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Cox JB, Kellum AA, Zhang Y, Li B, Smith AB. Total Synthesis of (-)-Bastimolide A: A Showcase for Type I Anion Relay Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204884. [PMID: 35608327 PMCID: PMC9256807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
A highly convergent total synthesis of (-)-bastimolide A (1), a polyhydroxy antimalarial macrolide, has been achieved via a longest linear sequence of twenty steps from commercially available glycidyl ethers. Type I Anion Relay Chemistry (ARC) coupling tactics enable rapid construction of the molecule's 1,5-polylol backbone. A late-stage B-alkyl Suzuki-Miyaura union and an Evans-modified Mukaiyama macrolactonization generate the forty-membered Z-α,β-unsaturated macrocyclic lactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Cox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alex A Kellum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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2
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Cox JB, Kellum AA, Zhang Y, Li B, Smith AB. Total Synthesis of (−)‐Bastimolide A: A Showcase for Type I Anion Relay Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B. Cox
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Alex A. Kellum
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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3
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Jinnouchi H, Nambu H, Takahashi K, Fujiwara T, Yakura T. Chemo- and stereoselective six-membered oxonium ylide formation–[2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of 2-diazo-3-ketoesters with dirhodium(II) catalyst and its application to the synthesis of (+)-tanikolide. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Mijangos MV, Miranda LD. A unified synthesis of topologically diverse Aspidosperma alkaloids through divergent iminium-trapping. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:9409-9419. [PMID: 30500039 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02621a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aspidospermidine, vincadifformine, 1,2-dehydroaspidospermidine, goniomitine, and quebrachamine, five Aspidosperma alkaloids distributed within three structurally diverse topologies, were synthesized from a single molecular scaffold, namely indole-valerolactam 6. This common intermediate can be divergently manipulated, through the incorporation of conformational and electronic constraints that influence the chemo-selectivity of the iminium ion derived therefrom, between three different reaction paths: N(1) vs. C(3) cyclization (indole numbering) vs. over-reduction. Moreover, a catalytic carbene insertion for direct C(3)-H indole functionalization is reported for the first time in an approach to goniomitine (4), and a following tandem ester reduction/iminium generation/cyclization secured its tetracyclic system. The development of a highly diastereoselective one-pot hemi-reduction/cyclization/deprotection process to obtain a cis-pyridocarbazole directly allowed the synthesis of pentacyclic Aspidosperma alkaloids 1, 2, and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco V Mijangos
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico City04510.
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Maurya SK. Synthetic Studies Toward the Crassifoside F: Synthesis of Oxygen-Rich Bicyclic Core. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K. Maurya
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Department; CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur; Himachal Pradesh 176 061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur; Himachal Pradesh 176 061 India
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7
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Qian S, Shah AK, Head SA, Liu JO, Jin Z. Insights into the structure-activity relationship of the anticancer compound ZJ-101, a derivative of marine natural product superstolide A: A critical role played by the conjugated trienyl lactone moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3411-3. [PMID: 27374243 PMCID: PMC5013146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Compound ZJ-101, a structurally simplified analog of the marine natural product superstolide A, was previously developed in our laboratory. In the subsequent structure-activity relationship study, two new analogs, ZJ-105 and ZJ-106, were designed and synthesized to probe the importance of the conjugated trienyl lactone moiety of the molecule by replacing the C2-C3 double bond in ZJ-101 with a single bond and switching the geometry of the C4-C5 double bond in ZJ-101 from Z to E, respectively. Biological evaluation showed that ZJ-105 completely loses antiproliferative activity whereas ZJ-106 is significantly less active against cancer cells in vitro than ZJ-101, suggesting that the conjugated trienyl lactone moiety of the molecule is critical for its anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Aashay K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sarah A Head
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jun O Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Onocology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhendong Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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8
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Effects of polar additives on the anionic polymerization of 1,3-butadiene and styrene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Brandt D, Dittoo A, Bellosta V, Cossy J. Synthetic Approach to Wortmannilactone C. Org Lett 2015; 17:816-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5036112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Brandt
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique,
Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), UMR 8231, ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS/PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Aurélia Dittoo
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique,
Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), UMR 8231, ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS/PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Véronique Bellosta
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique,
Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), UMR 8231, ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS/PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique,
Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), UMR 8231, ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS/PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Desrat S, Remeur C, Roussi F. Development of an efficient route toward meiogynin A-inspired dual inhibitors of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 anti-apoptotic proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:5520-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00354g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, on a large scale, with very good yield and er via an efficient strategy, of a chiral 4-substituted 2-cyclohexenone intermediate, was a milestone in the synthesis of seven analogues of meiogynin A, a natural sesquiterpenoid dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Desrat
- Centre de Recherche de Gif
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN)
- CNRS UPR 2301
- Université Paris Sud Labex CEBA
- 91 198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex
| | - Camille Remeur
- Centre de Recherche de Gif
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN)
- CNRS UPR 2301
- Université Paris Sud Labex CEBA
- 91 198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex
| | - Fanny Roussi
- Centre de Recherche de Gif
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN)
- CNRS UPR 2301
- Université Paris Sud Labex CEBA
- 91 198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex
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11
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Seifert T, Malo M, Kokkola T, Engen K, Fridén-Saxin M, Wallén EAA, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Jarho EM, Luthman K. Chroman-4-one- and Chromone-Based Sirtuin 2 Inhibitors with Antiproliferative Properties in Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9870-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500930h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Seifert
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Malo
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Karin Engen
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Maria Fridén-Saxin
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik A. A. Wallén
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Elina M. Jarho
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
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12
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Yadav JS, Dash U, Guguloth N, Mohapatra DK. Synthesis of the Major Oxepane Segment of Zoapatanol. Helv Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Cheng HY, Lin YS, Sun CS, Shih TW, Tsai HHG, Hou DR. Ring-closing metathesis and palladium-catalyzed formate reduction to 3-methyleneoxepanes. Formal synthesis of (−)-zoapatanol. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Gormisky PE, White MC. Synthetic versatility in C-H oxidation: a rapid approach to differentiated diols and pyrans from simple olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12584-9. [PMID: 21744821 PMCID: PMC3182113 DOI: 10.1021/ja206013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conventionally, C-H oxidation reactions are used to install functional groups. The use of C-H oxidation to transform simple starting materials into highly versatile intermediates, which enable rapid access to a range of complex target structures, is a new area with tremendous potential in synthesis. Herein we report a Pd(II)/sulfoxide-catalyzed allylic C-H oxidation to form anti-1,4-dioxan-2-ones from homoallylic oxygenates. These versatile building blocks are rapidly elaborated to differentiated syn-1,2-diols, stereodefined amino-polyols, and syn-pyrans, structures ubiquitous in medicinally important complex molecules found in Nature. We also demonstrate that a C-H oxidation approach to the synthesis of these motifs is orthogonal and complementary to other state-of-the-art methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Gormisky
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - M. Christina White
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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15
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Opalka SM, Steinbacher JL, Lambiris BA, McQuade DT. Thiourea/Proline Derivative-Catalyzed Synthesis of Tetrahydrofuran Derivatives: A Mechanistic View. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6503-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200838v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Opalka
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jeremy L. Steinbacher
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brandon A. Lambiris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - D. Tyler McQuade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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16
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Raghavan S, Sudheer Babu V. Total Synthesis of (+)-(2′S,3′R)-Zoapatanol Exploiting the B-Alkyl Suzuki Reaction and the Nucleophilic Potential of the Sulfinyl Group. Chemistry 2011; 17:8487-94. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Barrios FJ, Zhang X, Colby DA. Dialkylaluminum N,O-Dimethylhydroxylamine Complex as a Reagent to Mask Reactive Carbonyl Groups in Situ from Nucleophiles. Org Lett 2010; 12:5588-91. [PMID: 21038923 DOI: 10.1021/ol102495v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis J. Barrios
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xuechao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David A. Colby
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Shigetomi K, Shoji K, Mitsuhashi S, Ubukata M. The antibacterial properties of 6-tuliposide B. Synthesis of 6-tuliposide B analogues and structure-activity relationship. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:312-324. [PMID: 19939419 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
6-Tuliposide B is a secondary metabolite occurring specifically in tulip anthers. Recently, a potent antibacterial activity of 6-tuliposide B has been reported. However, its molecular target has not yet been established, nor its action mechanism. To shed light on such issues, 6-tuliposide B and tulipalin B analogues were synthesized and a structure-activity relationship (SAR) was examined using a broad panel of bacterial strains. As the results of SAR among a total of 25 compounds, only tulipalin B and the compounds having 3',4'-dihydroxy-2'-methylenebutanoate (DHMB) moieties showed any significant antibacterial activity. Moreover, the 3'R analogues of these compounds displayed essentially the same activities as 6-tuliposide B and the structure of the 3'R-DMBA moiety was the same as that of the proposed active moiety of cnicin. These results suggest that 6-tuliposide B has the same action mechanism as proposed for cnicin and bacterial MurA is one of the major molecular targets of 6-tuliposide B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Shigetomi
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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Peña-López M, Martínez MM, Sarandeses LA, Sestelo JP. A Versatile Enantioselective Synthesis of Barrenazines. Org Lett 2010; 12:852-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902920u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Peña-López
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Luis A. Sarandeses
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - José Pérez Sestelo
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
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First stereoselective total synthesis and anticancer activity of new amide alkaloids of roots of pepper. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5915-8. [PMID: 19733069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The first stereoselective total synthesis of new natural amide alkaloids 1-3 have been achieved from commercially available starting materials. Wittig olefination, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, epoxidation, a trans regioselective opening of 2,3-epoxy alcohol, Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) olefination and amide coupling are the key steps. The amide alkaloids 1-3 are evaluated for their anticancer activity against colon (HT-29), breast (MCF-7) and lung (A-549) human cancer cell lines for the first time.
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Pospíšil J, Markó IE. Metathesis-based synthesis of 3-methoxy α,β-unsaturated lactones: total synthesis of (R)-kavain and of the C1–C6 fragment of jerangolid D. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2005. Coord Chem Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Van de Weghe P, Bisseret P, Blanchard N, Eustache J. Metathesis of heteroatom-substituted olefins and alkynes: Current scope and limitations. J Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2006.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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De Matteis V, van Delft FL, Tiebes J, Rutjes FPJT. A Ring-Closing Metathesis Pathway to Fluorovinyl-Containing Nitrogen Heterocyles. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation and structures of diterpenoids, including labdanes, clerodanes,pimaranes, abietanes, kauranes, cembranolides, taxanes and marine diterpenoids. The literature from January to December 2005 is reviewed, and 195 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK
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