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Ren P, Li H, Nie T, Jian X, Yu C, Li J, Su H, Zhang X, Li S, Yang X, Peng C, Yin Y, Zhang L, Xu Y, Liu H, Bai F. Discovery and Mechanism Study of SARS-CoV-2 3C-like Protease Inhibitors with a New Reactive Group. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12266-12283. [PMID: 37594952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
3CLpro is an attractive target for the treatment of COVID-19. Using the scaffold hopping strategy, we identified a potent inhibitor of 3CLpro (3a) that contains a thiocyanate moiety as a novel warhead that can form a covalent bond with Cys145 of the protein. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and X-ray crystallography confirmed the mechanism of covalent formation between 3a and the protein in its catalytic pocket. Moreover, several analogues of compound 3a were designed and synthesized. Among them, compound 3h shows the best inhibition of 3CLpro with an IC50 of 0.322 μM and a kinact/Ki value of 1669.34 M-1 s-1, and it exhibits good target selectivity for 3CLpro against host proteases. Compound 3c inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells (EC50 = 2.499 μM) with low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 200 μM). These studies provide ideas and insights to explore and develop new 3CLpro inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxuan Ren
- School of Life Science and Technology, and Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tianqing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqin Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Changyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haixia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xianglei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, and Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shiwei Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, and Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, and Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yue Yin
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Fang Bai
- School of Life Science and Technology, and Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
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2
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Kourounakis AP, Bavavea E. New applications of squalene synthase inhibitors: Membrane cholesterol as a therapeutic target. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000085. [PMID: 32557793 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Squalene synthase (SQS) inhibitors, mostly known as antihyperlipidemic agents for controlling blood cholesterol levels, have been increasingly used to study alterations of the cholesterol content in cell membranes. As such, SQS inhibitors have been demonstrated to control cellular activities related to cancer cell proliferation and migration, neuron degeneration, and parasite growth. While the mechanisms behind the effects of cellular cholesterol are still being revealed in detail, the evidence for SQS as a therapeutic target for several seemingly unrelated diseases is increasing. SQS inhibitors may be the next promising candidates targeting the three remaining primary therapeutic areas, beyond cardiovascular disease, which still need to be addressed; their application as anticancer, antimicrobial, and antineurodegenerative agents appears promising for new drug discovery projects underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eugenia Bavavea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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3
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Villalta F, Rachakonda G. Advances in preclinical approaches to Chagas disease drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1161-1174. [PMID: 31411084 PMCID: PMC6779130 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1652593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Chagas disease affects 8-10 million people worldwide, mainly in Latin America. The current therapy for Chagas disease is limited to nifurtimox and benznidazole, which are effective in treating only the acute phase of the disease but with severe side effects. Therefore, there is an unmet need for new drugs and for the exploration of innovative approaches which may lead to the discovery of new effective and safe drugs for its treatment. Areas covered: The authors report and discuss recent approaches including structure-based design that have led to the discovery of new promising small molecule candidates for Chagas disease which affect prime targets that intervene in the sterol pathway of T. cruzi. Other trypanosome targets, phenotypic screening, the use of artificial intelligence and the challenges with Chagas disease drug discovery are also discussed. Expert opinion: The application of recent scientific innovations to the field of Chagas disease have led to the discovery of new promising drug candidates for Chagas disease. Phenotypic screening brought new hits and opportunities for drug discovery. Artificial intelligence also has the potential to accelerate drug discovery in Chagas disease and further research into this is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Villalta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Girish Rachakonda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College , Nashville , TN , USA
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4
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Reed CW, Lindsley CW. A general, enantioselective synthesis of 2-substituted thiomorpholines and thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxides. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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5
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Galaka T, Falcone BN, Li C, Szajnman SH, Moreno SNJ, Docampo R, Rodriguez JB. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-alkylaminomethyl-1,1-bisphosphonic acids against Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3663-3673. [PMID: 31296439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As an extension of our project aimed at the search for new chemotherapeutic agents against Chagas disease and toxoplasmosis, several 1,1-bisphosphonates were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated against Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii, the etiologic agents of these diseases, respectively. In particular, and based on the antiparasitic activity exhibited by 2-alkylaminoethyl-1,1-bisphosphonates targeting farnesyl diphosphate synthase, a series of linear 2-alkylaminomethyl-1,1-bisphosphonic acids (compounds 21-33), that is, the position of the amino group was one carbon closer to the gem-phosphonate moiety, were evaluated as growth inhibitors against the clinically more relevant dividing form (amastigotes) of T. cruzi. Although all of these compounds resulted to be devoid of antiparasitic activity, these results were valuable for a rigorous SAR study. In addition, unexpectedly, the synthetic designed 2-cycloalkylaminoethyl-1,1-bisphosphonic acids 47-49 were free of antiparasitic activity. Moreover, long chain sulfur-containing 1,1-bisphosphonic acids, such as compounds 54-56, 59, turned out to be nanomolar growth inhibitors of tachyzoites of T. gondii. As many bisphosphonate-containing molecules are FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of bone resorption disorders, their potential nontoxicity makes them good candidates to control American trypanosomiasis and toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamila Galaka
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruno N Falcone
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catherine Li
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sergio H Szajnman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia N J Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Juan B Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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6
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Chao MN, Lorenzo-Ocampo MV, Szajnman SH, Docampo R, Rodriguez JB. Further insights of selenium-containing analogues of WC-9 against Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1350-1361. [PMID: 30808607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of our project aimed at searching for new chemotherapeutic agents against American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), new selenocyanate derivatives were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated against the clinically more relevant dividing form of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of this illness. In addition, in order to establish the role of each part of the selenocyanate moiety, different derivatives, in which the selenium atom or the cyano group were absent, were conceived, synthesized and biologically evaluated. In addition, in order to study the optimal position of the terminal phenoxy group, new regioisomers of WC-9 were synthesized and evaluated against T. cruzi. Finally, the resolution of a racemic mixture of a very potent conformationally rigid analogue of WC-9 was accomplished and further tested as growth inhibitors of T. cruzi proliferation. The results provide further insight into the role of the selenocyanate group in its antiparasitic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María N Chao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María V Lorenzo-Ocampo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio H Szajnman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Juan B Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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7
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Scarim CB, Jornada DH, Chelucci RC, de Almeida L, Dos Santos JL, Chung MC. Current advances in drug discovery for Chagas disease. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:824-838. [PMID: 30033393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) according to World Health Organization. It is estimated that 8-10 million people are infected worldwide, mainly in Latin America. Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is characterized by two phases: acute and chronic. The current therapy for Chagas disease is limited to drugs such as nifurtimox and benznidazole, which are effective in treating only the acute phase of the disease. In addition, several side effects ranging from hypersensitivity to bone marrow depression and peripheral polyneuropathy have been associated with these drugs. Therefore, the current challenge is to find new effective and safe drugs against this NTD. The aim of this review is to describe the advances in the medicinal chemistry of new anti-chagasic compounds reported in the literature in the last five years. We report promising prototypes for drug discovery identified through target-based and phenotype-based strategies and present some important targets for the development of new synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Hartmann Jornada
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Consolin Chelucci
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Brazil
| | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Man Chin Chung
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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8
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Chao MN, Storey M, Li C, Rodríguez MG, Di Salvo F, Szajnman SH, Moreno SN, Docampo R, Rodriguez JB. Selenium-containing analogues of WC-9 are extremely potent inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi proliferation. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6435-6449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Antiparasitic Activity of Sulfur- and Fluorine-Containing Bisphosphonates against Trypanosomatids and Apicomplexan Parasites. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010082. [PMID: 28054995 PMCID: PMC6155738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on crystallographic data of the complexes 2-alkyl(amino)ethyl-1,1-bisphosphonates-Trypanosoma cruzi farnesyl diphosphate synthase, some linear 1,1-bisphosphonic acids and other closely related derivatives were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated against T. cruzi, the responsible agent of Chagas disease and against Toxoplasma gondii, the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis and also towards the target enzymes farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase of T. cruzi (TcFPPS) and T gondii (TgFPPS), respectively. The isoprenoid-containing 1,1-bisphosphonates exhibited modest antiparasitic activity, whereas the linear α-fluoro-2-alkyl(amino)ethyl-1,1-bisphosphonates were unexpectedly devoid of antiparasitic activity. In spite of not presenting efficient antiparasitic activity, these data turned out to be very important to establish a structural activity relationship.
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10
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Chao MN, Li C, Storey M, Falcone BN, Szajnman SH, Bonesi SM, Docampo R, Moreno SNJ, Rodriguez JB. Activity of Fluorine-Containing Analogues of WC-9 and Structurally Related Analogues against Two Intracellular Parasites: Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2690-2702. [PMID: 27886451 PMCID: PMC5200956 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two obligate intracellular parasites, Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, and Toxoplasma gondii, an agent of toxoplasmosis, upregulate the mevalonate pathway of their host cells upon infection, which suggests that this host pathway could be a potential drug target. In this work, a number of compounds structurally related to WC-9 (4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate), a known squalene synthase inhibitor, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their effect on T. cruzi and T. gondii growth in tissue culture cells. Two fluorine-containing derivatives, the 3-(3-fluorophenoxy)- and 3-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenoxyethyl thiocyanates, exhibited half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) values of 1.6 and 4.9 μm, respectively, against tachyzoites of T. gondii, whereas they showed similar potency to WC-9 against intracellular T. cruzi (EC50 values of 5.4 and 5.7 μm, respectively). In addition, 2-[3- (phenoxy)phenoxyethylthio]ethyl-1,1-bisphosphonate, which is a hybrid inhibitor containing 3-phenoxyphenoxy and bisphosphonate groups, has activity against T. gondii proliferation at sub-micromolar levels (EC50 =0.7 μm), which suggests a combined inhibitory effect of the two functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- María N. Chao
- M. N. Chao, Dr. B. N. Falcone, Dr. S. H. Szajnman, Prof. Dr. J. B. Rodriguez, Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET–FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catherine Li
- C. Li, M. Storey, Prof. Dr. R. Docampo, Prof. Dr. S. N. J. Moreno, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Melissa Storey
- C. Li, M. Storey, Prof. Dr. R. Docampo, Prof. Dr. S. N. J. Moreno, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Bruno N. Falcone
- M. N. Chao, Dr. B. N. Falcone, Dr. S. H. Szajnman, Prof. Dr. J. B. Rodriguez, Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET–FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio H. Szajnman
- M. N. Chao, Dr. B. N. Falcone, Dr. S. H. Szajnman, Prof. Dr. J. B. Rodriguez, Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET–FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio M. Bonesi
- Prof. Dr. S. M. Bonesi, Departamento de Química Orgánica and CIHIDECAR (CONICET–FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Docampo
- C. Li, M. Storey, Prof. Dr. R. Docampo, Prof. Dr. S. N. J. Moreno, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Silvia N. J. Moreno
- C. Li, M. Storey, Prof. Dr. R. Docampo, Prof. Dr. S. N. J. Moreno, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Juan B. Rodriguez
- M. N. Chao, Dr. B. N. Falcone, Dr. S. H. Szajnman, Prof. Dr. J. B. Rodriguez, Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET–FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Rodriguez JB, Falcone BN, Szajnman SH. Detection and treatment ofTrypanosoma cruzi: a patent review (2011-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:993-1015. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1209487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Sokolovs I, Suna E. Para-Selective Cu-Catalyzed C–H Aryloxylation of Electron-Rich Arenes and Heteroarenes. J Org Chem 2015; 81:371-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igors Sokolovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles
21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles
21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
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13
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Zhou J, Wang X, Kuang M, Wang L, Luo HB, Mo Y, Wu R. Protonation-Triggered Carbon-Chain Elongation in Geranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GPPS). ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Program in Public Health, College of Healthy Sciences, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697,United States
| | - Ming Kuang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Laiyou Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bin Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | - Ruibo Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
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14
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Chao MN, Matiuzzi CE, Storey M, Li C, Szajnman SH, Docampo R, Moreno SNJ, Rodriguez JB. Aryloxyethyl Thiocyanates Are Potent Growth Inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1094-108. [PMID: 25914175 PMCID: PMC4447534 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our project aimed at searching for new safe chemotherapeutic agents against parasitic diseases, several compounds structurally related to the antiparasitic agent WC-9 (4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate), which were modified at the terminal phenyl ring, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as growth inhibitors against Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, and Toxoplasma gondii, the parasite responsible of toxoplasmosis. Most of the synthetic analogues exhibited similar antiparasitic activity and were slightly more potent than our lead WC-9. For example, two trifluoromethylated derivatives exhibited ED50 values of 10.0 and 9.2 μM against intracellular T. cruzi, whereas they showed potent action against tachyzoites of T. gondii (ED50 values of 1.6 and 1.9 μM against T. gondii). In addition, analogues of WC-9 in which the terminal aryl group is in the meta position with respect to the alkyl chain bearing the thiocyanate group showed potent inhibitory action against both T. cruzi and T. gondii at the very low micromolar range, which suggests that a para-phenyl substitution pattern is not necessary for biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María N Chao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires (Argentina)
| | - Carolina Exeni Matiuzzi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires (Argentina)
| | - Melissa Storey
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602 (USA)
| | - Catherine Li
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602 (USA)
| | - Sergio H Szajnman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires (Argentina)
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602 (USA)
| | - Silvia N J Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602 (USA)
| | - Juan B Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires (Argentina).
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15
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Huang X, Zhao M, Li N, Li H, Li J, Wang X. Enantioselective Synthesis of Optically Active Bis( β-hydroxy) Sulfones through Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Corresponding Ketones Catalyzed by a Chiral Cationic Ruthenium Diamine Catalyst. CHINESE J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Ferrer-Casal M, Li C, Galizzi M, Stortz CA, Szajnman SH, Docampo R, Moreno SNJ, Rodriguez JB. New insights into molecular recognition of 1,1-bisphosphonic acids by farnesyl diphosphate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 22:398-405. [PMID: 24300918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As part of our project pointed at the search of new antiparasitic agents against American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) and toxoplasmosis a series of 2-alkylaminoethyl-1-hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonic acids has been designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated against the etiologic agents of these parasitic diseases, Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii, respectively, and also towards their target enzymes, T. cruzi and T. gondii farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), respectively. Surprisingly, while most pharmacologically active bisphosphonates have a hydroxyl group at the C-1 position, the additional presence of an amino group at C-3 resulted in decreased activity towards either T. cruzi cells or TcFPPS. Density functional theory calculations justify this unexpected behavior. Although these compounds were devoid of activity against T. cruzi cells and TcFPPS, they were efficient growth inhibitors of tachyzoites of T. gondii. This activity was associated with a potent inhibition of the enzymatic activity of TgFPPS. Compound 28 arises as a main example of this family of compounds exhibiting an ED₅₀ value of 4.7 μM against tachyzoites of T. gondii and an IC₅₀ of 0.051 μM against TgFPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferrer-Casal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catherine Li
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Melina Galizzi
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Carlos A Stortz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and CIHIDECAR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio H Szajnman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Silvia N J Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Juan B Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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17
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of WC-9 analogs as antiparasitic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:480-9. [PMID: 24090919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our project pointed at the search of new safe chemotherapeutic and chemoprophylactic agents against parasitic diseases, several compounds structurally related to 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate (WC-9), which were modified at the terminal aromatic ring, were designed, synthesized and evaluated as antiproliferative agents against Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite responsible of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) and Toxoplasma gondii, the etiological agent of toxoplasmosis. Most of the synthetic analogs exhibited similar antiparasitic activity being slightly more potent than the reference compound WC-9. For example, the nitro derivative 13 showed an ED₅₀ value of 5.2 μM. Interestingly, the regioisomer of WC-9, compound 36 showed similar inhibitory action than WC-9 indicating that para-phenyl substitution pattern is not necessarily required for biological activity. The biological evaluation against T. gondii was also very promising. The ED₅₀ values corresponding for 13, 36 and 37 were at the very low micromolar level against tachyzoites of T. gondii.
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18
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Martínez I, Nogueda B, Martínez-Hernández F, Espinoza B. Microsatellite and mini-exon analysis of Mexican human DTU I Trypanosoma cruzi strains and their susceptibility to nifurtimox and benznidazole. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:181-7. [PMID: 23421890 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and it affects as many as 10 million people in North and South America, where it represents a major public health problem. T. cruzi is a parasite with high genetic diversity, and it has been grouped into 6 discrete typing units (DTUs), designated as T. cruzi I (TcI) to T. cruzi VI (TcVI). Mexican isolates from humans and from vector insects have been primarily found to be TcI, and these isolates are likely to be the strains that cause the clinical manifestations observed in Mexico. However, genetic characterization and drug susceptibility assays are limited in Mexican TcI strains. In this work, 24 Mexican T. cruzi strains, obtained primarily from humans, were studied with 7 locus microsatellites and mini-exon gene by PCR. Also, drug susceptibility was evaluated by growth and mobility assays. All of the human strains belonged to TcI, and they could be further grouped through microsatellite analysis into 2 subgroups (microsatellite genotypes 1 and 2), which were not related to the host clinical status or biological origin of the strain. Two strains, both from wild mammals, belonged to the TcII-TcVI groups; these strains and the CL Brener strain constituted microsatellite genotype 3. The number of alleles in each locus was lower than reported for South American strains, and a departure from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed. The susceptibility of these strains to nifurtimox and benznidazole was heterogeneous. T. cruzi strains characterized as microsatellite genotypes 2 and 3 were significantly more susceptible to benznidazole than strains of microsatellite genotype 1. Only 1 Mexican strain resistant to both drugs was found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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19
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Lin FY, Liu YL, Li K, Cao R, Zhu W, Axelson J, Pang R, Oldfield E. Head-to-head prenyl tranferases: anti-infective drug targets. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4367-72. [PMID: 22486710 DOI: 10.1021/jm300208p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report X-ray crystallographic structures of three inhibitors bound to dehydrosqualene synthase from Staphylococcus aureus: 1 (BPH-651), 2 (WC-9), and 3 (SQ-109). Compound 2 binds to the S2 site with its -SCN group surrounded by four hydrogen bond donors. With 1, we report two structures: in both, the quinuclidine headgroup binds in the allylic (S1) site with the side chain in S2, but in the presence of PPi and Mg(2+), the quinuclidine's cationic center interacts with PPi and three Mg(2+), mimicking a transition state involved in diphosphate ionization. With 3, there are again two structures. In one, the geranyl side chain binds to either S1 or S2 and the adamantane headgroup binds to S1. In the second, the side chain binds to S2 while the headgroup binds to S1. These results provide structural clues for the mechanism and inhibition of the head-to-head prenyl transferases and should aid future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yang Lin
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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20
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Rodriguez JB, Szajnman SH. New antibacterials for the treatment of toxoplasmosis; a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:311-33. [PMID: 22404108 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.668886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic protozoan parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis. T. gondii is able to infect a wide range of hosts, particularly humans and warm-blooded animals. Toxoplasmosis can be considered as one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases affecting close to one billion people worldwide, but its current chemotherapy is still deficient and is only effective in the acute phase of the disease. AREAS COVERED This review covers different approaches to toxoplasmosis chemotherapy focused on the metabolic differences between the host and the parasite. Selective action on different targets such as the isoprenoid pathway, dihydrofolate reductase, T. gondii adenosine kinase, different antibacterials, T. gondii histone deacetylase and calcium-dependent protein kinases is discussed. EXPERT OPINION A new and safe chemotherapy is needed, as T. gondii causes serious morbidity and mortality in pregnant women and immunodeficient patients undergoing chemotherapy. A particular drawback of the available treatments is the lack of efficacy against the tissue cyst of the parasite. During this review a broad scope of several attractive targets for drug design have been presented. In this context, the isoprenoid pathway, dihydrofolate reductase, T. gondii histone deacetylase are promising molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bautista Rodriguez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Química Orgánica & UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pab 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina.
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21
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Thompson AM, Sutherland HS, Palmer BD, Kmentova I, Blaser A, Franzblau SG, Wan B, Wang Y, Ma Z, Denny WA. Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of Varied Ether Linker Analogues of the Antitubercular Drug (6S)-2-Nitro-6-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine (PA-824). J Med Chem 2011; 54:6563-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200377r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hamish S. Sutherland
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Brian D. Palmer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Iveta Kmentova
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adrian Blaser
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Zhenkun Ma
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005, United States
| | - William A. Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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22
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Ribeiro da Silva MAV, Lobo Ferreira AIMC, Cimas Á. Calorimetric and Computational Study of the Thermochemistry of Phenoxyphenols. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3754-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200018r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. V Ribeiro da Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Química, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana I. M. C Lobo Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação em Química, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Álvaro Cimas
- Centro de Investigação em Química, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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23
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Mezencev R, Galizzi M, Kutschy P, Docampo R. Trypanosoma cruzi: antiproliferative effect of indole phytoalexins on intracellular amastigotes in vitro. Exp Parasitol 2009; 122:66-9. [PMID: 19545522 PMCID: PMC2784243 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) continues to be a significant public health problem, and the therapeutic potential of current antichagasic agents (nifurtimox and benznidazole) is rather limited. Here we report on the antitrypanosomal effect of 1-methoxyspirobrassinol and other indole phytoalexins--secondary metabolites produced by Cruciferous plants. These compounds, that previously demonstrated antimicrobial and anticancer properties, displayed significant antiproliferative effects on intracellular amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi and may be prospective candidates for antichagasic drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Mezencev
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biology, Cherry Emerson Building, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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24
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Szajnman SH, García Liñares GE, Li ZH, Jiang C, Galizzi M, Bontempi EJ, Ferella M, Moreno SNJ, Docampo R, Rodriguez JB. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-alkylaminoethyl-1,1-bisphosphonic acids against Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii targeting farnesyl diphosphate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:3283-90. [PMID: 18096393 PMCID: PMC2330165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a series of 2-alkylaminoethyl-1,1-bisphosphonic acids against proliferation of the clinically more relevant form of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease), and against tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii has been studied. Most of these drugs exhibited an extremely potent inhibitory action against the intracellular form of T. cruzi, exhibiting IC(50) values at the low micromolar level. This cellular activity was associated with a strong inhibition of the enzymatic activity of T. cruzi farnesyl diphosphate synthase (TcFPPS), which constitutes a valid target for Chagas' disease chemotherapy. Compound 17 was an effective agent against amastigotes exhibiting an IC(50) value of 0.84 microM, while this compound showed an IC(50) value of 0.49 microM against the target enzyme TcFPPS. Interestingly, compound 19 was very effective against both T. cruzi and T. gondii exhibiting IC(50) values of 4.1 microM and 2.6 microM, respectively. In this case, 19 inhibited at least two different enzymes of T. cruzi (TcFPPS and solanesyl diphosphate synthase (TcSPPS); 1.01 microM and 0.25 microM, respectively), while it inhibited TgFPPS in T. gondii. In general, this family of drugs was less effective against the activity of T. cruzi SPPS and against T. gondii growth in vitro. As bisphosphonate-containing compounds are FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of bone resorption disorders, their potential low toxicity makes them good candidates to control tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio H Szajnman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Liñares GG, Gismondi S, Codesido NO, Moreno SNJ, Docampo R, Rodriguez JB. Fluorine-containing aryloxyethyl thiocyanate derivatives are potent inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii proliferation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5068-71. [PMID: 17643987 PMCID: PMC2707766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our project aimed at developing new safe chemotherapeutic and chemoprophylactic agents against tropical diseases, fluorine-containing drugs structurally related to 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate (1) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as antiproliferative agents against Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite responsible of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease), and Toxoplasma gondii, the etiological agent of toxoplasmosis. This thiocyanate derivative had previously proven to be an effective agent against T. cruzi proliferation. Fluorine-containing thiocyanate derivatives 2 and 3 were threefold more potent than our lead drug 1 against intracellular T. cruzi. The biological evaluation against T. gondii was also very promising. The IC(50) values corresponding to 2 and 3 were at the very low micromolar level against tachyzoites of T. gondii. Both of these drugs are interesting examples of effective antiparasitic agents that have outstanding potential not only as lead drugs but also to be used for further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe García Liñares
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET—FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, U.S.A
| | - Santiago Gismondi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET—FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Osa Codesido
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET—FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia N. J. Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, U.S.A
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, U.S.A
| | - Juan B. Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET—FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +54 11 4576 3346; fax: +54 11 4576-3385; e-mail:
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26
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Bieniek M, Kołoda D, Grela K. A Highly Selective Synthesis of Dialkenyl Sulfones via Cross-Metathesis of Divinyl Sulfone. Org Lett 2006; 8:5689-92. [PMID: 17134248 DOI: 10.1021/ol061991+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic cross-metathesis of commercial divinyl sulfone allowed direct access to novel (E)-alkenylvinyl sulfones and (E,E)-dialkenyl sulfones with excellent stereoselectivity. These compounds are useful building blocks, e.g., in the synthesis of substituted thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide derivatives. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bieniek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Sanchez VM, Crespo A, Gutkind JS, Turjanski AG. Investigation of the Catalytic Mechanism of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase by Computer Simulation. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:18052-7. [PMID: 16956297 DOI: 10.1021/jp063099q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) catalyses the formation of a key cellular intermediate in isoprenoid metabolic pathways, farnesyl pyrophosphate, by the sequential head-to-tail condensation of two molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) with dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Recently, FPPS has been shown to represent an important target for the treatment of parasitic diseases such as Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis. Bisphosphonates, pyrophosphate analogues in which the oxygen bridge between the two phosphorus atoms has been replaced by a carbon substituted with different side chains, are able to inhibit the FPPS enzyme. Moreover, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates have been proposed as carbocation transition state analogues of FPPS. On the basis of structural and kinetic data, different catalytic mechanisms have been proposed for FPPS. By analyzing different reaction coordinates we propose that the reaction occurs in one step through a carbocationic transition state and the subsequent transfer of a hydrogen atom from IPP to the pyrophosphate moiety of DMAPP. Moreover, we have analyzed the role of the active site amino acids on the activation barrier and the reaction mechanism. The structure of the active site is well conserved in the isoprenyl diphosphate synthase family; thus, our results are relevant for the understanding of this important class of enzymes and for the design of more potent and specific inhibitors for the treatment of parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Muriel Sanchez
- Departamento de Química Inorganica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires/CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, P. 3, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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28
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Ravaschino EL, Docampo R, Rodriguez JB. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of phosphinopeptides against Trypanosoma cruzi targeting trypanothione biosynthesis. J Med Chem 2006; 49:426-35. [PMID: 16392828 DOI: 10.1021/jm050922i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our project aimed at the search for new safe chemotherapeutic and chemoprophylactic agents against American trypanosomiasis (Chagas's disease), a series of phosphinopeptides structurally related to glutathione was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as antiproliferative agents against the parasite responsible for this disease, the hemoflagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The rationale for the synthesis of these compounds was supported on the basis that the presence of the phosphinic acid moiety would mimic the tetrahedral transition state of trypanothione synthase (TryS), a typical C:N ligase, and the molecular target of these drugs. Of the designed compounds, 53 and 54 were potent growth inhibitors against the clinically more relevant form of T. cruzi (amastigotes) growing in myoblasts. The efficacy for these drugs was comparable to that exhibited by the well-known antiparasitic agent WC-9. The simple phosphinopeptide structure found as a pharmacophore in the present study constitutes a starting point for the development of straightforward optimized drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban L Ravaschino
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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29
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van Tilburg EW, Windhorst AD, van der Mey M, Herscheid JDM. One-pot synthesis of [11C]ureas via triphenylphosphinimines. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Szajnman SH, Ravaschino EL, Docampo R, Rodriguez JB. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-amino-1,1-bisphosphonates derived from fatty acids against Trypanosoma cruzi targeting farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4685-90. [PMID: 16143525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of a series of 1-amino-1,1-bisphosphonates derived from fatty acids against proliferation of the clinically more relevant form of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease). Some of these drugs were potent inhibitors against the intracellular form of the parasite, exhibiting IC50 values at low micromolar level. Cellular activity was associated with the inhibition of enzymatic activity of T. cruzi farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. As bisphosphonate-containing drugs are FDA-approved for the treatment of bone resorption disorders, their potential innocuousness makes them good candidates to control tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio H Szajnman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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31
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Senkovich O, Bhatia V, Garg N, Chattopadhyay D. Lipophilic antifolate trimetrexate is a potent inhibitor of Trypanosoma cruzi: prospect for chemotherapy of Chagas' disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:3234-8. [PMID: 16048931 PMCID: PMC1196212 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.8.3234-3238.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite, is the causative agent for Chagas' disease, which poses serious public health problem in Latin America. The two drugs available for the treatment of this disease are effective only against recent infections and are toxic. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has a proven track record as a drug target. The lipophilic antifolate trimetrexate (TMQ), which is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS patients, is a potent inhibitor of T. cruzi DHFR activity, with an inhibitory constant of 6.6 nM. The compound is also highly effective in killing T. cruzi parasites. The 50 and 90% lethal dose values against the trypomastigote are 19 and 36 nM, and the corresponding values for the amastigote form are 26 and 72 nM, respectively. However, as TMQ is also a good inhibitor of human DHFR, further improvement of the selectivity of this drug would be preferable. Identification of a novel antifolate selective against T. cruzi would open up new therapeutic avenues for treatment of Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Senkovich
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, CBSE-250, 1025 18th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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32
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Szajnman SH, García Liñares G, Moro P, Rodriguez JB. New Insights into the Chemistry ofgem-Bis(phosphonates): Unexpected Rearrangement of Michael-Type Acceptors. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Urbina JA, Concepcion JL, Montalvetti A, Rodriguez JB, Docampo R. Mechanism of action of 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate (WC-9) against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:2047-50. [PMID: 12760897 PMCID: PMC155860 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.6.2047-2050.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the molecular basis of the activity of 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate (WC-9) against Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. We found that growth inhibition of T. cruzi epimastigotes induced by this compound was associated with a reduction in the content of the parasite's endogenous sterols due to a specific blockade of their de novo synthesis at the level of squalene synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Urbina
- Laboratorio de Quimica Biológica, Centro de Bioquimica y Biofisica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Carretera Panamericana, Caracas 1020, Venezuela.
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34
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Elhalem E, Bailey BN, Docampo R, Ujváry I, Szajnman SH, Rodriguez JB. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of aryloxyethyl thiocyanate derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi. J Med Chem 2002; 45:3984-99. [PMID: 12190320 DOI: 10.1021/jm0201518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of our project aimed at the search for new and safe chemotherapeutic and chemoprophylactic agents against American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease), several drugs structurally related to 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate (4) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as antiproliferative agents against the parasite responsible for this disease, the hemoflagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. This thiocyanate derivative was previously shown to be an effective and potent agent against T. cruzi proliferation. Several drugs possessing thiocyanate groups proved to be effective growth inhibitors of T. cruzi growth. Among the designed compounds, it is important to point out the extremely potent activity shown by 11, 23, 38, 53, 90, 99, and 117 against the epimastigote forms of the parasite. All of them exhibited IC(50) values in the low micromolar range, and these values were comparable with those presented by our lead drug 4 and ketokonazole, a well-known antiparasitic agent. The activity displayed by the nitrogen-containing derivative 90 was very promising with IC(50) values of 3.3 microM. Several other thiocyanate derivatives also proved to be very potent inhibitors of the multiplication of T. cruzi epimastigotes, such as compounds 28, 33, 43, 48, 56, 61, 66, 71, 76, and 124. Compound 43 resulted in being a promising drug because it was also very effective against amastigotes, the clinically more relevant form of the parasite. This compound was 3-fold more potent than 4, while 11 showed nearly the same activity as our lead drug against intracellular T. cruzi. It was very surprising that the experimental juvenoid 124, although fairly devoid of activity against epimastigotes, was very effective against intracellular amastigotes growing in myoblasts. The rest of the designed compounds showed a broad degree of inhibitory action, from moderately active drugs to drugs almost devoid of antiparasitic activity. Compound 43 is an interesting example of an effective antichagasic agent that presents excellent prospectives not only as a lead drug but also to be used for further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Elhalem
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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35
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36
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Abstract
In this "Critical Review" we made a historical introduction of drugs assayed against Chagas disease beginning in 1912 with the works of Mayer and Rocha Lima up to the experimental use of nitrofurazone. In the beginning of the 70s, nifurtimox and benznidazole were introduced for clinical treatment, but results showed a great variability and there is still a controversy about their use for chronic cases. After the introduction of these nitroheterocycles only a few compounds were assayed in chagasic patients. The great advances in vector control in the South Cone countries, and the demonstration of parasite in chronic patients indicated the urgency to discuss the etiologic treatment during this phase, reinforcing the need to find drugs with more efficacy and less toxicity. We also review potential targets in the parasite and present a survey about new classes of synthetic and natural compounds studied after 1992/1993, with which we intend to give to the reader a general view about experimental studies in the area of the chemotherapy of Chagas disease, complementing the previous papers of Brener (1979) and De Castro (1993).
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rodriques Coura
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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37
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Szajnman SH, Bailey BN, Docampo R, Rodriguez JB. Bisphosphonates derived from fatty acids are potent growth inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:789-92. [PMID: 11277521 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of a series of bisphosphonates derived from fatty acids against Trypanosoma cruzi proliferation in in vitro assays. Some of these drugs proved to be potent inhibitors against the intracellular form of the parasite exhibiting IC50 values at the low micromolar level. As bisphosphonates are FDA clinically approved for treatment of bone resorption, their potential innocuousness makes them good candidates to control tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Szajnman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina
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38
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Szajnman SH, Yan W, Bailey BN, Docampo R, Elhalem E, Rodriguez JB. Design and synthesis of aryloxyethyl thiocyanate derivatives as potent inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi proliferation. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1826-40. [PMID: 10794699 DOI: 10.1021/jm9905007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our project directed at the search of new chemotherapeutic agents against American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease), several drugs possessing the 4-phenoxyphenoxy skeleton and other closely related structures employing the thiocyanate moiety as polar end group were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as antiproliferative agents against Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite responsible for this disease. These thiocyanate analogues were envisioned bearing in mind the potent activity shown by 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate (compound 8) taken as lead drug. This compound had previously proved to be an extremely active growth inhibitor against T. cruzi with IC(50) values ranging from the very low micromolar level in epimastigotes to the low nanomolar level in the intracellular form of the parasite. Of the designed compounds, the ethyl thiocyanate drugs connected to nonpolar skeletons, namely, arylthio, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy, ortho-substituted aryloxy, and 2-methyl-4-phenoxyphenoxy (compounds 15, 34, 47, 52, 72, respectively), were shown to be very potent antireplicative agents against T. cruzi. On the other hand, conformationally restricted analogues as well as branched derivatives at the aliphatic side chain were shown to be moderately active against T. cruzi growth. The biological activity of drugs bearing the thiocyanate group correlated quite well with the activity exhibited by their normal precursors, the tetrahydropyranyl ether derivatives, when bonded to the same nonpolar skeleton. Compounds having the tetrahydropyranyl moeity as polar end were proportionally much less active than sulfur-containing derivatives in all cases. Drugs 47 and 72 also resulted to be very active against the amastigote form of the parasite growing in myoblasts; however, they were slightly less active than the lead drug 8. On the other hand, compounds 34 and 52 were almost devoid of activity against myoblasts. Surprisingly, the dithio derivative 15 was toxic for myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Szajnman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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39
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Bernardes CF, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Saad-Nehme J, Vannier-Santos MA, Peres-Sampaio CE, Vercesi AE. Effects of 4,4'-diisothyocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid on Trypanosoma cruzi proliferation and Ca(2+) homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2000; 32:519-27. [PMID: 10736567 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(00)00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell viability requires the perfect functioning of the processes controlling ATP and Ca(2+) homeostasis. It is known that cell death caused by a variety of toxins or pathological conditions is associated with a disruption of ATP and Ca(2+) homeostasis. This study shows that 4,4'-diisothyocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) inhibits Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote cell growth. This thiol-reagent thiocyanate derivative was able to inhibit two ecto-enzymes present in this parasite. The ecto-ATPase and ecto-phosphatase activities were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (K(i)=47.7 and 472.5 microM, respectively), but the 5'nucleotidase and 3'nucleotidase activities were not. DIDS uptake was approached by fluorescence microscopy. Pulse-chase experiments revealed the DIDS accumulation in compartments, presumably endocytic, in the posterior region of epimastigotes. In addition, we show that the T. cruzi mitochondria studied in permeabilized cells are able to accumulate and retain medium Ca(2+) in the absence of DIDS. However, in the presence of increasing concentrations of DIDS (50-200 microM), Ca(2+) transport was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. DIDS also caused a disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, in the same concentration range, thus explaining its effect on Ca(2+) uptake. The presence of EGTA prevented the elimination of the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi), supporting previous data suggesting that the binding of Ca(2+) to the mitochondrial membrane exposes buried thiols to react with DIDS. This thiocyanate derivative was also able to inhibit Ca(2+) uptake by the endoplasmic reticulum in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, the data presented here provide further insights into the mechanisms underlying the antiproliferative actions of DIDS in T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Bernardes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Química, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, PUC-Campinas, 13020-904, Campinas, Brazil
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40
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Deharo E, Loyevsky M, John C, Balanza E, Ruiz G, Muñoz V, Gordeuk VR. Aminothiol multidentate chelators against Chagas disease. Exp Parasitol 2000; 94:198-200. [PMID: 10831386 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1999.4483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three compounds of an aminothiol family of iron chelators were examined for activity against trypomastigote (human) and epimastigote (vector) forms of Trypanosoma cruzi: tetraethyl and tetramethyl derivatives of ethane-1,2-bis (N-1-amino-3-ethyl butyl-3-thiol) (BAT-TE and BAT-TM) and N',N',N'-tris-(2-methyl-2-mercaptopriopyl)- 1,4,7-triazacyclonane (TAT). BAT-TE at 270 microM completely arrested the growth of trypomastigote forms in mouse blood stored at 4 degrees C for 24 h (IC(50) 67.7+/-7 microM), while BAT-TM arrested growth at 630 microM (IC(50) 158+/-17 microM) and TAT at concentrations >800 microM (IC(50) 415+/-55 microM). In T. cruzi-infected mice, BAT-TE and BAT-TM had no anti-trypanosomal activity in doses up to 200 mg/kg, whether the route of administration was intraperitoneal or oral, and TAT was not tested due to insufficient quantity. TAT had an IC(50) of 52+/-7 microM against the epimastigote forms while BAT-TM and BAT-TE were inhibitory only at concentrations >250 microM. The trypanocidal activity of BAT derivatives in blood stored at 4 degrees C makes these compounds potential candidates for the purpose of clearing donated blood of trypomastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Deharo
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), La Paz, CP 9214, Bolivia.
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41
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Rodriguez JB, Docampo R, Gros EG. Sulphur-containing derivatives structurally related to fenoxycarb are potent growth inhibitors against the intracellular form of Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 13:215-8. [PMID: 10724027 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sulphur-containing derivatives structurally related to the insect growth regulator fenoxycarb were shown to be extremely active antiproliferative agents against the amastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi in in vitro assays. All of these drugs had previously been proved to be remarkably potent growth inhibitors against the epimastigote form of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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42
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Rodriguez JB, Zhong L, Docampo R, Wimmer Z, Gros EG. Growth inhibitory effect of juvenile hormone analogues on epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3257-60. [PMID: 9873713 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several compounds, structurally related to the insect growth regulator Fenoxycarb, exhibited interesting inhibition action to control proliferation of Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite responsible for Chagas' disease. Some of these drugs were shown to be potent growth inhibitors of this parasite. All of these drugs had previously presented juvenoid activity on several non-related bug species such as Tenebrio molitor, Galleria mellonella, Dysdercus cingulatos, and Pyrrhocoris apterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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