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Wilhelms B, Broscheit J, Shityakov S. Chemical Analysis and Molecular Modelling of Cyclodextrin-Formulated Propofol and Its Sodium Salt to Improve Drug Solubility, Stability and Pharmacokinetics (Cytogenotoxicity). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050667. [PMID: 37242449 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Propofol is a widely used general anesthetic in clinical practice, but its use is limited by its water-insoluble nature and associated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic limitations. Therefore, researchers have been searching for alternative formulations to lipid emulsion to address the remaining side effects. In this study, novel formulations for propofol and its sodium salt Na-propofolat were designed and tested using the amphiphilic cyclodextrin (CD) derivative hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). The study found that spectroscopic and calorimetric measurements suggested complex formation between propofol/Na-propofolate and HPβCD, which was confirmed by the absence of an evaporation peak and different glass transition temperatures. Moreover, the formulated compounds showed no cytotoxicity and genotoxicity compared to the reference. The molecular modeling simulations based on molecular docking predicted a higher affinity for propofol/HPβCD than for Na-propofolate/HPβCD, as the former complex was more stable. This finding was further confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In conclusion, the CD-based formulations of propofol and its sodium salt may be a promising option and a plausible alternative to conventional lipid emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Wilhelms
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Würzburg University Hospital, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Broscheit
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Würzburg University Hospital, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sergey Shityakov
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, Laboratory of Chemoinformatics, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russia
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2
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Chu Y, Sun T, Xie Z, Sun K, Jiang C. Physicochemical Characterization and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Propofol Micelles with Low-Lipid and Low-Free Propofol. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020414. [PMID: 35214146 PMCID: PMC8880186 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed safe and stable mixed polymeric micelles with low lipids and free propofol for intravenous administration, to overcome the biological barrier of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), reduce pain upon injection, and complications of marketed propofol formulation. The propofol-mixed micelles were composed of distearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol 2000) (DSPE mPEG2k) and Solutol HS 15 and were optimized using Box Behnken design (BBD). The optimized formulation was evaluated for globule size, zeta potential, loading content, encapsulation efficiency, pain on injection, histological evaluation, hemolysis test, in vivo anesthetic action, and pharmacokinetics, in comparison to the commercialized emulsion Diprivan. The optimized micelle formulation displayed homogenous particle sizes, and the free drug concentration in the micelles was 60.9% lower than that of Diprivan. The paw-lick study demonstrated that propofol-mixed micelles significantly reduced pain symptoms. The anesthetic action of the mixed micelles were similar with the Diprivan. Therefore, we conclude that the novel propofol-mixed micelle reduces injection-site pain and the risk of hyperlipidemia due to the low content of free propofol and low-lipid constituent. It may be a more promising clinical alternative for anesthetic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Sun
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (K.S.); (C.J.)
| | | | - Keyu Sun
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (K.S.); (C.J.)
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3
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Loftsson T. Cyclodextrins in Parenteral Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:654-664. [PMID: 33069709 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Most drugs have very limited solubility in water and some can be extremely difficult to formulate as parenteral solutions where the dose should preferably be dissolved in couple of ml of aqueous media without use of organic solvents and surface active agents, or application of somewhat extreme techniques such as prodrug formation. Thus, pharmaceutical formulators are constantly looking for new, biologically acceptable, and low-cost armamentarium for parenteral formulation development. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are enabling pharmaceutical excipients that can temporarily camouflage undesirable physiochemical drug properties such as low aqueous solubility through formation of drug/CD inclusion complexes. CDs are cyclic oligosaccharides that have similar physiological and biological properties like linear saccharides of comparable molecular weight. Due to their very favorable toxicological and pharmacokinetic profiles their usage in parenteral drug formulations is frequently preferred over other solubilizing techniques. Here the physiochemical and biological properties of CDs are reviewed as well as their pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration. Their regulatory status is briefly reviewed and their tendency to self-assemble to form clusters or aggregates discussed. Finally, some examples are given of how CDs are applied in aqueous parenteral formulations, how their solubilizing effect has been enhanced and how their target concentration is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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4
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Shevalkar G, Pai R, Vavia P. Nanostructured Lipid Carrier of Propofol: a Promising Alternative to Marketed Soybean Oil-Based Nanoemulsion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:201. [PMID: 31139968 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) of propofol was formulated using hot emulsification-probe sonication method for improvising its parenteral delivery by reducing pain on injection and risk of microbial contamination. The formulated NLC was optimized using central composite design and evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, morphology, free propofol concentration, hemocompatibility, stability, pain on injection, in vivo anesthetic activity, pharmacokinetics, and antimicrobial effectiveness in comparison to the marketed formulation. Optimized NLCs exhibited globule size, less than 200 nm, and zeta potential - 24.1 mV, indicating its stability. TEM images confirmed the spherical shape and nanosize (200 nm) of optimized NLCs. Free propofol concentration was also found to be 40% lesser than marketed formulation. Optimized NLC was found to be non-hemolytic. Rat paw-lick study showed that propofol NLC was significantly less painful compared to the marketed formulation. Anesthetic potential and pharmacokinetics of optimized NLCs were found to be similar to that of the marketed formulation. NLC was found stable in long-term storage under room temperature. Antimicrobial effectiveness study showed that propofol NLC suppressed microbial growth to a greater extent as compared to the marketed formulation. Hence, the developed propofol NLCs appeared to be clinically useful as a potential carrier for propofol delivery.
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5
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Darandale SS, Shevalkar GB, Vavia PR. Effect of Lipid Composition in Propofol Formulations: Decisive Component in Reducing the Free Propofol Content and Improving Pharmacodynamic Profiles. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:441-450. [PMID: 27055535 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current endeavor was aimed towards studying significance of lipid composition on free propofol concentration in aqueous phase and associated pain on injection. Three different nanoformulations, namely long-chain triglyceride (LCT)/medium-chain glyceride (MCG)-based nanoemulsion (ProNano), MCG-based self-nanoemulsifying formulation (PSNE), and lipid-free nanoformulation (PNS) were accessed for the same. In vitro and in vivo performances of developed formulations were compared with Diprivan®. ProNano showed minimum free propofol concentration (0.13%) and hence lower pain on injection (rat paw-lick test, 6 ± 2 s) compared to Diprivan®, PSNE, and PNS (0.21%, 0.23%, and 0.51% free propofol, respectively, and rat paw-lick test; 12 ± 3, 14 ± 2, and 22 ± 3 s, respectively). These results conjecture the role of MCG in effective encapsulation of propofol. Anesthetic action assessed by measuring duration of loss of righting reflex (LORR), which was found similar in case of ProNano and PSNE (14 ± 3 and 15 ± 3 min, respectively) compared to Diprivan® (13 ± 3 min). In case of lipid-free formulation, PNS, extended anesthetic action (21 ± 2 min) was observed which may be due to sustained release of propofol from nanosponges. Studies on effect of lipoproteins on propofol release highlighted significance of HDL (100% release with maximum concentration of about 1.2 μg/ml of HDL) from all three formulations.
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Feng AY, Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Belani K, Urman RD. Novel propofol derivatives and implications for anesthesia practice. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2017; 33:9-15. [PMID: 28413268 PMCID: PMC5374837 DOI: 10.4103/0970-9185.202205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is the most commonly used intravenous agent for induction of anesthesia. It is also used for maintenance of anesthesia and sedation in both Intensive Care Units and outpatient procedural settings. Its success in the clinical setting has been a result of its rapid onset, short duration of action, and minimal side effects despite disadvantages associated with its oil emulsion formulation. Early attempts to alter the standard emulsion or to develop new formulations with cyclodextrins and micelles to resolve issues with pain upon injection, the need for antimicrobial agents, and possible hyperlipidemia have mostly failed. With these challenges in the foreground, attention has now shifted to the use of more prodrugs and exogenous alternatives, the success of which is yet to be determined. These new agents must offer significant clinical advantages over the well-entrenched, generic propofol oil emulsion to justify higher costs and to be well received in the increasingly cost-conscious healthcare marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden Y Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Rachel J Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | - Kumar Belani
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Richard D Urman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Shityakov S, Salmas RE, Durdagi S, Salvador E, Pápai K, Yáñez-Gascón MJ, Pérez-Sánchez H, Puskás I, Roewer N, Förster C, Broscheit JA. Characterization, in Vivo Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling of Different Propofol-Cyclodextrin Complexes To Assess Their Drug Delivery Potential at the Blood-Brain Barrier Level. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:1914-1922. [PMID: 27589557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the ability of the general anesthetic propofol (PR) to form inclusion complexes with modified β-cyclodextrins, including sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). The PR/SBEβCD and PR/HPβCD complexes were prepared and characterized, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation potential of the formulated PR was examined in vivo for the purpose of controlled drug delivery. The PR/SBEβCD complex was found to be more stable in solution with a minimal degradation constant of 0.25 h-1, a t1/2 of 2.82 h, and a Kc of 5.19 × 103 M-1 and revealed higher BBB permeability rates compared with the reference substance (PR-LIPURO) considering the calculated brain-to-blood concentration ratio (logBB) values. Additionally, the diminished PR binding affinity to SBEβCD was confirmed in molecular dynamics simulations by a maximal Gibbs free energy of binding (ΔGbind = -18.44 kcal·mol-1), indicating the more rapid PR/SBEβCD dissociation. Overall, the results demonstrated that SBEβCD has the potential to be used as a prospective candidate for drug delivery vector development to improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of general anesthetic agents at the BBB level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Shityakov
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg , 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ramin Ekhteiari Salmas
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University , 34349 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University , 34349 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ellaine Salvador
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg , 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - István Puskás
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin Research & Development Laboratory Ltd. , H-1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Roewer
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg , 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Sapiotec Ltd. , 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carola Förster
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg , 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens-Albert Broscheit
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg , 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Sapiotec Ltd. , 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Mohammed NN, Pandey P, Khan NS, Elokely KM, Liu H, Doerksen RJ, Repka MA. Clotrimazole-cyclodextrin based approach for the management and treatment of Candidiasis - A formulation and chemistry-based evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 21:619-29. [PMID: 25923135 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1041041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Clotrimazole (CT) is a poorly soluble antifungal drug that is most commonly employed as a topical treatment in the management of vaginal candidiasis. The present work focuses on a formulation approach to enhance the solubility of CT using cyclodextrin (CD) complexation. A CT-CD complex was prepared by a co-precipitation method. Various characterization techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, infrared (IR) and X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were performed to evaluate the complex formation and to understand the interactions between CT and CD. Computational molecular modeling was performed using the Schrödinger suite and Gaussian 09 program to understand structural conformations of the complex. The phase solubility curve followed an AL-type curve, indicating formation of a 1:1 complex. Molecular docking studies supported the data obtained through NMR and IR studies. Enthalpy changes confirmed that complexation was an exothermic and enthalpically favorable phenomenon. The CT-CD complexes were formulated in a gel and evaluated for release and antifungal activity. The in vitro release studies performed using gels demonstrated a sustained release of CT from the CT-CD complex with the complex exhibiting improved release relative to the un-complexed CT. Complexed CT-CD exhibited better fungistatic activity toward different Candida species than un-complexed CT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- b Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of BioMolecular Sciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Nayaab S Khan
- c Department of Pharmacology , College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Khaled M Elokely
- b Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of BioMolecular Sciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Haining Liu
- b Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of BioMolecular Sciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Robert J Doerksen
- b Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of BioMolecular Sciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA .,d National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA , and
| | - Michael A Repka
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery .,e Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
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Hassani Najafabadi A, Azodi-Deilami S, Abdouss M, Payravand H, Farzaneh S. Synthesis and evaluation of hydroponically alginate nanoparticles as novel carrier for intravenous delivery of propofol. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:145. [PMID: 25743747 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Commercial lipid emulsion of propofol (CLE) has several drawbacks including pain on injection and emulsion instability. In this paper, a novel nanocarrier system is introduced to improve stability and solubility of the poorly soluble anesthetic drug, propofol, for intravenous administration. In this paper, alginate is modified using a facile method in which the carboxylic group of alginate is grafted to octanol. The octanol-grafted alginate (Alg-C8) is then employed to prepare nanoparticles which are subsequently used for encapsulation of propofol. The nanoparticles are analyzed for their pH, osmolarity, particle size, stability, morphology and sleep recovery and the results are compared with CLE as control. It is revealed that nanoparticles have the average particle size of 180 nm ± 1.2 and spherical morphology which is less than CLE while their pH, osmolarity and profile of release of formulated nanoparticles are similar to those of CLE. In addition, the results show good chemical and physical storage stability for the nanoparticles at room temperature for at least 6 months compared to CLE as control. The animal sleep recovery test on rats shows no significant difference in time of unconsciousness and recovery of the righting reflex between nanoparticles and CLE. It is concluded that encapsulated nanoparticles introduced here could be a promising clinical intravenous system for delivery of poorly soluble anesthetic propofol. In addition, this study provides an efficient and facile method for preparing a carrier system for water insoluble drugs.
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10
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Kordopati GG, Tselios TV, Kellici T, Merzel F, Mavromoustakos T, Grdadolnik SG, Tsivgoulis GM. A novel synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue coupled with modified β-cyclodextrin: insight into its intramolecular interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:159-68. [PMID: 25450179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclodextrins (CDs) in combination with therapeutic proteins and other bioactive compounds have been proposed as candidates that show enhanced chemical and enzymatic stability, better absorption, slower plasma clearance and improved dose-response curves or immunogenicity. As a result, an important number of therapeutic complexes between cyclodextrins and bioactive compounds capable to control several diseases have been developed. RESULTS In this article, the synthesis and the structural study of a conjugate between a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue, related to the treatment of hormone dependent cancer and fertility, and modified β-cyclodextrin residue are presented. The results show that both the phenyl group of tyrosine (Tyr) as well as the indole group of tryptophan (Trp) can be encapsulated inside the cyclodextrin cavity. Solution NMR experiments provide evidence that these interactions take place intramolecularly and not intermolecularly. CONCLUSIONS The study of a LHRH analogue conjugated with modified β-cyclodextrin via high field NMR and MD experiments revealed the existence of intramolecular interactions that could lead to an improved drug delivery. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE NMR in combination with MD simulation is of great value for a successful rational design of peptide-cyclodextrin conjugates showing stability against enzymatic proteolysis and a better pharmacological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tahsin Kellici
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Franci Merzel
- National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Simona Golic Grdadolnik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Dunajska 156, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
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11
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Zou C, Qin Y, Yan X, Zhou L, Luo P. Study on Acidizing Effect of Cationic β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex with Sandstone for Enhancing Oil Recovery. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie501569d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Oil and
Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibie Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Oil and
Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueling Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Oil and
Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Oil and
Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingya Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Oil and
Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, People’s Republic of China
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Melton MS, Nielsen KC, Tucker M, Klein SM, Gan TJ. New medications and techniques in ambulatory anesthesia. Anesthesiol Clin 2014; 32:463-485. [PMID: 24882131 DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel anesthetic and analgesic agents are currently under development or investigation to improve anesthetic delivery and patient care. The pharmacokinetic and analgesic profiles of these agents are especially tailored to meet the challenges of rapid recovery and opioid minimization associated with ambulatory anesthesia practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stephen Melton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Karen C Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Marcy Tucker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stephen M Klein
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tong J Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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13
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Lopedota A, Cutrignelli A, Denora N, Laquintana V, Lopalco A, Selva S, Ragni L, Tongiani S, Franco M. New ethanol and propylene glycol free gel formulations containing a minoxidil-methyl-β-cyclodextrin complex as promising tools for alopecia treatment. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:728-36. [PMID: 24650036 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.900078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
New topical totally aqueous formulations that improve the low water solubility of minoxidil and realize an adequate permeability of drug in the skin are proposed. These formulations are lacking in propylene glycol and alcohol that are the principal irritant ingredients present in minoxidil commercial solutions. In order to enhance poor water solubility of minoxidil randomly methyl-β-cyclodextrin was used, and four hydrogels such as, calcium alginate, sodium alginate, carbopol 934 and hydroxyethylcellulose were utilized to ensure a prolonged time of contact with the scalp. The inclusion complex minoxidil/methyl-β-cyclodextrin with a molar ratio 1:1 was obtained by freeze drying and evaluated by NMR, FT-IR and DSC analysis. An apparent stability constant of formed inclusion complex was calculated by phase solubility diagram and its value was 400 M(-1). The solid inclusion complex was used to prepare gel formulations with similar dose to minoxidil commercial solution. The gels were evaluated for various technological parameters including rheological behavior, in vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation through pig skin. The best performance was observed for the calcium alginate formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lopedota
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
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14
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Silva A, Sousa E, Palmeira A, Amorim P, Guedes de Pinho P, Ferreira DA. Interaction between hydroxyethyl starch and propofol: computational and laboratorial study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 32:1864-75. [PMID: 24138119 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2013.840248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is one of the most used colloids for intravascular volume replacement during anesthesia. AIM To investigate the existence of a chemical interaction between HES and the anesthetic propofol by in vitro propofol dosing, computational docking, and examination of a complex between propofol and HES by infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), and (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. METHODS Ten samples with human plasma mixed with HES or lactated Ringers (n = 5 for each fluid) were prepared, and the propofol free fraction was quantified until 50 min, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The docking study was performed between HES and propofol and compared with controls. The binding affinities between HES and the small molecules were evaluated by binding free energy approximation (ΔGb, kJ mol(-1)). The IR, UV, and NMR spectra were measured for propofol, HES, and a mixture of both obtained by the kneading method. RESULTS Propofol concentrations were significantly lower in the HES samples than in the LR samples (p = .021). The spectroscopic characterization of propofol combined with HES revealed differences in spectra and docking studies reinforced a potential interaction between propofol and HES. CONCLUSIONS Propofol and HES form a complex with different physical-bio-chemical behavior than the single drugs, which may be an important drug interaction. Further studies should evaluate its clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Silva
- a REQUIMTE, Toxicology, Faculdade de Farmácia da , Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto , 4050-313 , Portugal
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15
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Mcintosh MP, Rajewski RA. Comparative canine Pharmacokinetics–Pharmacodynamics of Fospropofol Disodium Injection, Propofol Eemulsion, and Cyclodextrin-Enabled Propofol Solution Following Bolus Parenteral Administration. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3547-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li G, Fan Y, Li X, Wang X, Li Y, Liu Y, Li M. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a simple microemulsion formulation for propofol. Int J Pharm 2012; 425:53-61. [PMID: 22266535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop an oil-free o/w microemulsion, composed of pluronic F68, propylene glycol and saline, which solubilized poorly soluble anesthetic drug propofol for intravenous administration. The ternary diagram was constructed to identify the regions of microemulsions, and the optimal composition of microemulsion was determined by in vitro evaluation such as globule size upon dilution and rheology. The droplet size of the diluent emulsion corresponding to oil-in-water type ranged from 200 to 300nm in diameter. Stability analysis of the microemulsions indicated that they were stable upon storage for at least 6 months. Hemolysis percent of propofol microemulsions was lower than that of commercial lipid emulsion (CLE) at 4h. Acute toxicity test showed that median lethal dose of propofol microemulsion was the same as that of CLE. No significant difference in time for unconsciousness and recovery of righting reflex was observed between the prepared microemulsions and CLE. In conclusion, microemulsion would be a promising intravenous delivery system for propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
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Li X, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Zhou Y, Wang X, Fan C, Liu Y, Zhang Q. Preparation and evaluation of novel mixed micelles as nanocarriers for intravenous delivery of propofol. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2011; 6:275. [PMID: 21711808 PMCID: PMC3211339 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Novel mixed polymeric micelles formed from biocompatible polymers, poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (mPEG-PLA) and polyoxyethylene-660-12-hydroxy stearate (Solutol HS15), were fabricated and used as a nanocarrier for solubilizing poorly soluble anesthetic drug propofol. The solubilization of propofol by the mixed micelles was more efficient than those made of mPEG-PLA alone. Micelles with the optimized composition of mPEG-PLA/Solutol HS15/propofol = 10/1/5 by weight had particle size of about 101 nm with narrow distribution (polydispersity index of about 0.12). Stability analysis of the mixed micelles in bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution indicated that the diblock copolymer mPEG efficiently protected the BSA adsorption on the mixed micelles because the hydrophobic groups of the copolymer were efficiently screened by mPEG, and propofol-loaded mixed micelles were stable upon storage for at least 6 months. The content of free propofol in the aqueous phase for mixed micelles was lower by 74% than that for the commercial lipid emulsion. No significant differences in times to unconsciousness and recovery of righting reflex were observed between mixed micelles and commercial lipid formulation. The pharmacological effect may serve as pharmaceutical nanocarriers with improved solubilization capacity for poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yating Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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Ding L, Li Y, Deng J, Yang W. Preparation of hydrophobic helical poly(N-propargylamide)s in aqueous medium via a monomer/cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00198h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sudo RT, Bonfá L, Trachez MM, Debom R, Rizzi MDR, Zapata-Sudo G. Anesthetic profile of a non-lipid propofol nanoemulsion. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2010; 60:475-83. [PMID: 20863928 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7094(10)70059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The clinical use of a lipid propofol formulation causes pain during injection, allergic reactions, and bacterial growth. Propofol has been reformulated in different non-lipid presentations to reduce the incidence of adverse effects, but those changes can modify its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. In the present study, we investigate the pharmacology and toxicology of lipid propofol (CLP) and the non-lipid nanoemulsion (NLP). METHODS Conventional lipid formulation of propofol and NLP were infused in the jugular veins of rats and blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) were measured. Both formulations (1%) were infused (40 μL.min⁻¹) over 1 hour. Hypnotic and anesthetic doses as well as recoveries were determined. The pain induced by the CLP and NLP vehicles was compared by counting the number of abdominal contortions ("writhing test") after the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection in mice. Acetic acid (0.6%) was used as positive control. RESULTS Hypnotic and anesthetic doses of 1% CLP (6.0 ± 1.3 and 17.8 ± 2.6 mg.kg⁻¹, respectively) and 1% NLP (5.4 ± 1.0 and 16.0 ± 1.4 mg.kg⁻¹, respectively) were not significantly different. Recovery from hypnosis and anesthesia was faster with NLP than with CLP. Changes in HR, BP, and RR caused by NLP were not significantly different from those caused by CLP. Acetic acid and the vehicle of CLP caused 46.0 ± 2.0 and 12.5 ± 0.6 abdominal contortions 20 min after i.p. injection, respectively. The absence of abdominal contractions was observed with the vehicle of NLP. Abdominal inflammatory response was not observed after the i.p. injection of both propofol vehicles. CONCLUSIONS Non-lipid formulation of propofol can be a better alternative to CPL for intravenous anesthesia with fewer adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Takashi Sudo
- Program of Drug Development, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
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20
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Ding L, He Q, Deng J. Using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for the preparation of hydrophobic poly(ketoethyl methacrylate) in aqueous medium. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Harris EA, Lubarsky DA, Candiotti KA. Monitored anesthesia care (MAC) sedation: clinical utility of fospropofol. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2009; 5:949-59. [PMID: 20057894 PMCID: PMC2801588 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fospropofol, a phosphorylated prodrug version of the popular induction agent propofol, is hydrolyzed in vivo to release active propofol, formaldehyde, and phosphate. Pharmacodynamic studies show fospropofol provides clinically useful sedation and EEG/bispectral index suppression while causing significantly less respiratory depression than propofol. Pain at the injection site, a common complaint with propofol, was not reported with fospropofol; the major patient complaint was transitory perianal itching during the drug's administration. Although many clinicians believe fospropofol can safely be given by a registered nurse, the FDA mandated that fospropofol, like propofol, must be used only in the presence of a trained anesthesia provider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Harris
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Management, and Pain Medicine, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine
| | - David A Lubarsky
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Management, and Pain Medicine, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine
| | - Keith A Candiotti
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Management, and Pain Medicine, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine
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22
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Khomutov SM, Sukhodolskaya GV, Donova MV. The inhibitory effect of cyclodextrin on the degradation of 9α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione byMycobacteriumsp. VKM Ac-1817D. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420701510510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ding L, Jiao X, Deng J, Zhao W, Yang W. Catalytic Polymerizations of Hydrophobic, Substituted, Acetylene Monomers in an Aqueous Medium by Using a Monomer/Hydroxypropyl-β
-cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008; 30:120-5. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mu Y, Klamerus MM, Miller TM, Rohan LC, Graham SH, Poloyac SM. Intravenous formulation of N-hydroxy-N'-(4-n-butyl-2-methylphenyl)formamidine (HET0016) for inhibition of rat brain 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid formation. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:2324-30. [PMID: 18725506 PMCID: PMC2659781 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.023150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-hydroxy-N'-(4-n-butyl-2-methylphenyl)formamidine (HET0016) is a potent inhibitor of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) formation by specific cytochrome P450 isoforms. Previous studies have demonstrated that administration of HET0016 inhibits brain formation of 20-HETE and reduces brain damage in a rat model of thromboembolic stroke. Delineation of the dose, concentration, and neuroprotective effect relationship of HET0016 has been hampered by the relative insolubility of HET0016 in aqueous solutions and the lack of information concerning the mechanism and duration of HET0016 inhibition of brain 20-HETE formation. Therefore, it was the purpose of this study to develop a water-soluble formulation of HET0016 suitable for intravenous (i.v.) administration and to determine the time course and mechanism of brain 20-HETE inhibition after in vivo dosing. In this study we report that HET0016 is a noncompetitive inhibitor of rat brain 20-HETE formation, which demonstrates a tissue concentration range for brain inhibition. In addition, we demonstrate that complexation of HET0016 with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin results in increased aqueous solubility of HET0016 from 34.2 +/- 31.2 to 452.7 +/- 63.3 microg/ml. Administration of the complex as a single HET0016 i.v. dose (1 mg/kg) rapidly reduced rat brain 20-HETE concentrations from 289 to 91 pmol/g. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the i.v. formulation of HET0016 rapidly penetrates the rat brain and significantly inhibits 20-HETE tissue concentrations. These results will enable future studies to determine biopharmaceutics of HET0016 for inhibition of 20-HETE after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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25
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Holvoet C, Heyden YV, Plaizier-Vercammen J. Development of an Omeprazole Parenteral Formulation with Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 12:327-36. [PMID: 17613896 DOI: 10.1080/10837450701247558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Because of both the low solubility and stability of omeprazole in an aqueous environment, cyclodextrins (CDs) were added as inclusion complexation agents and stability enhancers in a parenteral formulation. Stability curves of omeprazole in different aqueous media were compared to determine which was most appropriate to prepare a formulation. The aimed preparation contains 40 mg omeprazole in an as low a volume of solvent as possible. A first assay in 40% hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) at pH 7.4 and 8.0 was not successful because degradation occurred before omeprazole was completely dissolved. Another manufacturing method was therefore tested. It concerned the use of an ammonia-based solvent in which omeprazole easily dissolved at high pH values, but a lower pH was reached after lyophilization. The inclusion capability of different cyclodextrins (CDs), suitable for parenteral use, was compared. The preparations that were finally selected (i.e., 40 mg omeprazole in 10 mL of a 40% HP-beta-CD ammonia/water-solution with an initial pH of 11 or 12, were found, after lyophilization, to be in agreement with the requirements for parenterals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Holvoet
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan, Brussels, Belgium
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26
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Date AA, Nagarsenker MS. Design and evaluation of microemulsions for improved parenteral delivery of propofol. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008; 9:138-45. [PMID: 18446474 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-007-9023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the potential of the microemulsions to improve the parenteral delivery of propofol. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were plotted to identify microemulsification region of propofol. The propofol microemulsions were evaluated for globule size, physical and chemical stability, osmolarity, in vitro hemolysis, pain caused by injection using rat paw-lick test and in vivo anesthetic activity. The microemulsions exhibited globule size less than 25 nm and demonstrated good physical and chemical stability. Propofol microemulsions were slightly hypertonic and resulted in less than 1% hemolysis after 2 h of storage with human blood at 37 degrees C. Rat paw-lick test indicated that propofol microemulsions were significantly less painful as compared to the marketed propofol formulation. The anesthetic activity of the microemulsions was similar to the marketed propofol formulation indicating that they do not compromise the pharmacological action of propofol. The stability studies indicated that the microemulsions were stable for 3 months when stored at 5 +/- 3 degrees C. Thus, microemulsions appeared to be an interesting alternative to the current propofol formulations.
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27
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Deng J, He Q, Wu Z, Yang W. Using glycidyl methacrylate as cross-linking agent to prepare thermosensitive hydrogels by a novel one-step method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Bertacche V, Lorenzi N, Nava D, Pini E, Sinico C. Host–Guest Interaction Study of Resveratrol With Natural and Modified Cyclodextrins. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-006-9047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chen H, Zhang Z, Almarsson O, Marier JF, Berkovitz D, Gardner CR. A novel, lipid-free nanodispersion formulation of propofol and its characterization. Pharm Res 2005; 22:356-61. [PMID: 15835740 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-004-1872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Propofol is a widely used anesthetic agent with highly desirable fast "on" and "off" effects. It is currently formulated as lipid emulsions, which are known to support microbial growth. In this study, a novel, lipid-free nanodispersion formulation of propofol was characterized. METHODS The formulation was evaluated for its physical and chemical stability, in vitro compatibility with red blood cells, and its antimicrobial effectiveness. In vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the formulation were evaluated in rats. RESULTS Our data suggest that this lipid-free formulation is physically and chemically stable. Compared to the commercial emulsion formulation Diprivan, it causes less hemolysis with red blood cells and has improved antimicrobial activity. In addition, the lipid-free formulation demonstrates similar pharmacological effects to Diprivan in rats. CONCLUSIONS This novel, lipid-free formulation exhibits improved in vitro properties without compromising in vivo effects, therefore representing a promising new alternative for propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Chen
- TransForm Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 29 Hartwell Avenue, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA.
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30
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Trapani A, Lopedota A, Denora N, Laquintana V, Franco M, Latrofa A, Trapani G, Liso G. A rapid screening tool for estimating the potential of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complexation for solubilization purposes. Int J Pharm 2005; 295:163-75. [PMID: 15848001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) were developed for predicting the solubility enhancement (expressed as logS/S0) of compounds in 45% (w/v) aqueous solution of HP-beta-CD. A set of 25 structurally different drugs, whose logS/S0 values were taken from literature, was used as a training set for building the computational models. Thirteen molecular descriptors, including parameters for size, lipophilicity, cohesive energy density and hydrogen-bonding capacity, were calculated and together with the experimental melting point (MP), used in multivariate analysis. Eight pertinent variables were detected after looking at the results of principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, and two reliable four-descriptor models generated by multiple linear regression (MLR) and by the partial least squares-projection to latent structures (PLS) methods. In both cases, satisfactory coefficients of determination values were obtained (i.e., R2 equal to 0.793 or 0.763 for MLR and PLS, respectively). The models were validated using a test set of six compounds. The equations generated can predict the aqueous solubility increase of poorly soluble compounds by complexation in 45% (w/v) aqueous solution of HP-beta-CD with a reasonable accuracy. These equations can allow formulation scientists to rapidly estimate, at the early stage of drug development, the potential of HP-beta-CD in increasing solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Trapani
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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31
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Trapani A, Laquintana V, Lopedota A, Franco M, Latrofa A, Talani G, Sanna E, Trapani G, Liso G. Evaluation of new propofol aqueous solutions for intravenous anesthesia. Int J Pharm 2004; 278:91-8. [PMID: 15158952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Revised: 02/12/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of using three new aqueous formulations of propofol for intravenous (i.v.) anesthesia. The first formulation can be prepared by using hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin (HP-gamma-CD) as a solubilizer. Phase-solubility analysis showed a linear increase in the solubility of propofol to a maximum of 16.6 mg/ml in 30% (w/v) HP-gamma-CD. Moreover, phase-solubility studies demonstrated that 18% (w/v) HP-beta-CD or SBE-beta-CD and 24% HP-gamma-CD solutions, respectively, are required to dissolve 10mg of propofol in 1 ml of the vehicle; the corresponding solutions, however, are slightly hypertonic. Autoclaving the 10 mg/ml CD-based formulations for 15 min at 121 degrees C caused a change in pH which was more evident for the HP-beta-CD-based formulation while, in any case, no detectable fall in propofol concentration was observed. The second formulation herein evaluated is a co-solvent mixture (i.e., propylene glycol:water (1:1), v/v) which is able to dissolve 10 mg/ml of the anesthetic agent. However, although it is simple to prepare, the stability of this formulation is limited. The third aqueous formulation can be prepared by using the prolinate ester of propofol and its water-soluble derivative dissolved in water at equimolar concentration. The efficacy of all these formulations as i.v. anesthetic agents was assessed using a pharmacodynamic measure (onset and duration of loss of the righting reflex, LORR), and compared with that of the commercial propofol formulation (Diprivan, 10 mg/ml) in rats. It was found that minimizing the amount of cyclodextrin in all CD-based formulations, anesthetic effects comparable to those of propofol in Diprivan were still observed. Moreover, the prolinate ester constituted an effective i.v. anesthetic formulation with the same duration of action but with a longer induction time than Diprivan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Trapani
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Babu MKM, Godiwala TN. Toward the Development of an Injectable Dosage Form of Propofol: Preparation and Evaluation of Propofol–Sulfobutyl Ether 7‐β‐Cyclodextrin Complex. Pharm Dev Technol 2004; 9:265-75. [PMID: 15458232 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-200031428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to undertake activities toward the development of an aqueous-based formulation of propofol (2,6-diisopropyl phenol), using sulfobutylether 7-beta-cyclodextrin (SBECD). Preformulation studies, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method development and phase-solubility evaluation in the presence of SBECD were conducted. It was determined that equilibrium solubility has been reached by 4-day and 7-day phase-solubility analysis at 30 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The apparent binding constants and various thermodynamic parameters were calculated from this data. These results suggest that "nonclassical hydrophobic effects" are the driving forces for inclusion complex formation. Compounding and lyophilization of the formulation with 20% SBECD yielded a product with propofol concentration of 10 mg/mL. The formulation properties were probed by using techniques that included modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and Karl Fischer analysis. MDSC showed that propofol, SBECD, and the Propofol-SBECD complex displayed thermal properties at widely varying temperatures, suggesting the formation of a new solid form. The active pharmaceutical ingredient in the liquid formulation and lyophilized product was determined by the newly developed and qualified HPLC method. Short-term stability studies of the liquid formulation showed that they were stable for a month at 4 degrees C. Short-term stability studies of the freeze-dried cakes showed that the product was stable for over a month at 4 degrees C, 37 degrees C, and 50 degrees C. Based on these preliminary results, we believe that an aqueous based injectable formulation of propofol with sulfobutylether 7-beta-cyclodextrin can be successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Manoj Babu
- DSM Pharmaceuticals Inc., Greenville, North Carolina 27834, USA.
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Altomare C, Trapani G, Latrofa A, Serra M, Sanna E, Biggio G, Liso G. Highly water-soluble derivatives of the anesthetic agent propofol: in vitro and in vivo evaluation of cyclic amino acid esters. Eur J Pharm Sci 2004; 20:17-26. [PMID: 13678789 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(03)00161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic amino acid esters of propofol were synthesized in an attempt to develop new water-soluble anesthetic agents. Their solubility and stability in aqueous solution, and their ability to release propofol in vitro under physiological conditions were determined. L-Proline (6a) and racemic nipecotic acid (6c) esters were found to be highly soluble in water. Sufficiently stable at physiological pH (half-lives >6 h), the alpha-amino acid esters, 6a and 6b, were found to be quantitatively hydrolyzed in plasma and liver esterase solutions within a few minutes, showing prodrug behavior. The in vitro activity of the esters, determined either by the [(35)S]tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([(35)S]TBPS) binding assay or electrophysiological measurements of the action at cloned human receptors, proved to be a mechanism involving allosteric modulation of GABA(A) receptors. Indeed, L-proline (6a), and racemic pipecolinate (6b) and nipecotate (6c), like propofol, reduced [(35)S]TBPS binding, whereas isonipecotate (6d) showed bicuculline-like behavior, increasing [(35)S]TBPS binding. A nonlinear relation between GABA(A) receptor binding affinity and lipophilicity, as assessed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, emerged as a trend. The in vivo anticonvulsant and anesthetic activities of prolinate 6a, intraperitoneally administered in water solution, showed that is a water-soluble propofol prodrug candidate for developing formulations useful for parenteral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Altomare
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy,
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Trapani G, Cutrignelli A, Latrofa A, Franco M, Serra M, Pisu MG, Biggio G, Liso G. Valproic Acid‐Hydrophilic Cyclodextrin Complexes and Valproic Acid‐Solid Dispersions: Evaluation of Their Potential Pharmaceutical Use. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2004; 30:53-64. [PMID: 15000430 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120027511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential use of two novel solid formulations of valproic acid (VPA) prepared by complexation with hydrophilic cyclodextrins (CDs) as hydroxypropyl-beta- and sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin and by solid dispersion (SD) in hydrophilic carriers as polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) and polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 (PVP K-30). The corresponding cyclodextrin-based complexes were prepared by the freeze-drying method while the solid dispersions were obtained by the solvent method. Valproic acid solubility improved by CDs complexation and solid dispersion techniques. Comparison of dissolution profiles with that of VPA sodium salt (NaVP) was made by using release parameters such as dissolution efficiency, percent of drug dissolved after 60 min, and difference and similarity factors. Based on difference and similarity factors, it can be concluded that all the VPA formulations possess dissolution profiles essentially equivalent to those of NaVP at pH 6. However, this conclusion is not confirmed by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach, indicating some significant differences between some SD-based formulations and NaVP at that pH value. Preliminary pharmacological studies in the pentylenetetrazole test in rats showed some important differences among the SD-based formulations, NaVP, and VPA as oil/water emulsion. Some implications and limitations of the investigated formulations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Trapani
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Egan TD, Kern SE, Johnson KB, Pace NL. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in a modified cyclodextrin formulation (Captisol) versus propofol in a lipid formulation (Diprivan): an electroencephalographic and hemodynamic study in a porcine model. Anesth Analg 2003; 97:72-9, table of contents. [PMID: 12818946 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000066019.42467.7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The currently marketed propofol formulation has a number of undesirable properties that are in part a function of the lipid emulsion formulation, including pain on injection, serious allergic reactions, and the support of microbial growth. A modified cyclodextrin-based formulation of propofol (sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrin) has been developed that may mitigate some of these formulation-dependent problems. However, reformulation may alter propofol's pharmacologic behavior. Our aim in this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in the currently marketed lipid-based formulation with those of the novel cyclodextrin formulation. We hypothesized that the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the propofol in cyclodextrin would be substantially similar to those of the propofol in lipid. Thirty-two isoflurane-anesthetized animals were instrumented with pulmonary artery, arterial, and IV catheters and were randomly assigned to receive either propofol in lipid or propofol in cyclodextrin by continuous infusion. Arterial blood samples for propofol assay were collected. The processed electroencephalogram, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and cardiac output were measured continuously. The propofol formulations were compared by using model-independent analysis techniques. Combined kinetic/dynamic models were also constructed for simulation purposes. There were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of the two propofol formulations. The simulations based on the combined pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models confirmed the substantial similarity of the two formulations. The hypothesis that the propofol-in-cyclodextrin formulation would exhibit pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior that was substantially similar to the propofol-in-lipid formulation was confirmed. IMPLICATIONS A modified cyclodextrin-based formulation of propofol has been developed that may mitigate some of the problems associated with propofol in lipid emulsion. However, reformulation of propofol may change its clinical characteristics. This study in a pig model showed that the novel propofol formulation was substantially similar to the lipid emulsion propofol formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talmage D Egan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA.
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Banaszczyk MG, Carlo AT, Millan V, Lindsey A, Moss R, Carlo DJ, Hendler SS. Propofol phosphate, a water-soluble propofol prodrug: in vivo evaluation. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1285-92, table of contents. [PMID: 12401612 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-200211000-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED After a single IV injection of the water-soluble propofol prodrug propofol phosphate (PP) in mice, rats, rabbits, and pigs, propofol was produced rapidly (1-15 min), inducing dose-dependent sedative effects. In mice, the hypnotic dose (HD(50)), lethal dose (LD(50)), and safety index (defined as a ratio: LD(50)/HD(50)) were 165.4 mg/kg, 600.6 mg/kg, and 3.6, respectively. Propofol was produced with half-lives of 5.3 +/- 0.6 min in rats, 2.1 +/- 0.6 min in rabbits, and 4.4 +/- 2.4 min in pigs. The maximal concentration was dose and species dependent. The elimination half-life was 24 +/- 12 min in rats, 21 +/- 16 min in rabbits, and 225 +/- 56 min in pigs. Propofol generated from PP produced pharmacological effects similar to those described in the literature. We found a correlation between PP dose and duration of sedation with propofol concentrations larger than 1.0 microg/mL, which produced somnolence and sedation in rats and pigs. Adequate sedation and, at large enough doses, anesthetic-level sedation were produced after the administration of PP. Overall, PP, the water-soluble prodrug of propofol, seems to be a viable development candidate for sedative and anesthetic applications. IMPLICATIONS Propofol phosphate, a water-soluble prodrug of the widely used IV anesthetic propofol, was developed and evaluated in mice, rats, rabbits, and pigs after IV injection. The results of the study clearly demonstrate the feasibility of the prodrug approach to achieve sedative and anesthetic levels of propofol in laboratory animals; this warrants further evaluation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz G Banaszczyk
- Chemistry Department, The Immune Response Corporation, 5935 Darwin Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The timing and magnitude of drug onset can be influenced by factors in the chain of drug delivery from the site of administration to the site of effect. This review examines recent evidence regarding the contribution and significance of these factors. RECENT FINDINGS It is apparent that drug formulations and mixtures can play a significant role in drug onset. An extension of this is the effect of coadministration of drugs, which can influence drug effect both by altering the physiology underlying drug delivery and by an effect at the target organ. Of the physiological variables, cardiac output and its distribution are clearly important. Cardiac output is a significant source of variability in drug response, and indeed has been successfully incorporated into pharmacokinetic models. The pattern of cardiac output distribution is also relevant. In particular, the blood flow to target organs will influence both the timing and magnitude of the effect of some anaesthetic drugs. In addition, the role of the lung in affecting drug distribution may be important for some drugs. At the site or organ of effect itself, variability in drug distribution, drug-receptor interactions, and the influence of other drugs, can all impact on the profile of drug onset. SUMMARY Factors in the chain of drug delivery have been demonstrated to affect the nature of drug onset, and can account for some of the observed variability in response. The significance to dosing guidelines and strategies, and to predictions of variability in response, remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy L Ludbrook
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Park KL, Kim KH, Jung SH, Lim HM, Hong CH, Kang JS. Enantioselective stabilization of inclusion complexes of metoprolol in carboxymethylated beta-cyclodextrin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:569-76. [PMID: 11755757 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion complexes of metoprolol (MT) and carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CMCD) were prepared and the stability constants of the complexes were determined. Binding studies performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis (CE) indicated that a complex with 1:1 stoichiometry is predominant in the solution. The enantiomers of MT possess relatively high affinity towards CMCD with stability constants of 288 and 262 per M for (R)- and (S)-MT, respectively. Through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, MT was predicted to be a bent structure with phenyl ring of MT inserted in the shielding cavity of CMCD during complex formation. The NMR data suggested that the chiral side chain and the methoxyethyl moiety of MT are aligned in the deshielding zone, above and below the CMCD torus ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Lae Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
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Trapani G, Latrofa A, Franco M, Pantaleo MR, Sanna E, Massa F, Tuveri F, Liso G. Complexation of zolpidem with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-, methyl-beta-, and 2-hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin: effect on aqueous solubility, dissolution rate, and ataxic activity in rat. J Pharm Sci 2000; 89:1443-51. [PMID: 11015689 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6017(200011)89:11<1443::aid-jps7>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effect of some chemically modified cyclodextrins [namely, 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-, methyl-beta-, and 2-hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD, Me-beta-CD, and HP-gamma-CD, respectively)] on the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of the hypnotic agent Zolpidem (ZP) was investigated. Solid complexes were prepared by freeze drying and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. The solubility and dissolution rate of the drug were significantly improved by complexation with HP-beta-CD or Me-beta-CD. The structure of the inclusion complex ZP-HP-beta-CD in CH(3)COOD/D(2)O was investigated by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, including NOE measurements. These measurements revealing a weak interaction between the tolyl moiety of the guest molecule and the HP-beta-CD cavity. The ataxic activity in rat was also investigated and it was found that ZP-HP-beta-CD and ZP-Me-beta-CD complexes showed almost 2-fold longer ataxic induction times than controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Trapani
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Trapani G, Latrofa A, Franco M, Lopedota A, Maciocco E, Liso G. Water-soluble salts of aminoacid esters of the anaesthetic agent Propofol. Int J Pharm 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(98)00284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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