1
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Yu Y, Zheng X, Duan C, Craig SL, Widenhoefer RA. Force-Modulated Selectivity of the Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation of 1-Alkenes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Xujun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chenghao Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ross A. Widenhoefer
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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2
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Shinde KS, Michael P, Fuhrmann D, Binder WH. A mechanochemically active metal‐organic framework (MOF) based on Cu‐bis‐NHC‐linkers: synthesis and mechano‐catalytic activation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Sanjay Shinde
- Macromolecular Chemistry Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Philipp Michael
- Macromolecular Chemistry Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Daniel Fuhrmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Leipzig Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie Johannisallee 29 D‐04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
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3
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Huo S, Zhou Y, Liao Z, Zhao P, Zou M, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Reversible regulation of metallo-base-pair interactions for DNA dehybridization by ultrasound. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7438-7440. [PMID: 34232244 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02402g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force applied by ultrasound in solution leads to the dissociation of DNA metallo-base-pair interactions when these motifs are functionalized with oligodeoxynucleotide sequences of sufficient length. The annealing and force-induced denaturing process is followed by the attachment of distance-sensitive fluorescent probes and is found to be reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaidong Huo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China and DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Zhou
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhihuan Liao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Pengkun Zhao
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miancheng Zou
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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5
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Sammon MS, Biewend M, Michael P, Schirra S, Ončák M, Binder WH, Beyer MK. Activation of a Copper Biscarbene Mechano-Catalyst Using Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy Supported by Quantum Chemical Calculations. Chemistry 2021; 27:8723-8729. [PMID: 33822419 PMCID: PMC8251802 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule force spectroscopy allows investigation of the effect of mechanical force on individual bonds. By determining the forces necessary to sufficiently activate bonds to trigger dissociation, it is possible to predict the behavior of mechanophores. The force necessary to activate a copper biscarbene mechano-catalyst intended for self-healing materials was measured. By using a safety line bypassing the mechanophore, it was possible to pinpoint the dissociation of the investigated bond and determine rupture forces to range from 1.6 to 2.6 nN at room temperature in dimethyl sulfoxide. The average length-increase upon rupture of the Cu-C bond, due to the stretching of the safety line, agrees with quantum chemical calculations, but the values exhibit an unusual scattering. This scattering was assigned to the conformational flexibility of the mechanophore, which includes formation of a threaded structure and recoiling of the safety line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Sammon
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Michel Biewend
- Department of Macromolecular ChemistryMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenbergvon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Philipp Michael
- Department of Macromolecular ChemistryMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenbergvon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Simone Schirra
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Department of Macromolecular ChemistryMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenbergvon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
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6
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanochemische Freisetzung nichtkovalent gebundener Gäste aus einem mit Polymerketten dekorierten supramolekularen Käfig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
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7
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanochemical Release of Non-Covalently Bound Guests from a Polymer-Decorated Supramolecular Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13626-13630. [PMID: 33729649 PMCID: PMC8251918 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular coordination cages show a wide range of useful properties including, but not limited to, complex molecular machine-like operations, confined space catalysis, and rich host-guest chemistries. Here we report the uptake and release of non-covalently encapsulated, pharmaceutically-active cargo from an octahedral Pd cage bearing polymer chains on each vertex. Six poly(ethylene glycol)-decorated bipyridine ligands are used to assemble an octahedral PdII6 (TPT)4 cage. The supramolecular container encapsulates progesterone and ibuprofen within its hydrophobic nanocavity and is activated by shear force produced by ultrasonication in aqueous solution entailing complete cargo release upon rupture, as shown by NMR and GPC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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8
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9
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Yue L, Guo H, Kennedy A, Patel A, Gong X, Ju T, Gray T, Manas-Zloczower I. Vitrimerization: Converting Thermoset Polymers into Vitrimers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:836-842. [PMID: 35648515 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thermoset polymers with permanently cross-linked networks have outstanding mechanical properties and solvent resistance, but they cannot be reprocessed or recycled. On the other hand, vitrimers with covalent adaptable networks can be recycled. Here we provide a simple and practical method coined as "vitrimerization" to convert the permanent cross-linked thermosets into vitrimer polymers without depolymerization. The vitrimerized thermosets exhibit comparable mechanical properties and solvent resistance with the original ones. This method allows recycling and reusing the unrecyclable thermoset polymers with minimum loss in mechanical properties and enables closed-loop recycling of thermosets with the least environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yue
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Bldg, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Haochen Guo
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Bldg, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Alison Kennedy
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Bldg, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Ammar Patel
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Bldg, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Xuehui Gong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2102 Adelbert Road, A.W. Smith Building, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Tianxiong Ju
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Bldg, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Thomas Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 2080 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Ica Manas-Zloczower
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Bldg, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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10
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11
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Zheng Z, Jin J, Dong JC, Li B, Xu GK, Li JF, Shchukin DG. Unusual Sonochemical Assembly between Carbon Allotropes for High Strain-Tolerant Conductive Nanocomposites. ACS NANO 2019; 13:12062-12069. [PMID: 31532636 PMCID: PMC6812068 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Facile methods toward strain-tolerant graphene-based electronic components remain scarce. Although being frequently used to disperse low-dimensional carbonaceous materials, ultrasonication (US) has never been reliable for fabricating stretchable carbonaceous nanocomposite (SCNC). Inspired by the unusual sonochemical assembly between graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotube (CNT), we verified the roots-like GO-CNT covalent bonding, rather than just π-π conjugation, was formed during US. In addition, the shockwave-induced collision in the binary-component system enables a burst of fragmentation at the early stage, spatially homogeneous hybridization, and time-dependent restoration of graphitic domains. All of the above are distinct from extensive fragmentation of a conventional single-component system and π-π conjugative assembly. The optimized SCNC exhibits conductivity comparable to reduced monolayer GO and outperforms π-π assemblies in retaining electrical conductance at a strain of 160%-among one of the best reported stretchable conductors. Raman analysis and mechanics simulation confirm the dominant role of counterweighing between the intrinsic and external strains on the mechano-response and durability of SCNC. This work suggests the guideline of creating multiple-component sonochemical systems for various functional nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Zheng
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Jidong Jin
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jin-Chao Dong
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute
of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering
Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guang-Kui Xu
- International
Center for Applied Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and
Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Dmitry G. Shchukin
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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12
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Neumann S, Biewend M, Rana S, Binder WH. The CuAAC: Principles, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts, and Novel Developments and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900359. [PMID: 31631449 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) has emerged as the most useful "click" chemistry. Polymer science has profited enormously from CuAAC by its simplicity, ease, scope, applicability and efficiency. Basic principles of the CuAAC are reviewed with a focus on homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, ligands, anchimeric assistance, and basic chemical principles. Recent developments of ligand design and acceleration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Neumann
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michel Biewend
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sravendra Rana
- School of Engineering University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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13
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Zhang J, Shan C, Zhang T, Song J, Liu T, Lan Y. Computational advances aiding mechanistic understanding of silver-catalyzed carbene/nitrene/silylene transfer reactions. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Biewend M, Neumann S, Michael P, Binder WH. Synthesis of polymer-linked copper(i) bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) complexes of linear and chain extended architecture. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01751d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel PS-based mechanophores of linear and chain-extended architecture are synthesized obtaining bis(NHC) complexes with more than one Cu(i) center per chain and molecular weights of up to 50 000 g mol−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Biewend
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry
- Physics and Mathematics)
| | - Steve Neumann
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry
- Physics and Mathematics)
| | - Philipp Michael
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry
- Physics and Mathematics)
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry
- Physics and Mathematics)
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15
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16
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Bamba Y, Ogawa Y, Saito T, Berglund LA, Isogai A. Estimating the Strength of Single Chitin Nanofibrils via Sonication-Induced Fragmentation. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:4405-4410. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bamba
- Department
of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yu Ogawa
- CERMAV, University of Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CERMAV, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department
of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Lars A. Berglund
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center and Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akira Isogai
- Department
of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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17
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Akbulatov S, Boulatov R. Experimental Polymer Mechanochemistry and its Interpretational Frameworks. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1422-1450. [PMID: 28256793 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is an emerging field at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. It aims at understanding and exploiting unique reactivities of polymer chains confined to highly non-equilibrium stretched geometries by interactions with their surroundings. Macromolecular chains or their segments become stretched in bulk polymers under mechanical loads or when polymer solutions are sonicated or flow rapidly through abrupt contractions. An increasing amount of empirical data suggests that mechanochemical phenomena are widespread wherever polymers are used. In the past decade, empirical mechanochemistry has progressed enormously, from studying fragmentations of commodity polymers by simple backbone homolysis to demonstrations of self-strengthening and stress-reporting materials and mechanochemical cascades using purposefully designed monomers. This progress has not yet been matched by the development of conceptual frameworks within which to rationalize, systematize and generalize empirical mechanochemical observations. As a result, mechanistic and/or quantitative understanding of mechanochemical phenomena remains, with few exceptions, tentative. In this review we aim at systematizing reported macroscopic manifestations of polymer mechanochemistry, and critically assessing the interpretational framework that underlies their molecular rationalizations from a physical chemist's perspective. We propose a hierarchy of mechanochemical phenomena which may guide the development of multiscale models of mechanochemical reactivity to match the breadth and utility of the Eyring equation of chemical kinetics. We discuss the limitations of the approaches to quantifying and validating mechanochemical reactivity, with particular focus on sonicated polymer solutions, in order to identify outstanding questions that need to be solved for polymer mechanochemistry to become a rigorous, quantitative field. We conclude by proposing 7 problems whose solution may have a disproportionate impact on the development of polymer mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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18
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Safarifard V, Morsali A. Applications of ultrasound to the synthesis of nanoscale metal–organic coordination polymers. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Clough JM, Balan A, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical Reactions Reporting and Repairing Bond Scission in Polymers. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 369:209-38. [PMID: 26104999 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The past 10 years have seen a resurgence of interest in the field of polymer mechanochemistry. Whilst the destructive effects of mechanical force on polymer chains have been known for decades, it was only recently that researchers tapped into these forces to realize more useful chemical transformations. The current review discusses the strategic incorporation of weak covalent bonds in polymers to create materials with stress-sensing and damage-repairing properties. Firstly, the development of mechanochromism and mechanoluminescence as stress reporters is considered. The second half focuses on the net formation of covalent bonds as a response to mechanical force, via mechanocatalysis and mechanically unmasked chemical reactivity, and concludes with perspectives for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess M Clough
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Abidin Balan
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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20
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Rooze J, Rebrov EV, Schouten JC, Keurentjes JTF. Dissolved gas and ultrasonic cavitation--a review. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2013; 20:1-11. [PMID: 22705074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The physics and chemistry of nonlinearly oscillating acoustic cavitation bubbles are strongly influenced by the dissolved gas in the surrounding liquid. Changing the gas alters among others the luminescence spectrum, and the radical production of the collapsing bubbles. An overview of experiments with various gas types and concentration described in literature is given and is compared to mechanisms that lead to the observed changes in luminescence spectra and radical production. The dissolved gas type changes the bubble adiabatic ratio, thermal conductivity, and the liquid surface tension, and consequently the hot spot temperature. The gas can also participate in chemical reactions, which can enhance radical production or luminescence of a cavitation bubble. With this knowledge, the gas content in cavitation can be tailored to obtain the desired output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Rooze
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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21
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Groote R, Jakobs RTM, Sijbesma RP. Mechanocatalysis: forcing latent catalysts into action. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00071k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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22
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Saito T, Kuramae R, Wohlert J, Berglund LA, Isogai A. An Ultrastrong Nanofibrillar Biomaterial: The Strength of Single Cellulose Nanofibrils Revealed via Sonication-Induced Fragmentation. Biomacromolecules 2012; 14:248-53. [DOI: 10.1021/bm301674e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences,
Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryota Kuramae
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences,
Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | | | - Akira Isogai
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences,
Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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23
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Groote R, van Haandel L, Sijbesma RP. The effect of molecular weight and catalyst concentration on catalytic activity in mechanochemically activated transesterification using silver(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene latent catalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Groote R, Jakobs RTM, Sijbesma RP. Performance of Mechanochemically Activated Catalysts Is Enhanced by Suppression of the Thermal Effects of Ultrasound. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1012-1015. [PMID: 35607027 DOI: 10.1021/mz3002512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate that the performance of mechanochemically activated transesterification and alkene metathesis catalysts is significantly enhanced when the thermal effects of ultrasound are suppressed. Suppression of these effects is realized by performing the reaction under methane instead of argon. Not only do these results provide further confirmation of the true mechanochemical nature of the ultrasonic activation of the catalysts, but it also strongly recommends the use of methane as standard saturation gas when studying the mechanochemical effects of ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Groote
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert T. M. Jakobs
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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25
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Cravotto G, Cintas P. Harnessing mechanochemical effects with ultrasound-induced reactions. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00740h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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26
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Groote R, Szyja BM, Pidko EA, Hensen EJM, Sijbesma RP. Unfolding and Mechanochemical Scission of Supramolecular Polymers Containing a Metal–Ligand Coordination Bond. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201722e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Groote
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, ‡Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, and §Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bartłomiej M. Szyja
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, ‡Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, and §Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, ‡Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, and §Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, ‡Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, and §Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, ‡Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, and §Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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