1
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Duan Q, Ye Z, Zhou K, Wang F, Lian C, Shang Y, Liu H. An Investigation into the Transdermal Behavior of Active Ingredients by Combination of Experiments and Multiscale Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6327-6337. [PMID: 38913878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Transdermal behavior is a critical aspect of studying delivery systems and evaluating the efficacy of cosmetics. However, existing methods face challenges such as lengthy experiments, high cost, and limited model accuracy. Therefore, developing accurate transdermal models is essential for formulation development and effectiveness assessment. In this study, we developed a multiscale model to describe the transdermal behavior of active ingredients in the stratum corneum. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to construct lipid bilayers and determine the diffusion coefficients of active ingredients in different regions of these bilayers. These diffusion coefficients were integrated into a multilayer lipid pathway model using finite element simulations. The simulation results were in close agreement with our experimental results for three active ingredients (mandelic acid (MAN), nicotinamide (NIC), and pyruvic acid (PYR)), demonstrating the effectiveness of our multiscale model. This research provides valuable insights for advancing transdermal delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Duan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhicheng Ye
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kangfu Zhou
- Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Cheng Lian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yazhuo Shang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglai Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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2
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Lunter D, Klang V, Eichner A, Savic SM, Savic S, Lian G, Erdő F. Progress in Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Research-Focus on Nanoformulations. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:817. [PMID: 38931938 PMCID: PMC11207871 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ and a multifunctional interface between the body and its environment. It acts as a barrier against cold, heat, injuries, infections, chemicals, radiations or other exogeneous factors, and it is also known as the mirror of the soul. The skin is involved in body temperature regulation by the storage of fat and water. It is an interesting tissue in regard to the local and transdermal application of active ingredients for prevention or treatment of pathological conditions. Topical and transdermal delivery is an emerging route of drug and cosmetic administration. It is beneficial for avoiding side effects and rapid metabolism. Many pharmaceutical, technological and cosmetic innovations have been described and patented recently in the field. In this review, the main features of skin morphology and physiology are presented and are being followed by the description of classical and novel nanoparticulate dermal and transdermal drug formulations. The biophysical aspects of the penetration of drugs and cosmetics into or across the dermal barrier and their investigation in diffusion chambers, skin-on-a-chip devices, high-throughput measuring systems or with advanced analytical techniques are also shown. The current knowledge about mathematical modeling of skin penetration and the future perspectives are briefly discussed in the end, all also involving nanoparticulated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Victoria Klang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Adina Eichner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany;
- Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (IADP) e.V., 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Sanela M. Savic
- Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
- R&D Sector, DCP Hemigal, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia
| | - Snezana Savic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Guoping Lian
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Nguyen-Thi PT, Vo TK, Le HT, Nguyen NTT, Nguyen TT, Van Vo G. Translation from Preclinical Research to Clinical Trials: Transdermal Drug Delivery for Neurodegenerative and Mental Disorders. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1045-1092. [PMID: 38862719 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), particularly dementia, provide significant problems to worldwide healthcare systems. The development of therapeutic materials for various diseases has a severe challenge in the form of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Transdermal treatment has recently garnered widespread favor as an alternative method of delivering active chemicals to the brain. This approach has several advantages, including low invasiveness, self-administration, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, preservation of steady plasma concentrations, regulated release, safety, efficacy, and better patient compliance. Topics include the transdermal method for therapeutic NDs, their classification, and the mechanisms that allow the medicine to enter the bloodstream through the skin. The paper also discusses the obstacles and potential outcomes of transdermal therapy, emphasizing the benefits and drawbacks of different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuong Kha Vo
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy (VNU-UMP), Vietnam National University Hanoi, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thuy Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nhat Thang Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 71420, Vietnam.
| | - Thuy Trang Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 71420, Vietnam
| | - Giau Van Vo
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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4
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Sebastia-Saez D, Lian G, Chen T. In Silico Study on the Contribution of the Follicular Route to Dermal Permeability of Small Molecules. Pharm Res 2024; 41:567-576. [PMID: 38351229 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates in silico the contribution of the hair follicle to the overall dermal permeability of small molecules, as published experimental work provides inconclusive information on whether the follicular route favours the permeation of hydrophobic or hydrophilic permeants. METHOD A study is conducted varying physico-chemical parameters of permeants such as lipophilicity, molecular weight and protein binding. The simulated data is compared to published experimental data to discuss how those properties can modulate the contribution of the hair follicle to the overall dermal permeation. RESULTS The results indicate that the contribution of the follicular route to dermal permeation can range from negligible to notable depending on the combination of lipophilic/hydrophilic properties of the substance filling the follicular route and the permeant. CONCLUSION Characterisation of the substance filling the follicular route is required for analysing the experimental data of dermal permeation of small molecules, as changes between in vivo and in vitro due to handling of samples and cessation of vital functions can modify the contribution of the follicular route to overall dermal permeation, hence hindering data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sebastia-Saez
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| | | | - Tao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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5
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Lee DH, Lim S, Kwak SS, Kim J. Advancements in Skin-Mediated Drug Delivery: Mechanisms, Techniques, and Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302375. [PMID: 38009520 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Skin-mediated drug delivery methods currently are receiving significant attention as a promising approach for the enhanced delivery of drugs through the skin. Skin-mediated drug delivery offers the potential to overcome the limitations of traditional drug delivery methods, including oral administration and intravenous injection. The challenges associated with drug permeation through layers of skin, which act as a major barrier, are explored, and strategies to overcome these limitations are discussed in detail. This review categorizes skin-mediated drug delivery methods based on the means of increasing drug permeation, and it provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and techniques associated with these methods. In addition, recent advancements in the application of skin-mediated drug delivery are presented. The review also outlines the limitations of ongoing research and suggests future perspectives of studies regarding the skin-mediated delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ha Lee
- Center for Bionics of Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Lim
- Center for Bionics of Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kwak
- Center for Bionics of Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- Center for Bionics of Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
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6
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Deacon BN, Piasentin N, Cai Q, Chen T, Lian G. An examination of published datasets of skin permeability and partition coefficients. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 93:105702. [PMID: 37769857 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Permeability and partition coefficients of the skin barrier are important for assessing dermal absorption, bioavailability, and safety of cosmetics and medicine. We use the Potts and Guy equation to analyse the dependence of skin permeability on the hydrophobicity of permeants and highlight the significant differences in published datasets. Correlations of solute partition to skin are examined to understand the likely causes of the differences in the skin permeability datasets. Recently published permeability datasets show weak correlation and low dependence on hydrophobicity. As expected, early datasets show good correlation with hydrophobicity due to the related derivation. The weaker correlation of later datasets cannot be explained by the partition to skin lipids. All the datasets of solute partition to skin lipid showed a similar correlation to hydrophobicity where the log-linear correlation coefficient of partition is almost the same of the log-linear coefficient of Potts and Guy equation. Weak correlation and dependence of the late permeability datasets with SC lipid/water partition and that they are significantly under predicted by the Potts and Guy equation suggests either additional non-lipid pathway at play or a weaker skin barrier property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Deacon
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK
| | - Nicola Piasentin
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK; Unilever R&D Colworth, Unilever, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, UK
| | - Qiong Cai
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK
| | - Guoping Lian
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK; Unilever R&D Colworth, Unilever, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, UK.
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7
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Matharoo NS, Garimella HT, German C, Przekwas AJ, Michniak-Kohn B. A Comparative Evaluation of Desoximetasone Cream and Ointment Formulations Using Experiments and In Silico Modeling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15118. [PMID: 37894801 PMCID: PMC10606375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The administration of therapeutic drugs through dermal routes, such as creams and ointments, has emerged as an increasingly popular alternative to traditional delivery methods, such as tablets and injections. In the context of drug development, it is crucial to identify the optimal doses and delivery routes that ensure successful outcomes. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have been proposed to simulate drug delivery and optimize drug formulations, but the calibration of these models is challenging due to the multitude of variables involved and limited experimental data. One significant research gap that this article addresses is the need for more efficient and accurate methods for calibrating PBPK models for dermal drug delivery. This manuscript presents a novel approach and an integrated dermal drug delivery model to address this gap that leverages virtual in vitro release (IVRT) and permeation (IVPT) testing data to optimize mechanistic models. The proposed approach was demonstrated through a study involving Desoximetasone cream and ointment formulations, where the release kinetics and permeation profiles of Desoximetasone were determined experimentally, and a computational model was created to simulate the results. The experimental studies showed that, even though the cumulative permeation of Desoximetasone at the end of the permeation study was comparable, there was a significant difference seen in the lag time in the permeation of Desoximetasone between the cream and ointment. Additionally, there was a significant difference seen in the amount of Desoximetasone permeated through human cadaver skin at early time points when the cream and ointment were compared. The computational model was optimized and validated, suggesting that this approach has the potential to bridge the existing research gap by improving the accuracy and efficiency of drug development processes. The model results show a good fit between the experimental data and model predictions. During the model optimization process, it became evident that there was variability in both the permeability and the partition coefficient within the stratum corneum. This variability had a significant and noteworthy influence on the overall performance of the model, especially when it came to its capacity to differentiate between cream and ointment formulations. Leveraging virtual models significantly aids the comprehension of drug release and permeation, mitigating the demanding data requirements. The use of virtual IVRT and IVPT data can accelerate the calibration of PBPK models, streamline the selection of the appropriate doses, and optimize drug delivery. Moreover, this novel approach could potentially reduce the time and resources involved in drug development, thus making it more cost-effective and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata S. Matharoo
- Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bozena Michniak-Kohn
- Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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8
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Wennberg C, Lundborg M, Lindahl E, Norlén L. Understanding Drug Skin Permeation Enhancers Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:4900-4911. [PMID: 37462219 PMCID: PMC10428223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Our skin constitutes an effective permeability barrier that protects the body from exogenous substances but concomitantly severely limits the number of pharmaceutical drugs that can be delivered transdermally. In topical formulation design, chemical permeation enhancers (PEs) are used to increase drug skin permeability. In vitro skin permeability experiments can measure net effects of PEs on transdermal drug transport, but they cannot explain the molecular mechanisms of interactions between drugs, permeation enhancers, and skin structure, which limits the possibility to rationally design better new drug formulations. Here we investigate the effect of the PEs water, lauric acid, geraniol, stearic acid, thymol, ethanol, oleic acid, and eucalyptol on the transdermal transport of metronidazole, caffeine, and naproxen. We use atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in combination with developed molecular models to calculate the free energy difference between 11 PE-containing formulations and the skin's barrier structure. We then utilize the results to calculate the final concentration of PEs in skin. We obtain an RMSE of 0.58 log units for calculated partition coefficients from water into the barrier structure. We then use the modified PE-containing barrier structure to calculate the PEs' permeability enhancement ratios (ERs) on transdermal metronidazole, caffeine, and naproxen transport and compare with the results obtained from in vitro experiments. We show that MD simulations are able to reproduce rankings based on ERs. However, strict quantitative correlation with experimental data needs further refinement, which is complicated by significant deviations between different measurements. Finally, we propose a model for how to use calculations of the potential of mean force of drugs across the skin's barrier structure in a topical formulation design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magnus Lundborg
- Science
for Life Laboratory, ERCO Pharma AB, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Erik Lindahl
- Department
of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Stockholm
University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Applied Physics, Swedish e-Science Research Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Norlén
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska
Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
- Dermatology
Clinic. Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
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9
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Zamani Zakaria A, Jepps OG, Gould T, Anissimov YG. Permeable Cornified Envelope Layer Regulates the Solute Transport in Human Stratum Corneum. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1939-1946. [PMID: 36931344 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
To unravel the diffusion mechanisms of percutaneous drug delivery, suitable numerical analysis of stratum corneum structure is essential. In this research paper, we accounted for the permeable envelope layer in the brick-and-mortar finite element models of human stratum corneum. Both penetration and desorption experiments for tritiated water were simulated by transient finite element analysis. Rivet-shaped corneodesmosomes were included in the brick and mortar model. Results showed that cornified lipid permeability (Penv) is a determinant in desorption of the solute, while lipid transverse diffusion coefficient (Dlip-trans) is prominent during penetration. These two major unknowns (Penv and Dlip-trans) were obtained by extensive fitting of the finite element model to the experimental water data. Penv and Dlip-trans were determined to be 1×10-2 cm/s and 5.7×10-10 cm2/s, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Zamani Zakaria
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Queensland 4111, Australia; Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Owen G Jepps
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Queensland 4111, Australia; Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Tim Gould
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Queensland 4111, Australia; Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Yuri G Anissimov
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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10
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Piasentin N, Lian G, Cai Q. In Silico Prediction of Stratum Corneum Partition Coefficients via COSMOmic and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2719-2728. [PMID: 36930176 PMCID: PMC10068742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Stratum corneum (SC) is the main barrier of human skin where the inter-corneocytes lipids provide the main pathway for transdermal permeation of functional actives of skin care and health. Molecular dynamics (MD) has been increasingly used to simulate the SC lipid bilayer structure so that the barrier property and its affecting factors can be elucidated. Among reported MD simulation studies, solute partition in the SC lipids, an important parameter affecting SC permeability, has received limited attention. In this work, we combine MD simulation with COSMOmic to predict the partition coefficients of dermatologically relevant solutes in SC lipid bilayer. Firstly, we run MD simulations to obtain equilibrated SC lipid bilayers with different lipid types, compositions, and structures. Then, the simulated SC lipid bilayer structures are fed to COSMOmic to calculate the partition coefficients of the solutes. The results show that lipid types and bilayer geometries play a minor role in the predicted partition coefficients. For the more lipophilic solutes, the predicted results of solute partition in SC lipid bilayers agree well with reported experimental values of solute partition in extracted SC lipids. For the more hydrophilic molecules, there is a systematical underprediction. Nevertheless, the MD/COSMOmic approach correctly reproduces the phenomenological correlation between the SC lipid/water partition coefficients and the octanol/water partition coefficients. Overall, the results show that the MD/COSMOmic approach is a fast and valid method for predicting solute partitioning into SC lipids and hence supporting the assessment of percutaneous absorption of skin care ingredients, dermatological drugs as well as environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Piasentin
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, U.K.,Unilever R&D Colworth, Unilever, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, U.K
| | - Guoping Lian
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, U.K.,Unilever R&D Colworth, Unilever, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, U.K
| | - Qiong Cai
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, U.K
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11
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Membrane permeability based on mesh analysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 633:526-535. [PMID: 36463821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main function of a membrane is to control the exchange of matter between the surrounding regions. As such, accurate modeling of membranes is important to properly describe their properties. In many cases in both biological systems and technical applications, the membranes are composite structures where transport properties may vary between the different sub-regions of the membrane. In this work we develop a method based on Mesh analysis that is asymptotically exact and can describe diffusion in composite membrane structures. We do this by first reformulating a generalized Fick's law to include the effects from activity coefficient, diffusion coefficient, and solubility using a single condensed parameter. We then use the derived theory and Mesh analysis to, in essence, retrieve a finite element method approach. The calculated examples are based on a membrane structure that reassembles that of the brick and mortar structure of stratum corneum, the upper layer of our skin. Resulting concentration profiles from this procedure are then compared to experimental results for the distribution of different probes within intact stratum corneum, showing good agreement. Based on the derived approach we further investigate the impact from a gradient in the fluidity of the stratum corneum mortar lipids across the membrane, and find that it is substantial. We also show that anisotropic organisation of the lipid mortar can have large impact on the effective permeability compared to isotropic mortar lipids. Finally, we examine the effects of corneocyte swelling, and their lateral arrangement in the membrane on the overall membrane permeability.
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12
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Wang J, Nitsche JM, Kasting GB, Wittum G, Nägel A. Transdermal and lateral effective diffusivities for drug transport in stratum corneum from a microscopic anisotropic diffusion model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023:S0939-6411(23)00032-2. [PMID: 36764498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a computational model of molecular diffusion through the interfollicular stratum corneum. Specifically, it extends an earlier two-dimensional microscopic model for the permeability in two ways: (1) a microporous leakage pathway through the intercellular lipid lamellae allows slow permeation of highly hydrophilic permeants through the tissue; and (2) the model yields explicit predictions of both lateral (D‾‖sc) and transdermal (D‾⊥sc) effective (average, homogenized) diffusivities of solutes within the tissue. We present here the mathematical framework for the analysis and a comparison of the predictions with experimental data on desorption of both hydrophilic and lipophilic solutes from human stratum corneum in vitro. Diffusion in the lipid lamellae is found to make the effective diffusivity highly anisotropic, with the predicted ratio D‾‖sc/D‾⊥sc ranging from 34-39 for fully hydrated skin and 150 to more than 1000 for partially hydrated skin. The diffusivities and their ratio are in accord with both experimental data and the results of mathematical analyses performed by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxi Wang
- Goethe Center for Scientific Computing, Kettenhofweg 139, Goethe University, 60325 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Johannes M Nitsche
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Gabriel Wittum
- Goethe Center for Scientific Computing, Kettenhofweg 139, Goethe University, 60325 Frankfurt a.M., Germany; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi-Arabia
| | - Arne Nägel
- Goethe Center for Scientific Computing, Kettenhofweg 139, Goethe University, 60325 Frankfurt a.M., Germany.
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13
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Zhang Q, Alinaghi A, Williams DB, Roberts MS. A thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of human epidermal penetration of phenolic compounds: II. Maximum flux and solute diffusion through stratum corneum lipids. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122522. [PMID: 36563793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Warming the skin is a key means of promoting solute permeation through the skin. Changes in solute permeation associated with variations in skin temperature also assist in understanding the mechanism by which solutes permeate the skin. However, few studies have considered the relative impact of temperature on the main determinants of the maximum flux for a solute across the skin, the solubility of a solute and its diffusivity in the stratum corneum. In this study, we quantified for the first time the thermodynamics associated with the maximum skin fluxes for a series of phenolic compounds of similar size but with varying lipophilicity (defined by the logarithms of their octanol/water partition coefficient, logP). These studies were undertaken using aqueous donor solutions (along with testosterone as a reference solute) across human epidermal membranes in vertical Franz diffusion cells at 4 °C, 24 °C and 37 °C with intermittent receptor sampling and volume replacement over 24 h. Kinetic and thermodynamic analyses included the estimation of the stratum corneum (SC) apparent SC diffusivity from the SC maximum fluxes and SC solubilities and the associated activation energies, enthalpies and entropies for diffusion. The key findings were that the differences in the maximum flux of phenolic compounds varying in lipophilicity mainly arose from differences in SC solubility at the various temperatures and that, at the highest temperature, SC permeability and SC diffusion were affected by SC lipid fluidisation and that variations in SC - water partitioning enthalpies explain some of the previously low activation energies for permeation of the more lipophilic phenols. Higher enthalpies for diffusion were seen for solutes with addition hydrogen bonding capacity and the highest negative entropy was observed with the more compact solutes. Various relationships between the derived thermodynamic parameters were explored and interpreted in a proposed model for solute partitioning into and permeation through the SC intercellular lipid lamellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia; Current address: Acrux DDS Pty Ltd, 103-113 Stanley St, West Melbourne, VIC 3003, Australia
| | - Azadeh Alinaghi
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Desmond B Williams
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Therapeutics Research Centre, Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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14
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Patel N, Clarke JF, Salem F, Abdulla T, Martins F, Arora S, Tsakalozou E, Hodgkinson A, Arjmandi-Tash O, Cristea S, Ghosh P, Alam K, Raney SG, Jamei M, Polak S. Multi-phase multi-layer mechanistic dermal absorption (MPML MechDermA) model to predict local and systemic exposure of drug products applied on skin. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2022; 11:1060-1084. [PMID: 35670226 PMCID: PMC9381913 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models combine knowledge about physiology, drug product properties, such as physicochemical parameters, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion characteristics, formulation attributes, and trial design or dosing regimen to mechanistically simulate drug pharmacokinetics (PK). The current work describes the development of a multiphase, multilayer mechanistic dermal absorption (MPML MechDermA) model within the Simcyp Simulator capable of simulating uptake and permeation of drugs through human skin following application of drug products to the skin. The model was designed to account for formulation characteristics as well as body site- and sex- population variability to predict local and systemic bioavailability. The present report outlines the structure and assumptions of the MPML MechDermA model and includes results from simulations comparing absorption at multiple body sites for two compounds, caffeine and benzoic acid, formulated as solutions. Finally, a model of the Feldene (piroxicam) topical gel, 0.5% was developed and assessed for its ability to predict both plasma and local skin concentrations when compared to in vivo PK data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Khondoker Alam
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sam G Raney
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Sebastian Polak
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK, Sheffield, UK.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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15
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Pan C, Phadke KS, Li Z, Ouyang G, Kim TH, Zhou L, Slaughter J, Bellaire B, Ren S, Cui J. Sprayable copper and copper-zinc nanowires inks for antiviral surface coating. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6093-6098. [PMID: 35424578 PMCID: PMC8981599 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08755j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper alloys are known for their high antimicrobial efficacy. Retrofitting high-touch surfaces in public space with solid copper components is expensive and often impractical. Directly coating copper onto these high-touch surfaces can be achieved with hot or cold spray, but the procedure is complicated and requires special equipment. This article reports on the development of sprayable copper and copper–zinc nanowire inks for antiviral surface coating applications. Our results show that copper nanowires inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus faster than bulk copper. And a trace amount of zinc addition has a significant effect in enhancing the virucidal effect. More importantly, these nanowire inks are sprayable. They can be easily applied on high-touch surfaces with a spray can. When combined with common chemical disinfectants, the copper-based nanowire ink spray may prolong the disinfecting effect well after application. SEM and TEM images of copper and copper–zinc nanowires that are sprayable for antiviral surface coating.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Pan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Kruttika S Phadke
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo Buffalo NY 14260 USA
| | - Gaoyuan Ouyang
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Ames Laboratory Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Ames Laboratory Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Ames Laboratory Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Julie Slaughter
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Ames Laboratory Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Bryan Bellaire
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Shenqiang Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo Buffalo NY 14260 USA
| | - Jun Cui
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA.,Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Ames Laboratory Ames IA 50011 USA
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16
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Chen Y, Liao M, Ma K, Wang Z, Demé B, Penfold J, Lu JR, R P Webster J, Li P. Implications of surfactant hydrophobic chain architecture on the Surfactant-Skin lipid model interaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:405-415. [PMID: 34628313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although surfactants have been widely used in skin care and other related applications, our knowledge about how surfactants interact with stratum corneum (SC) lipids remains limited. This work reports how surfactants interact with a lipid SC model by neutron diffraction and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, focusing on examining the impact of surfactant molecular architecture. The surfactant-SC mixed membrane was constructed by an equimolar mixture of ceramide/cholesterol/fatty acids and surfactant at 1% molar ratio of total lipids. The arrangements of water and surfactant molecules in the membrane were obtained through neutron scattering length density (NSLD) profiles via contrast variation method, meanwhile, MD simulation clearly demonstrated the mechanism of hydration change in the surfactant-model SC mixed membrane. No drastic difference was detected in the repeating distance of the short periodicity phase (SPP) upon adding surfactants, however, it significantly enhanced the membrane hydration and reduced the amount of phase separated crystalline cholesterol, showing a strong dependence on surfactant chain length, branching and double bond. This work clearly demonstrates how surfactant architecture affects its interaction with the SC membrane, providing useful guidance for either choosing an existing surfactant or designing a new one for surfactant-based transdermal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Didcot, OXON, UK OX11 0QX
| | - Mingrui Liao
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, the University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Kun Ma
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Didcot, OXON, UK OX11 0QX
| | - Zi Wang
- School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum , Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Bruno Demé
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
| | - Jeff Penfold
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Didcot, OXON, UK OX11 0QX
| | - Jian R Lu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, the University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - John R P Webster
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Didcot, OXON, UK OX11 0QX
| | - Peixun Li
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Didcot, OXON, UK OX11 0QX.
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17
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Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects influencing skin permeation and role of SLN and NLC for skin drug delivery. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08938. [PMID: 35198788 PMCID: PMC8851252 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a complex and multifunctional organ, in which the static versus dynamic balance is responsible for its constant adaptation to variations in the external environment that is continuously exposed. One of the most important functions of the skin is its ability to act as a protective barrier, against the entry of foreign substances and against the excessive loss of endogenous material. Human skin imposes physical, chemical and biological limitations on all types of permeating agents that can cross the epithelial barrier. For a molecule to be passively permeated through the skin, it must have properties, such as dimensions, molecular weight, pKa and hydrophilic-lipophilic gradient, appropriate to the anatomy and physiology of the skin. These requirements have limited the number of commercially available products for dermal and transdermal administration of drugs. To understand the mechanisms involved in the drug permeation process through the skin, the approach should be multidisciplinary in order to overcome biological and pharmacotechnical barriers. The study of the mechanisms involved in the permeation process, and the ways to control it, can make this route of drug administration cease to be a constant promise and become a reality. In this work, we address the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects encountered in the pathway of drugs through the skin, and the potential added value of using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid vectors (NLC) to drug permeation/penetration through this route. The technology and architecture for obtaining lipid nanoparticles are described in detail, namely the composition, production methods and the ability to release pharmacologically active substances, as well as the application of these systems in the vectorization of various pharmacologically active substances for dermal and transdermal applications. The characteristics of these systems in terms of dermal application are addressed, such as biocompatibility, occlusion, hydration, emollience and the penetration of pharmacologically active substances. The advantages of using these systems over conventional formulations are described and explored from a pharmaceutical point of view.
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18
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Nitsche JM, Kasting GB. A Framework for Incorporating Transient Solute-Keratin Binding Into Dermal Absorption Models. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2093-2106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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19
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Zhang Z, Wang S, Li L. Emerging investigator series: the role of chemical properties in human exposure to environmental chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1839-1862. [PMID: 34542121 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00252j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the ultimate goals of environmental exposure science is to mechanistically understand how chemical properties and human behavior interactively determine human exposure to the wide spectrum of chemicals present in the environment. This comprehensive review assembles state-of-the-art knowledge of the role of partitioning, dissociation, mass transfer, and reactive properties in human contact with and absorption of organic chemicals via oral, dermal, and respiratory routes. Existing studies have revealed that chemicals with different properties vary greatly in mass distribution and occurrence among multiple exposure media, resulting in distinct patterns of human intake from the environment. On the other hand, these chemicals encounter different levels of resistance in the passage of intestinal, dermal, and pulmonary absorption barriers and demonstrate different levels of bioavailability, due to the selectivity of biochemical, anatomical and physiological structures of these absorption barriers. Moving forward, the research community needs to gain more in-depth mechanistic insights into the complex processes in human exposure, advance the technique to better characterize and predict chemical properties, generate and leverage experimental data for a more diverse range of chemicals, and describe better the interactions between chemical properties and human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhen Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, 89557-274, Reno, Nevada, USA.
| | - Shenghong Wang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, 89557-274, Reno, Nevada, USA.
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, 89557-274, Reno, Nevada, USA.
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20
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Roberts MS, Cheruvu HS, Mangion SE, Alinaghi A, Benson HA, Mohammed Y, Holmes A, van der Hoek J, Pastore M, Grice JE. Topical drug delivery: History, percutaneous absorption, and product development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113929. [PMID: 34403750 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Topical products, widely used to manage skin conditions, have evolved from simple potions to sophisticated delivery systems. Their development has been facilitated by advances in percutaneous absorption and product design based on an increasingly mechanistic understanding of drug-product-skin interactions, associated experiments, and a quality-by-design framework. Topical drug delivery involves drug transport from a product on the skin to a local target site and then clearance by diffusion, metabolism, and the dermal circulation to the rest of the body and deeper tissues. Insights have been provided by Quantitative Structure Permeability Relationships (QSPR), molecular dynamics simulations, and dermal Physiologically Based PharmacoKinetics (PBPK). Currently, generic product equivalents of reference-listed products dominate the topical delivery market. There is an increasing regulatory interest in understanding topical product delivery behavior under 'in use' conditions and predicting in vivo response for population variations in skin barrier function and response using in silico and in vitro findings.
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21
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Altamimi MA, Hussain A, Alshehri S, Imam SS, Alnemer UA. Development and Evaluations of Transdermally Delivered Luteolin Loaded Cationic Nanoemulsion: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluations. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081218. [PMID: 34452179 PMCID: PMC8398932 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Luteolin (LUT) is natural flavonoid with multiple therapeutic potentials and is explored for transdermal delivery using a nanocarrier system. LUT loaded cationic nanoemulsions (CNE1–CNE9) using bergamot oil (BO) were developed, optimized, and characterized in terms of in vitro and ex vivo parameters for improved permeation. Materials and methods: The solubility study of LUT was carried out in selected excipients, namely BO, cremophor EL (CEL as surfactant), labrasol (LAB), and oleylamine (OA as cationic charge inducer). Formulations were characterized with globular size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, pH, and thermodynamic stability studies. The optimized formulation (CNE4) was selected for comparative investigations (% transmittance as %T, morphology, chemical compatibility, drug content, in vitro % drug release, ex vivo skin permeation, and drug deposition, DD) against ANE4 (anionic nanoemulsion for comparison) and drug suspension (DS). Results: Formulations such as CNE1–CNE9 and ANE4 (except CNE6 and CNE8) were found to be stable. The optimized CNE4 based on the lowest value of globular size (112 nm), minimum PDI (0.15), and optimum zeta potential (+26 mV) was selected for comparative assessment against ANE4 and DS. The %T values of CNE1–CNE9 were found to be ˃95% and CEL content slightly improved the %T value. The spherical CNE4 was compatible with excipients and showed % total drug content in the range of 97.9–99.7%. In vitro drug release values from CNE4 and ANE4 were significantly higher than DS. Moreover, permeation flux (138.82 ± 8.4 µg/cm2·h), enhancement ratio (8.23), and DD (10.98%) were remarkably higher than DS. Thus, ex vivo parameters were relatively high as compared to DS which may be attributed to nanonization, surfactant-mediated reversible changes in skin lipid matrix, and electrostatic interaction of nanoglobules with the cellular surface. Conclusion: Transdermal delivery of LUT can be a suitable alternative to oral drug delivery for augmented skin permeation and drug deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Altamimi
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (A.H.); Tel.: +966-055-555-2464 (M.A.A.); +966-056-459-1584 (A.H.)
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (A.H.); Tel.: +966-055-555-2464 (M.A.A.); +966-056-459-1584 (A.H.)
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22
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Faulkner C, de Leeuw NH. Predicting the Membrane Permeability of Fentanyl and Its Analogues by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8443-8449. [PMID: 34286980 PMCID: PMC8389899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The lipid membrane
is considered a crucial component of opioid
general anesthesia. The main drug used for the induction and maintenance
of opioid anesthesia is fentanyl and its various analogues. However,
these drugs have different clinical effects, and detailed atomic-level
insight into the drug–membrane interactions could lead to a
better understanding how these drugs exert their anesthetic properties.
In this study, we have used extensive umbrella sampling molecular
dynamics simulations to study the permeation process of fentanyl and
three of its analogues into a variety of simple phospholipid membrane
models. Our simulations show that we can accurately predict the permeability
coefficients of these drug molecules, which is an important process
in understanding how pharmaceuticals reach their molecular targets.
We were also able to show that one phospholipid provides more accurate
predictions than other lipids commonly used in these types of permeation
studies, which will aid future studies of these types of processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Faulkner
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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23
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Somayaji MR, Das D, Garimella HT, German CL, Przekwas AJ, Simon L. An Integrated Biophysical Model for Predicting the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Transdermally Delivered Compounds. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 167:105924. [PMID: 34289340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of therapeutic drugs through the skin is a promising alternative to oral or parenteral delivery routes because dermal drug delivery systems (D3S) offer unique advantages such as controlled drug release over sustained periods and a significant reduction in first-pass effects, thus reducing the required dosing frequency and level of patient noncompliance. Furthermore, D3S find applications in multiple therapeutic areas, including drug repurposing. This article presents an integrated biophysical model of dermal absorption for simulating the permeation and absorption of compounds delivered transdermally. The biophysical model is physiologically/biologically inspired and combines a holistic model of healthy skin with whole-body physiology-based pharmacokinetics through dermis microcirculation. The model also includes the effects of chemical penetration enhancers and hair follicles on transdermal transport. The model-predicted permeation and pharmacokinetics of select compounds were validated using in vivo data reported in the literature. We conjecture that the integrated model can be used to gather insights into the permeation and systemic absorption of transdermal formulations (including cosmetic products) released from novel depots and optimize delivery systems. Furthermore, the model can be adapted to diseased skin with parametrization and structural adjustments specific to skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevabharath R Somayaji
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States.
| | - Debarun Das
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Harsha Teja Garimella
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Carrie L German
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Andrzej J Przekwas
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Laurent Simon
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
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24
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RP-18 TLC Chromatographic and Computational Study of Skin Permeability of Steroids. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070600. [PMID: 34206570 PMCID: PMC8308496 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin permeability of steroids, as investigated in this study, is important because some of these compounds are, or could, be used in preparations applied topically. Several models of skin permeability, involving thin layer chromatographic and calculated descriptors, were generated and validated using Kp reference values obtained in silico and then tested on a group of solutes whose experimental Kp values could be found (log Kpexp). The study established that the most applicable log Kp model is based on RP-18 thin layer chromatographic data (RM) and the calculated descriptors VM (molar volume) and PSA (polar surface area). Two less efficient, yet simple, equations based on PSA or VM combined with HD (H-donor count) can be used with caution for rapid, rough estimations of compounds’ skin permeability prior to their chemical synthesis.
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25
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Yu YQ, Yang X, Wu XF, Fan YB. Enhancing Permeation of Drug Molecules Across the Skin via Delivery in Nanocarriers: Novel Strategies for Effective Transdermal Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:646554. [PMID: 33855015 PMCID: PMC8039394 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.646554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transdermal route of administration provides numerous advantages over conventional routes i.e., oral or injectable for the treatment of different diseases and cosmetics applications. The skin also works as a reservoir, thus deliver the penetrated drug for more extended periods in a sustained manner. It reduces toxicity and local irritation due to multiple sites for absorption and owes the option of avoiding systemic side effects. However, the transdermal route of delivery for many drugs is limited since very few drugs can be delivered at a viable rate using this route. The stratum corneum of skin works as an effective barrier, limiting most drugs' penetration posing difficulty to cross through the skin. Fortunately, some non-invasive methods can significantly enhance the penetration of drugs through this barrier. The use of nanocarriers for increasing the range of available drugs for the transdermal delivery has emerged as a valuable and exciting alternative. Both the lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs can be delivered via a range of nanocarriers through the stratum corneum with the possibility of having local or systemic effects to treat various diseases. In this review, the skin structure and major obstacle for transdermal drug delivery, different nanocarriers used for transdermal delivery, i.e., nanoparticles, ethosomes, dendrimers, liposomes, etc., have been discussed. Some recent examples of the combination of nanocarrier and physical methods, including iontophoresis, ultrasound, laser, and microneedles, have also been discussed for improving the therapeutic efficacy of transdermal drugs. Limitations and future perspectives of nanocarriers for transdermal drug delivery have been summarized at the end of this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Yu
- Scientific Research and Education Department, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou, China.,Nursing Department, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wu
- Nursing Department, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Bin Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Jankovskaja S, Engblom J, Rezeli M, Marko-Varga G, Ruzgas T, Björklund S. Non-invasive skin sampling of tryptophan/kynurenine ratio in vitro towards a skin cancer biomarker. Sci Rep 2021; 11:678. [PMID: 33436784 PMCID: PMC7803776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79903-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tryptophan to kynurenine ratio (Trp/Kyn) has been proposed as a cancer biomarker. Non-invasive topical sampling of Trp/Kyn can therefore serve as a promising concept for skin cancer diagnostics. By performing in vitro pig skin permeability studies, we conclude that non-invasive topical sampling of Trp and Kyn is feasible. We explore the influence of different experimental conditions, which are relevant for the clinical in vivo setting, such as pH variations, sampling time, and microbial degradation of Trp and Kyn. The permeabilities of Trp and Kyn are overall similar. However, the permeated Trp/Kyn ratio is generally higher than unity due to endogenous Trp, which should be taken into account to obtain a non-biased Trp/Kyn ratio accurately reflecting systemic concentrations. Additionally, prolonged sampling time is associated with bacterial Trp and Kyn degradation and should be considered in a clinical setting. Finally, the experimental results are supported by the four permeation pathways model, predicting that the hydrophilic Trp and Kyn molecules mainly permeate through lipid defects (i.e., the porous pathway). However, the hydrophobic indole ring of Trp is suggested to result in a small but noticeable relative increase of Trp diffusion via pathways across the SC lipid lamellae, while the shunt pathway is proposed to slightly favor permeation of Kyn relative to Trp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skaidre Jankovskaja
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Engblom
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tautgirdas Ruzgas
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Björklund
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden.
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden.
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Kahali N, Khanam J, Ghosh N. An attempt to enhance solubility of metoclopramide base by Solid dispersion strategy and its application on development of Transdermal device. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902020000418910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Mercuri M, Fernandez Rivas D. Challenges and opportunities for small volumes delivery into the skin. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:011301. [PMID: 33532017 PMCID: PMC7826167 DOI: 10.1063/5.0030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Each individual's skin has its own features, such as strength, elasticity, or permeability to drugs, which limits the effectiveness of one-size-fits-all approaches typically found in medical treatments. Therefore, understanding the transport mechanisms of substances across the skin is instrumental for the development of novel minimal invasive transdermal therapies. However, the large difference between transport timescales and length scales of disparate molecules needed for medical therapies makes it difficult to address fundamental questions. Thus, this lack of fundamental knowledge has limited the efficacy of bioengineering equipment and medical treatments. In this article, we provide an overview of the most important microfluidics-related transport phenomena through the skin and versatile tools to study them. Moreover, we provide a summary of challenges and opportunities faced by advanced transdermal delivery methods, such as needle-free jet injectors, microneedles, and tattooing, which could pave the way to the implementation of better therapies and new methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalí Mercuri
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA-CONICET), Av. Gral. Paz 1499, 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, TechMed Centre and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Ramos AP, Bouwstra JA, Lafleur M. Very Long Chain Lipids Favor the Formation of a Homogeneous Phase in Stratum Corneum Model Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13899-13907. [PMID: 33170015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of mammal epidermis, acts as a barrier dictating the rate of absorption of exogenous molecules through the skin, as well as to prevent excessive water loss from the body. The SC consists of protein-rich corneocytes embedded into a complex lipid mixture. The lipid fraction is mainly constituted of an equimolar mixture of ceramides (Cer), free fatty acids (FFA), and cholesterol (Chol), forming a solid phase in the intracellular space; this lipid phase is supposed to play a fundamental role in the SC barrier function. An unusual characteristic of this biological membrane is that its lipids generally bear very long acyl chains, with the 24-carbon long ones being the most abundant. In this work, we used Raman microspectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy to study the influence of the acyl chain length on the lipid mixing properties in SC model membranes. Our results revealed that the combination of ceramides and FFA bearing a very long chain is required for the formation of homogeneous lipid mixtures, while lipids with shorter chains (16-carbon and 20-carbon atom long) lead to domains with micrometer dimensions. It is proposed that the biological machinery necessary for acyl chain elongation occurring at the mammalian skin level is required to inhibit lipid phase separation, a critical feature in the proper barrier functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Paz Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Lafleur
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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Law RM, Maibach HI. Lateral spread and percutaneous penetration: An overview. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119765. [PMID: 32800936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lateral spread, a phenomenon with significance for percutaneous application of drugs or chemicals but often overlooked, is a competitive process to drug or chemical penetration into stratum corneum and beyond. Its effect may vary depending on factors such as physicochemical properties, formulation, skin surface topography etc. It may impact clinical use of topical drugs or percutaneous research including bioequivalence studies. Consequences may include less drug absorbed systemically or reduced rate of absorption. For quantitation studies and risk assessment, lateral spread may need to be incorporated as a "correction factor".
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Law
- School of Pharmacy & Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Sebastia-Saez D, Burbidge A, Engmann J, Ramaioli M. New trends in mechanistic transdermal drug delivery modelling: Towards an accurate geometric description of the skin microstructure. Comput Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.106976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Transdermal Selegiline and Its Metabolites for the Evaluation of Disposition Differences between Healthy and Special Populations. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100942. [PMID: 33008144 PMCID: PMC7600566 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of selegiline (SEL), and its metabolites, was developed in silico to evaluate the disposition differences between healthy and special populations. SEL is metabolized to methamphetamine (MAP) and desmethyl selegiline (DMS) by several CYP enzymes. CYP2D6 metabolizes the conversion of MAP to amphetamine (AMP), while CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 predominantly mediate the conversion of DMS to AMP. The overall prediction error in simulated PK, using the developed PBPK model, was within 0.5-1.5-fold after intravenous and transdermal dosing in healthy and elderly populations. Simulation results generated in the special populations demonstrated that a decrease in cardiac output is a potential covariate that affects the SEL exposure in renally impaired (RI) and hepatic impaired (HI) subjects. A decrease in CYP2D6 levels increased the systemic exposure of MAP. DMS exposure increased due to a reduction in the abundance of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 in RI and HI subjects. In addition, an increase in the exposure of the primary metabolites decreased the exposure of AMP. No significant difference between the adult and adolescent populations, in terms of PK, were observed. The current PBPK model predictions indicate that subjects with HI or RI may require closer clinical monitoring to identify any untoward effects associated with the administration of transdermal SEL patch.
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Bow JR, Sonoki Y, Uchiyama M, Shimizu E, Tanaka K, Dauskardt RH. Lipid Loss Increases Stratum Corneum Stress and Drying Rates. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 33:180-188. [DOI: 10.1159/000507456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Stenqvist B, Sparr E. Tortuosity in the Brick and Mortar Model Based on Chemical Conduction. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sarigiannis DΑ, Karakitsios SP, Handakas E, Gotti A. Development of a generic lifelong physiologically based biokinetic model for exposome studies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109307. [PMID: 32229354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study within the frame of the HEALS project aims at the development of a lifelong physiologically based biokinetic (PBBK) model for exposome studies. The aim was to deliver a comprehensive modelling framework for addressing a large chemical space. Towards this aim, the delivered model can easily adapt parameters from existing ad-hoc models or complete the missing compound specific parameters using advanced quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR). All major human organs are included, as well as arterial, venous, and portal blood compartments. Xenobiotics and their metabolites are linked through the metabolizing tissues. This is mainly the liver, but also other sites of metabolism might be considered (intestine, brain, skin, placenta) based on the presence or not of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of the compound of interest. Each tissue is described by three mass balance equations for (a) red blood cells, (b) plasma and interstitial tissue and (c) cells respectively. The anthropometric parameters of the models are time dependent, so as to provide a lifetime internal dose assessment, as well as to describe the continuously changing physiology of the mother and the developing fetus. An additional component of flexibility is that the biokinetic processes that relate to metabolism are related with either Michaelis-Menten kinetics, as well as intrinsic clearance kinetics. The capability of the model is demonstrated in the assessment of internal exposure and the prediction of expected biomonitored levels in urine for three major compounds within the HEALS project, namely bisphenol A (BPA), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and cadmium (Cd). The results indicated that the predicted urinary levels fit very well with the ones from human biomonitoring (HBM) studies; internal exposure to plasticizers is very low (in the range of ng/L), while internal exposure to Cd is in the range of μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimosthenis Α Sarigiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece; School for Advanced Study (IUSS), Science, Technology and Society Department, Environmental Health Engineering, Piazza Della Vittoria 15, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Spyros P Karakitsios
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece
| | - Evangelos Handakas
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Alberto Gotti
- EUCENTRE, Via Adolfo Ferrata, 1, Pavia, 27100, Italy
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Hussain A, Altamimi MA, Alshehri S, Imam SS, Shakeel F, Singh SK. Novel Approach for Transdermal Delivery of Rifampicin to Induce Synergistic Antimycobacterial Effects Against Cutaneous and Systemic Tuberculosis Using a Cationic Nanoemulsion Gel. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:1073-1094. [PMID: 32103956 PMCID: PMC7027864 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s236277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study demonstrated improved transdermal delivery of rifampicin-loaded cationic nanoemulsion gel to treat systemic and cutaneous tuberculosis using capmul, labrasol, and acconon, which exert anti-Mycobacterium activities. This approach enhanced drug permeation across the skin, increased therapeutic efficacy, and reduced dose-related side effects. Methods Design Expert® was used to optimize formulations (Smix ratio and capmul as independent factors), which were prepared using a slow spontaneous titration method. The optimized nanoemulsion was incorporated into carbopol gel to allow for topical application and comparative assessments. Nanoemulsions and gels were evaluated for size, size distribution, shape, zeta potential, percent spread, viscosity, in vitro hemolysis, in vitro release, and ex vivo skin permeation and deposition. A mechanistic evaluation was performed using scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, in vivo pharmacokinetic and irritation studies were performed. Results The optimized cationic nanoemulsion (OCNE-1) was characterized by small particle size (≤100 nm), had optimal viscosity, percent spread, zeta potential, and percent drug release, and was hemocompatible. The OCNE-1T gel exhibited higher permeation flux (51.32 ± 0.5 µg/cm2 hr), permeation coefficient (2.566 ± 0.08 cm/hr), drug deposition (994.404 µg/cm2), and enhancement ratio (7.16) than those of the OCNE-1 nanoemulsion or drug solution. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the mechanism of enhanced permeation. An In vivo study showed that the Cmax and area under the curve following transdermal application were 4.34- and 4.74-fold higher than those following oral administration. Conclusion Transdermal delivery of rifampicin could be a promising alternative to conventional approaches to treat systemic and local tuberculosis, and other bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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Mechanistic study of transdermal delivery of macromolecules assisted by ionic liquids. J Control Release 2019; 311-312:162-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wang E, Klauda JB. Molecular Structure of the Long Periodicity Phase in the Stratum Corneum. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16930-16943. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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39
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Nanoemulsion: A Review on Mechanisms for the Transdermal Delivery of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Drugs. Sci Pharm 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm87030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsions (NEs) are colloidal dispersions of two immiscible liquids, oil and water, in which one is dispersed in the other with the aid of a surfactant/co-surfactant mixture, either forming oil-in-water (o/w) or water-in-oil (w/o) nanodroplets systems, with droplets 20–200 nm in size. NEs are easy to prepare and upscale, and they show high variability in their components. They have proven to be very viable, non-invasive, and cost-effective nanocarriers for the enhanced transdermal delivery of a wide range of active compounds that tend to metabolize heavily or suffer from undesirable side effects when taken orally. In addition, the anti-microbial and anti-viral properties of NE components, leading to preservative-free formulations, make NE a very attractive approach for transdermal drug delivery. This review focuses on how NEs mechanistically deliver both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs through skin layers to reach the blood stream, exerting the desired therapeutic effect. It highlights the mechanisms and strategies executed to effectively deliver drugs, both with o/w and w/o NE types, through the transdermal way. However, the mechanisms reported in the literature are highly diverse, to the extent that a definite mechanism is not conclusive.
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Abstract
AbstractThe ability to control the movement of molecules is both fascinating scientifically as well as being critically important to the well-being of our planet and its people. In particular, the sustained release of molecules over prolonged periods at controlled rates has had and will continue to have enormous implications for the delivery of substances in medicine, agriculture, the environment, nutrition, aquaculture, household consumer products, and numerous other areas. This field is advancing at a rapidly accelerating pace. In this article, I largely discuss our own work, starting 45 years ago, in enabling the controlled release of macromolecules from biocompatible polymers. I also discuss the synthesis of novel materials to affect molecular movement and I then examine external approaches for controlling the movement of molecules through materials, using forces such as electric, acoustic, and magnetic fields. I further discuss approaches for controlling molecular movement through physiologic barriers, such as the skin, lung, and intestine. Finally, I outline several future areas of this field, including how it can affect the developing world, the ability to control the movement of molecules into mammalian cells, and the design of intelligent approaches to control molecular delivery.
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Nitsche LC, Kasting GB, Nitsche JM. Microscopic Models of Drug/Chemical Diffusion Through the Skin Barrier: Effects of Diffusional Anisotropy of the Intercellular Lipid. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1692-1712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shimanouchi T, Kitagawa Y, Kimura Y. Application of liposome membrane as the reaction field: A case study using the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:198-202. [PMID: 30827857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The properties of the liposome membrane as a reaction field were investigated by focusing on the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction as a case study. Use of the liposomes existing in the gel phase resulted in the enhanced activity of the substrates and furnished the products with same E/Z stereoselectivity as in the liposome-free system. The membrane environment in the gel phase most likely assisted the formation of adducts that induced selective generation of the E-isomer. The possible role of liposomes is to assist the proton removal from the reactant, rather than providing the basic interfacial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Shimanouchi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitagawa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yukitaka Kimura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Wang E, Klauda JB. Structure and Permeability of Ceramide Bilayers and Multilayers. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:2525-2535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Khiao In M, Richardson KC, Loewa A, Hedtrich S, Kaessmeyer S, Plendl J. Histological and functional comparisons of four anatomical regions of porcine skin with human abdominal skin. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 48:207-217. [PMID: 30648762 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Because of the shortage of human skin for research purposes, porcine skin has been used as a model of human skin. The aim of this study was to identify the region of German Landrace pig skin that could be used as the best possible substitute for human abdominal skin. Porcine samples were collected from the ear, flank, back and caudal abdomen; human abdominal skin samples were excised during plastic surgery. Histological and ultrastructural assessments were carried out on the epidermis and dermis, with emphasis on the dermo-epidermal interface length, dermo-epidermal thickness ratio as well as densities of; hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, blood vessels and sweat glands. In the pig, the barrier function of the four anatomical regions was assessed. Results showed that both histologically and ultrastructurally, all four regions of porcine skin were similar to human skin. These include the shapes of keratinocytes, structure of cell contacts and presence of Weibel Palade bodies in endothelial cells. Other parameters such as the thickness of epidermis, the thickness of stratum basale, spinosum and granulosum and the number of cell layers in the stratum corneum were similar in human abdominal and in all four regions of porcine skin. However, there were also significant differences especially in the thickness of the stratum corneum, the dermo-epidermal interface length and the blood vessel density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneenooch Khiao In
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenneth C Richardson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anna Loewa
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Kasting GB, Miller MA, LaCount TD, Jaworska J. A Composite Model for the Transport of Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Compounds Across the Skin: Steady-State Behavior. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:337-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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46
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Potential of nanoparticulate carriers for improved drug delivery via skin. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-018-00418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kosakowska KA, Casey BK, Kurtz SL, Lawson LB, Grayson SM. Evaluation of Amphiphilic Star/Linear–Dendritic Polymer Reverse Micelles for Transdermal Drug Delivery: Directing Carrier Properties by Tailoring Core versus Peripheral Branching. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3163-3176. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina A. Kosakowska
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans Louisiana 70118, United States
- Bioinnovation PhD Program, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Brittany K. Casey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Samantha L. Kurtz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans Louisiana 70112, United States
- Bioinnovation PhD Program, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Louise B. Lawson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans Louisiana 70118, United States
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Carrer V, Guzmán B, Martí M, Alonso C, Coderch L. Lanolin-Based Synthetic Membranes as Percutaneous Absorption Models for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030073. [PMID: 29933575 PMCID: PMC6161196 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The major in vitro permeation studies are currently performed in Franz-type diffusion cells because of their simplicity, cost effectiveness and because the experimental conditions can be easily controlled. Apart from the skin, Franz-type diffusion cells can be used with synthetic membranes. Nevertheless, they do not emulate the nature of the lipidic matrix, which is responsible for the topical barrier function. Objective: This paper offers two new approaches combining different synthetic membranes (Strat-M® and Nucleopore®) with lanolin, which provides lipidic components similar to the lipidic matrix. Methods: The molecular structure of lanolin was studied in membranes by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). The water permeability and absorption of lidocaine, diclofenac sodium and betamethasone dipropionate were also studied and compared against free-lanolin membranes and skin. Results: The results showed an increasing barrier function after lanolin application in both membranes, resulting in a decrease in water permeability. Observing the IR spectra, the lateral packaging of the lipid in the synthetic membranes seems to emulate the orthorhombic disposition from the stratum corneum. Moreover, the three substances applied to the lanolin-containing membranes have a similar absorption to that of the skin. Conclusions: In conclusion, combining synthetic membranes with lanolin may be a useful approach to mimic topical actives’ absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Carrer
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08304 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Guzmán
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08304 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Meritxell Martí
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08304 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Alonso
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08304 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luisa Coderch
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08304 Barcelona, Spain.
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Bioengineering of a Full-Thickness Skin Equivalent in a 96-Well Insert Format for Substance Permeation Studies and Organ-On-A-Chip Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5020043. [PMID: 29880746 PMCID: PMC6027510 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin is involved in protecting the inner body from constant exposure to outer environmental stimuli. There is an evident need to screen for toxicity and the efficacy of drugs and cosmetics applied to the skin. To date, animal studies are still the standard method for substance testing, although they are currently controversially discussed Therefore, the multi-organ chip is an attractive alternative to replace animal testing. The two-organ chip is designed to hold 96-well cell culture inserts (CCIs). Small-sized skin equivalents are needed for this. In this study, full-thickness skin equivalents (ftSEs) were generated successfully inside 96-well CCIs. These skin equivalents developed with in vivo-like histological architecture, with normal differentiation marker expressions and proliferation rates. The 96-well CCI-based ftSEs were successfully integrated into the two-organ chip. The permeation of fluorescein sodium salt through the ftSEs was monitored during the culture. The results show a decreasing value for the permeation over time, which seems a promising method to track the development of the ftSEs. Additionally, the permeation was implemented in a computational fluid dynamics simulation, as a tool to predict results in long-term experiments. The advantage of these ftSEs is the reduced need for cells and substances, which makes them more suitable for high throughput assays.
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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of lateral diffusion of drugs in human skin. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:62-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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