1
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Paulus J, Sewald N. Small molecule- and peptide-drug conjugates addressing integrins: A story of targeted cancer treatment. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3561. [PMID: 38382900 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Targeted cancer treatment should avoid side effects and damage to healthy cells commonly encountered during traditional chemotherapy. By combining small molecule or peptidic ligands as homing devices with cytotoxic drugs connected by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker in peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) or small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs), cancer cells and tumours can be selectively targeted. The development of highly affine, selective peptides and small molecules in recent years has allowed PDCs and SMDCs to increasingly compete with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Integrins represent an excellent target for conjugates because they are overexpressed by most cancer cells and because of the broad knowledge about native binding partners as well as the multitude of small-molecule and peptidic ligands that have been developed over the last 30 years. In particular, integrin αVβ3 has been addressed using a variety of different PDCs and SMDCs over the last two decades, following various strategies. This review summarises and describes integrin-addressing PDCs and SMDCs while highlighting points of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Paulus
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Padula D. A Computational Perspective on the Reactivity of π-spacers in Self-Immolative Elimination Reactions. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400010. [PMID: 38407472 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The controlled release of chemicals, especially in drug delivery, is crucial, often employing "self-immolative" spacers to enhance reliability. These spacers separate the payload from the protecting group, ensuring a more controlled release. Over the years, design rules have been proposed to improve the elimination process's reaction rate by modifying spacers with electron-donating groups or reducing their aromaticity. The spacer design is critical for determining the range of functional groups released during this process. This study explores various strategies from the literature aimed at improving release rates, focusing on the electronic nature of the spacer, its aromaticity, the electronic nature of its substituents, and the leaving groups involved in the elimination reaction. Through computational analysis, I investigate activation free energies by identifying transition states for model reactions. My calculations align qualitatively with experimental results, demonstrating the feasibility and reliability of computationally pre-screening model self-immolative eliminations. This approach allows proposing optimal combinations of spacer and leaving group for achieving the highest possible release rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Padula
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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3
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Gavriel A, Sambrook M, Russell AT, Hayes W. Recent advances in self-immolative linkers and their applications in polymeric reporting systems. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00414c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in self-immolative chemistry has grown over the past decade with more research groups harnessing the versatility to control the release of a compound from a larger chemical entity, given...
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4
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Xue Y, Bai H, Peng B, Fang B, Baell J, Li L, Huang W, Voelcker NH. Stimulus-cleavable chemistry in the field of controlled drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4872-4931. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01061h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively summarises stimulus-cleavable linkers from various research areas and their cleavage mechanisms, thus provides an insightful guideline to extend their potential applications to controlled drug release from nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xue
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Bin Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Jonathan Baell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton
- Victoria 3168
- Australia
| | - Lin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Nicolas Hans Voelcker
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
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5
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Design and Synthesis of New Protease‐Triggered CO‐Releasing Peptide–Metal‐Complex Conjugates. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Mondal D, Ford J, Pinney KG. Improved Methodology for the Synthesis of a Cathepsin B Cleavable Dipeptide Linker, Widely Used in Antibody-Drug Conjugate Research. Tetrahedron Lett 2018; 59:3594-3599. [PMID: 31156276 PMCID: PMC6541422 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent an emerging class of biopharmaceutical agents that deliver highly potent anticancer agents (payloads) selectively to tumors or components associated with the tumor microenvironment. The linker, responsible for the connection between the antibody and payload, is a crucial component of ADCs. In certain examples the linker is composed of a cleavable short peptide which imparts an additional aspect of selectivity. Especially prevalent is the cathepsin B cleavable Mc-Val-Cit-PABOH linker utilized in many pre-clinical ADC candidates, as well as the FDA approved ADC ADCETRIS® (brentuximab vedotin). An alternative route for the synthesis of the cathepsin B cleavable Mc-Val-Cit-PABOH linker is reported herein that involved six steps from l-Citrulline and proceeded with a 50% overall yield. In this modified route, the spacer (a para-aminobenzyl alcohol moiety) was incorporated via HATU coupling followed by dipeptide formation. Importantly, this route avoided undesirable epimerization and proceeded with improved overall yield. Utilizing this methodology, a drug-linker construct incorporating a potent small-molecule inhibitor of tubulin polymerization (referred to as KGP05), was synthesized as a representative example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deboprosad Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place # 97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7438, United States
| | - Jacob Ford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place # 97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7438, United States
| | - Kevin G. Pinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place # 97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7438, United States
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7
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Bliman D, Demeunynck M, Leblond P, Meignan S, Baussane I, Fort S. Enzymatically Activated Glyco-Prodrugs of Doxorubicin Synthesized by a Catalysis-Free Diels-Alder Reaction. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2370-2381. [PMID: 29878753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The severe side effects associated with the use of anthracycline anticancer agents continues to limit their use. Herein we describe the synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of three enzymatically activatable doxorubicin-oligosaccharide prodrugs. The synthetic protocol allows late stage variation of the carbohydrate and is compatible with the use of disaccharides such as lactose as well as more complex oligosaccharides such as xyloglucan oligomers. The enzymatic release of doxorubicin from the prodrugs by both protease (plasmin) and human carboxylesterases (hCE1 and 2) was demonstrated in vitro and the cytotoxic effect of the prodrugs was assayed on MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bliman
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV , 38000 Grenoble , France.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | | | - Pierre Leblond
- Tumorigenesis and Resistance to Treatment Unit , Centre Oscar Lambret , 59000 Lille , France.,INSERM U908, Institute for Cancer Research of Lille , 59000 Lille , France
| | - Samuel Meignan
- Tumorigenesis and Resistance to Treatment Unit , Centre Oscar Lambret , 59000 Lille , France.,INSERM U908, Institute for Cancer Research of Lille , 59000 Lille , France
| | | | - Sebastien Fort
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV , 38000 Grenoble , France
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8
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Bandi R, Chalapala S, Chandrasekaran S. 2-Deoxyglycosyl 3-benzoylpropionates as novel donors for the direct and stereoselective synthesis of 2-deoxy-glycosides. Org Biomol Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lewis acid mediated stereoselective synthesis of 2-deoxy-O-glycosides has been demonstrated using 2-deoxyglycosyl 3-benzoylpropionates as novel glycosyl donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Bandi
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560 012
- India
| | - Sudharani Chalapala
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560 012
- India
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9
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Doura T, Takahashi K, Ogra Y, Suzuki N. Combretastatin A4-β-Galactosyl Conjugates for Ovarian Cancer Prodrug Monotherapy. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:211-214. [PMID: 28197314 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy for ovarian cancer often causes severe side effects. As candidates for combretastatin A4 (CA4) prodrug for ovarian cancer prodrug monotherapy (PMT), we designed and synthesized two β-galactose-conjugated CA4s (CA4-βGals), CA4-βGal-1 and CA4-βGal-2. CA4 was liberated from CA4-βGals by β-galactosidase, an enzyme more strongly expressed in ovarian cancer cells than normal cells. CA4-βGal-2, which has a self-immolative benzyl linker between CA4 and the β-galactose moiety, was more cytotoxic to ovarian cancer cell lines than CA4-βGal-1 without a linker. Therefore, CA4-βGal-2 can serve as a platform for the design and manufacture of prodrugs for ovarian cancer PMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Doura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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10
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Zhang W, Luo X, Wang Z, Zhang J. One-pot synthesis of β-2,6-dideoxyglycosides via glycosyl iodide intermediates. J Carbohydr Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2016.1239729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosheng Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Purwin M, Markowska A, Bruzgo I, Rusak T, Surażyński A, Jaworowska U, Midura-Nowaczek K. Peptides with 6-Aminohexanoic Acid: Synthesis and Evaluation as Plasmin Inhibitors. Int J Pept Res Ther 2016; 23:235-245. [PMID: 28491013 PMCID: PMC5401710 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-016-9555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen new peptide derivatives of ɛ-aminocaproic acid (EACA) containing the known fragment –Ala–Phe–Lys– with an affinity for plasmin were synthesised in the present study. The synthesis was carried out a solid phase. The following compounds were synthesised: H–Phe–Lys–EACA–X, H–d-Ala–Phe–Lys–EACA–X, H–Ala–Phe–Lys–EACA–X, H–d-Ala–Phe–EACA–X and H–Ala–Phe–EACA–X, where X = OH, NH2 and NH–(CH2)5–NH2. All peptides, except for those containing the sequence H–Ala–Phe–EACA–X, displayed higher inhibitory activity against plasmin than EACA. The most active and selective inhibitor of plasmin was the compound H–d-Ala–Phe–Lys–EACA–NH2 which inhibited the amidolytic activity of plasmin (IC50 = 0.02 mM), with the antifibrinolytic activity weaker than EACA. The resulting peptides did not affect the viability of fibroblast cells, colon cancer cell line DLD-1, breast MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Purwin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Str, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Markowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Str, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Irena Bruzgo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Str, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Rusak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Str, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Surażyński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Str, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Jaworowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Str, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Krystyna Midura-Nowaczek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Str, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
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12
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Guan X. Metabolic Activation and Drug Targeting. Drug Deliv 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118833322.ch17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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13
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Ruei JH, Venukumar P, Ingle AB, Mong KKT. C6 picoloyl protection: a remote stereodirecting group for 2-deoxy-β-glycoside formation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:5394-7. [PMID: 25470411 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We reported a remote control glycosylation method using the picoloyl protecting group for 2-deoxy-β-glycosidic bond formation. The method is applicable to various 2-deoxythioglycosyl donors and the utility is illustrated by the synthesis of a deoxytrisaccharide component of landomycins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Herng Ruei
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Chiao Tung University (NCTU), 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Taiwan.
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14
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Vandooren J, Opdenakker G, Loadman PM, Edwards DR. Proteases in cancer drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:144-55. [PMID: 26756735 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Whereas protease inhibitors have been developed successfully against hypertension and viral infections, they have failed thus far as cancer drugs. With advances in cancer profiling we now better understand that the tumor "degradome" (i.e. the repertoire of proteases and their natural inhibitors and interaction partners) forms a complex network in which specific nodes determine the global outcome of manipulation of the protease web. However, knowing which proteases are active in the tumor micro-environment, we may tackle cancers with the use of Protease-Activated Prodrugs (PAPs). Here we exemplify this concept for metallo-, cysteine and serine proteases. PAPs not only exist as small molecular adducts, containing a cleavable substrate sequence and a latent prodrug, they are presently also manufactured as various types of nanoparticles. Although the emphasis of this review is on PAPs for treatment, it is clear that protease activatable probes and nanoparticles are also powerful tools for imaging purposes, including tumor diagnosis and staging, as well as visualization of tumor imaging during microsurgical resections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vandooren
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Immunobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Immunobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul M Loadman
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Dylan R Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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15
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Alouane A, Labruère R, Le Saux T, Schmidt F, Jullien L. Self-immolative spacers: kinetic aspects, structure-property relationships, and applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7492-509. [PMID: 26053475 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Self-immolative spacers are covalent assemblies tailored to correlate the cleavage of two chemical bonds after activation of a protective part in a precursor: Upon stimulation, the protective moiety is removed, which generates a cascade of disassembling reactions leading to the temporally sequential release of smaller molecules. Originally introduced to overcome limitations for drug delivery, self-immolative spacers have gained wide interest in medicinal chemistry, analytical chemistry, and material science. For most applications, the kinetics of the disassembly of the activated self-immolative spacer governs functional properties. This Review addresses kinetic aspects of self-immolation. It provides information for selecting a particular self-immolative motif for a specific demand. Moreover, it should help researchers design kinetic experiments and fully exploit the rich perspectives of self-immolative spacers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alouane
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Department of Chemistry, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris (France).,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, PASTEUR, 75005 Paris (France).,CNRS, UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 75005 Paris (France).,Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris (France).,CNRS, UMR 3666, 75248 Paris (France).,INSERM, U 1143, 75248 Paris (France)
| | - Raphaël Labruère
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, UMR CNRS 8182, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex (France)
| | - Thomas Le Saux
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Department of Chemistry, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris (France).,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, PASTEUR, 75005 Paris (France).,CNRS, UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 75005 Paris (France)
| | - Frédéric Schmidt
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris (France). .,CNRS, UMR 3666, 75248 Paris (France). .,INSERM, U 1143, 75248 Paris (France).
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Department of Chemistry, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris (France). .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, PASTEUR, 75005 Paris (France). .,CNRS, UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 75005 Paris (France).
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16
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Alouane A, Labruère R, Le Saux T, Schmidt F, Jullien L. Selbstzerlegende Spacer: kinetische Aspekte, Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen und Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Blencowe CA, Thornthwaite DW, Hayes W, Russell AT. Self-immolative base-mediated conjugate release from triazolylmethylcarbamates. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:8703-7. [PMID: 26179935 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A range of carbamate functionalized 1,4-disubstituted triazoles featuring a model aromatic amine reporter group (R) have been prepared via copper(i) catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition and revealed self-immolative characteristics under basic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wayne Hayes
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Reading
- Reading
- UK
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18
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Manabe S, Machida H, Aihara Y, Yasunaga M, Ito Y, Matsumura Y. Development of a diketopiperazine-forming dipeptidyl Gly-Pro spacer for preparation of an antibody–drug conjugate. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Zhang P, Jørgensen TN, Loland CJ, Newman AH. A rhodamine-labeled citalopram analogue as a high-affinity fluorescent probe for the serotonin transporter. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:323-6. [PMID: 23168018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel fluorescent ligand was synthesized as a high-affinity, high specificity probe for visualizing the serotonin transporter (SERT). The rhodamine fluorophore was extended from an aniline substitution on the 5-position of the dihydroisobenzofuran ring of citalopram (2, 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile), using an ethylamino linker. The resulting rhodamine-labeled ligand 8 inhibited [(3)H]5-HT uptake in COS-7 cells (K(i)=225 nM) with similar potency to the tropane-based JHC 1-064 (1), but with higher specificity towards the SERT relative to the transporters for dopamine and norepinephrine. Visualization of the SERT with compound 8 was demonstrated by confocal microscopy in HEK293 cells stably expressing EGFP-SERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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20
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Barthel BL, Rudnicki DL, Kirby TP, Colvin SM, Burkhart DJ, Koch TH. Synthesis and biological characterization of protease-activated prodrugs of doxazolidine. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6595-607. [PMID: 22742660 DOI: 10.1021/jm300714p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Doxazolidine (doxaz) is a new anthracycline anticancer agent. While structurally similar to doxorubicin (dox), doxaz acts via a distinct mechanism to selectively enhance anticancer activity over cardiotoxicity, the most significant clinical impediment to successful anthracycline treatment. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a prodrug platform designed for doxaz release mediated by secreted proteolytic activity, a common association with invasiveness and poor prognosis in cancer patients. GaFK-Doxaz is hydrolyzable by the proteases plasmin and cathepsin B, both strongly linked with cancer progression, as well as trypsin. We demonstrate that activation of GaFK-Doxaz releases highly potent doxaz that powerfully inhibits the growth of a wide variety of cancer cells (average IC(50) of 8 nM). GaFK-Doxaz is stable in human plasma and is poorly membrane permeable, thereby limiting activation to locally secreted proteolytic activity and reducing the likelihood of severe side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Barthel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA
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Choi KY, Swierczewska M, Lee S, Chen X. Protease-activated drug development. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:156-78. [PMID: 22400063 PMCID: PMC3296471 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this extensive review, we elucidate the importance of proteases and their role in drug development in various diseases with an emphasis on cancer. First, key proteases are introduced along with their function in disease progression. Next, we link these proteases as targets for the development of prodrugs and provide clinical examples of protease-activatable prodrugs. Finally, we provide significant design considerations needed for the development of the next generation protease-targeted and protease-activatable prodrugs.
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22
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Yang YH, Aloysius H, Inoyama D, Chen Y, Hu LQ. Enzyme-mediated hydrolytic activation of prodrugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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23
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Liu Y, Jiang P, Capkova K, Xue D, Ye L, Sinha SC, Mackman N, Janda KD, Liu C. Tissue factor-activated coagulation cascade in the tumor microenvironment is critical for tumor progression and an effective target for therapy. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6492-502. [PMID: 21880589 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF), a rate-limiting enzyme cofactor in activating coagulation, is highly expressed in a wide spectrum of human tumor and tumor stromal cells. Using TF-deficient cancer cells and a conditional TF-knockout mouse model, we show that TF expressed by cancer cells, but not by the host stromal cells, plays a critical role in tumor growth. In the tumor microenvironment, serum coagulation factors are readily extravasated and therefore lead to continuous TF-mediated activation of coagulation proteases. To target this highly specific cascade of serine proteases, we used both a TF:VIIa inhibitor and doxorubicin-based prodrugs that are selectively activated by TF:FVIIa, FXa, and thrombin. Treatment with the TF:FVIIa inhibitor led to growth retardation in breast tumor models. In contrast, treatment with the prodrug eliminated primary tumor cells and lung metastases without apparent toxicity. Our findings offer preclinical proof of principle that targeting the coagulation cascade that is activated in the tumor microenvironment can be a highly effective approach for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Bajjuri KM, Liu Y, Liu C, Sinha SC. The legumain protease-activated auristatin prodrugs suppress tumor growth and metastasis without toxicity. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:54-9. [PMID: 21154805 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mohan Bajjuri
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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25
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Blencowe CA, Russell AT, Greco F, Hayes W, Thornthwaite DW. Self-immolative linkers in polymeric delivery systems. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00324g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Fossey C, Vu AH, Vidu A, Zarafu I, Laduree D, Schmidt S, Laumond G, Aubertin AM. Synthesis of prodrug-type anti-HIV agents conjugating a REVERSE transcriptase inhibitor to a HIV-1 integrase inhibitor by a spontaneously cleavable linker. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 22:591-607. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360701425386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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27
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Kratz F, Müller I, Ryppa C, Warnecke A. Prodrug Strategies in Anticancer Chemotherapy. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:20-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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28
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Florent JC, Monneret C. Doxorubicin Conjugates for Selective Delivery to Tumors. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2007; 283:99-140. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2007_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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29
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Warnecke A, Fichtner I, Sass G, Kratz F. Synthesis, Cleavage Profile, and Antitumor Efficacy of an Albumin-Binding Prodrug of Methotrexate that is Cleaved by Plasmin and Cathepsin B. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2007; 340:389-95. [PMID: 17628030 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200700025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B and plasmin are intra- or extracellular proteases that are overexpressed by several solid tumors. In order to exploit both proteases as molecular targets for tumor-specific cleavage of prodrugs, an albumin-binding formulation of methotrexate was developed that incorporated the peptide sequence D-Ala-Phe-Lys as the protease substrate. Albumin is a suitable carrier for cytostatic agents due to passive accumulation in solid tumors. Synthesis was performed by coupling the peptide linker EMC-D-Ala-Phe-Lys(Boc)-Lys-OH (EMC = epsilon-maleimidocaproic acid) to the gamma-COOH group of alpha-tert-butyl protected methotrexate. After cleavage of the protective groups and purification on reverse phase HPLC, a highly water-soluble methotrexate-peptide derivative was obtained that binds rapidly and selectively to human serum albumin. The albumin-bound form of the prodrug was shown to be efficiently cleaved by cathepsin B and plasmin as well as in an ovarian carcinoma homogenate (OVCAR-3) liberating a methotrexate-lysine derivative. In an OVCAR-3 xenograft model, the prodrug at a dose of 4x15 mg/kg methotrexate equivalents demonstrated distinctly superior antitumor efficacy compared to free methotrexate at a dose of 4x100 mg/kg [T/C(%) for MTX = 69; T/C(%) for MTX prodrug = 29]. The data provide a further proof of concept for the development of albumin-binding, enzymatically cleavable prodrugs of anticancer drugs.
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Ganesh T. Improved biochemical strategies for targeted delivery of taxoids. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:3597-623. [PMID: 17419065 PMCID: PMC2374751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (Taxol) and docetaxel (Taxotere) are very important anti-tumor drugs in clinical use for cancer. However, their clinical utility is limited due to systemic toxicity, low solubility and inactivity against drug resistant tumors. To improve chemotherapeutic levels of these drugs, it would be highly desirable to design strategies which bypass the above limitations. In this respect various prodrug and drug targeting strategies have been envisioned either to improve oral bioavailability or tumor specific delivery of taxoids. Abnormal properties of cancer cells with respect to normal cells have guided in designing of these protocols. This review article records the designed biochemical strategies and their biological efficacies as potential taxoid chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thota Ganesh
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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31
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Burkhart DJ, Barthel BL, Post GC, Kalet BT, Nafie JW, Shoemaker RK, Koch TH. Design, synthesis, and preliminary evaluation of doxazolidine carbamates as prodrugs activated by carboxylesterases. J Med Chem 2007; 49:7002-12. [PMID: 17125253 PMCID: PMC2569826 DOI: 10.1021/jm060597e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and tumor cell growth inhibition by doxazolidine carbamate prodrugs are reported. The carbamates were designed for selective hydrolysis by one or more human carboxylesterases to release doxazolidine (Doxaz), the formaldehyde-oxazolidine of doxorubicin that cross-links DNA to trigger cell death. Simple butyl and pentyl, but not ethyl, carbamate prodrugs inhibited the growth of cancer cells that overexpress carboxylesterase CES1 (hCE1) and CES2 (hiCE). Relative CES1 and CES2 expression levels were determined by reverse transcription of the respective mRNAs, followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification. More complex structures with a p-aminobenzyl alcohol (PABA) self-eliminating spacer showed better growth inhibition (IC50=50 nM for Hep G2 liver cancer cells) while exhibiting reduced toxicity toward rat cardiomyocytes, relative to the parent drug doxorubicin. Pentyl 4-(N-doxazolidinylcarbonyloxymethyl)phenylcarbamate, the lead compound for further investigation, appears to be activated in Hep G2 cells that express both CES1 and CES2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tad H. Koch
- Corresponding author. Phone 303-492-6193, fax 303-492-5894, e-mail
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Wu W, Luo Y, Sun C, Liu Y, Kuo P, Varga J, Xiang R, Reisfeld R, Janda KD, Edgington TS, Liu C. Targeting cell-impermeable prodrug activation to tumor microenvironment eradicates multiple drug-resistant neoplasms. Cancer Res 2006; 66:970-80. [PMID: 16424032 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is notably enriched with a broad spectrum of proteases. The proteolytic specificities of peptide substrates provide modular chemical tools for the rational design of cell-impermeable prodrugs that are specifically activated by proteases extracellularly in the tumor microenvironment. Targeting cell-impermeable prodrug activation to tumor microenvironment will significantly reduce drug toxicity to normal tissues. The activated prodrug attacks both tumor and stroma cells through a "bystander effect" without selectively deleting target-producing cells, therefore further minimizing resistance and toxicity. Here, we showed that legumain, the only asparaginyl endopeptidase of the mammalian genome, is highly expressed by neoplastic, stromal, and endothelial cells in solid tumors. Legumain is present extracellularly in the tumor microenvironment, associated with matrix as well as cell surfaces and functional locally in the reduced pH of the tumor microenvironment. A novel legumain-activated, cell-impermeable doxorubicin prodrug LEG-3 was designed to be activated exclusively in the tumor microenvironment. Upon administration, there is a profound increase of the end-product doxorubicin in nuclei of cells in tumors but little in other tissues. This tumor microenvironment-activated prodrug completely arrested growth of a variety of neoplasms, including multidrug-resistant tumor in vivo and significantly extended survival without evidence of myelosuppression or cardiac toxicity. The tumor microenvironment-activated prodrug design can be extended to other proteases and chemotherapeutic compounds and provides new potentials for the rational development of more effective functionally targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Wu
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Burkhart DJ, Kalet BT, Coleman MP, Post GC, Koch TH. Doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugates targeting αvβ3 integrin. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.1593.3.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have reported the synthesis and biological evaluation of a prodrug to a doxorubicin active metabolite. Under physiologic conditions, release of the active metabolite, a conjugate of doxorubicin with formaldehyde, occurs with a half-life of 1 hour. To direct this prodrug to tumor, we designed two conjugates of the prodrug, doxsaliform, with the αvβ3-targeting peptides, CDCRGDCFC (RGD-4C) and cyclic-(N-Me-VRGDf) (Cilengitide). We now report the synthesis of these doxsaliform-peptide conjugates and their evaluation using MDA-MB-435 cancer cells. A hydroxylamine ether tether was used to attach 5″-formyldoxsaliform to RGD-4C in its acyclic form via an oxime functional group. The construct acyclic-RGD-4C-doxsaliform showed good binding affinity for αvβ3 in the vitronection cell adhesion assay (IC50 = 10 nmol/L) and good growth inhibition of MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells (IC50 = 50 nmol/L). In its bicyclic forms, RGD-4C showed less affinity for αvβ3 and significantly less water solubility. Cyclic-(N-Me-VRGDf) was modified by substitution of d-4-aminophenylalanine for d-phenylalanine to provide a novel attachment point for doxsaliform. The conjugate, cyclic-(N-Me-VRGDf-NH)-doxsaliform, maintained a high affinity for αvβ3 (IC50 = 5 nmol/L) in the vitronectin cell adhesion assay relative to the peptide bearing only the tether (0.5 nmol/L). The IC50 for growth inhibition of MDA-MB-435 cells was 90 nmol/L. Flow cytometry and growth inhibition experiments suggest that the complete drug construct does not penetrate through the plasma membrane, but the active metabolite does on release from the targeting group. These drug conjugates could have significantly reduced side effects and are promising candidates for in vivo evaluation in tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Burkhart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Brian T. Kalet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Michael P. Coleman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Glen C. Post
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Tad H. Koch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
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Devy L, de Groot FMH, Blacher S, Hajitou A, Beusker PH, Scheeren HW, Foidart JM, Noël A. Plasmin‐activated doxorubicin prodrugs containing a spacer reduce tumor growth and angiogenesis without systemic toxicity. FASEB J 2004; 18:565-7. [PMID: 14734647 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0462fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To generate doxorubicin (Dox) specifically at the tumor site, the chemotherapeutic agent was incorporated into a prodrug by linkage to a peptide specifically recognized by plasmin, which is overproduced in many cancers. ST-9905, which contains an elongated self-elimination spacer, is activated more rapidly in vitro by plasmin than is ST-9802. Prodrug activation in vitro depended on the level of urokinase produced by tumor cells and was inhibited by aprotinin, a plasmin inhibitor. Comparison of equimolar concentrations of ST-9905, ST-9802, and Dox in EF43.fgf-4 and MCF7 models revealed that both prodrugs, in sharp contrast to Dox, displayed antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities without discernible toxicity. Although MCF7 cells are poor urokinase producers in vitro, prodrug efficacy in this model may be explained by production of plasmin by tumor-infiltrating host cells. Mice treated with equitoxic concentrations (maximum tolerated doses) of prodrugs showed 100% survival and negligible body weight loss, in contrast to results after Dox treatment. ST-9905 was substantially more effective than ST-9802 and induced similar tumor growth inhibition as Dox but without apparent toxicity. This finding may be explained by the elongated spacer, which facilitates enzymatic prodrug activation. These data validate both the use of elongated spacers in vivo and the concept of targeting anticancer prodrugs to tumor-associated plasmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Devy
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie (B23), Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Broxterman HJ, Lankelma J, Hoekman K. Resistance to cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic anticancer agents: similarities and differences. Drug Resist Updat 2003; 6:111-27. [PMID: 12860459 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-7646(03)00026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic resistance to anticancer drugs, or resistance developed during chemotherapy, remains a major obstacle to successful treatment. This is the case both for resistance to cytotoxic agents, directed at malignant cells, and for resistance to anti-angiogenic agents, directed at non-malignant endothelial cells. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms of resistance which have a bearing on both these conceptually different classes of drugs. The complexity of drug resistance, involving drug transporters, such as P-glycoprotein, as well as resistance related to the tissue structure of solid tumors and its consequences for drug delivery is discussed. Possible mechanisms of resistance to endothelial cell-targeted drugs, including inhibitors of the VEGF receptor and EGF receptor family, are reviewed. The resistance of cancer cells as well as endothelial cells related to anti-apoptotic signaling events initiated by cell integrin-matrix interactions is discussed. Current strategies to overcome resistance mechanisms are summarized; they include high-dose chemotherapy, tumor targeting of cytotoxics to improve tumor uptake, low-dose protracted (metronomic) chemotherapy and combinations of classical agents with anti-angiogenic agents. This review discusses primarily literature published in 2001 and 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk J Broxterman
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, BR 232, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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de Groot FMH, Busscher GF, Aben RWM, Scheeren HW. Novel 20-carbonate linked prodrugs of camptothecin and 9-aminocamptothecin designed for activation by tumour-associated plasmin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2371-6. [PMID: 12161136 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first prodrugs of camptothecin and 9-aminocamptothecin that are activated by the tumour-associated protease plasmin are reported. The tripartate prodrugs consist of a tripeptide sequence recognised by plasmin, which is linked to the 20-hydroxyl group of the camptothecins via a 1,6-elimination spacer. After selective N-protection of 9-aminocamptothecin with an Aloc group, the promoiety (tripeptide-spacer conjugate) was linked to camptothecin or 9-Aloc-9-aminocamptothecin via a 20-carbonate linkage by reacting parent drugs with the p-nitrophenyl carbonate activated promoiety in the presence of DMAP. Both prodrugs showed to be stable in buffer solution and both parent drugs were released upon incubation in the presence of plasmin. Furthermore, the prodrugs showed an average 10-fold decreased cytotoxicity with respect to their parent drugs upon incubation in seven human tumour cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciscus M H de Groot
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR-Center for Molecular Structure, Design and Synthesis, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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van Hensbergen Y, Broxterman HJ, Elderkamp YW, Lankelma J, Beers JCC, Heijn M, Boven E, Hoekman K, Pinedo HM. A doxorubicin-CNGRC-peptide conjugate with prodrug properties. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:897-908. [PMID: 11911842 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the exploitation of molecular addresses for the targeting of tumor imaging or therapeutic agents. A recent study demonstrated anticancer activity in human xenografts of doxorubicin (DOX)-peptide conjugates targeted to the tumor vascular endothelium, among them DOX coupled to the cyclic pentapeptide CNGRC [Science 279 (1998) 377]. In order to learn more about the mechanism of action of this type of DOX-peptide conjugates, we have studied the interaction of DOX-CNGRC with primary human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and tumor cells under defined in vitro conditions. We used a DOX conjugate, in which the cyclic CNGRC peptide, for which an in vivo endothelial address has recently been identified as aminopeptidase N (APN)/CD13, has been coupled via a hydrolysable spacer to the C-14 anthracycline-side chain. First we determined that the t(1/2) of DOX-CNGRC conjugate in human blood was 442 min (at 37 degrees ) allowing sufficient time for endothelial targeting when administered i.v. When cultured cells were exposed for 30 min to DOX-CNGRC a more cytoplasmic localization of fluorescent drug was seen when compared to DOX exposure and intracellular DOX-CNGRC was identified after extraction from the cells. This revealed differences in the cellular uptake process of the conjugate compared to DOX. The antiproliferative effect of DOX-CNGRC was determined by 30 min exposure in medium with a high protein content in order to mimick the in vivo targeting situation. In this medium, the IC(50) was 1.1 microM for highly CD13 expressing HT-1080, 1.45 microM for CD13 negative SK-UT-1 sarcoma cells and 6.5 microM for CD13 positive HUVEC. The IC(50) of DOX for these cells were 1.0, 2.0 and 7.3 microM, respectively. Although DOX-CNGRC inhibited the peptidase activity of CD13 up to 50%, our data do not favor an important role for the enzyme inhibition in the cytotoxic effect of the conjugate. The antitumor activity was tested in nude mice bearing human ovarian cancer xenografts (OVCAR-3). A weekly i.v. administration (3mg/kg DOX-equivalent, 3x) showed a minor (40%) growth delay, which does not indicate efficacy better than that expected for free DOX. In conclusion, this study indicates that the antiproliferative and anti-angiogenic effects of DOX-CNGRC as reported before, are likely caused by the cytostatic effects of intracellularly released parent drug DOX, independent of CD13 expression/activity. More research is needed to identify the optimal specific chemical configuration of DOX-peptide conjugates for in vivo targeting and receptor-mediated cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette van Hensbergen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Genetic changes in cell-cycle, apoptotic, and survival pathways cause tumorigenesis, leading to significant phenotypic changes in transformed cells. These changes in the tumor environment - elevated expression of surface proteases, increased angiogenesis and glucuronidase activity - can be taken advantage of to improve the therapeutic index of existing cancer therapies. Targeting cytotoxics to tumor cells by enzymatic activation is a promising strategy for improving chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Huang
- Dupont Pharmaceuticals Co., Department of Cancer Research, Glenolden, Pennsylvania 19036, USA
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