(P)YETD(P)Y(P)YRK as substrate). Compound 4 also lowered insulin in the diabetic ob/ob mouse at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day, p.o.