1
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Schweitzer-Stenner R. Probing the versatility of cytochrome c by spectroscopic means: A Laudatio on resonance Raman spectroscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 259:112641. [PMID: 38901065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years resonance Raman spectroscopy has become an invaluable tool for the exploration of chromophores in biological macromolecules. Among them, heme proteins and metal complexes have attracted considerable attention. This interest results from the fact that resonance Raman spectroscopy probes the vibrational dynamics of these chromophores without direct interference from the surrounding. However, the indirect influence via through-bond and through-space chromophore-protein interactions can be conveniently probed and analyzed. This review article illustrates this point by focusing on class 1 cytochrome c, a comparatively simple heme protein generally known as electron carrier in mitochondria. The article demonstrates how through selective excitation of resonance Raman active modes information about the ligation, the redox state and the spin state of the heme iron can be obtained from band positions in the Raman spectra. The investigation of intensities and depolarization ratios emerged as tools for the analysis of in-plane and out-of-plane deformations of the heme macrocycle. The article further shows how resonance Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize partially unfolded states of oxidized cytochrome c. Finally, it describes its use for exploring structural changes due to the protein's binding to anionic surfaces like cardiolipin containing membranes.
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2
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Kopeć M, Borek-Dorosz A, Jarczewska K, Barańska M, Abramczyk H. The role of cardiolipin and cytochrome c in mitochondrial metabolism of cancer cells determined by Raman imaging: in vitro study on the brain glioblastoma U-87 MG cell line. Analyst 2024; 149:2697-2708. [PMID: 38506099 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00015c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we present Raman imaging as a non-invasive approach for studying changes in mitochondrial metabolism caused by cardiolipin-cytochrome c interactions. We investigated the effect of mitochondrial dysregulation on cardiolipin (CL) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) interactions for a brain cancer cell line (U-87 MG). Mitochondrial metabolism was monitored by checking the intensities of the Raman bands at 750 cm-1, 1126 cm-1, 1310 cm-1, 1337 cm-1, 1444 cm-1 and 1584 cm-1. The presented results indicate that under pathological conditions, the content and redox status of Cyt c in mitochondria can be used as a Raman marker to characterize changes in cellular metabolism. This work provides evidence that cardiolipin-cytochrome c interactions are crucial for mitochondrial energy homeostasis by controlling the redox status of Cyt c in the electron transport chain, switching from disabling Cyt c reduction and enabling peroxidase activity. This paper provides experimental support for the hypothesis of how cardiolipin-cytochrome c interactions regulate electron transfer in the respiratory chain, apoptosis and mROS production in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kopeć
- Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland.
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Karolina Jarczewska
- Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Barańska
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Halina Abramczyk
- Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland.
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3
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Paradisi A, Bellei M, Bortolotti CA, Di Rocco G, Ranieri A, Borsari M, Sola M, Battistuzzi G. Effects of removal of the axial methionine heme ligand on the binding of S. cerevisiae iso-1 cytochrome c to cardiolipin. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 252:112455. [PMID: 38141433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The cleavage of the axial S(Met) - Fe bond in cytochrome c (cytc) upon binding to cardiolipin (CL), a glycerophospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane, is one of the key molecular changes that impart cytc with (lipo)peroxidase activity essential to its pro-apoptotic function. In this work, UV - VIS, CD, MCD and fluorescence spectroscopies were used to address the role of the Fe - M80 bond in controlling the cytc-CL interaction, by studying the binding of the Met80Ala (M80A) variant of S. cerevisiae iso-1 cytc (ycc) to CL liposomes in comparison with the wt protein [Paradisi et al. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 25 (2020) 467-487]. The results show that the integrity of the six-coordinate heme center along with the distal heme site containing the Met80 ligand is a not requisite for cytc binding to CL. Indeed, deletion of the Fe - S(Met80) bond has a little impact on the mechanism of ycc-CL interaction, although it results in an increased heme accessibility to solvent and a reduced structural stability of the protein. In particular, M80A features a slightly tighter binding to CL at low CL/cytc ratios compared to wt ycc, possibly due to the lift of some constraints to the insertion of the CL acyl chains into the protein hydrophobic core. M80A binding to CL maintains the dependence on the CL-to-cytc mixing scheme displayed by the wt species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Paradisi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Marzia Bellei
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Augusto Bortolotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Rocco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Ranieri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Borsari
- Department of Chemistry and Geology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Sola
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Geology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41126 Modena, Italy.
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4
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Zhan J, Zeng D, Xiao X, Fang Z, Huang T, Zhao B, Zhu Q, Liu C, Jiang B, Zhou X, Li C, He L, Yang D, Liu M, Zhang X. Real-Time Observation of Conformational Changes and Translocation of Endogenous Cytochrome c within Intact Mitochondria. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4455-4466. [PMID: 38335066 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome c (cyt c) is a multifunctional protein with varying conformations. However, the conformation of cyt c in its native environment, mitochondria, is still unclear. Here, we applied NMR spectroscopy to investigate the conformation and location of endogenous cyt c within intact mitochondria at natural isotopic abundance, mainly using widespread methyl groups as probes. By monitoring time-dependent chemical shift perturbations, we observed that most cyt c is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and partially unfolded, which is distinct from its native conformation in solution. When suffering oxidative stress, cyt c underwent oxidative modifications due to increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), weakening electrostatic interactions with the membrane, and gradually translocating into the inner membrane spaces of mitochondria. Meanwhile, the lethality of oxidatively modified cyt c to cells was reduced compared with normal cyt c. Our findings significantly improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of ROS by cyt c in mitochondria. Moreover, it highlights the potential of NMR to monitor high-concentration molecules at a natural isotopic abundance within intact cells or organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongpei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinjun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Conggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lichun He
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Maili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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5
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López-Sánchez C, Lagoa R, Poejo J, García-López V, García-Martínez V, Gutierrez-Merino C. An Update of Kaempferol Protection against Brain Damage Induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion and by 3-Nitropropionic Acid. Molecules 2024; 29:776. [PMID: 38398528 PMCID: PMC10893315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaempferol, a flavonoid present in many food products, has chemical and cellular antioxidant properties that are beneficial for protection against the oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Kaempferol administration to model experimental animals can provide extensive protection against brain damage of the striatum and proximal cortical areas induced by transient brain cerebral ischemic stroke and by 3-nitropropionic acid. This article is an updated review of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of protection by kaempferol administration against brain damage induced by these insults, integrated with an overview of the contributions of the work performed in our laboratories during the past years. Kaempferol administration at doses that prevent neurological dysfunctions inhibit the critical molecular events that underlie the initial and delayed brain damage induced by ischemic stroke and by 3-nitropropionic acid. It is highlighted that the protection afforded by kaempferol against the initial mitochondrial dysfunction can largely account for its protection against the reported delayed spreading of brain damage, which can develop from many hours to several days. This allows us to conclude that kaempferol administration can be beneficial not only in preventive treatments, but also in post-insult therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen López-Sánchez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lagoa
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Morro do Lena-Alto do Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Joana Poejo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Virginio García-López
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Virginio García-Martínez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
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6
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Chertkova RV, Firsov AM, Brazhe NA, Nikelshparg EI, Bochkova ZV, Bryantseva TV, Semenova MA, Baizhumanov AA, Kotova EA, Kirpichnikov MP, Maksimov GV, Antonenko YN, Dolgikh DA. Multiple Mutations in the Non-Ordered Red Ω-Loop Enhance the Membrane-Permeabilizing and Peroxidase-like Activity of Cytochrome c. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050665. [PMID: 35625593 PMCID: PMC9138828 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A key event in the cytochrome c-dependent apoptotic pathway is the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane, resulting in the release of various apoptogenic factors, including cytochrome c, into the cytosol. It is believed that the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane can be induced by the peroxidase activity of cytochrome c in a complex with cardiolipin. Using a number of mutant variants of cytochrome c, we showed that both substitutions of Lys residues from the universal binding site for oppositely charged Glu residues and mutations leading to a decrease in the conformational mobility of the red Ω-loop in almost all cases did not affect the ability of cytochrome c to bind to cardiolipin. At the same time, the peroxidase activity of all mutant variants in a complex with cardiolipin was three to five times higher than that of the wild type. A pronounced increase in the ability to permeabilize the lipid membrane in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, as measured by calcein leakage from liposomes, was observed only in the case of four substitutions in the red Ω-loop (M4 mutant). According to resonance and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, the mutations caused significant changes in the heme of oxidized cytochrome c molecules resulting in an increased probability of the plane heme conformation and the enhancement of the rigidity of the protein surrounding the heme. The binding of wild-type and mutant forms of oxidized cytochrome c to cardiolipin-containing liposomes caused the disordering of the acyl lipid chains that was more pronounced for the M4 mutant. Our findings indicate that the Ω-loop is important for the pore formation in cardiolipin-containing membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita V. Chertkova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (Z.V.B.); (T.V.B.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.); (D.A.D.)
- Correspondence: (R.V.C.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Alexander M. Firsov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.F.); (E.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Nadezda A. Brazhe
- Biophysics Department, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.N.); (A.A.B.); (G.V.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.V.C.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Evelina I. Nikelshparg
- Biophysics Department, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.N.); (A.A.B.); (G.V.M.)
| | - Zhanna V. Bochkova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (Z.V.B.); (T.V.B.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.); (D.A.D.)
- Biophysics Department, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.N.); (A.A.B.); (G.V.M.)
| | - Tatyana V. Bryantseva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (Z.V.B.); (T.V.B.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.); (D.A.D.)
- Biology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina A. Semenova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (Z.V.B.); (T.V.B.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.); (D.A.D.)
| | - Adil A. Baizhumanov
- Biophysics Department, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.N.); (A.A.B.); (G.V.M.)
| | - Elena A. Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.F.); (E.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Mikhail P. Kirpichnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (Z.V.B.); (T.V.B.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.); (D.A.D.)
- Biology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy V. Maksimov
- Biophysics Department, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.N.); (A.A.B.); (G.V.M.)
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “National Research Technological University “MISiS””, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy N. Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.F.); (E.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Dmitry A. Dolgikh
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (Z.V.B.); (T.V.B.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.); (D.A.D.)
- Biology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Cytochrome c Interaction with Cardiolipin Plays a Key Role in Cell Apoptosis: Implications for Human Diseases. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cell cytochrome, c performs different functions depending on the environment in which it acts; therefore, it has been classified as a multifunction protein. When anchored to the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane, native cytochrome c acts as a Schweitzer-StennerSchweitzer-Stenner that transfers electrons from cytochrome c reductase to cytochrome c oxidase in the respiratory chain. On the other hand, to interact with cardiolipin (one of the phospholipids making up the mitochondrial membrane) and form the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex in the apoptotic process, the protein reorganizes its structure into a non-native state characterized by different asymmetry. The formation of the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex is a fundamental step of the apoptotic pathway, since the structural rearrangement induces peroxidase activity in cytochrome c, the subsequent permeabilization of the membrane, and the release of the free protein into the cytoplasm, where cytochrome c activates the apoptotic process. Apoptosis is closely related to the pathogenesis of neoplastic, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases; in this contest, the biosynthesis and remodeling of cardiolipin are crucial for the regulation of the apoptotic process. Since the role of cytochrome c as a promoter of apoptosis strictly depends on the non-native conformation(s) that the protein acquires when bound to the cardiolipin and such event leads to cytochrome c traslocation into the cytosol, the structural and functional properties of the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex in cell fate will be the focus of the present review.
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8
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NMR Reveals the Conformational Changes of Cytochrome C upon Interaction with Cardiolipin. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101031. [PMID: 34685404 PMCID: PMC8540660 DOI: 10.3390/life11101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformational change of cytochrome c (cyt c) caused by interaction with cardiolipin (CL) is an important step during apoptosis, but the underlying mechanism is controversial. To comprehensively clarify the structural transformations of cyt c upon interaction with CL and avoid the unpredictable alias that might come from protein labeling or mutations, the conformation of purified yeast iso–1 cyt c with natural isotopic abundance in different contents of CL was measured by using NMR spectroscopy, in which the trimethylated group of the protein was used as a natural probe. The data demonstrate that cyt c has two partially unfolded conformations when interacted with CL: one with Fe–His33 coordination and the other with a penta–coordination heme. The Fe–His33 coordination conformation can be converted into a penta–coordination heme conformation in high content of CL. The structure of cyt c becomes partially unfolded with more exposed heme upon interaction with CL, suggesting that cyt c prefers a high peroxidase activity state in the mitochondria, which, in turn, makes CL easy to be oxidized, and causes the release of cyt c into the cytoplasm as a trigger in apoptosis.
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9
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Li M, Sun W, Tyurin VA, DeLucia M, Ahn J, Kagan VE, van der Wel PCA. Activation of Cytochrome C Peroxidase Function Through Coordinated Foldon Loop Dynamics upon Interaction with Anionic Lipids. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167057. [PMID: 34033821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondrial anionic lipid that plays important roles in the regulation and signaling of mitochondrial apoptosis. CL peroxidation catalyzed by the assembly of CL-cytochrome c (cyt c) complexes at the inner mitochondrial membrane is a critical checkpoint. The structural changes in the protein, associated with peroxidase activation by CL and different anionic lipids, are not known at a molecular level. To better understand these peripheral protein-lipid interactions, we compare how phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and CL lipids trigger cyt c peroxidase activation, and correlate functional differences to structural and motional changes in membrane-associated cyt c. Structural and motional studies of the bound protein are enabled by magic angle spinning solid state NMR spectroscopy, while lipid peroxidase activity is assayed by mass spectrometry. PG binding results in a surface-bound state that preserves a nativelike fold, which nonetheless allows for significant peroxidase activity, though at a lower level than binding its native substrate CL. Lipid-specific differences in peroxidase activation are found to correlate to corresponding differences in lipid-induced protein mobility, affecting specific protein segments. The dynamics of omega loops C and D are upregulated by CL binding, in a way that is remarkably controlled by the protein:lipid stoichiometry. In contrast to complete chemical denaturation, membrane-induced protein destabilization reflects a destabilization of select cyt c foldons, while the energetically most stable helices are preserved. Our studies illuminate the interplay of protein and lipid dynamics in the creation of lipid peroxidase-active proteolipid complexes implicated in early stages of mitochondrial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Li
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wanyang Sun
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Maria DeLucia
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jinwoo Ahn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, IM Sechenov, Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119146, Russian Federation
| | - Patrick C A van der Wel
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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10
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Rice M, Wong B, Oja M, Samuels K, Williams AK, Fong J, Sapse AM, Maran U, Korobkova EA. A role of flavonoids in cytochrome c-cardiolipin interactions. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 33:116043. [PMID: 33530021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The processes preceding the detachment of cytochrome c (cyt c) from the inner mitochondrial membrane in intrinsic apoptosis involve peroxidation of cardiolipin (CL) catalyzed by cyt c-CL complex. In the present work, we studied the effect of 17 dietary flavonoids on the peroxidase activity of cyt c bound to liposomes. Specifically, we explored the relationship between peroxidase activity and flavonoids' (1) potential to modulate cyt c unfolding, (2) effect on the oxidation state of heme iron, (3) membrane permeability, (4) membrane binding energy, and (5) structure. The measurements revealed that flavones, flavonols, and flavanols were the strongest, while isoflavones were the weakest inhibitors of the oxidation. Flavonoids' peroxidase inhibition activity correlated positively with their potential to suppress Trp-59 fluorescence in cyt c as well as the number of OH groups. Hydrophilic flavonoids, such as catechin, having the lowest membrane permeability and the strongest binding with phosphocholine (PC) based on the quantum chemical calculations exhibited the strongest inhibition of Amplex Red (AR) peroxidation, suggesting a membrane-protective function of flavonoids at the surface. The results of the present research specify basic principles for the design of molecules that will control the catalytic oxidation of lipids in mitochondrial membranes. These principles take into account the number of hydroxyl groups and hydrophilicity of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaysha Rice
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, 524 W 59th St., NY 10019, USA
| | - Bokey Wong
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, 524 W 59th St., NY 10019, USA
| | - Mare Oja
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Kelley Samuels
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, 524 W 59th St., NY 10019, USA
| | - Alicia K Williams
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, 524 W 59th St., NY 10019, USA
| | - Jenny Fong
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, 524 W 59th St., NY 10019, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Sapse
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, 524 W 59th St., NY 10019, USA; The Graduate Center at the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Uko Maran
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Ekaterina A Korobkova
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, 524 W 59th St., NY 10019, USA.
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11
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Lysine 72 substitutions differently affect lipid membrane permeabilizing and proapoptotic activities of horse heart cytochrome c. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 548:74-77. [PMID: 33631678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidase activity of cytochrome c (cyt c)/cardiolipin (CL) complex is supposed to be involved in the initiation of apoptosis via peroxidative induction of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. As cyt c binding to CL-containing membranes is at least partially associated with electrostatic protein/lipid interaction, we screened single-point mutants of horse heart cyt c with various substitutions of lysine at position 72, considered to play a significant role in both the binding and peroxidase activity of the protein. Contrary to expectations, K72A, K72R and K72L substitutions exerted slight effects on both the cyt c binding to CL-containing liposomal membranes and the cyt c/H2O2-induced calcein leakage from liposomes, used here as a membrane permeabilization assay. Both the binding and permeabilization were decreased to various extents, but not significantly, in the case of K72E and K72N mutants. A drastic difference was found between the sequence of the permeabilizing activities of the cyt c variants and the previously described order of their proapoptotic activities (Chertkova et al., 2008).
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12
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Tomášková N, Novák P, Kožár T, Petrenčáková M, Jancura D, Yassaghi G, Man P, Sedlák E. Early modification of cytochrome c by hydrogen peroxide triggers its fast degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 174:413-423. [PMID: 33529629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c (cyt c), in addition to its function as an electron shuttle in respiratory chain, is able to perform as a pseudo-peroxidase with a critical role during apoptosis. Incubation of cyt c with an excess of hydrogen peroxide leads to a suicide inactivation of the protein, which is accompanied by heme destruction and covalent modification of numerous amino acid residues. Although steady-state reactions of cyt c with an excess of hydrogen peroxide represent non-physiological conditions, they might be used for analysis of the first-modified amino acid in in vivo. Here, we observed oxidation of tyrosine residues 67 and 74 and heme as the first modifications found upon incubation with hydrogen peroxide. The positions of the oxidized tyrosines suggest a possible migration pathway of hydrogen peroxide-induced radicals from the site of heme localization to the protein surface. Analysis of a size of folded fraction of cyt c upon limited incubation with hydrogen peroxide indicates that the early oxidation of amino acids triggers an accelerated destruction of cyt c. Position of channels from molecular dynamics simulation structures of cyt c points to a location of amino acid residues exposed to reactive oxidants that are thus more prone to covalent modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Tomášková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Petr Novák
- Institute of Microbiology - BioCeV, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Kožár
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martina Petrenčáková
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Jancura
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ghazaleh Yassaghi
- Institute of Microbiology - BioCeV, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Man
- Institute of Microbiology - BioCeV, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Erik Sedlák
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
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13
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Ripanti F, Di Venere A, Cestelli Guidi M, Romani M, Filabozzi A, Carbonaro M, Piro MC, Sinibaldi F, Nucara A, Mei G. The Puzzling Problem of Cardiolipin Membrane-Cytochrome c Interactions: A Combined Infrared and Fluorescence Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031334. [PMID: 33572777 PMCID: PMC7866282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of cytochrome c (cyt c) with natural and synthetic membranes is known to be a complex phenomenon, involving both protein and lipid conformational changes. In this paper, we combined infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy to study the structural transformation occurring to the lipid network of cardiolipin-containing large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs). The data, collected at increasing protein/lipid ratio, demonstrate the existence of a multi-phase process, which is characterized by: (i) the interaction of cyt c with the lipid polar heads; (ii) the lipid anchorage of the protein on the membrane surface; and (iii) a long-distance order/disorder transition of the cardiolipin acyl chains. Such effects have been quantitatively interpreted introducing specific order parameters and discussed in the frame of the models on cyt c activity reported in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ripanti
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Almerinda Di Venere
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.D.V.); (M.C.P.); (F.S.); (G.M.)
| | | | - Martina Romani
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy; (M.C.G.); (M.R.)
| | - Alessandra Filabozzi
- Department of Physics, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marina Carbonaro
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Cristina Piro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.D.V.); (M.C.P.); (F.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Federica Sinibaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.D.V.); (M.C.P.); (F.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Alessandro Nucara
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Giampiero Mei
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.D.V.); (M.C.P.); (F.S.); (G.M.)
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14
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Sun SC, Huang HW, Lo YT, Chuang MC, Hsu YHH. Unraveling cardiolipin-induced conformational change of cytochrome c through H/D exchange mass spectrometry and quartz crystal microbalance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1090. [PMID: 33441668 PMCID: PMC7806790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79905-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL), a crucial component in inner mitochondrial membranes, interacts with cytochrome c (cyt c) to form a peroxidase complex for the catalysis of CL oxidation. Such interaction is pivotal to the mitochondrial regulation of apoptosis and is affected by the redox state of cyt c. In the present study, the redox-dependent interaction of cyt c with CL was investigated through amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry (HDXMS) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). Ferrous cyt c exhibited a more compact conformation compared with its ferric form, which was supported by the lower number of deuterons accumulated and the greater amplitude reduction on dissipation. Upon association with CL, ferrous cyt c resulted in a moderate increase in deuteration, whereas the ferric form caused a drastic increase of deuteration, which indicated that CL-bound ferric cyt c formed an extended conformation. These results were consistent with those of the frequency (f) − dissipation (D) experiments, which revealed that ferric cyt c yielded greater values of |ΔD/Δf| within the first minute. Further fragmentation analysis based on HDXMS indicated that the effect of CL binding was considerably different on ferric and ferrous cyt c in the C-helix and the Loop 9–24. In ferric cyt c, CL binding affected Met80 and destabilized His18 interaction with heme, which was not observed with ferrous cyt c. An interaction model was proposed to explain the aforementioned results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Cih Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chieh Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Hao Howard Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Biological Science Center, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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15
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Adsorbing surface strongly influences the pseudoperoxidase and nitrite reductase activity of electrode-bound yeast cytochrome c. The effect of hydrophobic immobilization. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 136:107628. [PMID: 32795942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Met80Ala and Met80Ala/Tyr67Ala variants of S. cerevisiae iso-1 cytochrome c (ycc) and their adducts with cardiolipin immobilized onto a gold electrode coated with a hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of decane-1-thiol were studied through cyclic voltammetry and surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS). The electroactive species - containing a six-coordinate His/His axially ligated heme and a five-coordinate His/- heme stable in the oxidized and reduced state, respectively - and the pseudoperoxidase activity match those found previously for the wt species and are only slightly affected by CL binding. Most importantly, the reduced His/- ligated form of these variants is able to catalytically reduce the nitrite ion, while electrode-immobilized wt ycc and other His/Met heme ligated variants under a variety of conditions are not. Besides the pseudoperoxidase and nitrite reductase functions, which are the most physiologically relevant abilities of these constructs, also axial heme ligation and the equilibria between conformers are strongly affected by the nature - hydrophobic vs. electrostatic - of the non-covalent interactions determining protein immobilization. Also affected are the catalytic activity changes induced by a given mutation as well as those due to partial unfolding due to CL binding. It follows that under the same solution conditions the structural and functional properties of immobilized ycc are surface-specific and therefore cannot be transferred from an immobilized system to another involving different interfacial protein-SAM interactions.
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16
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Steele HBB, Elmer-Dixon MM, Rogan JT, Ross JBA, Bowler BE. The Human Cytochrome c Domain-Swapped Dimer Facilitates Tight Regulation of Intrinsic Apoptosis. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2055-2068. [PMID: 32428404 PMCID: PMC7291863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of cardiolipin (CL) by cytochrome c (cytc) has been proposed to initiate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Domain-swapped dimer (DSD) conformations of cytc have been reported both by our laboratory and by others. The DSD is an alternate conformer of cytc that could oxygenate CL early in apoptosis. We demonstrate here that the cytc DSD has a set of properties that would provide tighter regulation of the intrinsic pathway. We show that the human DSD is kinetically more stable than horse and yeast DSDs. Circular dichroism data indicate that the DSD has a less asymmetric heme environment, similar to that seen when the monomeric protein binds to CL vesicles at high lipid:protein ratios. The dimer undergoes the alkaline conformational transition near pH 7.0, 2.5 pH units lower than that of the monomer. Data from fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence anisotropy suggest that the alkaline transition of the DSD may act as a switch from a high affinity for CL nanodiscs at pH 7.4 to a much lower affinity at pH 8.0. Additionally, the peroxidase activity of the human DSD increases 7-fold compared to that of the monomer at pH 7 and 8, but by 14-fold at pH 6 when mixed Met80/H2O ligation replaces the lysine ligation of the alkaline state. We also present data that indicate that cytc binding shows a cooperative effect as the concentration of cytc is increased. The DSD appears to have evolved into a pH-inducible switch that provides a means to control activation of apoptosis near pH 7.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmen B. B. Steele
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Center for Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Margaret M. Elmer-Dixon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Center for Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - James T. Rogan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - J. B. Alexander Ross
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Center for Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Bruce E. Bowler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Center for Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
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17
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Wheel and Deal in the Mitochondrial Inner Membranes: The Tale of Cytochrome c and Cardiolipin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6813405. [PMID: 32377304 PMCID: PMC7193304 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6813405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin oxidation and degradation by different factors under severe cell stress serve as a trigger for genetically encoded cell death programs. In this context, the interplay between cardiolipin and another mitochondrial factor—cytochrome c—is a key process in the early stages of apoptosis, and it is a matter of intense research. Cytochrome c interacts with lipid membranes by electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic effects. Experimental conditions (including pH, lipid composition, and post-translational modifications) determine which specific amino acid residues are involved in the interaction and influence the heme iron coordination state. In fact, up to four binding sites (A, C, N, and L), driven by different interactions, have been reported. Nevertheless, key aspects of the mechanism for cardiolipin oxidation by the hemeprotein are well established. First, cytochrome c acts as a pseudoperoxidase, a process orchestrated by tyrosine residues which are crucial for peroxygenase activity and sensitivity towards oxidation caused by protein self-degradation. Second, flexibility of two weakest folding units of the hemeprotein correlates with its peroxidase activity and the stability of the iron coordination sphere. Third, the diversity of the mode of interaction parallels a broad diversity in the specific reaction pathway. Thus, current knowledge has already enabled the design of novel drugs designed to successfully inhibit cardiolipin oxidation.
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18
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Lalli D, Rosa C, Allegrozzi M, Turano P. Distal Unfolding of Ferricytochrome c Induced by the F82K Mutation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062134. [PMID: 32244917 PMCID: PMC7139943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that axial coordination of heme iron in mitochondrial cytochrome c has redox-dependent stability. The Met80 heme iron axial ligand in the ferric form of the protein is relatively labile and can be easily replaced by alternative amino acid side chains under non-native conditions induced by alkaline pH, high temperature, or denaturing agents. Here, we showed a redox-dependent destabilization induced in human cytochrome c by substituting Phe82-conserved amino acid and a key actor in cytochrome c intermolecular interactions-with a Lys residue. Introducing a positive charge at position 82 did not significantly affect the structure of ferrous cytochrome c but caused localized unfolding of the distal site in the ferric state. As revealed by 1H NMR fingerprint, the ferric form of the F82K variant had axial coordination resembling the renowned alkaline species, where the detachment of the native Met80 ligand favored the formation of multiple conformations involving distal Lys residues binding to iron, but with more limited overall structural destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lalli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (D.L.); (C.R.); (M.A.)
- Present Address: Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Camilla Rosa
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (D.L.); (C.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Marco Allegrozzi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (D.L.); (C.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Paola Turano
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (D.L.); (C.R.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-457-4266
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19
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Paradisi A, Bellei M, Paltrinieri L, Bortolotti CA, Di Rocco G, Ranieri A, Borsari M, Sola M, Battistuzzi G. Binding of S. cerevisiae iso-1 cytochrome c and its surface lysine-to-alanine variants to cardiolipin: charge effects and the role of the lipid to protein ratio. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:467-487. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Govind C, Paul M, Karunakaran V. Ultrafast Heme Relaxation Dynamics Probing the Unfolded States of Cytochrome c Induced by Liposomes: Effect of Charge of Phospholipids. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2769-2777. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinju Govind
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Megha Paul
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Venugopal Karunakaran
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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21
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Comparison of the structural dynamic and mitochondrial electron-transfer properties of the proapoptotic human cytochrome c variants, G41S, Y48H and A51V. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 203:110924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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22
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Paradisi A, Lancellotti L, Borsari M, Bellei M, Bortolotti CA, Di Rocco G, Ranieri A, Sola M, Battistuzzi G. Met80 and Tyr67 affect the chemical unfolding of yeast cytochrome c: comparing the solution vs.immobilized state. RSC Chem Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00115e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The motional regime affects the unfolding propensity and axial heme coordination of the Met80Ala and Met80Ala/Tyr67Ala variants of yeast iso-1 cytochromec.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lidia Lancellotti
- Department of Chemistry and Geology
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- 41126 Modena
- Italy
| | - Marco Borsari
- Department of Chemistry and Geology
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- 41126 Modena
- Italy
| | - Marzia Bellei
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- 41126 Modena
- Italy
| | | | - Giulia Di Rocco
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- 41126 Modena
- Italy
| | - Antonio Ranieri
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- 41126 Modena
- Italy
| | - Marco Sola
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- 41126 Modena
- Italy
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23
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Vamecq J, Papegay B, Nuyens V, Boogaerts J, Leo O, Kruys V. Mitochondrial dysfunction, AMPK activation and peroxisomal metabolism: A coherent scenario for non-canonical 3-methylglutaconic acidurias. Biochimie 2019; 168:53-82. [PMID: 31626852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (3-MGA) is a well understood phenomenon in leucine oxidation and ketogenesis disorders (primary 3-MGAs). In contrast, its genesis in non-canonical (secondary) 3-MGAs, a growing-up group of disorders encompassing more than a dozen of inherited metabolic diseases, is a mystery still remaining unresolved for three decades. To puzzle out this anthologic problem of metabolism, three clues were considered: (i) the variety of disorders suggests a common cellular target at the cross-road of metabolic and signaling pathways, (ii) the response to leucine loading test only discriminative for primary but not secondary 3-MGAs suggests these latter are disorders of extramitochondrial HMG-CoA metabolism as also attested by their failure to increase 3-hydroxyisovalerate, a mitochondrial metabolite accumulating only in primary 3-MGAs, (iii) the peroxisome is an extramitochondrial site possessing its own pool and displaying metabolism of HMG-CoA, suggesting its possible involvement in producing extramitochondrial 3-methylglutaconate (3-MG). Following these clues provides a unifying common basis to non-canonical 3-MGAs: constitutive mitochondrial dysfunction induces AMPK activation which, by inhibiting early steps in cholesterol and fatty acid syntheses, pipelines cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA to peroxisomes where a rise in HMG-CoA followed by local dehydration and hydrolysis may lead to 3-MGA yield. Additional contributors are considered, notably for 3-MGAs associated with hyperammonemia, and to a lesser extent in CLPB deficiency. Metabolic and signaling itineraries followed by the proposed scenario are essentially sketched, being provided with compelling evidence from the literature coming in their support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Vamecq
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Univ Lille, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hormonology, Metabolism-Nutrition & Oncology (HMNO), Center of Biology and Pathology (CBP) Pierre-Marie Degand, CHRU Lille, EA 7364 RADEME, University of North France, Lille, France.
| | - Bérengère Papegay
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB unit 222), University Hospital Center, Charleroi, (CHU Charleroi), Belgium
| | - Vincent Nuyens
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB unit 222), University Hospital Center, Charleroi, (CHU Charleroi), Belgium
| | - Jean Boogaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB unit 222), University Hospital Center, Charleroi, (CHU Charleroi), Belgium
| | - Oberdan Leo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Immunology Research Center (UIRC), Free University of Brussels (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Véronique Kruys
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Gene, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Immunology Research Center (UIRC), Free University of Brussels (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
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24
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Elmer-Dixon MM, Hoody J, Steele HBB, Becht DC, Bowler BE. Cardiolipin Preferentially Partitions to the Inner Leaflet of Mixed Lipid Large Unilamellar Vesicles. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:9111-9122. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Szymkowicz L, Lento C, Wilson DJ. Impact of Cardiolipin and Phosphatidylcholine Interactions on the Conformational Ensemble of Cytochrome c. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3617-3626. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Szymkowicz
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Cristina Lento
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Derek J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
- Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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26
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Li M, Mandal A, Tyurin VA, DeLucia M, Ahn J, Kagan VE, van der Wel PCA. Surface-Binding to Cardiolipin Nanodomains Triggers Cytochrome c Pro-apoptotic Peroxidase Activity via Localized Dynamics. Structure 2019; 27:806-815.e4. [PMID: 30879887 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The peroxidation of cardiolipins by reactive oxygen species, which is regulated and enhanced by cytochrome c (cyt c), is a critical signaling event in mitochondrial apoptosis. We probe the molecular underpinnings of this mitochondrial death signal through structural and functional studies of horse heart cyt c binding to mixed-lipid membranes containing cardiolipin with mono- and polyunsaturated acyl chains. Lipidomics reveal the selective oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) cardiolipin (CL), while multidimensional solid-state NMR probes the structure and dynamics of the membrane and the peripherally bound protein. The hydrophilic milieu at the membrane interface stabilizes a native-like fold, but also leads to localized flexibility at the membrane-interacting protein face. PUFA CL acts as both a preferred substrate and a dynamic regulator by affecting the dynamics of the cyt c N70-I85 Ω loop, which covers the heme cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Li
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Maria DeLucia
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jinwoo Ahn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119146, Russian Federation
| | - Patrick C A van der Wel
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Milorey B, Schweitzer-Stenner R, Kurbaj R, Malyshka D. pH-Induced Switch between Different Modes of Cytochrome c Binding to Cardiolipin-Containing Liposomes. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:1386-1400. [PMID: 31459406 PMCID: PMC6647999 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence, visible circular dichroism (CD), absorption, and resonance Raman spectroscopy techniques were combined to explore structural changes of ferricytochrome c upon its binding to cardiolipin-containing liposomes (20% 1,1',1,2'-tetraoleyolcardiolipin and 1,2-deoleyol-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) at acidic pH (6.5). According to the earlier work of Kawai [J. Biol. Chem.2005, 280, 34709-347171],cytochrome c binding at this pH is governed by interactions between the phosphate head groups of cardiolipin and amino acid side chains of the so-called L-site, which contains the charged residues K22, K25, K27, and potentially H26 and H33. We found that L-site binding causes a conformational transition that involves a change of the protein's ligation and spin state. In this paper, we report spectroscopic responses to an increasing number of cardiolipin-containing liposomes at pH 6.5 in the absence and presence of NaCl. The latter was found to mostly inhibit protein binding already with 50 mM concentration. The inhibition effect can be quantitatively reproduced by applying the electrostatic theory of Heimburg [Biophys. J.1995, 68, 536-546]. A comparison with corresponding spectroscopic response data obtained at pH 7.4 reveals major differences in that the latter indicates hydrophobic binding, followed by an electrostatically driven conformational change. Visible CD data suggest that structural changes in the heme pocket of liposome-bound ferricytochrome c resemble to some extent those in the denatured protein in urea at neutral and acidic pH. The measured noncoincidence between absorption and CD Soret band of cytochrome c in the presence of a large access of cardiolipin is caused by the electric field at the membrane surface. The very fact that its contribution to the internal electric field in the heme pocket is detectable by spectroscopic means suggests some penetration of the protein into membrane surface.
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28
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Minocycline prevents peroxidative permeabilization of cardiolipin-containing bilayer lipid membranes mediated by cytochrome c. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 507:510-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Elmer-Dixon MM, Bowler BE. Electrostatic Constituents of the Interaction of Cardiolipin with Site A of Cytochrome c. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5683-5695. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Elmer-Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Bimolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Bruce E. Bowler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Bimolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
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30
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Schweitzer-Stenner R. Relating the multi-functionality of cytochrome c to membrane binding and structural conversion. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1151-1185. [PMID: 29574621 PMCID: PMC6082307 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c is known as an electron-carrying protein in the respiratory chain of mitochondria. Over the last 20 years, however, alternative functions of this very versatile protein have become the focus of research interests. Upon binding to anionic lipids such as cardiolipin, the protein acquires peroxidase activity. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that this requires a conformational change of the protein which involves partial unfolding of its tertiary structure. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of how cytochrome c interacts with cardiolipin-containing surfaces and how this affects its structure and function. In this context, we delineate partially conflicting results regarding the affinity of cytochrome c binding to cardiolipin-containing liposomes of different size and its influence on the structure of the protein and the morphology of the membrane.
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31
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Khan SH, Islam A, Hassan MI, Sharma S, Singh TP, Ahmad F. Effect of conservative mutations (L94V and L94I) on the structure and stability of horse cytochrome c. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 633:40-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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32
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Karsisiotis AI, Deacon OM, Macdonald C, Blumenschein TMA, Moore GR, Worrall JAR. Near-complete backbone resonance assignments of acid-denatured human cytochrome c in dimethylsulfoxide: a prelude to studying interactions with phospholipids. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2017; 11:165-168. [PMID: 28260216 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-017-9740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human cytochrome c plays a central role in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain and in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Through the interaction with the phospholipid cardiolipin, cytochrome c triggers release of pro-apoptotic factors, including itself, from the mitochondrion into the cytosol of cells undergoing apoptosis. The cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex has been extensively studied through various spectroscopies, most recently with high-field solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopies, but there is no agreement between the various studies on key structural features of cytochrome c in its complex with cardiolipin. In the present study, we report backbone 1H, 13C, 15N resonance assignments of acid-denatured human cytochrome c in the aprotic solvent dimethylsulfoxide. These have led to the assignment of a reference 2D 1H-15N HSQC spectrum in which out of the 99 non-proline residues 87% of the backbone amides are assigned. These assignments are being used in an interrupted H/D exchange strategy to map the binding site of cardiolipin on human cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver M Deacon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Colin Macdonald
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Geoffrey R Moore
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jonathan A R Worrall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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33
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Elmer-Dixon MM, Bowler BE. Site A-Mediated Partial Unfolding of Cytochrome c on Cardiolipin Vesicles Is Species-Dependent and Does Not Require Lys72. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4830-4839. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Elmer-Dixon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Center
for Bimolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Bruce E. Bowler
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Center
for Bimolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
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34
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Lagoa R, Samhan-Arias AK, Gutierrez-Merino C. Correlation between the potency of flavonoids for cytochrome c reduction and inhibition of cardiolipin-induced peroxidase activity. Biofactors 2017; 43:451-468. [PMID: 28317253 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There are large differences between flavonoids to protect against apoptosis, a process in which cytochrome c (Cyt c) plays a key role. In this work, we show that 7 of 13 flavonoids studied have a capacity to reduce Cyt c similar or higher than ascorbate, the flavonols quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin, flavanol epigallocatechin-gallate, anthocyanidins cyanidin and malvidin, and the flavone luteolin. In contrast, the kaempferol 3(O)- and 3,4'(O)-methylated forms, the flavanone naringenin, and also apigenin and chrysin, had a negligible reducing capacity. Equilibrium dialysis and quenching of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene fluorescence experiments showed that flavonoids did not interfere with Cyt c binding to cardiolipin (CL)/phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles. However, the CL-induced loss of Cyt c Soret band intensity was largely attenuated by flavonoids, pointing out a stabilizing action against Cyt c unfolding in the complex. Moreover, flavonoids that behave as Cyt c reductants also inhibited the pro-apoptotic CL-induced peroxidase activity of Cyt c, indicating that modulation of Cyt c signaling are probable mechanisms behind the protective biological activities of flavonoids. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(3):451-468, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lagoa
- ESTG, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, Leiria, 2411-901, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Alejandro K Samhan-Arias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
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35
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Milorey B, Malyshka D, Schweitzer-Stenner R. pH Dependence of Ferricytochrome c Conformational Transitions during Binding to Cardiolipin Membranes: Evidence for Histidine as the Distal Ligand at Neutral pH. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1993-1998. [PMID: 28418677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The conformational changes of ferricytochrome c upon binding to cardiolipin-containing small unilamellar vesicles were studied at slightly acidic pH using fluorescence, visible circular dichroism, UV-visible absorption, and resonance Raman spectroscopy. The obtained spectroscopic response data suggest a mode of interaction, which is clearly distinct from the binding process observed at neutral pH. Evidence of a reversible and electrostatic binding mechanism under these conditions is provided through binding inhibition in the presence of 150 mM NaCl. Moreover, UV-visible absorption and resonance Raman spectra reveal that the conformational ensemble of membrane bound cytochrome c is dominated by a mixture of conformers with pentacoordinated and hexacoordinated high-spin heme irons, which contrast with the dominance of low-spin species at neutral pH. While our results confirm the L-site binding proposed by Kawai et al., they point to the protonation of a histidine ligand (H33) as conformational trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Milorey
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Dmitry Malyshka
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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36
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Milazzo L, Tognaccini L, Howes BD, Sinibaldi F, Piro MC, Fittipaldi M, Baratto MC, Pogni R, Santucci R, Smulevich G. Unravelling the Non-Native Low-Spin State of the Cytochrome c–Cardiolipin Complex: Evidence of the Formation of a His-Ligated Species Only. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1887-1898. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Milazzo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università di Firenze, Via della
Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tognaccini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università di Firenze, Via della
Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Barry D. Howes
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università di Firenze, Via della
Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Federica Sinibaldi
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Sperimentale e Chirurgia, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via
Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria C. Piro
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Sperimentale e Chirurgia, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via
Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Fittipaldi
- Dipartimento
di Fisica ed Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via Sansone
1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
(FI), Italy
| | - Maria C. Baratto
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro
2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro
2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Santucci
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via
Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulietta Smulevich
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università di Firenze, Via della
Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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37
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Malyshka D, Schweitzer-Stenner R. Ferrocyanide-Mediated Photoreduction of Ferricytochrome C Utilized to Selectively Probe Non-native Conformations Induced by Binding to Cardiolipin-Containing Liposomes. Chemistry 2016; 23:1151-1156. [PMID: 27859757 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ferricytochrome c binding to cardiolipin-containing liposomes produces a heterogeneous distribution of conformations comprising native-like and non-native misfolded proteins. We utilized the photoreduction of native ferricytochrome c in the presence of potassium ferrocyanide and resonance Raman spectroscopy to probe the population of native and misfolded cytochrome c on liposomes with 20 % tetraoleylcardiolipin (TOCL)/80 % dioleylphosphocholine (DOPC) and with 100 % TOCL as a function of TOCL concentration. Our data provided strong support for an earlier model, which predicts that the equilibrium between native and non-native conformations is shifted to the latter with decreasing protein occupation of liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Malyshka
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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38
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Sinibaldi F, Milazzo L, Howes BD, Piro MC, Fiorucci L, Polticelli F, Ascenzi P, Coletta M, Smulevich G, Santucci R. The key role played by charge in the interaction of cytochrome c with cardiolipin. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 22:19-29. [PMID: 27826772 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c undergoes structural variations upon binding of cardiolipin, one of the phospholipids constituting the mitochondrial membrane. Although several mechanisms governing cytochrome c/cardiolipin (cyt c/CL) recognition have been proposed, the interpretation of the process remains, at least in part, unknown. To better define the steps characterizing the cyt c-CL interaction, the role of Lys72 and Lys73, two residues thought to be important in the protein/lipid binding interaction, were recently investigated by mutagenesis. The substitution of the two (positively charged) Lys residues with Asn revealed that such mutations cancel the CL-dependent peroxidase activity of cyt c; furthermore, CL does not interact with the Lys72Asn mutant. In the present paper, we extend our study to the Lys → Arg mutants to investigate the influence exerted by the charge possessed by the residues located at positions 72 and 73 on the cyt c/CL interaction. On the basis of the present work a number of overall conclusions can be drawn: (i) position 72 must be occupied by a positively charged residue to assure cyt c/CL recognition; (ii) the Arg residues located at positions 72 and 73 permit cyt c to react with CL; (iii) the replacement of Lys72 with Arg weakens the second (low-affinity) binding transition; (iv) the Lys73Arg mutation strongly increases the peroxidase activity of the CL-bound protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sinibaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa Milazzo
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy
| | - Barry D Howes
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Piro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Fiorucci
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, 'Roma Tre' Section, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulietta Smulevich
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
| | - Roberto Santucci
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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39
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Firsov AM, Kotova EA, Orlov VN, Antonenko YN, Skulachev VP. A mitochondria-targeted antioxidant can inhibit peroxidase activity of cytochromecby detachment of the protein from liposomes. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2836-43. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Firsov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Russia
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Russia
| | - Elena A. Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Russia
| | - Viktor N. Orlov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Russia
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Skulachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Russia
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Russia
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40
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Trashin S, de Jong M, Meynen V, Dewilde S, De Wael K. Attaching Redox Proteins onto Electrode Surfaces by using bis-Silane. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Trashin
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 2010 Antwerpen Belgium
| | - Mats de Jong
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 2010 Antwerpen Belgium
| | - Vera Meynen
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis (LADCA); Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Sylvia Dewilde
- PPES Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 2010 Antwerpen Belgium
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41
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O'Brien ES, Nucci NV, Fuglestad B, Tommos C, Wand AJ. Defining the Apoptotic Trigger: THE INTERACTION OF CYTOCHROME c AND CARDIOLIPIN. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30879-87. [PMID: 26487716 PMCID: PMC4692216 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.689406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between cytochrome c and the anionic lipid cardiolipin has been proposed as a primary event in the apoptotic signaling cascade. Numerous studies that have examined the interaction of cytochrome c with cardiolipin embedded in a variety of model phospholipid membranes have suggested that partial unfolding of the protein is a precursor to the apoptotic response. However, these studies lacked site resolution and used model systems with negligible or a positive membrane curvature, which is distinct from the large negative curvature of the invaginations of the inner mitochondrial membrane where cytochrome c resides. We have used reverse micelle encapsulation to mimic the potential effects of confinement on the interaction of cytochrome c with cardiolipin. Encapsulation of oxidized horse cytochrome c in 1-decanoyl-rac-glycerol/lauryldimethylamine-N-oxide/hexanol reverse micelles prepared in pentane yields NMR spectra essentially identical to the protein in free aqueous solution. The structure of encapsulated ferricytochrome c was determined to high precision (bb ∼ 0.23 Å) using NMR-based methods and is closely similar to the cryogenic crystal structure (bb ∼ 1.2 Å). Incorporation of cardiolipin into the reverse micelle surfactant shell causes localized chemical shift perturbations of the encapsulated protein, providing the first view of the cardiolipin/cytochrome c interaction interface at atomic resolution. Three distinct sites of interaction are detected: the so-called A- and L-sites, plus a previously undocumented interaction centered on residues Phe-36, Gly-37, Thr-58, Trp-59, and Lys-60. Importantly, in distinct contrast to earlier studies of this interaction, the protein is not significantly disturbed by the binding of cardiolipin in the context of the reverse micelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan S O'Brien
- From the Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059
| | - Nathaniel V Nucci
- From the Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059
| | - Brian Fuglestad
- From the Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059
| | - Cecilia Tommos
- From the Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059
| | - A Joshua Wand
- From the Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059
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42
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Pandiscia LA, Schweitzer-Stenner R. Coexistence of Native-Like and Non-Native Cytochrome c on Anionic Liposomes with Different Cardiolipin Content. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12846-59. [PMID: 26369421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b07328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We employed a combination of fluorescence, visible circular dichroism, and absorption spectroscopy to study the conformational changes of ferricytochrome c upon its binding to cardiolipin-containing small unilamellar vesicles. The measurements were performed as a function of the cardiolipin concentration, the cardiolipin content of the liposomes, and the NaCl concentration of the solvent. The data were analyzed with a novel model that combines a single binding step with a conformational equilibrium between native-like and non-native-like proteins bound to the membrane surface. The equilibrium between the two conformations, which themselves are comprised of structurally slightly different subconformations, shifts to the more non-native-like conformation with increasing cardiolipin concentration. For the binding isotherms described in this paper, we explicitly considered the enthalpic and entropic contributions of molecular crowding to protein binding at low lipid concentrations and high occupancy of the liposome surface. Increasing the CL content of liposomes increases the overall binding affinity but makes the conformational distribution much more susceptible to the influence of sodium and chloride ions, which shifts the equilibrium toward the more native-like state and directly inhibits binding, particularly to liposomes with 100% cardiolipin content. Spectroscopic evidence further suggests that a fraction of the non-native conformers adopts a pentacoordinated state similar to those obtained in class C peroxidases. On the basis of our results, we propose a hypothesis that describes the balance between facilitating and impeding forces controlling the peroxidase activity of cytochrome c in the inner membrane space of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Pandiscia
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University , 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University , 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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43
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Luévano-Martínez LA, Kowaltowski AJ. Phosphatidylglycerol-derived phospholipids have a universal, domain-crossing role in stress responses. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 585:90-97. [PMID: 26391924 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol and phospholipids derived from it are widely distributed throughout the three domains of life. Cardiolipin is the best characterized of these phospholipids, and plays a key role in the response to environmental variations. Phosphatidylglycerol-derived phospholipids confer cell membranes with a wide range of responses, including changes in surface charge, fluidity, flexibility, morphology, biosynthesis and remodeling, that adapt the cell to these situations. Furthermore, the synthesis and remodeling of these phospholipids is finely regulated, highlighting the importance of these lipids in cell homeostasis and responses during stressful situations. In this article, we review the most important roles of these anionic phospholipids across domains, focusing on the biophysical basis by which these phospholipids are used in stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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44
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Birk AV, Chao WM, Liu S, Soong Y, Szeto HH. Disruption of cytochrome c heme coordination is responsible for mitochondrial injury during ischemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1075-84. [PMID: 26071084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was recently suggested that electron flow into cyt c, coupled with ROS generation, oxidizes cyt c Met(80) to Met(80) sulfoxide (Met-O) in isolated hearts after ischemia-reperfusion, and converts cyt c to a peroxidase. We hypothesize that ischemia disrupts Met(80)-Fe ligation of cyt c, forming pentacoordinated heme Fe(2+), which inhibits electron transport (ET) and promotes oxygenase activity. METHODS SS-20 (Phe-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2) was used to demonstrate the role of Met(80)-Fe ligation in ischemia. Mitochondria were isolated from ischemic rat kidneys to determine sites of respiratory inhibition. Mitochondrial cyt c and cyt c Met-O were quantified by western blot, and cristae architecture was examined by electron microscopy. RESULTS Biochemical and structural studies showed that SS-20 selectively targets cardiolipin (CL) and protects Met(80)-Fe ligation in cyt c. Ischemic mitochondria showed 17-fold increase in Met-O cyt c, and dramatic cristaeolysis. Loss of cyt c was associated with proteolytic degradation of OPA1. Ischemia significantly inhibited ET initiated by direct reduction of cyt c and coupled respiration. All changes were prevented by SS-20. CONCLUSION Our results show that ischemia disrupts the Met(80)-Fe ligation of cyt c resulting in the formation of a globin-like pentacoordinated heme Fe(2+) that inhibits ET, and converts cyt c into an oxygenase to cause CL peroxidation and proteolytic degradation of OPA1, resulting in cyt c release. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Cyt c heme structure represents a novel target for minimizing ischemic injury. SS-20, which we show to selectively target CL and protect the Met(80)-Fe ligation, minimizes ischemic injury and promotes ATP recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Birk
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Research Program in Mitochondrial Therapeutics, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wesley M Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Research Program in Mitochondrial Therapeutics, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shaoyi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Research Program in Mitochondrial Therapeutics, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi Soong
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Research Program in Mitochondrial Therapeutics, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hazel H Szeto
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Research Program in Mitochondrial Therapeutics, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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45
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Paul SS, Sil P, Haldar S, Mitra S, Chattopadhyay K. Subtle Change in the Charge Distribution of Surface Residues May Affect the Secondary Functions of Cytochrome c. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14476-90. [PMID: 25873393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the primary function of cytochrome c (cyt c) is electron transfer, the protein caries out an additional secondary function involving its interaction with membrane cardiolipin (CDL), its peroxidase activity, and the initiation of apoptosis. Whereas the primary function of cyt c is essentially conserved, its secondary function varies depending on the source of the protein. We report here a detailed experimental and computational study, which aims to understand, at the molecular level, the difference in the secondary functions of cyt c obtained from horse heart (mammalian) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). The conformational landscape of cyt c has been found to be heterogeneous, consisting of an equilibrium between the compact and extended conformers as well as the oligomeric species. Because the determination of relative populations of these conformers is difficult to obtain by ensemble measurements, we used fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), a method that offers single-molecule resolution. The population of different species is found to depend on multiple factors, including the protein source, the presence of CDL and urea, and their concentrations. The complex interplay between the conformational distribution and oligomerization plays a crucial role in the variation of the pre-apoptotic regulation of cyt c observed from different sources. Finally, computational studies reveal that the variation in the charge distribution at the surface and the charge reversal sites may be the key determinant of the conformational stability of cyt c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simanta Sarani Paul
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pallabi Sil
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Shubhasis Haldar
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Samaresh Mitra
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
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46
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Ascenzi P, Coletta M, Wilson MT, Fiorucci L, Marino M, Polticelli F, Sinibaldi F, Santucci R. Cardiolipin-cytochrome c complex: Switching cytochrome c from an electron-transfer shuttle to a myoglobin- and a peroxidase-like heme-protein. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:98-109. [PMID: 25857294 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c (cytc) is a small heme-protein located in the space between the inner and the outer membrane of the mitochondrion that transfers electrons from cytc-reductase to cytc-oxidase. The hexa-coordinated heme-Fe atom of cytc displays a very low reactivity toward ligands and does not exhibit significant catalytic properties. However, upon cardiolipin (CL) binding, cytc achieves ligand binding and catalytic properties reminiscent of those of myoglobin and peroxidase. In particular, the peroxidase activity of the cardiolipin-cytochrome c complex (CL-cytc) is critical for the redistribution of CL from the inner to the outer mitochondrial membranes and is essential for the execution and completion of the apoptotic program. On the other hand, the capability of CL-cytc to bind NO and CO and the heme-Fe-based scavenging of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species may affect apoptosis. Here, the ligand binding and catalytic properties of CL-cytc are analyzed in parallel with those of CL-free cytc, myoglobin, and peroxidase to dissect the potential mechanisms of CL in modulating the pro- and anti-apoptotic actions of cytc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
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47
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Pandiscia LA, Schweitzer-Stenner R. Coexistence of Native-like and Non-Native Partially Unfolded Ferricytochrome c on the Surface of Cardiolipin-Containing Liposomes. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:1334-49. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5104752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah A. Pandiscia
- Department
of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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48
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Nguyen KT. An electronically enhanced chiral sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy study of lipid-bound cytochrome c. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:195-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06916a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electronically enhanced chiral SFG spectroscopy was employed to study the lipid bound cyt c in situ. It was directly observed that upon interacting with anionic phospholipids, the amino acid residues around the heme adopted the β-sheet conformation. In addition, the orientation of this newly formed β-sheet structure was found to be sensitive to the bulk pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoi Tan Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Biotechnology
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49
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Wang ZP, Ding XZ, Wang J, Li YM. Double-edged sword in cells: chemical biology studies of the vital role of cytochrome c in the intrinsic pre-apoptotic mitochondria leakage pathway. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides functioning as an electron transporter in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, cytochrome c (cyt c) is also one of the determinants in the execution of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng Wang
- School of Medical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Xiao-Zhe Ding
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Medical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Medical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
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50
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Ren M, Phoon CKL, Schlame M. Metabolism and function of mitochondrial cardiolipin. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 55:1-16. [PMID: 24769127 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since it has been recognized that mitochondria are crucial not only for energy metabolism but also for other cellular functions, there has been a growing interest in cardiolipin, the specific phospholipid of mitochondrial membranes. Indeed, cardiolipin is a universal component of mitochondria in all eukaryotes. It has a unique dimeric structure comprised of two phosphatidic acid residues linked by a glycerol bridge, which gives rise to unique physicochemical properties. Cardiolipin plays an important role in the structural organization and the function of mitochondrial membranes. In this article, we review the literature on cardiolipin biology, focusing on the most important discoveries of the past decade. Specifically, we describe the formation, the migration, and the degradation of cardiolipin and we discuss how cardiolipin affects mitochondrial function. We also give an overview of the various phenotypes of cardiolipin deficiency in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindong Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Colin K L Phoon
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Michael Schlame
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
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