1
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Su R, He X, Houk KN, Lu Q, Liu F. Periselectivity and ambimodal transition states in cycloadditions of tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone with 6,6-dimethylfulvene. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:752-760. [PMID: 38116842 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of cycloadditions of tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone with 6,6-dimethylfulvene were systematically investigated with density functional theory calculations. It was found that conditional primary interactions stabilize the ambimodal transition states in the endo pathways. Ambimodal transition states lead to [6 + 4]/[4 + 2] adducts or [4 + 2]/[2 + 4] adducts, which interconvert through 3,3-sigmatropic shift reactions. The substituent effects on periselectivity were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Su
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue He
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Qianqian Lu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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2
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Farshadfar K, Hashemi A, Khakpour R, Laasonen K. Kinetics of N 2 Release from Diazo Compounds: A Combined Machine Learning-Density Functional Theory Study. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:1106-1112. [PMID: 38222626 PMCID: PMC10785077 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Diazo compounds are commonly employed as carbene precursors in carbene transfer reactions during a variety of functionalization procedures. Release of N2 gas from diazo compounds may lead to carbene formation, and the ease of this process is highly dependent on the characteristics of the substituents located in the vicinity of the diazo moiety. A quantum mechanical density functional theory assisted by machine learning was used to investigate the relationship between the chemical features of diazo compounds and the activation energy required for N2 elimination. Our results suggest that diazo molecules, possessing a higher positive partial charge on the carbene carbon and more negative charge on the terminal nitrogen, encounter a lower energy barrier. A more positive C charge decreases the π-donor ability of the carbene lone pair to the π* orbital of N2, while the more negative N charge is a result of a weak interaction between N2 lone pair and vacant p orbital of the carbene. The findings of this study can pave the way for molecular engineering for the purpose of carbene generation, which serves as a crucial intermediate for many chemical transformations in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Farshadfar
- Department of Chemistry and Material
Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Arsalan Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Material
Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Reza Khakpour
- Department of Chemistry and Material
Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kari Laasonen
- Department of Chemistry and Material
Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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3
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Fehr JM, Myrthil N, Garrison AL, Price TW, Lopez SA, Jasti R. Experimental and theoretical elucidation of SPAAC kinetics for strained alkyne-containing cycloparaphenylenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2839-2848. [PMID: 36937573 PMCID: PMC10016359 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06816h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuning strained alkyne reactivity via organic synthesis has evolved into a burgeoning field of study largely focused on cyclooctyne, wherein physical organic chemistry helps guide rational molecular design to produce molecules with intriguing properties. Concurrent research in the field of carbon nanomaterials has produced new types of strained alkyne macrocycles, such as cycloparaphenyleneacetylenes, that possess uniquely curved aromatic π systems but hover on the edge of stability. In 2018, we introduced a strained alkyne scaffold that marries the synthetic accessibility and stability of cyclooctyne with the curved π system of carbon nanomaterials. These molecules are strained alkyne-containing cycloparaphenylenes (or [n+1]CPPs), which have been shown to possess size-dependent reactivity as well as the classic characteristics of the unfunctionalized parent CPP, such as a tunable HOMO-LUMO gap and bright fluorescence for large sizes. Herein, we elaborate further on this scaffold, introducing two modifications to the original design and fully characterizing the kinetics of the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) for each [n+1]CPP with a model azide. Additionally, we explain how electronic (the incorporation of fluorine atoms) and strain (a meta linkage which heightens local strain at the alkyne) modulations affect SPAAC reactivity via the distortion-interaction computational model. Altogether, these results indicate that through a modular synthesis and rational chemical design, we have developed a new family of tunable and inherently fluorescent strained alkyne carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Fehr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
| | - Nathalie Myrthil
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Anna L Garrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
| | - Tavis W Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
| | - Steven A Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
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4
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Su R, Xie K, Liang Y, Houk KN, Liu F. Fluoro, Trifluoromethyl, and Trifluoroacetyl Substituent Effects on Cycloaddition Reactivities: Computations and Analysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:893-900. [PMID: 36583991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The importance of fluoro and trifluoromethyl substituents in drug effectiveness prompted the computational exploration of fluorine-containing substituents in valuable synthetic cycloadditions. Diels-Alder or 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of typical reactants, cyclopentadiene, N-phenyldiazoacetamide, tetrazine, and N-phenylsydnone involving fluorine-containing substituents (F, CF3, and COCF3) were studied with M06-2X density functional theory. Inductive and conjugative effects influence normal and inverse electron-demand reactions differently. These results provide a guide to the design and use of cycloadditions for the introduction of fluoro and trifluoromethyl substituents in synthetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Su
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Kaili Xie
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Yong Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
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5
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Utilization of sym-tetrazines as guanidine delivery cycloaddition reagents. An experimental and computational study. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Acharjee N, Mohammad-Salim HA, Chakraborty M. Unveiling [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of benzonitrile oxide and diphenyl diazomethane to cyclopentene and norbornene: a molecular electron density theory perspective. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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Liu X, Wang J, Dong G. Modular Entry to Functionalized Tetrahydrobenzo[ b]azepines via the Palladium/Norbornene Cooperative Catalysis Enabled by a C7-Modified Norbornene. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9991-10004. [PMID: 34161077 PMCID: PMC9142336 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobenzo[b]azepines (THBAs) are commonly found in many bioactive compounds; however, the modular preparation of functionalized THBAs remains challenging to date. Here, we report a straightforward method to synthesize THBAs directly from simple aryl iodides via palladium/norbornene (Pd/NBE) cooperative catalysis. Capitalizing on an olefin-tethered electrophilic amine reagent, an ortho amination followed by 7-exo-trig Heck cyclization furnishes the seven-membered heterocycle. To overcome the difficulty with ortho-unsubstituted aryl iodide substrates, we discovered a unique C7-bromo-substituted NBE (N1) to offer the desired reactivity and selectivity. In addition to THBAs, synthesis of other benzo-seven-membered ring compounds can also be promoted by N1. Combined experimental and computational studies show that the C7-bromo group in N1 plays an important and versatile role in this catalysis, including promoting β-carbon elimination, suppressing benzocyclobutene formation, and stabilizing reaction intermediates. The mechanistic insights gained could guide future catalyst design. The synthetic utility has been demonstrated in a streamlined synthesis of tolvaptan and forming diverse pharmaceutically relevant THBA derivatives. Finally, a complementary and general catalytic condition to access C6-substituted THBAs from ortho-substituted aryl iodides has also been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jianchun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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8
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Chen PP, Ma P, He X, Svatunek D, Liu F, Houk KN. Computational Exploration of Ambiphilic Reactivity of Azides and Sustmann's Paradigmatic Parabola. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5792-5804. [PMID: 33769821 PMCID: PMC8154615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
examine the theoretical underpinnings of the seminal discoveries
by Reiner Sustmann about the ambiphilic nature of Huisgen’s
phenyl azide cycloadditions. Density functional calculations with
ωB97X-D and B2PLYP-D3 reproduce the experimental data and provide
insights into ambiphilic control of reactivity. Distortion/interaction-activation
strain and energy decomposition analyses show why Sustmann’s
use of dipolarophile ionization potential is such a powerful predictor
of reactivity. We add to Sustmann’s data set several modern
distortion-accelerated dipolarophiles used in bioorthogonal chemistry
to show how these fit into the orbital energy criteria that are often
used to understand cycloaddition reactivity. We show why such a simple
indicator of reactivity is a powerful predictor of reaction rates
that are actually controlled by a combination of distortion energies,
charge transfer, closed-shell repulsion, polarization, and electrostatic
effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Pengchen Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Xue He
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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9
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Functional polyesters via the regioselective ring-opening copolymerizations of norbornene anhydride with epichlorohydrin. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Cao L, Hua Y, Cheng HG, Zhou Q. C–H hetero-functionalization of arenes through palladacyclopentane-type intermediates. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01350a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this review article, we summarized recent advances in C–H hetero-functionalization of arenes through palladacyclopentane-type intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Cao
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- 430072 Wuhan
| | - Yu Hua
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- 430072 Wuhan
| | - Hong-Gang Cheng
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- 430072 Wuhan
| | - Qianghui Zhou
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- 430072 Wuhan
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11
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Sasidharakurup R, Kunduchi Periya V, Chinthalapalli S, Thomas D, Nair CPR. Facile crosslinking of polybutadienes via triazoline heterocyclics: Deciphering mechanism and
structural‐property
relations. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Sasidharakurup
- Propellant Engineering Division Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre Thiruvananthapuram India
| | | | | | - Deepthi Thomas
- Analytical and Spectroscopic Division Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre Thiruvananthapuram India
| | - C. P. Reghunadhan Nair
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology Cochin University of Science and Technology Cochin India
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12
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Gil de Montes E, Martı Nez-Bailén M, Carmona AT, Robina I, Moreno-Vargas AJ. Regioselectivity of the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Organic Azides to 7-Heteronorbornadienes. Synthesis of β-Substituted Furans/Pyrroles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8923-8932. [PMID: 32519876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An efficient procedure for the preparation of β-substituted furans/pyrroles is presented. The methodology is based on the use of 7-oxa/azanorbornadienes as dipolarophiles in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with benzyl azide. The triazoline cycloadduct thus formed spontaneously decomposes via a retro-Diels-Alder (rDA) reaction to afford a β-substituted furan/pyrrole derivative and a stable triazole. The scope of this tandem 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition/rDA reaction was studied with thirteen 7-heteronorbornadienes. This study allowed a deep knowledge of the regioselectivity of the reaction, which can be tuned through the substituents of the heteronorbornadienic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gil de Montes
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Prof. Garcı́a González, 1, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Macarena Martı Nez-Bailén
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Prof. Garcı́a González, 1, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Ana T Carmona
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Prof. Garcı́a González, 1, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Robina
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Prof. Garcı́a González, 1, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Antonio J Moreno-Vargas
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Prof. Garcı́a González, 1, Sevilla 41012, Spain
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13
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Kekišev O, Järv J, Burk P. Strain criteria for alkenes: Two different manifestations. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Xie S, Sundhoro M, Houk KN, Yan M. Electrophilic Azides for Materials Synthesis and Chemical Biology. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:937-948. [PMID: 32207916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic azides are involved in a variety of useful transformations, including nitrene chemistry, reactions with nucleophiles and electrophiles, and cycloadditions. The 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azides constitute a major class of highly reliable and versatile reactions, as shown by the development and rapid adoption of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry. Metal-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (Cu/RuAAC), the prototypical click reaction, has found wide utility in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and materials sciences. The strain-promoted, or distortion-accelerated, azide-alkyne cycloaddition eliminates the need for a metal catalyst.In the azide-mediated 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, azides are ambiphilic, i.e., HOMO-LUMO-controlled dipoles where both the HOMO and LUMO interact strongly with the dipolarophile. Azide-alkyne cycloaddition proceeds primarily through the HOMOazide-LUMOdipolarophile interaction, and electron-deficient dipolarophiles react more readily. The inverse-electron-demand reaction, involving the LUMOazide-HOMOdipolarophile interaction, is less common because of the low stability of electron-deficient azides such as acyl, sulfonyl, and phosphoryl azides. Nevertheless, there have been reports since the 1960s showing enhanced reaction kinetics between electron-poor azides and electron-rich dipolarophiles. Our laboratory has developed the use of perfluoroaryl azides (PFAAs), a class of stable electron-deficient azides, as nitrene precursors and for reactions with nucleophiles and electron-rich dipolarophiles. Perfluorination on the aryl ring also facilitates the synthesis of PFAAs and quantitative analysis of the products by 19F NMR spectroscopy.In this Account, we summarize key reactions involving electrophilic azides and applications of these reactions in materials synthesis and chemical biology. These electron-deficient azides exhibit unique reactivity toward nucleophiles and electron-rich or strained dipolarophiles, in some cases leading to new transformations that do not require any catalysts or products that are impossible to obtain from the nonelectrophilic azides. We highlight work from our laboratories on reactions of PFAAs with enamines, enolates, thioacids, and phosphines. In the reactions of PFAAs with enamines or enolates, the triazole or triazoline cycloaddition products undergo further rearrangement to give amidines or amides as the final products at rates of up to 105 times faster than their non-fluorinated anlogues. Computational investigations by the distortion/interaction activation strain model reveal that perfluorination lowers the LUMO of the aryl azide as well as the overall activation energy of the reaction by decreasing the distortion energies of the reactants to reach the transition states. The PFAA-enamine reaction can be carried out in a one-pot fashion using readily available starting materials of aldehyde and amine, making the reaction especially attractive, for example, in the functionalization of nanomaterials and derivatization of antibiotics for the preparation of theranostic nanodrugs. Similar fast kinetics was also observed for the PPAA-mediated Staudinger reaction, which proceeds at 104 times higher rate than the classic Staudinger ligation, giving stable phosphoimines in high yields. The reaction is biorthogonal, allowing cell-surface labeling with minimal background noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Madanodaya Sundhoro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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15
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Noland WE, Kumar HV, Reddi Y, Cramer CJ, Novikov AV, Kim H, Zhu Y, Chin YC, Zhou Y, Radakovic P, Uprety A, Xie J, Flick GC. Diels–Alder/Ene Reactivities of 2-(1′-Cycloalkenyl)thiophenes and 2-(1′-Cycloalkenyl)benzo[b]thiophenes with N-Phenylmaleimides: Role of Cycloalkene Ring Size on Benzothiophene and Dibenzothiophene Product Distributions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5265-5287. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wayland E. Noland
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Honnaiah Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yernaidu Reddi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alexei V. Novikov
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yumeng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yoke Ching Chin
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Predrag Radakovic
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anjola Uprety
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Grant C. Flick
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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16
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Feng S, Hao H, Liu P, Buchwald SL. Diastereo- and Enantioselective CuH-Catalyzed Hydroamination of Strained Trisubstituted Alkenes. ACS Catal 2020; 10:282-291. [PMID: 33664986 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amine-substituted cyclobutanes and cyclopropanes are important substructures in biologically active compounds. Moreover, many of the cycloalkane units bear multiple substituents and stereocenters. Therefore, synthetic methods that produce polysubstituted aminocyclobutanes and aminocyclopropanes in a highly diastereo- and enantioselective manner are of importance. Herein, we describe the diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of various types of polysubstituted aminocyclobutanes and aminocyclopropanes through CuH-catalyzed hydroamination of 1-substituted cyclobutenes and cyclopropenes. These strained trisubstituted alkenes exhibit much higher reactivity compared to their unstrained analogues in the initial hydrocupration step of the reaction. Moreover, an interesting reversal of regioselectivity was observed in the hydroamination of 1-aryl-substituted cyclobutenes compared to the cyclopropene analogues. The origins of the enhanced reactivity of strained trisubstituted alkenes as well as the differences in the regio- and enantioselectivity between reactions with cyclobutenes and cyclopropenes were investigated computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hua Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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17
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Gimadiev T, Klimchuk O, Nugmanov R, Madzhidov T, Varnek A. Sydnone-alkyne cycloaddition: Which factors are responsible for reaction rate ? J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.126897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Palladium/norbornene cooperative catalysis has emerged as a distinct approach to construct polyfunctionalized arenes from readily available starting materials. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of this field, including the early stoichiometric investigations, catalytic reaction developments, as well as the applications in the syntheses of bioactive compounds and polymers. The section of catalytic reactions is divided into two parts according to the reaction initiation mode: Pd(0)-initiated reactions and Pd(II)-initiated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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19
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Nowalk JA, Fang C, Short AL, Weiss RM, Swisher JH, Liu P, Meyer TY. Sequence-Controlled Polymers Through Entropy-Driven Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization: Theory, Molecular Weight Control, and Monomer Design. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5741-5752. [PMID: 30714723 PMCID: PMC6685222 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bulk properties of a copolymer are directly affected by monomer sequence, yet efficient, scalable, and controllable syntheses of sequenced copolymers remain a defining challenge in polymer science. We have previously demonstrated, using polymers prepared by a step-growth synthesis, that hydrolytic degradation of poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid)s is dramatically affected by sequence. While much was learned, the step-growth mechanism gave no molecular weight control, unpredictable yields, and meager scalability. Herein, we describe the synthesis of closely related sequenced polyesters prepared by entropy-driven ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ED-ROMP) of strainless macromonomers with imbedded monomer sequences of lactic, glycolic, 6-hydroxy hexanoic, and syringic acids. The incorporation of ethylene glycol and metathesis linkers facilitated synthesis and provided the olefin functionality needed for ED-ROMP. Ring-closing to prepare the cyclic macromonomers was demonstrated using both ring-closing metathesis and macrolactonization reactions. Polymerization produced macromolecules with controlled molecular weights on a multigram scale. To further enhance molecular weight control, the macromonomers were prepared with cis-olefins in the metathesis-active segment. Under these selectivity-enhanced (SEED-ROMP) conditions, first-order kinetics and narrow dispersities were observed and the effect of catalyst initiation rate on the polymerization was investigated. Enhanced living character was further demonstrated through the preparation of block copolymers. Computational analysis suggested that the enhanced polymerization kinetics were due to the cis-macrocyclic olefin being less flexible and having a larger population of metathesis-reactive conformers. Although used for polyesters in this investigation, SEED-ROMP represents a general method for incorporation of sequenced segments into molecular weight-controlled polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Nowalk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Cheng Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Computational Modeling & Simulation Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260
| | - Amy L. Short
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ryan M. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jordan H. Swisher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Tara Yvonne Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, United States
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20
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Gil de Montes E, Jiménez-Moreno E, Oliveira BL, Navo CD, Cal PMSD, Jiménez-Osés G, Robina I, Moreno-Vargas AJ, Bernardes GJL. Azabicyclic vinyl sulfones for residue-specific dual protein labelling. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4515-4522. [PMID: 31057781 PMCID: PMC6482879 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00125e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed [2.2.1]azabicyclic vinyl sulfone reagents that simultaneously enable cysteine-selective protein modification and introduce a handle for further bioorthogonal ligation.
We have developed [2.2.1]azabicyclic vinyl sulfone reagents that simultaneously enable cysteine-selective protein modification and introduce a handle for further bioorthogonal ligation. The reaction is fast and selective for cysteine relative to other amino acids that have nucleophilic side-chains, and the formed products are stable in human plasma and are moderately resistant to retro Diels–Alder degradation reactions. A model biotinylated [2.2.1]azabicyclic vinyl sulfone reagent was shown to efficiently label two cysteine-tagged proteins, ubiquitin and C2Am, under mild conditions (1–5 equiv. of reagent in NaPi pH 7.0, room temperature, 30 min). The resulting thioether-linked conjugates were stable and retained the native activity of the proteins. Finally, the dienophile present in the azabicyclic moiety on a functionalised C2Am protein could be fluorescently labelled through an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction in cells to allow selective apoptosis imaging. The combined advantages of directness, site-specificity and easy preparation mean [2.2.1]azabicyclic vinyl sulfones can be used for residue-specific dual protein labelling/construction strategies with minimal perturbation of native function based simply on the attachment of an [2.2.1]azabicyclic moiety to cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gil de Montes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Química , Universidad de Sevilla , C/Prof. García González, 1 , 41012-Sevilla , Spain .
| | - Ester Jiménez-Moreno
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
| | - Bruno L Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK . .,Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Claudio D Navo
- Departamento de Química , Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Universidad de La Rioja , 26006 Logroño , Spain.,CIC bioGUNE , Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A , 48170 Derio , Spain
| | - Pedro M S D Cal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Departamento de Química , Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Universidad de La Rioja , 26006 Logroño , Spain.,CIC bioGUNE , Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A , 48170 Derio , Spain
| | - Inmaculada Robina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Química , Universidad de Sevilla , C/Prof. García González, 1 , 41012-Sevilla , Spain .
| | - Antonio J Moreno-Vargas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Química , Universidad de Sevilla , C/Prof. García González, 1 , 41012-Sevilla , Spain .
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK . .,Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal
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21
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Xu X, Zhang Q, Liu K, Liu N, Han Y, Chen W, Xie C, Li P, He J. Photo-controlled release of metal ions using triazoline-containing amphiphilic copolymers. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00406h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photo-controlled release of metal ions can be achieved by denitrogenation of triazoline from the micelles of amphiphilic copolymer, and has potential applications for biomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Xi'an University of Technology
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Xi'an University of Technology
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Xi'an University of Technology
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Nailiang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Xi'an University of Technology
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture
- Department of Oral Implantology and School of Stomatology
- The Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Weixing Chen
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Technological University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture
- Department of Oral Implantology and School of Stomatology
- The Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST)
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- P.R. China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science
- University of Connecticut
- Storrs
- USA
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22
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Donnelly DP, Agar J, Lopez SA. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of cyclic thiosulfinates are accelerated by hyperconjugative interactions. Chem Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01098j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic thiosulfinates are a class of biocompatible molecules, currently expanding our in vivo toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Donnelly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Northeastern University
- Boston
- USA
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis
| | - Jeffrey N. Agar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Northeastern University
- Boston
- USA
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis
| | - Steven A. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Northeastern University
- Boston
- USA
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23
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Breugst M, Huisgen R, Reissig HU. Regioselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Diazoalkanes with Heteroatom-Substituted Alkynes: Theory and Experiment. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Breugst
- Department für Chemie; Universität zu Köln; Greinstr. 4 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Rolf Huisgen
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 (Haus F) 81377 München Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Reissig
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
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24
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Escorihuela J, Das A, Looijen WJE, van Delft FL, Aquino AJA, Lischka H, Zuilhof H. Kinetics of the Strain-Promoted Oxidation-Controlled Cycloalkyne-1,2-quinone Cycloaddition: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. J Org Chem 2018; 83:244-252. [PMID: 29260879 PMCID: PMC5759032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated by its success in both bioconjugation and surface modification, we studied the strain-promoted oxidation-controlled cycloalkyne-1,2-quinone cycloaddition (SPOCQ) in three ways. First, the second-order rate constants and activation parameters (ΔH⧧) were determined of various cyclooctynes reacting with 4-tert-butyl-1,2-quinone in a SPOCQ reaction, yielding values for ΔH⧧ of 4.5, 7.3, and 12.1 kcal/mol, for bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yne (BCN), cyclooctyne (OCT), and dibenzoazacyclooctyne (DIBAC), respectively. Second, their reaction paths were investigated in detail by a range of quantum mechanical calculations. Single-configuration theoretical methods, like various DFT and a range of MP2-based methods, typically overestimate this barrier by 3-8 kcal/mol (after inclusion of zero-point energy, thermal, and solvation corrections), whereas MP2 itself underestimates the barrier significantly. Only dispersion-corrected DFT methods like B97D (yielding 4.9, 6.4, and 12.1 kcal/mol for these three reactions) and high-level CCSD(T) and multireference multiconfiguration AQCC ab initio approaches (both yielding 8.2 kcal/mol for BCN) give good approximations of experimental data. Finally, the multireference methods show that the radical character in the TS is rather small, thus rationalizing the use of single-reference methods like B97D and SCS-MP2 as intrinsically valid approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Escorihuela
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Escuela
Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales − Departamento
de Termodinámica Aplicada, Universitat
Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anita Das
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wilhelmus J. E. Looijen
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris L. van Delft
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adelia J. A. Aquino
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Institute
for Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Strasse
82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Lischka
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Institute
for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Beliaev NA, Shafikov MZ, Efimov IV, Beryozkina TV, Lubec G, Dehaen W, Bakulev VA. Design and synthesis of imidazoles linearly connected to carbocyclic and heterocyclic ringsviaa 1,2,3-triazole linker. Reactivity of β-azolyl enamines towards heteroaromatic azides. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04243d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The data of combined experimental and theoretical studies of the reactivity of azolylenamines towards azides are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marsel Z. Shafikov
- Ural Federal University
- Yekaterinburg 620002
- Russia
- Chemistry Department
- University of York
| | | | | | - Gert Lubec
- Neuroproteomics
- Paracelsus Medical University
- 5020 Salzburg
- Austria
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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26
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Li M, Xue XS, Cheng JP. Mechanism and Origins of Stereoinduction in Natural Cinchona Alkaloid Catalyzed Asymmetric Electrophilic Trifluoromethylthiolation of β-Keto Esters with N-Trifluoromethylthiophthalimide as Electrophilic SCF3 Source. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Bickelhaupt FM, Houk KN. Das Distortion/Interaction‐Activation‐Strain‐Modell zur Analyse von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry und Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam Niederlande
- Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM) Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry und Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
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28
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Bickelhaupt FM, Houk KN. Analyzing Reaction Rates with the Distortion/Interaction-Activation Strain Model. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10070-10086. [PMID: 28447369 PMCID: PMC5601271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 966] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation strain or distortion/interaction model is a tool to analyze activation barriers that determine reaction rates. For bimolecular reactions, the activation energies are the sum of the energies to distort the reactants into geometries they have in transition states plus the interaction energies between the two distorted molecules. The energy required to distort the molecules is called the activation strain or distortion energy. This energy is the principal contributor to the activation barrier. The transition state occurs when this activation strain is overcome by the stabilizing interaction energy. Following the changes in these energies along the reaction coordinate gives insights into the factors controlling reactivity. This model has been applied to reactions of all types in both organic and inorganic chemistry, including substitutions and eliminations, cycloadditions, and several types of organometallic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
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29
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Ugur I, Cinar SA, Dedeoglu B, Aviyente V, Hawthorne MF, Liu P, Liu F, Houk KN, Jiménez-Osés G. 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Low-Valent Rhodium and Iridium Complexes with Arylnitrile N-Oxides. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5096-5101. [PMID: 28414468 PMCID: PMC5679111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reactions between low-valent Rh(I) and Ir(I) metal-carbonyl complexes and arylnitrile oxides possess the electronic and structural features of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on these reactions, involving both cyclopentadienyl and carboranyl ligands on the metal carbonyl, explain the ease of the chemical processes and the stabilities of the resulting metallaisoxazolin-5-ones. The metal-carbonyl bond has partial double bond character according to the Wiberg index calculated through NBO analysis, and so the reaction can be considered a normal 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition involving M═C bonds. The rates of formation of the metallacycloadducts are controlled by distortion energy, analogous to their organic counterparts. The superior ability of anionic Ir complexes to share their electron density and accommodate higher oxidation states explains their calculated higher reactivity toward cycloaddition, as compared to Rh analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Ugur
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | | | - Burcu Dedeoglu
- Foundations Development Directorate, Sabancı University, Tuzla-Orhanlı, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Viktorya Aviyente
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - M. Frederick Hawthorne
- International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211-3450, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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30
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Deb A, Hazra A, Peng Q, Paton RS, Maiti D. Detailed Mechanistic Studies on Palladium-Catalyzed Selective C–H Olefination with Aliphatic Alkenes: A Significant Influence of Proton Shuttling. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:763-775. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Deb
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Avijit Hazra
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Qian Peng
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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31
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Liu T, Han S, Li Y, Bi S. Theoretical Insight into the Mechanisms and Regioselectivity of [4 + 3] and [4 + 1] Annulations of Enals with Azoalkenes Catalyzed by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9775-9784. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shumin Han
- School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaping Li
- School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siwei Bi
- School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
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32
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Gold B, Aronoff MR, Raines RT. 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition with Diazo Groups: Noncovalent Interactions Overwhelm Strain. Org Lett 2016; 18:4466-4469. [PMID: 27599159 PMCID: PMC5148626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Like azides, diazoacetamides undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with oxanorbornadienes (OND) in a reaction that is accelerated by the relief of strain in the transition state. The cycloaddition of a diazoacetamide with unstrained ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butynoate is, however, 35-fold faster than with the analogous OND because of favorable interactions with the fluoro groups. Its rate constant (k = 0.53 M(-1) s(-1) in methanol) is comparable to those of strain-promoted azide-cyclooctyne cycloadditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Matthew R. Aronoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
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33
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Gold B, Aronoff MR, Raines RT. Decreasing Distortion Energies without Strain: Diazo-Selective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5998-6006. [PMID: 27332711 PMCID: PMC5141247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The diazo group has attributes that complement those of the azido group for applications in chemical biology. Here, we use computational analyses to provide insights into the chemoselectivity of the diazo group in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Dipole distortion energies are responsible for ∼80% of the overall energetic barrier for these reactions. Here, we show that diazo compounds, unlike azides, provide an opportunity to decrease that barrier substantially without introducing strain into the dipolarophile. The ensuing rate enhancement is due to the greater nucleophilic character of a diazo group compared to that of an azido group, which can accommodate decreased distortion energies without predistortion. The tuning of distortion energies with substituents in a diazo compound or dipolarophile can enhance reactivity and selectivity in a predictable manner. Notably, these advantages of diazo groups are amplified in water. Our findings provide a theoretical framework that can guide the design and application of both diazo compounds and azides in "orthogonal" contexts, especially for biological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew R. Aronoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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34
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Georgieva MK, Duarte FJS, Santos AG. Directed electrostatic activation in enantioselective organocatalytic cyclopropanation reactions: a computational study. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5965-82. [PMID: 27223461 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00748a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropane rings are versatile building blocks in organic chemistry. Their synthesis, by the reaction of sulfur ylides with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, has recently aroused renewed interest after the discovery of efficient catalysis by using (S)-indoline-2-carboxylic acid. In order to rationalize the behavior of this catalyst, MacMillan proposed a directed electrostatic activation (DEA) mechanism, in which the negative carboxylate group interacts with the positive thionium moiety, thus reducing the activation energy and increasing the reaction rate. More recently, Mayr refuted some of MacMillan conclusions, but accepted the DEA mechanism as a justification for the experimental high reaction rates. In contrast, our results indicate that the selectivity obtained in the process seems to result from several strong hydrogen bond interactions between the two reacting species, while no strong evidence for a DEA mechanism was found. We also concluded that the hydrogen bonds don't improve the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy of the rate-determining step, but can do it by promoting efficient reaction trajectories due to long-range complexation of the reagents. Finally, our results confirm that the cyclopropanation reaction occurs by a two-step mechanism, and that the overall enantioselectivity depends on the relative energies of the two steps, averaged by the relative populations of the iminium intermediates that are initially formed in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miglena K Georgieva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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35
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Zhang X, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Feng C, Xie C, Fan X, Li P. Polyaddition of Azide-Containing Norbornene-Based Monomer through Strain-Promoted 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1311-7. [PMID: 27240093 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Xi'an University of Technology; No. 5 South Jinhua Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710048 P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Xi'an University of Technology; No. 5 South Jinhua Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710048 P. R. China
| | - Yuzhen Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Xi'an University of Technology; No. 5 South Jinhua Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710048 P. R. China
| | - Chao Feng
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST); Xi'an Jiaotong University; No. 99 Yanxiang Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710054 P. R. China
| | - Chao Xie
- Department of Oral Implantology; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology; School of Stomatology; The Fourth Military Medical University; No. 169 West Changle Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry; Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; No. 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST); Xi'an Jiaotong University; No. 99 Yanxiang Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710054 P. R. China
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36
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Barber JS, Styduhar ED, Pham HV, McMahon TC, Houk KN, Garg NK. Nitrone Cycloadditions of 1,2-Cyclohexadiene. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2512-5. [PMID: 26854652 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the first 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of 1,2-cyclohexadiene, a rarely exploited strained allene. 1,2-Cyclohexadiene is generated in situ under mild conditions and trapped with nitrones to give isoxazolidine products in synthetically useful yields. The reactions occur regioselectively and exhibit a notable endo preference, thus resulting in the controlled formation of two new bonds and two stereogenic centers. DFT calculations of stepwise and concerted reaction pathways are used to rationalize the observed selectivities. Moreover, the strategic manipulation of nitrone cycloadducts demonstrates the utility of this methodology for the assembly of compounds bearing multiple heterocyclic units. These studies showcase the exploitation of a traditionally avoided reactive intermediate in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyann S Barber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Evan D Styduhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hung V Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Travis C McMahon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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37
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Ajitha MJ, Huang KW. Mechanism and Regioselectivity of Rh(III)-Catalyzed Intermolecular Annulation of Aryl-Substituted Diazenecarboxylates and Alkenes: DFT Insights. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjaly J. Ajitha
- KAUST Catalysis
Center and
Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis
Center and
Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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38
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Yang YF, Liang Y, Liu F, Houk KN. Diels-Alder Reactivities of Benzene, Pyridine, and Di-, Tri-, and Tetrazines: The Roles of Geometrical Distortions and Orbital Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1660-7. [PMID: 26804318 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cycloadditions of benzene and ten different azabenzenes (pyridine, three diazines, three triazines, and three tetrazines) with the ethylene dienophile have been explored with density functional theory (M06-2X) and analyzed with the distortion/interaction model. Activation barriers correlate closely with both distortion energies and interaction energies over an activation energy range of 45 kcal/mol. The replacement of CH with N increases Diels-Alder reactivity due not only to the more favorable orbital interaction, but also to a decrease in distortion energy. The rates of reactions are greatly influenced by the nature of the bonds being formed: two C-C bonds > one C-C bond, and one C-N bond > two C-N bonds. The activation energy of Diels-Alder reactions correlates very well with reaction energies and with the NICS(0) values of the aromatic dienes. The distortion energy of the Diels-Alder reaction transition states mostly arises from the diene out-of-plane distortion energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yong Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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39
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Narayanam MK, Liang Y, Houk KN, Murphy JM. Discovery of new mutually orthogonal bioorthogonal cycloaddition pairs through computational screening. Chem Sci 2016; 7:1257-1261. [PMID: 29910881 PMCID: PMC4763938 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03259h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experiments in tandem led to discoveries of new reactivities and selectivities involving bioorthogonal sydnone cycloadditions. Dibenzocyclooctyne derivatives (DIBAC and BARAC) were identified to be especially reactive dipolarophiles, which undergo the (3 + 2) cycloadditions with N-phenyl sydnone with the rate constant of up to 1.46 M-1 s-1. Most significantly, the sydnone-dibenzocyclooctyne and norbornene-tetrazine cycloadditions were predicted to be mutually orthogonal. This was validated experimentally and used for highly selective fluorescence labeling of two proteins simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruthi Kumar Narayanam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging , David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Yong Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA
| | - Jennifer M Murphy
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging , David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
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40
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Mithila FJ, Oyola-Reynoso S, Thuo MM, Atkinson MB. Visualization of Hyperconjugation and Subsequent Structural Distortions through 3D Printing of Crystal Structures. LETT ORG CHEM 2016; 13:272-276. [PMID: 28659727 DOI: 10.2174/1570178613666160204010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural distortions due to hyperconjugation in organic molecules, like norbornenes, are well captured through X-ray crystallographic data, but are sometimes difficult to visualize especially for those applying chemical knowledge and are not chemists. METHODS Crystal structure from the Cambridge database were downloaded and converted to .stl format. The structures were then printed at the desired scale using a 3D printer. RESULTS Replicas of the crystal structures were accurately reproduced in scale and any resulting distortions were clearly visible from the macroscale models. Through space interactions or effect of through space hyperconjugation was illustrated through loss of symmetry or distortions thereof. CONCLUSION The norbornene structures exhibits distortion that cannot be observed through conventional ball and stick modelling kits. We show that 3D printed models derived from crystallographic data capture even subtle distortions in molecules. We translate such crystallographic data into scaled-up models through 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farha J Mithila
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Green Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | | | - Martin M Thuo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Green Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, MA 02125, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Manza Bj Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Green Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, MA 02125, USA
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41
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Larson RT, Pemberton RP, Franke JM, Tantillo DJ, Thomson RJ. Total Synthesis of the Galbulimima Alkaloids Himandravine and GB17 Using Biomimetic Diels-Alder Reactions of Double Diene Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11197-204. [PMID: 26305231 PMCID: PMC4612511 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective total syntheses of himandravine and GB17 were completed through a common biomimetic strategy involving Diels-Alder reactions of unusual double diene containing linear precursors. The double diene precursors, containing or lacking a C12 substituent as required to produce GB17 or himandravine, respectively, were found to undergo Diels-Alder reactions to afford mixtures of regioisomeric cycloadducts that map onto the alternative carbocyclic frameworks of both himandravine and GB17. Computational investigations revealed that these Diels-Alder reactions proceed via transition state structures of similar energy that have a high degree of bispericyclic character and that the low levels of regioselectivity observed in the reactions are a consequence of competing orbital interaction and distortion energies. The combined experimental and computational results provide valuable insights into the biosynthesis of the Galbulimima alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed T. Larson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ryan P. Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jenna M. Franke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Regan J. Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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42
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Picazo E, Houk KN, Garg NK. Computational predictions of substituted benzyne and indolyne regioselectivities. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:3511-3514. [PMID: 26034336 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A computational study using DFT methods was performed for an array of mono and disubstituted benzynes and indolynes. The inherent distortion present in the geometry-optimized structures predicts the regioselectivity of aryne trapping by nucleophiles or cycloaddition partners. These studies will serve to enable the further use of unsymmetrical arynes in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Picazo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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43
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Yang T, Nagase S, Akasaka T, Poblet JM, Houk KN, Ehara M, Zhao X. (2 + 2) Cycloaddition of Benzyne to Endohedral Metallofullerenes M3N@C80 (M = Sc, Y): A Rotating-Intermediate Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6820-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui
Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Department
of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Josep M. Poblet
- Department
de Química Físicai Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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44
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Patel A, West FG, Houk KN. Reactivity and Stereoselectivity of 6π and Nazarov Electrocyclizations of Bridged Bicyclic Trienes and Divinyl Ketones. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2790-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashay Patel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - F. G. West
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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45
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Li L, Zhao H, Wang R. Tailorable Synthesis of Porous Organic Polymers Decorating Ultrafine Palladium Nanoparticles for Hydrogenation of Olefins. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501731w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liuyi Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key
Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Huaixia Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key
Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ruihu Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key
Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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46
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Jafarpour F, Jalalimanesh N, Teimouri M, Shamsianpour M. Palladium/norbornene chemistry: an unexpected route to methanocarbazole derivatives via three Csp3–Csp2/Csp3–N/Csp2–N bond formations in a single synthetic sequence. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:225-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06789d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple route to obtain fused indolinesviaa palladium-catalyzed norbornene-mediated Heck reaction/C–H activation/double amination cascade is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Jafarpour
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
| | | | - Mahdieh Teimouri
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
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47
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Tajabadi J, Bakavoli M, Gholizadeh M, Eshghi H, Izadyar M. The origin of regio- and stereoselectivity in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides with C1-substituted 7-oxabenzonorbornadienes, a DFT study. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04254b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin ofexo/antiselectivity in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides with C1-substituted 7-oxabenzonorbornadienes has been investigated theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Tajabadi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 91775-1436
- Iran
| | - M. Bakavoli
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 91775-1436
- Iran
| | - M. Gholizadeh
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 91775-1436
- Iran
| | - H. Eshghi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 91775-1436
- Iran
| | - M. Izadyar
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 91775-1436
- Iran
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48
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Ajitha MJ, Huang KW. Role of keto–enol tautomerization in a chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed asymmetric thiocarboxylysis of meso-epoxide: a DFT study. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10981-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01473e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of a chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed thiocarboxylysis of meso-epoxide was investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations (M06-2X).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjaly J. Ajitha
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Science and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Science and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
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49
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Medina JM, Mackey JL, Garg NK, Houk KN. The role of aryne distortions, steric effects, and charges in regioselectivities of aryne reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15798-805. [PMID: 25303232 PMCID: PMC4221504 DOI: 10.1021/ja5099935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The distortion/interaction model has been used to explain and predict reactivity in a variety of reactions where more common explanations, such as steric and electronic factors, do not suffice. This model has also provided new fundamental insight into regioselectivity trends in reactions of unsymmetrical arynes, which in turn has fueled advances in aryne methodology and natural product synthesis. This article describes a systematic experimental and computational study of one particularly important class of arynes, 3-halobenzynes. 3-Halobenzynes are useful synthetic building blocks whose regioselectivities have been explained by several different models over the past few decades. Our efforts show that aryne distortion, rather than steric factors or charge distribution, are responsible for the regioselectivities observed in 3-haloaryne trapping experiments. We also demonstrate the synthetic utility of 3-halobenzynes for the efficient synthesis of functionalized heterocycles, using a tandem aryne-trapping/cross-coupling sequence involving 3-chlorobenzyne.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neil K. Garg
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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50
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Hong X, Küçük HB, Maji MS, Yang YF, Rueping M, Houk KN. Mechanism and selectivity of N-triflylphosphoramide catalyzed (3(+) + 2) cycloaddition between hydrazones and alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13769-80. [PMID: 25226575 DOI: 10.1021/ja506660c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brønsted acid catalyzed (3(+) + 2) cycloadditions between hydrazones and alkenes provide a general approach to pyrazolidines. The acidity of the Brønsted acid is crucial for the catalytic efficiency: the less acidic phosphoric acids are ineffective, while highly acidic chiral N-triflylphosphoramides are very efficient and can promote highly enantioselective cycloadditions. The mechanism and origins of catalytic efficiencies and selectivities of these reactions have been explored with density functional theory (M06-2X) calculations. Protonation of hydrazones by N-triflylphosphoramide produces hydrazonium-phosphoramide anion complexes. These ion-pair complexes are very reactive in (3(+) + 2) cycloadditions with alkenes, producing pyrazolidine products. Alternative 1,3-dipolar (3 + 2) cycloadditions with the analogous azomethine imines are much less favorable due to the endergonic isomerization of hydrazone to azomethine imine. With N-triflylphosphoramide catalyst, only a small distortion of the ion-pair complex is required to achieve its geometry in the (3(+) + 2) cycloaddition transition state. In contrast, the weak phosphoric acid does not protonate the hydrazone, and only a hydrogen-bonded complex is formed. Larger distortion energy is required for the hydrogen-bonded complex to achieve the "ion-pair" geometry in the cycloaddition transition state, and a significant barrier is found. On the basis of this mechanism, we have explained the origins of enantioselectivities when a chiral N-triflylphosphoramide catalyst is employed. We also report the experimental studies that extend the substrate scope of alkenes to ethyl vinyl ethers and thioethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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