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Bae J, Lee C, Jung D, Yea K, Song B, Lee H, Baek M. Extracellular vesicle isolation and counting system (EVics) based on simultaneous tandem tangential flow filtration and large field-of-view light scattering. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12479. [PMID: 38978321 PMCID: PMC11231039 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the isolation and counting of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are essential steps in sEV research, an integrated method with scalability and efficiency has not been developed. Here, we present a scalable and ready-to-use extracellular vesicle (EV) isolation and counting system (EVics) that simultaneously allows isolation and counting in one system. This novel system consists of (i) EVi, a simultaneous tandem tangential flow filtration (TFF)-based EV isolation component by applying two different pore-size TFF filters, and (ii) EVc, an EV counting component using light scattering that captures a large field-of-view (FOV). EVi efficiently isolated 50-200 nm-size sEVs from 15 µL to 2 L samples, outperforming the current state-of-the-art devices in purity and speed. EVc with a large FOV efficiently counted isolated sEVs. EVics enabled early observations of sEV secretion in various cell lines and reduced the cost of evaluating the inhibitory effect of sEV inhibitors by 20-fold. Using EVics, sEVs concentrations and sEV PD-L1 were monitored in a 23-day cancer mouse model, and 160 clinical samples were prepared and successfully applied to diagnosis. These results demonstrate that EVics could become an innovative system for novel findings in basic and applied studies in sEV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju‐Hyun Bae
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CMRI, Exosome Convergence Research Center (ECRC)School of Medicine, Kyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Chan‐Hyeong Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CMRI, Exosome Convergence Research Center (ECRC)School of Medicine, Kyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Dokyung Jung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CMRI, Exosome Convergence Research Center (ECRC)School of Medicine, Kyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Kyungmoo Yea
- Department of New BiologyDGISTDaeguRepublic of Korea
- New Biology Research CenterDGISTDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Byoung‐Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and BiophysicsNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Moon‐Chang Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CMRI, Exosome Convergence Research Center (ECRC)School of Medicine, Kyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
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2
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Tian Y, Tian D, Peng X, Qiu H. Critical parameters to standardize the size and concentration determination of nanomaterials by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Int J Pharm 2024; 656:124097. [PMID: 38609058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The size and concentration are critical for the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of nanomaterials but the accurate measurement remains challenging. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is widely used for size and concentration determination. However, highly repeatable standard operating procedures (SOPs) are absent. We adopted the "search-evaluate-test" strategy to standardize the measurement by searching the critical parameters. The particles per frame are linearly proportional to the sample concentration and the measured results are more accurate and repeatable when the concentration is 108-109 particles/ml. The optimal detection threshold is around 5. The optimal camera level is such that it allows clear observation of particles without diffractive rings and overexposure. The optimal speed is ≤ 50 in AU and ∼ 10 μl/min in flow rate. We then evaluated the protocol using polydisperse polystyrene particles and we found that NTA could discriminate particles in bimodal mixtures with high size resolution but the performance on multimodal mixtures is not as good as that of resistive pulse sensing (RPS). We further analyzed the polystyrene particles, SiO2 particles, and biological samples by NTA following the SOPs. The size and concentration measured by NTA differentially varies to those determined by RPS and transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxi Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 City Avenue Songshan Lake Sci. &Tech. Industry Park, Dongguan 523808, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; Carbohydrate-based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dong Tian
- Carbohydrate-based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 City Avenue Songshan Lake Sci. &Tech. Industry Park, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Hong Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; Carbohydrate-based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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3
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Eltohamy KM, Menezes-Blackburn D, Klumpp E, Liu C, Jin J, Xing C, Lu Y, Liang X. Microbially Induced Soil Colloidal Phosphorus Mobilization Under Anoxic Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7554-7566. [PMID: 38647007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the behavior of colloidal phosphorus (Pcoll) under anoxic conditions is pivotal for addressing soil phosphorus (P) mobilization and transport and its impact on nutrient cycling. Our study investigated Pcoll dynamics in acidic floodplain soil during a 30-day flooding event. The sudden oxic-to-anoxic shift led to a significant rise in pore-water Pcoll levels, which exceeded soluble P levels by more than 2.7-fold. Colloidal fractions transitioned from dispersed forms (<220 nm) to colloid-associated microaggregates (>220 nm), as confirmed by electron microscopy. The observed increase in colloidal sizes was paralleled by their heightened ability to form aggregates. Compared to sterile control conditions, anoxia prompted the transformation of initially dispersed colloids into larger particles through microbial activity. Curiously, the 16S rRNA and ITS microbial diversity analysis indicated that fungi were more strongly associated with anoxia-induced colloidal release than bacteria. These microbially induced shifts in Pcoll lead to its higher mobility and transport, with direct implications for P release from soil into floodwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel M Eltohamy
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Water Relations & Field Irrigation, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Daniel Menezes-Blackburn
- Department of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khoud 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Erwin Klumpp
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Chunlong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Junwei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chaogang Xing
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinqiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
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Miyashita SI, Ogura T, Matsuura SI, Fukuda E. Particle Size Measurement and Detection of Bound Proteins of Non-Porous/Mesoporous Silica Microspheres by Single-Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2024; 29:1086. [PMID: 38474598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) has been used for particle size measurement of diverse types of individual nanoparticles and micrometer-sized carbon-based particles such as microplastics. However, its applicability to the measurement of micrometer-sized non-carbon-based particles such as silica (SiO2) particles is unclear. In this study, the applicability of spICP-MS to particle size measurement of non-porous/mesoporous SiO2 microspheres with a nominal diameter of 5.0 µm or smaller was investigated. Particle sizes of these microspheres were measured using both spICP-MS based on a conventional calibration approach using an ion standard solution and scanning electron microscopy as a reference technique, and the results were compared. The particle size distributions obtained using both techniques were in agreement within analytical uncertainty. The applicability of this technique to the detection of metal-containing protein-binding mesoporous SiO2 microspheres was also investigated. Bound iron (Fe)-containing proteins (i.e., lactoferrin and transferrin) of mesoporous SiO2 microspheres were detected using Fe as a presence marker for the proteins. Thus, spICP-MS is applicable to the particle size measurement of large-sized and non-porous/mesoporous SiO2 microspheres. It has considerable potential for element-based detection and qualification of bound proteins of mesoporous SiO2 microspheres in a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Miyashita
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8563, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ogura
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Matsuura
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 4-2-1 Nigatake, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8551, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Eriko Fukuda
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Ibaraki, Japan
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Serov DA, Khabatova VV, Vodeneev V, Li R, Gudkov SV. A Review of the Antibacterial, Fungicidal and Antiviral Properties of Selenium Nanoparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5363. [PMID: 37570068 PMCID: PMC10420033 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs is an important problem worldwide. To solve this problem, active searches for antimicrobial components, approaches and therapies are being carried out. Selenium nanoparticles have high potential for antimicrobial activity. The relevance of their application is indisputable, which can be noted due to the significant increase in publications on the topic over the past decade. This review of research publications aims to provide the reader with up-to-date information on the antimicrobial properties of selenium nanoparticles, including susceptible microorganisms, the mechanisms of action of nanoparticles on bacteria and the effect of nanoparticle properties on their antimicrobial activity. This review describes the most complete information on the antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal effects of selenium nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Serov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilove St. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.S.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Venera V. Khabatova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilove St. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.S.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin av. 23, 603105 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia;
| | - Ruibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Sergey V. Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilove St. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.S.); (V.V.K.)
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin av. 23, 603105 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia;
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Marques SS, Cant DJH, Minelli C, Segundo MA. Combining orthogonal measurements to unveil diclofenac encapsulation into polymeric and lipid nanocarriers. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1262:341234. [PMID: 37179055 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of the drug associated to nanoparticle carriers, often expressed in terms of encapsulation efficiency, is a regulatory requirement. The establishment of independent methods to evaluate this parameter provides a means for measurement validation, which is critical in providing confidence in the methods and enabling the robust characterization of nanomedicines. Chromatography is traditionally used to measure drug encapsulation into nanoparticles. Here, we describe an additional independent strategy based on analytical centrifugation. The encapsulation of diclofenac into nanocarriers was quantified based on the mass difference between placebo (i.e. unloaded) and loaded nanoparticles. This difference was estimated using particle densities measured by differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS) and size and concentration values measured by particle tracking analysis (PTA). The proposed strategy was applied to two types of formulations, namely poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers, which were analysed by DCS operated in sedimentation and flotation modes, respectively. The results were compared to those from high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements. Additionally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis was used to elucidate the surface chemical composition of the placebo and loaded nanoparticles. The proposed approach enables the monitoring of batch-to-batch consistency and the quantification of diclofenac association to PLGA nanoparticles from 0.7 ng to 5 ng of drug per 1 μg of PLGA, with good linear correlation between DCS and HPLC results (R2 = 0.975). Using the same approach, similar quantification in lipid nanocarriers was possible for a loading of diclofenac ≥1.1 ng per 1 μg of lipids, with results in agreement with the HPLC method (R2 = 0.971). Hence, the strategy proposed here expands the analytical tools available for evaluating nanoparticles encapsulation efficiency, being thus significant for increasing the robustness of drug-delivery nanocarriers characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Marques
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - David J H Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Minelli
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom.
| | - Marcela A Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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7
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Aly SM, Eissa AE, Abdel-Razek N, El-Ramlawy AO. Chitosan nanoparticles and green synthesized silver nanoparticles as novel alternatives to antibiotics for preventing A.hydrophila subsp. hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Int J Vet Sci Med 2023; 11:38-54. [PMID: 37179529 PMCID: PMC10167877 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2023.2205338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, nanoparticles have attracted attention as a preventive tool for certain infectious diseases affecting fish in aquaculture. Furthermore, freshwater fishes are frequently vulnerable to summer mass morality caused by Aeromonas bacteria. In this regard, we focused on the evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of chitosan (CNPs) and silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles against Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila. CNPs and AgNPs were prepared at a mean particle size of 9.03 and 12.8 nm and a charge equalled+36.4 and -19.3 mV for CNPs and AgNPs, respectively. A. hydrophila subsp. hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, and Aeromonas punctata were retrieved and identified by traditional and molecular techniques. The sensitivity of the obtained bacteria to eight different antibiotic discs was also tested. The antibiotic sensitivity studies revealed the presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Aeromonas species (spp.). The bacterium that showed the highest multidrug resistance against the tested antibiotic discs was Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila. Therefore, CNPs and AgNPs were in vitro tested against the isolated bacterium and exhibited inhibition zones of 15 and 25 mm, respectively. TEM images also showed that CNPs and AgNPs had an antagonistic action against the same bacterium causing loss of architecture and bacterial death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah M Aly
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Alaa Eldin Eissa
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine & Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nashwa Abdel-Razek
- Department of Fish Health and Management, central laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research center, Sharqia, Egypt
| | - Asmaa O El-Ramlawy
- Department of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Fish Farming and Technology Institute, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Terbinafine Nanohybrid: Proposing a Hydrogel Carrying Nanoparticles for Topical Release. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030841. [PMID: 36986702 PMCID: PMC10056099 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A poloxamer 407 (P407)—Casein hydrogel was chosen to carry polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying terbinafine (PCL-TBH-NP). In this study, terbinafine hydrochloride (TBH) was encapsulated into polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, which were further incorporated into a poloxamer-casein hydrogel in a different addition order to evaluate the effect of gel formation. Nanoparticles were prepared by the nanoprecipitation technique and characterized by evaluating their physicochemical characteristics and morphology. The nanoparticles had a mean diameter of 196.7 ± 0.7 nm, PDI of 0.07, negative ζ potential (−0.713 mV), high encapsulation efficiency (>98%), and did not show cytotoxic effects in primary human keratinocytes. PCL-NP modulated terbinafine was released in artificial sweat. Rheological properties were analyzed by temperature sweep tests at different addition orders of nanoparticles into hydrogel formation. The rheological behavior of nanohybrid hydrogels showed the influence of TBH-PCL nanoparticles addition in the mechanical properties of the hydrogel and a long-term release of the nanoparticles from it.
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Sharma V, Nikolajeff F, Kumar S. Employing nanoparticle tracking analysis of salivary neuronal exosomes for early detection of neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:7. [PMID: 36747288 PMCID: PMC9903484 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a set of progressive and currently incurable diseases that are primarily caused by neuron degeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases often lead to cognitive impairment and dyskinesias. It is now well recognized that molecular events precede the onset of clinical symptoms by years. Over the past decade, intensive research attempts have been aimed at the early diagnosis of these diseases. Recently, exosomes have been shown to play a pivotal role in the occurrence and progression of many diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, because exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier, they may serve as a diagnostic tool for neural dysfunction. In this review, we detail the mechanisms and current challenges of these diseases, briefly review the role of exosomes in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and propose a novel strategy based on salivary neuronal exosomes and nanoparticle tracking analysis that could be employed for screening the early onset of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Sharma
- Department of Health, Education and Technology, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Nikolajeff
- grid.6926.b0000 0001 1014 8699Department of Health, Education and Technology, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Health, Education and Technology, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden. .,Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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10
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Nissen M, Förster R, Wieduwilt T, Lorenz A, Jiang S, Hauswald W, Schmidt MA. Nanoparticle Tracking in Single-Antiresonant-Element Fiber for High-Precision Size Distribution Analysis of Mono- and Polydisperse Samples. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202024. [PMID: 35988130 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accurate determination of the size distribution of nanoparticle ensembles remains a challenge in nanotechnology-related applications due to the limitations of established methods. Here, a microstructured fiber-assisted nanoparticle tracking analysis (FaNTA) realization is introduced that breaks existing limitations through the recording of exceptionally long trajectories of rapidly diffusing polydisperse nanoparticles, resulting in excellent sizing precision and unprecedented separation capabilities of bimodal nanoparticle mixtures. An effective-single-mode antiresonant-element fiber allows to efficiently confine nanoparticles in a light-guiding microchannel and individually track them over more than 1000 frames, while aberration-free imaging is experimentally confirmed by cross-correlation analysis. Unique features of the approach are (i) the highly precise determination of the size distribution of monodisperse nanoparticle ensembles (only 7% coefficient of variation) and (ii) the accurate characterization of individual components in a bimodal mixture with very close mean diameters, both experimentally demonstrated for polymer nanospheres. The outstanding performance of the FaNTA realization can be quantified by introducing a new model for the bimodal separation index. Since FaNTA is applicable to all types of nano-objects down to sub-20 nm diameters, the method will improve the precision standard of mono- and polydisperse nanoparticle samples such as nano-plastics or extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Nissen
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics and Faculty of Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Förster
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Wieduwilt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian Lorenz
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Shiqi Jiang
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics and Faculty of Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Walter Hauswald
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus A Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics and Faculty of Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Otto Schott Institute of Material Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstr. 6, 07743, Jena, Germany
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11
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Controlled Release of Volatile Antimicrobial Compounds from Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers for Active Food Packaging Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137032. [PMID: 35806038 PMCID: PMC9266657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils and their active components have been extensively reported in the literature for their efficient antimicrobial, antioxidant and antifungal properties. However, the sensitivity of these volatile compounds towards heat, oxygen and light limits their usage in real food packaging applications. The encapsulation of these compounds into inorganic nanocarriers, such as nanoclays, has been shown to prolong the release and protect the compounds from harsh processing conditions. Nevertheless, these systems have limited shelf stability, and the release is of limited control. Thus, this study presents a mesoporous silica nanocarrier with a high surface area and well-ordered protective pore structure for loading large amounts of natural active compounds (up to 500 mg/g). The presented loaded nanocarriers are shelf-stable with a very slow initial release which levels out at 50% retention of the encapsulated compounds after 2 months. By the addition of simulated drip-loss from chicken, the release of the compounds is activated and gives an antimicrobial effect, which is demonstrated on the foodborne spoilage bacteria Brochothrixthermosphacta and the potentially pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli. When the release of the active compounds is activated, a ≥4-log reduction in the growth of B. thermosphacta and a 2-log reduction of E. coli is obtained, after only one hour of incubation. During the same one-hour incubation period the dry nanocarriers gave a negligible inhibitory effect. By using the proposed nanocarrier system, which is activated by the food product itself, increased availability of the natural antimicrobial compounds is expected, with a subsequent controlled antimicrobial effect.
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Takechi-Haraya Y, Ohgita T, Demizu Y, Saito H, Izutsu KI, Sakai-Kato K. Current Status and Challenges of Analytical Methods for Evaluation of Size and Surface Modification of Nanoparticle-Based Drug Formulations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:150. [PMID: 35596094 PMCID: PMC9122548 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review discusses the current status and difficulties of the analytical methods used to evaluate size and surface modifications of nanoparticle-based pharmaceutical products (NPs) such as liposomal drugs and new SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We identified the challenges in the development of methods for (1) measurement of a wide range of solid-state NPs, (2) evaluation of the sizes of polydisperse NPs, and (3) measurement of non-spherical NPs. Although a few methods have been established to analyze surface modifications of NPs, the feasibility of their application to NPs is unknown. The present review also examined the trends in standardization required to validate the size and surface measurements of NPs. It was determined that there is a lack of available reference materials and it is difficult to select appropriate ones for modified NP surface characterization. Research and development are in progress on innovative surface-modified NP-based cancer and gene therapies targeting cells, tissues, and organs. Next-generation nanomedicine should compile studies on the practice and standardization of the measurement methods for NPs to design surface modifications and ensure the quality of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takechi-Haraya
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ohgita
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi-Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi-Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Izutsu
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sakai-Kato
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
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13
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Nanoparticle tracking analysis and statistical mixture distribution analysis to quantify nanoparticle-vesicle binding. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 615:50-58. [PMID: 35123359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is a single particle tracking technique that in principle provides a more direct measure of particle size distribution compared to dynamic light scattering (DLS). Here, we demonstrate how statistical mixture distribution analysis can be used in combination with NTA to quantitatively characterize the amount and extent of particle binding in a mixture of nanomaterials. The combined approach is used to study the binding of gold nanoparticles to two types of phospholipid vesicles, those containing and lacking the model ion channel peptide gramicidin A. This model system serves as both a proof of concept for the method and a demonstration of the utility of the approach in studying nano-bio interactions. Two diffusional models (Stokes-Einstein and Kirkwood-Riseman) were compared in the determination of particle size, extent of binding, and nanoparticle:vesicle binding ratios for each vesicle type. The combination of NTA and statistical mixture distributions is shown to be a useful method for quantitative assessment of the extent of binding between particles and determination of binding ratios.
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14
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Zhou Y, Yuan Q, Gong S. Preparation and characterization of self‐emulsifying poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate grafted polyacrylate copolymers modified by waterborne polyester. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye‐xi Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Qing‐xia Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Shu‐ling Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
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15
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Min KH, Shin JW, Ki MR, Kim SH, Kim KH, Pack SP. Bio-inspired formation of silica particles using the silica-forming peptides found by silica-binding motif sequence, RRSSGGRR. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Peppersack C, Kwade A, Breitung-Faes S. Selective particle size analysis in binary submicron particle mixtures using density dependent differential sedimentation. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Huang T, Gong S. Preparation of Emulsifier-Free Styrene-Acrylic Emulsion via Reverse Iodine Transfer Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3348. [PMID: 34641164 PMCID: PMC8512759 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Styrene-acrylic emulsions containing hydroxyl functional monomer unit's component are widely used for maintenance coating. In this paper, a stable emulsifier-free styrene-acrylic emulsion with solid content over 43% could be obtained in 210 min via reverse iodine transfer polymerization (RITP). By adding a mixture of methacrylic acid (MAA) and poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) into a system containing a high content of hydroxyl functional monomer component (19.4 wt.% of the total monomer mass), styrene (St) could be copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA); the modified film exhibited good hardness properties, good adhesive properties, and low water absorption. An increase in the amount of PEGMA decreased the glass transition temperature (Tg). When 1.4 times the reference amount of initiator was added, the highest molecular weight Mn could reach 40,000 g.·mol-1 with 0.25 times the reference amount of iodine in the emulsion. The largest tensile strength of the dried emulsion film over 5.5 MPa endowed the material with good mechanical properties. Living polymerization was proven by the kinetics of RITP emulsion and chain extension reaction. TEM micrographs manifest the emulsification of the seed random copolymer. This paper may provide a potential methodology for preparing polymer materials with excellent mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuling Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
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18
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Cho S, Yi J, Kwon Y, Kang H, Han C, Park J. Multifluorescence Single Extracellular Vesicle Analysis by Time-Sequential Illumination and Tracking. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11753-11761. [PMID: 34181396 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a fluorescence-based nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) system for the characterization of both the size and membrane protein expression of individual extracellular vesicles (EVs). A sheet of lasers with four different wavelengths was sequentially shone onto extracellular vesicles according to a preprogrammed schedule, providing scattering images intercalated by three fluorescent images. The presence of extracellular vesicles was tracked frame by frame from scattering images. Fluorescence-labeled membrane proteins on EVs were detected by comparing scattering and fluorescent images. The tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, and CD81) of individual HEK293 EVs analyzed by both NTA and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy showed that the proposed NTA system can contribute to the understanding of individual extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwoo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro. Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeong-buk 37673, Republic of Korea
- EXOSOMEplus Inc., Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Johan Yi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro. Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeong-buk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongmin Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro. Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeong-buk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Kang
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro. Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeong-buk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungmin Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro. Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeong-buk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro. Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeong-buk 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro. Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeong-buk 37673, Republic of Korea
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19
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Cant DJH, Müller A, Clifford CA, Unger WES, Shard AG. Summary of ISO/TC 201 Technical Report 23173—Surface chemical analysis—Electron spectroscopies—Measurement of the thickness and composition of nanoparticle coatings. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. H. Cant
- Chemical and Biological Sciences National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Teddington UK
| | - Anja Müller
- Division 6.1 Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Charles A. Clifford
- Chemical and Biological Sciences National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Teddington UK
| | - Wolfgang E. S. Unger
- Division 6.1 Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Alexander G. Shard
- Chemical and Biological Sciences National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Teddington UK
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20
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Richards JA, Martinez VA, Arlt J. Particle sizing for flowing colloidal suspensions using flow-differential dynamic microscopy. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3945-3953. [PMID: 33723562 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Particle size is a key variable in understanding the behaviour of the particulate products that underpin much of our modern lives. Typically obtained from suspensions at rest, measuring the particle size under flowing conditions would enable advances for in-line testing during manufacture and high-throughput testing during development. However, samples are often turbid, multiply scattering light and preventing the direct use of common sizing techniques. Differential dynamic microscopy (DDM) is a powerful technique for analysing video microscopy of such samples, measuring diffusion and hence particle size without the need to resolve individual particles while free of substantial user input. However, when applying DDM to a flowing sample, diffusive dynamics are rapidly dominated by flow effects, preventing particle sizing. Here, we develop "flow-DDM", a novel analysis scheme that combines optimised imaging conditions, a drift-velocity correction and modelling of the impact of flow. Flow-DDM allows a decoupling of flow from diffusive motion that facilitates successful particle size measurements at flow speeds an order of magnitude higher than for DDM. We demonstrate the generality of the technique by applying flow-DDM to two separate microscopy methods and flow geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Richards
- SUPA and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
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21
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Ataide JA, Geraldes DC, Gérios EF, Bissaco FM, Cefali LC, Oliveira-Nascimento L, Mazzola PG. Freeze-dried chitosan nanoparticles to stabilize and deliver bromelain. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Cang Y, Liu B, Das S, Xu X, Xie J, Deng X, Fytas G. Surface contacts strongly influence the elasticity and thermal conductivity of silica nanoparticle fibers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3707-3715. [PMID: 33398320 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05377e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Granular materials are often encountered in science and engineering disciplines, in which controlling the particle contacts is one of the critical issues for the design, engineering, and utilization of their desired properties. The achievable rapid fabrication of nanoparticles with tunable physical and chemical properties facilitates tailoring the macroscopic properties of particle assemblies through contacts at the nanoscale. Models have been developed to predict the mechanical properties of macroscopic granular materials; however, their predicted power in the case of nanoparticle assemblies is still uncertain. Here, we investigate the influence of nanocontacts on the elasticity and thermal conductivity of a granular fiber comprised of close-packed silica nanoparticles. A complete elastic moduli characterization was realized by non-contact and non-destructive Brillouin light spectroscopy, which also allowed resolving the stiffness of the constituent particles in situ. In the framework of effective medium models, the strong enhancement of the elastic moduli is attributed to the formation of adhesive nanocontacts with physical and/or chemical bondings. The nanoparticle contacts are also responsible for the increase in the fiber thermal conductivity that emphasizes the role of interface thermal resistance, which tends to be ignored in most porosity models. This insight into the fundamental understanding of structure-property relationships advances knowledge on the manipulation of granular systems at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cang
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, 100 Zhangwu Road, 200092, Shanghai, China and Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Bohai Liu
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Sudatta Das
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Xiangfan Xu
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jingli Xie
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xu Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - George Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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23
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Particle Detection and Characterization for Biopharmaceutical Applications: Current Principles of Established and Alternative Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111112. [PMID: 33228023 PMCID: PMC7699340 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection and characterization of particles in the visible and subvisible size range is critical in many fields of industrial research. Commercial particle analysis systems have proliferated over the last decade. Despite that growth, most systems continue to be based on well-established principles, and only a handful of new approaches have emerged. Identifying the right particle-analysis approach remains a challenge in research and development. The choice depends on each individual application, the sample, and the information the operator needs to obtain. In biopharmaceutical applications, particle analysis decisions must take product safety, product quality, and regulatory requirements into account. Biopharmaceutical process samples and formulations are dynamic, polydisperse, and very susceptible to chemical and physical degradation: improperly handled product can degrade, becoming inactive or in specific cases immunogenic. This article reviews current methods for detecting, analyzing, and characterizing particles in the biopharmaceutical context. The first part of our article represents an overview about current particle detection and characterization principles, which are in part the base of the emerging techniques. It is very important to understand the measuring principle, in order to be adequately able to judge the outcome of the used assay. Typical principles used in all application fields, including particle–light interactions, the Coulter principle, suspended microchannel resonators, sedimentation processes, and further separation principles, are summarized to illustrate their potentials and limitations considering the investigated samples. In the second part, we describe potential technical approaches for biopharmaceutical particle analysis as some promising techniques, such as nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), micro flow imaging (MFI), tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS), flow cytometry, and the space- and time-resolved extinction profile (STEP®) technology.
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24
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Verdú S, Ruiz-Rico M, Pérez AJ, Barat JM, Grau R. Application of laser backscattering imaging for the physico-chemical characterisation of antimicrobial silica particles functionalised with plant essential oils. J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.109990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Al-Khafaji MA, Gaál A, Wacha A, Bóta A, Varga Z. Particle Size Distribution of Bimodal Silica Nanoparticles: A Comparison of Different Measurement Techniques. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3101. [PMID: 32664525 PMCID: PMC7412153 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) belong to the most widely produced nanomaterials nowadays. Particle size distribution (PSD) is a key property of SNPs that needs to be accurately determined for a successful application. Many single particle and ensemble characterization methods are available for the determination of the PSD of SNPs, each having different advantages and limitations. Since most preparation protocols for SNPs can yield bimodal or heterogeneous PSDs, the capability of a given method to resolve bimodal PSD is of great importance. In this work, four different methods, namely transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), microfluidic resistive pulse sensing (MRPS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were used to characterize three different, inherently bimodal SNP samples. We found that DLS is unsuitable to resolve bimodal PSDs, while MRPS has proven to be an accurate single-particle size and concentration characterization method, although it is limited to sizes above 50 nm. SAXS was found to be the only method which provided statistically significant description of the bimodal PSDs. However, the analysis of SAXS curves becomes an ill-posed inverse mathematical problem for broad size distributions, therefore the use of orthogonal techniques is required for the reliable description of the PSD of SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zoltán Varga
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.A.A.-K.); (A.G.); (A.W.); (A.B.)
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26
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Tabisz Ł, Stanek J, Łęska B. "DIY" Silica Nanoparticles: Exploring the Scope of a Simplified Synthetic Procedure and Absorbance-Based Diameter Measurements. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13143088. [PMID: 32664284 PMCID: PMC7412208 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the classical Stöber silica synthesis protocol was used to test the limits of simplification in the preparation and size determination of nanoparticles. The scope of three-ingredient, one-pot synthesis was established in conditions of regular 96% and 99.8% ethanol as solvent, with aqueous ammonia as the only source of base and water. Particles with diameters in the 15-400 nm range can be reliably obtained with this straightforward approach, and the direct relationship between the size and the product of concentrations of water and ammonia is evidenced. Furthermore, the idea of a linear approximation for Mie scattering in particular conditions is discussed, using experimental data and theoretical calculations. A simple, fast method for particle size determination utilizing a UV-Vis spectrophotometer-an easily accessible instrument-is explained, and shows a level of error (<0.5 SD) that can be acceptable for less rigorous laboratory use of nanoparticles or serve as a quick means for testing the influence of minor alterations to known synthetic protocols. This work aims to show that nanoparticle synthesis can (and should) become a regular occurrence, even in non-specialized labs, facilitating research into their new applications and inspiring outside-the-box solutions, while discussing the drawbacks of a more relaxed synthetic regimen.
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27
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Fluorescent Submicron-Sized Poly(heptafluoro- n-butyl methacrylate) Particles with Long-Term Stability. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092013. [PMID: 32344920 PMCID: PMC7249074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent submicron particles of fluorinated methacrylate (HFMBA) with long-term stability have been synthesized and characterized with regard to their potential applications. Rhodamine B (RBITC) isothiocyanate was used as the fluorescent component. The core–shell structure of the particles effectively protected the dye against bleaching. HFBMA nanoparticle (NP) stability was confirmed after seven years of storage. Only slight differences were found in the polydispersity index (pdi) from 0.002 to 0.010. Particle size measurements were carried out using dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking (NTA), and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The hydrodynamic diameter evaluated by different methods were in good agreement, respectively: 184–550 nm, 218–579 nm, and 236–508 nm. Particle and core morphology was estimated by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The ability to recognize particles in 3D as a reference sample in biological media has been confirmed by epifluorescence optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and super-resolution confocal microscopy (STED).
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28
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Evaluation of Particle Size Techniques to Support the Development of Manufacturing Scale Nanoparticles for Application in Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2284-2293. [PMID: 32278922 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of nanoparticle size, and size distribution, is important to the development of pharmaceutical nanoparticle products and their manufacturing processes. In this work we report on the use of 4 widely-used liquid-phase techniques, dynamic light scattering, differential centrifugal sedimentation, particle tracking analysis, and tuneable resistive pulse sensing to measure 4 different batches of AZD2811NPs. The techniques rely on different physical principles to measure nanoparticle size. The batches cover a range of different manufacturing scales and different sites of manufacture, and were made to support toxicity, clinical, and engineering studies. The results from the different techniques and different batches are compared in terms of the average size, and size distribution, measured. In addition, we discuss the suitability of techniques for different applications, for example, QC and process understanding.
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29
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Novel silica forming peptide, RSGH, from Equus caballus: Its unique biosilica formation under acidic conditions. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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30
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Kéri A, Sápi A, Ungor D, Sebők D, Csapó E, Kónya Z, Galbács G. Porosity determination of nano- and sub-micron particles by single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ja00020e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By comparing the spICP-MS signal intensities of solid and porous nanoparticles of the same composition and size, the porosity of particles can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Kéri
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- 6720 Szeged
- Hungary
- Department of Materials Science
| | - András Sápi
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- 6720 Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Ditta Ungor
- Department of Materials Science
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre
- University of Szeged
- 6720 Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Dániel Sebők
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- 6720 Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Edit Csapó
- Department of Materials Science
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre
- University of Szeged
- 6720 Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Materials Science
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre
- University of Szeged
- 6720 Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Gábor Galbács
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- 6720 Szeged
- Hungary
- Department of Materials Science
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31
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Silvestri D, Wacławek S, Gončuková Z, Padil VVT, Grübel K, Černík M. A new method for assessment of the sludge disintegration degree with the use of differential centrifugal sedimentation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:3086-3093. [PMID: 29768097 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1477839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for assessing the disintegration degree (DD) of waste activated sludge (WAS) with the use of differential centrifugal sedimentation method (DCS) was shown herein. The method was validated for a WAS sample at four levels of disintegration in the range of 14.4-82.6% corresponding to the median particle size range of 8.5-1.6 µm. From the several sludge disintegration methods used (i.e. microwave, alkalization, ultrasounds and peroxydisulfate activated by ultrasounds), the activated peroxydisulfate disintegration resulted in the greatest DD 83% and the smallest median particle size of WAS. Particle size distribution of pretreated sludge, measured by DCS, was in a negative correlation with the DD, determined from soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD; determination coefficient of 0.995). Based on the obtained results, it may be concluded that the DCS analysis can approximate the WAS disintegration degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Silvestri
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec , Liberec , Czech Republic
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec , Liberec , Czech Republic
| | - Zuzanna Gončuková
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec , Liberec , Czech Republic
| | - Vinod V T Padil
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec , Liberec , Czech Republic
| | - Klaudiusz Grübel
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmental Protection and Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala , Bielsko-Biała , Poland
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec , Liberec , Czech Republic
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32
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Characterization methods for studying protein adsorption on nano-polystyrene beads. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1606:460383. [PMID: 31345621 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This work is dealing with the use of polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles as substrates for bioanalytical specific interactions. Different techniques were used for the accurate characterization of the PS nanoparticles of 100 nm and 196 nm before coating them with a layer of antibodies against immunoglobulins of type E (aIgE), giving to the particle a specific functionality. The formation of the aIgE adsorbed layer was monitored using centrifugal particle separation (CPS) and centrifugal field flow fractionation (CF3) experiments, which allowed to determine the size changes and the adsorbed mass. Particle sizes were also measured with DLS, used both as stand-alone instrument and coupled to CF3 (CF3-DLS). The complementary information obtained from the CPS and CF3-DLS measurements allowed the estimation of the density of the aIgE shell. The proteins immobilized at the surface fully retained their activity, as proven by the reactions between the functionalized PS-aIgE particles and immunoglobulins of type E (IgE) dispersed in suspensions prepared on purpose.
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Verleysen E, Wagner T, Lipinski HG, Kägi R, Koeber R, Boix-Sanfeliu A, De Temmerman PJ, Mast J. Evaluation of a TEM based Approach for Size Measurement of Particulate (Nano)materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2274. [PMID: 31311143 PMCID: PMC6679035 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An approach for the size measurement of particulate (nano)materials by transmission electron microscopy was evaluated. The approach combines standard operating procedures for specimen preparation, imaging, and image analysis, and it was evaluated on a series of certified reference materials and representative test materials with varying physical properties, including particle size, shape, and agglomeration state. The measurement of the median value of the minimal external particle diameter distribution was intra-laboratory validated. The validation study included an assessment of the limit of detection, working range, selectivity, precision, trueness, robustness, and ruggedness. An uncertainty that was associated to intermediate precision in the range of 1-7% and an expanded measurement uncertainty in the range of 7-20% were obtained, depending on the material and image analysis mode. No bias was observed when assessing the trueness of the approach on the certified reference materials ERM-FD100 and ERM-FD304. The image analysis method was validated in an inter-laboratory study by 19 laboratories, which resulted in a within-laboratory precision in the range of 2-8% and a between-laboratory precision of between 2% and 14%. The automation and standardization of the proposed approach significantly improves labour and cost efficiency for the accurate and precise size measurement of the particulate materials. The approach is shown to be implementable in many other electron microscopy laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Verleysen
- Trace elements and nanomaterials, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180 Uccle, Belgium.
| | - Thorsten Wagner
- Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straβe 42, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hans-Gerd Lipinski
- Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straβe 42, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ralf Kägi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Robert Koeber
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Ana Boix-Sanfeliu
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Mast
- Trace elements and nanomaterials, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
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Kim A, Bernt W, Cho NJ. Improved Size Determination by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis: Influence of Recognition Radius. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9508-9515. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahram Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
| | - William Bernt
- Particle Characterization Laboratories, Inc., 845 Olive Ave, Suite A, Novato, California 94945, United States
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive 637459, Singapore
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Kesse X, Vichery C, Nedelec JM. Deeper Insights into a Bioactive Glass Nanoparticle Synthesis Protocol To Control Its Morphology, Dispersibility, and Composition. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5768-5775. [PMID: 31459729 PMCID: PMC6648633 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three synthesis parameters on the morphology and composition of nanosized binary bioactive glass particles (nBGPs) obtained through a modified Stöber process. Syntheses were conducted by varying only one parameter at a time while keeping the other parameters constant. As already mentioned in the literature, the ammonium hydroxide volume conditioned the size of the nanoparticles. Nonagglomerated monodispersed spherical particles with a diameter between 70 and 452 nm were produced. The quantity of calcium nitrate and the moment it was introduced in the sol had a tremendous impact on the quantity of calcium inserted and on the particle morphology and aggregation state. High Ca-content particles were obtained when the calcium precursor addition time was 1 h or less after the beginning of the sol-gel reaction but at the cost of a strong aggregation. A better control on the morphology, polydispersity and dispersibility of the nBGPs was achieved when the Ca(NO3)2 addition time was increased up to 6 h. However, a significant decrease of the quantity of Ca2+ inserted was also noticed. Using an intermediate (3 h) addition time, the quantity of calcium nitrate has been optimized to maximize the insertion of Ca2+ ions inside the silica particles. Finally, an optimum initial Ca/Si atomic ratio of 2, maximizing Ca insertion while limiting the salt quantity used, was found. It led to the synthesis of particles with a molar composition of 0.9SiO2-0.1CaO without any side effect on the particle stability and morphological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Kesse
- Université Clermont Auvergne,
CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Charlotte Vichery
- Université Clermont Auvergne,
CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marie Nedelec
- Université Clermont Auvergne,
CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Hinman JG, Hinman JJ, Janicek BE, Huang PY, Suslick KS, Murphy CJ. Ultrasonic Nebulization for TEM Sample Preparation on Single-Layer Graphene Grids. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1938-1943. [PMID: 30742445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b05117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spray-coating using ultrasonic nebulization is reported for depositing nanoparticles on a TEM grid without many of the drying artifacts that are often associated with drop-casting. Spray-coating is suitable for preparing TEM samples on fragile support materials, such as suspended single-layer graphene, that rupture when samples are prepared by drop-casting. Additionally, because ultrasonic nebulization produces uniform droplets, nanoparticles deposited by spray-coating occur on the TEM grid in clusters, whose size is dependent on the concentration of the nanoparticle dispersion, which may allow the concentration of nanoparticle dispersions to be estimated using TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Hinman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Jordan J Hinman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Blanka E Janicek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 W. Green Street , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Pinshane Y Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 W. Green Street , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Kenneth S Suslick
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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Kim A, Ng WB, Bernt W, Cho NJ. Validation of Size Estimation of Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis on Polydisperse Macromolecule Assembly. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2639. [PMID: 30804441 PMCID: PMC6389903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the physicochemical properties of drug delivery systems are governed not only by the material properties which they are compose of but by their size that they conform, it is crucial to determine the size and distribution of such systems with nanometer-scale precision. The standard technique used to measure the size distribution of nanometer-sized particles in suspension is dynamic light scattering (DLS). Recently, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) has been introduced to measure the diffusion coefficient of particles in a sample to determine their size distribution in relation to DLS results. Because DLS and NTA use identical physical characteristics to determine particle size but differ in the weighting of the distribution, NTA can be a good verification tool for DLS and vice versa. In this study, we evaluated two NTA data analysis methods based on maximum-likelihood estimation, namely finite track length adjustment (FTLA) and an iterative method, on monodisperse polystyrene beads and polydisperse vesicles by comparing the results with DLS. The NTA results from both methods agreed well with the mean size and relative variance values from DLS for monodisperse polystyrene standards. However, for the lipid vesicles prepared in various polydispersity conditions, the iterative method resulted in a better match with DLS than the FTLA method. Further, it was found that it is better to compare the native number-weighted NTA distribution with DLS, rather than its converted distribution weighted by intensity, as the variance of the converted NTA distribution deviates significantly from the DLS results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahram Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Beng Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - William Bernt
- Particle Characterization Laboratories, Inc. 845 Olive Ave, Suite A, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore, Singapore.
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Silva AKA, Perretta S, Perrod G, Pidial L, Lindner V, Carn F, Lemieux S, Alloyeau D, Boucenna I, Menasché P, Dallemagne B, Gazeau F, Wilhelm C, Cellier C, Clément O, Rahmi G. Thermoresponsive Gel Embedded with Adipose Stem-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promotes Esophageal Fistula Healing in a Thermo-Actuated Delivery Strategy. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9800-9814. [PMID: 30231208 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly envisioned as the next generation of biological pro-regenerative nanotherapeutic agents, as has already been demonstrated for heart, kidney, liver, and brain tissues; lung injury repair; and skin regeneration. Herein, we explore another potential EV therapeutic application, fistula healing, together with a local minimally invasive delivery strategy. Allogenic extracellular vesicles (EVs) from adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are administered in a porcine fistula model through a thermoresponsive Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) gel, injected locally at 4 °C and gelling at body temperature to retain EVs in the entire fistula tract. Complete fistula healing is reported to be 100% for the gel plus EVs group, 67% for the gel group, and 0% for the control, supporting the therapeutic use of Pluronic F-127 gel alone or combined with EVs. However, only the combination of gel and EVs results in a statistically significant (i) reduction of fibrosis, (ii) decline of inflammatory response, (iii) decrease in the density of myofibroblasts, and (iv) increase of angiogenesis. Overall, we demonstrate that ASC-EV delivery into a PF-127 gel represents a successful local minimally invasive strategy to induce a therapeutic effect in a swine fistula model. Our study presents prospects for EV administration strategies and for the management of post-operative fistulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K A Silva
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris-Diderot , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet , 75205 Paris cedex 13 , France
| | - Silvana Perretta
- Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery , Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l'Appareil Digestif (IRCAD) , 67091 , Strasbourg , France
- IHU, Minimally Invasive Hybrid Surgical Institute , 67091 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Guillaume Perrod
- Laboratoire Imagerie de l'Angiogénèse, Plateforme d'Imagerie du Petit Animal, PARCC, INSERM U970, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris Descartes , 56 rue Leblanc , 75015 , Paris , France
| | - Laetitia Pidial
- Laboratoire Imagerie de l'Angiogénèse, Plateforme d'Imagerie du Petit Animal, PARCC, INSERM U970, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris Descartes , 56 rue Leblanc , 75015 , Paris , France
| | - Véronique Lindner
- Department of Pathology , Hôpital Hautepierre , 1, Avenue Molière , 67098 Strasbourg , France
| | - Florent Carn
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris-Diderot , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet , 75205 Paris cedex 13 , France
| | - Shony Lemieux
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris-Diderot , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet , 75205 Paris cedex 13 , France
| | - Damien Alloyeau
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ) , UMR 7162 CNRS/Université Paris - Diderot , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet , 75205 Paris cedex 13 , France
| | - Imane Boucenna
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris-Diderot , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet , 75205 Paris cedex 13 , France
| | - Philippe Menasché
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery , Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM U970, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , 75015 France
| | - Bernard Dallemagne
- Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery , Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l'Appareil Digestif (IRCAD) , 67091 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris-Diderot , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet , 75205 Paris cedex 13 , France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris-Diderot , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet , 75205 Paris cedex 13 , France
| | | | - Olivier Clément
- Laboratoire Imagerie de l'Angiogénèse, Plateforme d'Imagerie du Petit Animal, PARCC, INSERM U970, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris Descartes , 56 rue Leblanc , 75015 , Paris , France
| | - Gabriel Rahmi
- Laboratoire Imagerie de l'Angiogénèse, Plateforme d'Imagerie du Petit Animal, PARCC, INSERM U970, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris Descartes , 56 rue Leblanc , 75015 , Paris , France
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Comparison of particle size methodology and assessment of nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) as a tool for live monitoring of crystallisation pathways. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 130:314-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Engineered nanomaterials and human health: Part 1. Preparation, functionalization and characterization (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly evolving field, as evidenced by the large number of publications on the synthesis, characterization, and biological/environmental effects of new nano-sized materials. The unique, size-dependent properties of nanomaterials have been exploited in a diverse range of applications and in many examples of nano-enabled consumer products. In this account we focus on Engineered Nanomaterials (ENM), a class of deliberately designed and constructed nano-sized materials. Due to the large volume of publications, we separated the preparation and characterisation of ENM from applications and toxicity into two interconnected documents. Part 1 summarizes nanomaterial terminology and provides an overview of the best practices for their preparation, surface functionalization, and analytical characterization. Part 2 (this issue, Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(8): 1325–1356) focuses on ENM that are used in products that are expected to come in close contact with consumers. It reviews nanomaterials used in therapeutics, diagnostics, and consumer goods and summarizes current nanotoxicology challenges and the current state of nanomaterial regulation, providing insight on the growing public debate on whether the environmental and social costs of nanotechnology outweigh its potential benefits.
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41
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Mourdikoudis S, Pallares RM, Thanh NTK. Characterization techniques for nanoparticles: comparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12871-12934. [PMID: 29926865 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02278j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures have attracted huge interest as a rapidly growing class of materials for many applications. Several techniques have been used to characterize the size, crystal structure, elemental composition and a variety of other physical properties of nanoparticles. In several cases, there are physical properties that can be evaluated by more than one technique. Different strengths and limitations of each technique complicate the choice of the most suitable method, while often a combinatorial characterization approach is needed. In addition, given that the significance of nanoparticles in basic research and applications is constantly increasing, it is necessary that researchers from separate fields overcome the challenges in the reproducible and reliable characterization of nanomaterials, after their synthesis and further process (e.g. annealing) stages. The principal objective of this review is to summarize the present knowledge on the use, advances, advantages and weaknesses of a large number of experimental techniques that are available for the characterization of nanoparticles. Different characterization techniques are classified according to the concept/group of the technique used, the information they can provide, or the materials that they are destined for. We describe the main characteristics of the techniques and their operation principles and we give various examples of their use, presenting them in a comparative mode, when possible, in relation to the property studied in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Mourdikoudis
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Ranjani A, Gopinath PM, Ananth S, Narchonai G, Santhanam P, Thajuddin N, Dhanasekaran D. Multidimensional dose–response toxicity exploration of silver nanoparticles from Nocardiopsis flavascens RD30. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Grulke EA, Wu X, Ji Y, Buhr E, Yamamoto K, Song NW, Stefaniak AB, Schwegler-Berry D, Burchett WW, Lambert J, Stromberg AJ. Differentiating gold nanorod samples using particle size and shape distributions from transmission electron microscope images. METROLOGIA 2018; 55:254-267. [PMID: 32410745 PMCID: PMC7224690 DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/aaa368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Size and shape distributions of gold nanorod samples are critical to their physico-chemical properties, especially their longitudinal surface plasmon resonance. This interlaboratory comparison study developed methods for measuring and evaluating size and shape distributions for gold nanorod samples using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The objective was to determine whether two different samples, which had different performance attributes in their application, were different with respect to their size and/or shape descriptor distributions. Touching particles in the captured images were identified using a ruggedness shape descriptor. Nanorods could be distinguished from nanocubes using an elongational shape descriptor. A non-parametric statistical test showed that cumulative distributions of an elongational shape descriptor, that is, the aspect ratio, were statistically different between the two samples for all laboratories. While the scale parameters of size and shape distributions were similar for both samples, the width parameters of size and shape distributions were statistically different. This protocol fulfills an important need for a standardized approach to measure gold nanorod size and shape distributions for applications in which quantitative measurements and comparisons are important. Furthermore, the validated protocol workflow can be automated, thus providing consistent and rapid measurements of nanorod size and shape distributions for researchers, regulatory agencies, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Xiaochun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 1001901, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglu Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 1001901, People's Republic of China
| | - Egbert Buhr
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nam Woong Song
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Woodrow W Burchett
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Joshua Lambert
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Arnold J Stromberg
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
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Luo P, Roca A, Tiede K, Privett K, Jiang J, Pinkstone J, Ma G, Veinot J, Boxall A. Application of nanoparticle tracking analysis for characterising the fate of engineered nanoparticles in sediment-water systems. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 64:62-71. [PMID: 29478662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Novel applications of nanotechnology may lead to the release of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), which result in concerns over their potential environmental hazardous impact. It is essential for the research workers to be able to quantitatively characterise ENPs in the environment and subsequently to assist the risk assessment of the ENPs. This study hence explored the application of nanoparticle tracking system (NTA) to quantitatively describe the behaviour of the ENPs in natural sediment-water systems. The NTA allows the measurement of both particle number concentration (PNC) and particle size distribution (PSD) of the ENPs. The developed NTA method was applied to a range of gold and magnetite ENPs with a selection of surface properties. The results showed that the positively-charged ENPs interacted more strongly with the sediment than neutral and negatively-charged ENPs. It was also found that the citrate coated Au ENPs had a higher distribution percentage (53%) than 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid coated Au ENPs (20%) and citrate coated magnetite ENPs (21%). The principles of the electrostatic interactions between hard (and soft) acids and bases (HSAB) are used to explain such behaviours; the hard base coating (i.e. citrate ions) will interact more strongly with hard acid (i.e. magnetite) than soft acid (i.e. gold). The results indicate that NTA is a complementary method to existing approaches to characterise the fate and behaviour of ENPs in natural sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- School of Environment Science and Spatial informatics, Chinese University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China.
| | - Alejandro Roca
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Karen Tiede
- Centre for Chemical Safety and Stewardship (CCSS), Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Katie Privett
- Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jiachao Jiang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial informatics, Chinese University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - John Pinkstone
- Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Guibin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jonathan Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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45
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Effect of physical conditioning of pH responsive polyamine nuclei and their subsequent silication. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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46
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Bartosewicz B, Michalska-Domańska M, Liszewska M, Zasada D, Jankiewicz BJ. Synthesis and characterization of noble metal-titania core-shell nanostructures with tunable shell thickness. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:2083-2093. [PMID: 29090110 PMCID: PMC5647695 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell nanostructures have found applications in many fields, including surface enhanced spectroscopy, catalysis and solar cells. Titania-coated noble metal nanoparticles, which combine the surface plasmon resonance properties of the core and the photoactivity of the shell, have great potential for these applications. However, the controllable synthesis of such nanostructures remains a challenge due to the high reactivity of titania precursors. Hence, a simple titania coating method that would allow better control over the shell formation is desired. A sol-gel based titania coating method, which allows control over the shell thickness, was developed and applied to the synthesis of Ag@TiO2 and Au@TiO2 with various shell thicknesses. The morphology of the synthesized structures was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Their sizes and shell thicknesses were determined using tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) technique. The optical properties of the synthesized structures were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy. Ag@TiO2 and Au@TiO2 structures with shell thickness in the range of ≈40-70 nm and 90 nm, for the Ag and Au nanostructures respectively, were prepared using a method we developed and adapted, consisting of a change in the titania precursor concentration. The synthesized nanostructures exhibited significant absorption in the UV-vis range. The TRPS technique was shown to be a very useful tool for the characterization of metal-metal oxide core-shell nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Bartosewicz
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2 Str. 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Michalska-Domańska
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2 Str. 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malwina Liszewska
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2 Str. 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Zasada
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2 Str. 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej J Jankiewicz
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2 Str. 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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47
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Kestens V, Coleman VA, De Temmerman PJ, Minelli C, Woehlecke H, Roebben G. Improved Metrological Traceability of Particle Size Values Measured with Line-Start Incremental Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8213-8224. [PMID: 28731349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Line-start incremental centrifugal liquid sedimentation (disc-CLS) is a powerful method to determine particle size based on the principles of Stokes' law. Because several of the input quantities of the Stokes equation cannot be easily determined for this case of a rotating disc, the disc-CLS approach relies on calibrating the sedimentation time scale with reference particles. To use these calibrant particles for establishing metrological traceability, they must fulfill the same requirements as those imposed on a certified reference material, i.e., their certified Stokes diameter and density value must come with a realistic measurement uncertainty and with a traceability statement. As is the case for several other techniques, the calibrants do not always come with uncertainties for the assigned modal diameter and effective particle density. The lack of such information and the absence of a traceability statement make it difficult for the end-user to estimate the uncertainty of the measurement results and to compare them with results obtained by others. We present the results of a collaborative study that aimed at demonstrating the traceability of particle size results obtained with disc-CLS. For this purpose, the particle size and effective particle density of polyvinyl chloride calibrants were measured using different validated methods, and measurement uncertainties were estimated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. The results indicate that the modal Stokes diameter and effective particle density that are assigned to the calibrants are accurate within 5% and 3.5%, respectively, and that they can be used to establish traceability of particle size results obtained with disc-CLS. This conclusion has a great impact on the traceability statement of certified particle size reference materials, for which the traceability is limited to the size and density values of the calibrant particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Kestens
- Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, European Commission , 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Victoria A Coleman
- Nanometrology Section, National Measurement Institute Australia , 2070 West Lindfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pieter-Jan De Temmerman
- Service Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA) , 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caterina Minelli
- Chemical, Medical and Environmental Science Division, National Physical Laboratory , Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gert Roebben
- Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, European Commission , 2440 Geel, Belgium
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48
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Jarzębski M, Bellich B, Białopiotrowicz T, Śliwa T, Kościński J, Cesàro A. Particle tracking analysis in food and hydrocolloids investigations. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Škvarla J, Škvarla J. An identification of the soft polyelectrolyte gel-like layer on silica colloids using atomic force and electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 181:97-106. [PMID: 28527981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A procedure is introduced for measuring the radius of spherical colloid particles from the curvature of upper parts of their central cross-sectional profiles obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM). To minimize the possible compression and displacement of the spheres, AFM is operated in a mode rendering a constant ultralow pN force on the tip. The procedure allows us to evaluate the mean radius of nearly monodisperse submicrometer spheres of silica in their natively hydrated state in aqueous electrolyte solutions, irrespective of whether they are coagulated or not. A variation in the volume (swelling degree) of layers delimited by the AFM mean radii of these spheres in KCl solutions and their invariable mean radius in vacuum is obtained that follows a scaling power law derived in polymer physics for swellable polyelectrolyte gels and deduced previously by us from coagulation tests. This supports our former suggestion about the existence of soft polyelectrolyte gel-like layer developed spontaneously around silica surfaces and colloids. We discuss this finding in the context of recent knowledge about the structure of the silica/water interface obtained from direct surface force measurements between macroscopic silica surfaces and from particle size measurements of silica colloids and highlight its importance for colloid chemistry and condensed mattter physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Škvarla
- Institute of Earth Resources, Technical University in Košice, Park Komenského 19, Košice 042 00, Slovak Republic.
| | - Juraj Škvarla
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic.
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50
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Tadjiki S, Montaño MD, Assemi S, Barber A, Ranville J, Beckett R. Measurement of the Density of Engineered Silver Nanoparticles Using Centrifugal FFF-TEM and Single Particle ICP-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6056-6064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soheyl Tadjiki
- Postnova Analytics
Inc. Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Manuel David Montaño
- Center
for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Shoeleh Assemi
- Department
of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Angela Barber
- Department
of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States
| | - James Ranville
- Department
of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States
| | - Ronald Beckett
- Faculty
of Science, Burapha University, Bang Sean, Chonburi, Thailand
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