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Zhang T, Yuan Y, Wu X, Yu P, Ji J, Chai J, Kumar Saini R, Liu J, Shang X. The level of sulfate substitution of polysaccharide regulates thermal-induced egg white protein gel properties: The characterization of gel structure and intermolecular forces. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113349. [PMID: 37803654 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides exhibit great potential for regulating protein-protein interactions. In the present study, three sulfated microcrystalline cellulose (MCS) with different degrees of sulfate substitution (DSS: 0.33, 0.51, 0.61) were synthesized and the effects of DSS on the regulation of egg white protein (EWP) aggregation and gelation properties were investigated. The results found that the improvement of protein mechanical properties by MCS is closely related to the level of sulfate substitution. The higher the DSS, the more ordered protein aggregates and compact gel network formed during heating as compared to that of pure EWP. Lower DSS (0.33) shows little effect on the mechanical properties of EWP. Furthermore, all the MCSs could significantly destroy the tertiary structure of protein molecules during heating, while for the secondary structure, MCS with higher DSS (0.51 and 0.61) could effectively control the decreasing tendency of α-helix and increasing tendency of β-sheet. Hydrophobic interactions were recognized as the major intermolecular force in the compact mixed gels (EWP/MCS2 and EWP/MCS3 gels, DSS was 0.51 and 0.61, respectively). These findings provide a vital understanding of the gelling mechanism of the protein-polysaccharide system and the application of sulfated polysaccharides in protein-based food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Yixin Yuan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Xinling Wu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Peixin Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Jinghong Ji
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Jiale Chai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China.
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2
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Kwon M, Kim J, Kim J. Photocatalytic Activity and Filtration Performance of Hybrid TiO 2-Cellulose Acetate Nanofibers for Air Filter Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081331. [PMID: 33921671 PMCID: PMC8072587 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile method to prepare hybrid cellulose acetate nanofibers containing TiO2 (TiO2-CA nanofibers) by emulsion electrospinning technique was developed for the denitrification and filtration of particulate matters (PMs). This work found that hybrid TiO2-CA nanofibers mainly contain the anatase form of TiO2, contributing to the photodecomposition of NO gas under UV irradiation. The TiO2-CA nanofibers also showed an excellent filtration efficiency of 99.5% for PM0.5 and a photocatalytic efficiency of 78.6% for NO removal. Furthermore, the results implied that the morphology of the TiO2-CA nanofibers, such as micro-wrinkles and protrusions, increased the surface hydrophobicity up to 140°, with the increased addition of TiO2 nanoparticles. The proposed TiO2-CA nanofibers, as a result, would be promising materials for highly efficient and sustainable air filters for industrial and home appliance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyeon Kwon
- Human Convergence R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15588, Korea; (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Juhea Kim
- Human Convergence R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15588, Korea; (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Juran Kim
- Advanced Textile R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15588, Korea
- Correspondence:
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3
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Kittle J, Levin J, Levin N. Water Content of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films Measured by Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Deuterium Oxide Exchange. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030771. [PMID: 33498836 PMCID: PMC7866239 DOI: 10.3390/s21030771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Water content of natural and synthetic, thin, polymer films is of considerable interest to a variety of fields because it governs properties such as ion conductivity, rigidity, porosity, and mechanical strength. Measuring thin film water content typically requires either complicated and expensive instrumentation or use of multiple instrumental techniques. However, because a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is sensitive to changes in mass and viscosity, deuterated solvent exchange has emerged as a simple, single-instrument, in situ method to quantify thin film water content. Relatively few studies, though, have employed this technique to measure water content of polyelectrolyte multilayers formed by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. In this work, poly (allyl amine) (PAH) and poly (styrene sulfonate) (PSS) films of up to nine layers were formed and the water content for each layer was measured via QCM with deuterium oxide exchange. The well-characterized nature of PAH/PSS films facilitated comparisons of the technique used in this work to other instrumental methods. Water content results showed good agreement with the literature and good precision for hydrated films thicker than 20 nm. Collectively, this work highlights the utility, repeatability, and limitations of this deuterated exchange technique in measuring the solvent content of thin films.
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4
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Eibinger M, Ganner T, Plank H, Nidetzky B. A Biological Nanomachine at Work: Watching the Cellulosome Degrade Crystalline Cellulose. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:739-746. [PMID: 32490190 PMCID: PMC7256933 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The cellulosome is a supramolecular multienzymatic protein complex that functions as a biological nanomachine of cellulosic biomass degradation. How the megadalton-size cellulosome adapts to a solid substrate is central to its mechanism of action and is also key for its efficient use in bioconversion applications. We report time-lapse visualization of crystalline cellulose degradation by individual cellulosomes from Clostridium thermocellum by atomic force microscopy. Upon binding to cellulose, the cellulosomes switch to elongated, even filamentous shapes and morph these dynamically at below 1 min time scale according to requirements of the substrate surface under attack. Compared with noncomplexed cellulases that peel off material while sliding along crystalline cellulose surfaces, the cellulosomes remain bound locally for minutes and remove the material lying underneath. The consequent roughening up of the surface leads to an efficient deconstruction of cellulose nanocrystals both from the ends and through fissions within. Distinct modes of cellulose nanocrystal deconstruction by nature's major cellulase systems are thus revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Eibinger
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 10-12/1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Ganner
- Institute
for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Plank
- Institute
for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Graz
Centre of Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 10-12/1, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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5
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Oguzlu H, Jiang F. Nanopolysaccharides in Surface Coating. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0913-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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6
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Kittle JD, Qian C, Edgar E, Roman M, Esker AR. Adsorption of Xyloglucan onto Thin Films of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Amorphous Cellulose: Film Thickness Effects. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:14004-14012. [PMID: 31458096 PMCID: PMC6644900 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between cellulose and hemicelluloses is of fundamental importance for understanding the molecular architecture of plant cell walls. Adsorption of xyloglucan (XG) onto regenerated cellulose (RC), sulfated cellulose nanocrystal (s-CNC), and desulfated cellulose nanocrystal (d-CNC) films was studied by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, surface plasmon resonance, and atomic force microscopy. The amount of XG adsorbed onto different cellulose substrates increased in the order RC < s-CNC < d-CNC. The adsorption of XG onto RC films was independent of film thickness (d), whereas XG adsorption was weakly dependent on d for s-CNC films and strongly dependent on d for d-CNC films. However, approximately the same amount of XG adsorbed onto "monolayer-thin" films of RC, s-CNC, and d-CNC. These results suggest that the morphology and surface charge of the cellulose substrate played a limited role in XG adsorption and highlight the importance of film thickness of cellulose nanocrystalline films to XG adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Kittle
- Department
of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science and Forest Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Emma Edgar
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science and Forest Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Maren Roman
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science and Forest Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Alan R. Esker
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science and Forest Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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7
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Kontturi E, Laaksonen P, Linder MB, Gröschel AH, Rojas OJ, Ikkala O. Advanced Materials through Assembly of Nanocelluloses. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703779. [PMID: 29504161 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging quest for lightweight materials with excellent mechanical properties and economic production, while still being sustainable and functionalizable. They could form the basis of the future bioeconomy for energy and material efficiency. Cellulose has long been recognized as an abundant polymer. Modified celluloses were, in fact, among the first polymers used in technical applications; however, they were later replaced by petroleum-based synthetic polymers. Currently, there is a resurgence of interest to utilize renewable resources, where cellulose is foreseen to make again a major impact, this time in the development of advanced materials. This is because of its availability and properties, as well as economic and sustainable production. Among cellulose-based structures, cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals display nanoscale lateral dimensions and lengths ranging from nanometers to micrometers. Their excellent mechanical properties are, in part, due to their crystalline assembly via hydrogen bonds. Owing to their abundant surface hydroxyl groups, they can be easily modified with nanoparticles, (bio)polymers, inorganics, or nanocarbons to form functional fibers, films, bulk matter, and porous aerogels and foams. Here, some of the recent progress in the development of advanced materials within this rapidly growing field is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - André H Gröschel
- Physical Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, DE-45127, Essen, Germany
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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8
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Zhai R, Hu J, Saddler JN. The inhibition of hemicellulosic sugars on cellulose hydrolysis are highly dependant on the cellulase productive binding, processivity, and substrate surface charges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 258:79-87. [PMID: 29524690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the influence of major hemicellulosic sugars (mannose and xylose) on cellulose hydrolysis and major enzyme activities were evaluated by using both commercial enzyme cocktail and purified cellulase monocomponents over a "library" of cellulosic substrates. Surprisingly, the results showed that unlike glucose, mannose/xylose did not inhibit individual cellulase activities but significantly decreased their hydrolytic performance on cellulose substrates. When various enzyme-substrate interactions (e.g. adsorption/desorption, productive binding, and processive moving) were evaluated, it appeared that these hemicellulosic sugars significantly reduced the productive binding and processivity of Cel7A, which in turn limited cellulase hydrolytic efficacy. Among a range of major cellulose characteristics (e.g. crystallinity, degree of polymerization, accessibility, and surface charges), the acid group content of the cellulosic substrates seemed to be the main driver that determined the extent of hemicellulosic sugar inhibition. Our results provided new insights for better understanding the sugar inhibition mechanisms of cellulose hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhai
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China; Forest Products Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jinguang Hu
- Forest Products Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Jack N Saddler
- Forest Products Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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9
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Jiang F, Qian C, Esker AR, Roman M. Effect of Nonionic Surfactants on Dispersion and Polar Interactions in the Adsorption of Cellulases onto Lignin. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9607-9620. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b07716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Macromolecules
Innovation Institute,‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Chen Qian
- Macromolecules
Innovation Institute,‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Alan R. Esker
- Macromolecules
Innovation Institute,‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Maren Roman
- Macromolecules
Innovation Institute,‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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10
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Muhitdinov B, Heinze T, Normakhamatov N, Turaev A. Preparation of sodium cellulose sulfate oligomers by free-radical depolymerization. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:631-637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Reid MS, Kedzior SA, Villalobos M, Cranston ED. Effect of Ionic Strength and Surface Charge Density on the Kinetics of Cellulose Nanocrystal Thin Film Swelling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7403-7411. [PMID: 28695741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work explores cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) thin films (<50 nm) and particle-particle interactions by investigating film swelling in aqueous solutions with varying ionic strength (1-100 mM). CNC film hydration was monitored in situ via surface plasmon resonance, and the kinetics of liquid uptake were quantified. The contribution of electrostatic double-layer forces to film swelling was elucidated by using CNCs with different surface charges (anionic sulfate half ester groups, high and low surface charge density, and cationic trimethylammonium groups). Total water uptake in the thin films was found to be independent of ionic strength and surface chemistry, suggesting that in the aggregated state van der Waals forces dominate over double-layer forces to hold the films together. However, the rate of swelling varied significantly. The water uptake followed Fickian behavior, and the measured diffusion constants decreased with the ionic strength gradient between the film and the solution. This work highlights that nanoparticle interactions and dispersion are highly dependent on the state of particle aggregation and that the rate of water uptake in aggregates and thin films can be tailored based on surface chemistry and solution ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Reid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Stephanie A Kedzior
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Marco Villalobos
- Cabot Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
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12
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Hydrolysis of model cellulose films by cellulosomes: Extension of quartz crystal microbalance technique to multienzymatic complexes. J Biotechnol 2016; 241:42-49. [PMID: 27838255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulosomes contain highly efficient complexed cellulases and have been studied extensively for the production of lignocellulosic biofuels and bioproducts. A surface measurement technique, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), was extended for the investigation of real-time binding and hydrolysis of model cellulose surfaces from free fungal cellulases to the cellulosomes of Clostridium thermocellum (Ruminiclostridium thermocellum). In differentiating the activities of cell-free and cell-bound cellulosomes, greater than 68% of the cellulosomes in the crude cell broth were found to exist unattached to the cell across multiple growth stages. The initial hydrolysis rate of crude cell broth measured by QCM was greater than that of cell-free cellulosomes, but the corresponding frequency drop (a direct measure of the mass of enzyme adsorbed to the film) of crude cell broth was less than that of the cell-free cellulosomes, consistent with the underestimation of the cell mass adsorbed using QCM. Inhibition of hydrolysis by cellobiose (0-10g/L), which is similar for crude cell broth and cell-free cellulosomes, demonstrates the sensitivity of the QCM to environmental perturbations of multienzymatic complexes. QCM measurements using multienzymatic complexes may be used to screen and optimize hydrolysis conditions and to develop mechanistic, surface-based models of enzymatic cellulose deconstruction.
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13
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Benselfelt T, Cranston ED, Ondaral S, Johansson E, Brumer H, Rutland MW, Wågberg L. Adsorption of Xyloglucan onto Cellulose Surfaces of Different Morphologies: An Entropy-Driven Process. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2801-11. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Benselfelt
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Sedat Ondaral
- Department
of Pulp and Paper Technology, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | - Harry Brumer
- The
Michael Smith Laboratories and the Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mark W. Rutland
- Surface and
Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Reid MS, Villalobos M, Cranston ED. Cellulose nanocrystal interactions probed by thin film swelling to predict dispersibility. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:12247-57. [PMID: 27256628 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The production of well-dispersed reinforced polymer nanocomposites has been limited due to poor understanding of the interactions between components. Measuring the cohesive particle-particle interactions and the adhesive particle-polymer interactions is challenging due to nanoscale dimensions and poor colloidal stability of nanoparticles in many solvents. We demonstrate a new cohesive interaction measurement method using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a model system; CNCs have recently gained attention in the composites community due to their mechanical strength and renewable nature. Multi-wavelength surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) was used to monitor the swelling of CNC thin films to elucidate the primary forces between CNCs. This was achieved by measuring swelling in situ in water, acetone, methanol, acetonitrile, isopropanol, and ethanol and relating the degree of swelling to solvent properties. Films swelled the most in water where we estimate 1.2-1.6 nm spacings between CNCs (or 4-6 molecular layers of water). Furthermore, a correlation was found between film swelling and the solvent's Hildebrand solubility parameter (R(2) = 0.9068). The hydrogen bonding component of the solubility parameters was more closely linked to swelling than the polar or dispersive components. The films remained intact in all solvents, and using DLVO theory we have identified van der Waals forces as the main cohesive interaction between CNCs. The trends observed suggest that solvents (and polymers) alone are not sufficient to overcome CNC-CNC cohesion and that external energy is required to break CNC agglomerates. This work not only demonstrates that SPR can be used as a tool to measure cohesive particle-particle interactions but additionally advances our fundamental understanding of CNC interactions which is necessary for the design of cellulose nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Reid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8.
| | | | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8.
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15
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Zhang Q, Lin D, Yao S. Review on biomedical and bioengineering applications of cellulose sulfate. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 132:311-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Llamas S, Guzmán E, Ortega F, Baghdadli N, Cazeneuve C, Rubio RG, Luengo GS. Adsorption of polyelectrolytes and polyelectrolytes-surfactant mixtures at surfaces: a physico-chemical approach to a cosmetic challenge. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 222:461-87. [PMID: 24954878 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of polymer and polymer - surfactant mixtures for designing and developing textile and personal care cosmetic formulations is associated with various physico-chemical aspects, e.g. detergency and conditioning in the case of hair or wool, that determine their correct performances in preserving and improving the appearance and properties of the surface where they are applied. In this work, special attention is paid to the systems combining polycations and negatively charged surfactants. The paper introduces the hair surface and presents a comprehensive review of the adsorption properties of these systems at solid-water interfaces mimicking the negative charge and surface energy of hair. These model surfaces include mixtures of thiols that confer various charge densities to the surface. The kinetics and factors that govern the adsorption are discussed from the angle of those used in shampoos and conditioners developed by the cosmetic industry. Finally, systems able to adsorb onto negatively charged surfaces regardless of the anionic character are presented, opening new ways of depositing conditioning polymers onto keratin substrates such as hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Llamas
- Departamento de Química Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Guzmán
- Departamento de Química Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain; CNR-Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi-U.O.S. Genova, Via de Marini 6, 16149-Genova, Italy
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Departamento de Química Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ramón G Rubio
- Departamento de Química Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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Jiang F, Hsieh YL. Holocellulose Nanocrystals: Amphiphilicity, Oil/Water Emulsion, and Self-Assembly. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1433-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Fiber and Polymer Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Fiber and Polymer Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Colussi F, da Silva VM, Miller I, Cota J, de Oliveira LC, de Oliveira Neto M, Squina FM, Garcia W. Oligomeric state and structural stability of two hyperthermophilic β-glucosidases from Thermotoga petrophila. Amino Acids 2015; 47:937-48. [PMID: 25637167 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1923-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The β-glucosidases are enzymes essential for several industrial applications, especially in the field of plant structural polysaccharides conversion into bioenergy and bioproducts. In a recent study, we have provided a biochemical characterization of two hyperthermostable β-glucosidases from Thermotoga petrophila belonging to the families GH1 (TpBGL1) and GH3 (TpBGL3). Here, as part of a continuing investigation, the oligomeric state, the net charge, and the structural stability, at acidic pH, of the TpBGL1 and TpBGL3 were characterized and compared. Enzymatic activity is directly related to the balance between protonation and conformational changes. Interestingly, our results indicated that there were no significant changes in the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of the β-glucosidases at temperatures below 80 °C. Furthermore, the results indicated that both the enzymes are stable homodimers in solution. Therefore, the observed changes in the enzymatic activities are due to variations in pH that modify protonation of the enzymes residues and the net charge, directly affecting the interactions with ligands. Finally, the results showed that the two β-glucosidases displayed different pH dependence of thermostability at temperatures above 80 °C. TpBGL1 showed higher stability at pH 6 than at pH 4, while TpBGL3 showed similar stability at both pH values. This study provides a useful comparison of the structural stability, at acidic pH, of two different hyperthermostable β-glucosidases and how it correlates with the activity of the enzymes. The information described here can be useful for biotechnological applications in the biofuel and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francieli Colussi
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
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Jiang F, Hsieh YL. Assembling and redispersibility of rice straw nanocellulose: effect of tert-butanol. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:20075-84. [PMID: 25341690 DOI: 10.1021/am505626a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling of sulfuric-acid-hydrolyzed cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs, 6.4 nm wide) and TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs, 2.1 nm wide) from aqueous suspensions was induced by rapid freezing (-196 °C, 10 min) and slow lyophilization (-50 °C, 0.05 mbar, 2 days). The assembled structures contain submicron (200-700 nm) wide and tens of micrometer long fibers at up to 0.1-0.5% and 0.01-0.05%, the critical fiber-to-film transformation concentrations for CNCs and CNFs, respectively. The assembled fiber widths were significantly reduced to ∼40 nm, that is, by 1 order of magnitude, when 10% of the aqueous media was replaced with tert-butanol. Further increasing tert-butanol contents in the media to 93/7 (CNCs) and 50/50 (CNFs) tert-butanol/water, both at 0.1% nanocellulose concentration, reduced longitudinal assembling for CNCs and lateral assembling for CNFs as well as increased critical fiber-to-film transformation concentration for CNFs. While all assembled structure could be redispersed in water, those from tert-butanol/water could also be easily redispersed in DMF aided with brief 2 min ultrasonication. None of the assembled structures could be redispersed in the lower dielectric constant ethanol, acetone or chloroform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Fiber and Polymer Science, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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20
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Jalak J, Väljamäe P. Multi-mode binding of Cellobiohydrolase Cel7A from Trichoderma reesei to cellulose. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108181. [PMID: 25265511 PMCID: PMC4180464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of recalcitrant polysaccharides like cellulose takes place on the solid-liquid interface. Therefore the adsorption of enzymes to the solid surface is a pre-requisite for catalysis. Here we used enzymatic activity measurements with fluorescent model-substrate 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-β-D-lactoside for sensitive monitoring of the binding of cellobiohydrolase TrCel7A from Trichoderma reesei to bacterial cellulose (BC). The binding at low nanomolar free TrCel7A concentrations was exclusively active site mediated and was consistent with Langmuir's one binding site model with Kd and Amax values of 2.9 nM and 126 nmol/g BC, respectively. This is the strongest binding observed with non-complexed cellulases and apparently represents the productive binding of TrCel7A to cellulose chain ends on the hydrophobic face of BC microfibril. With increasing free TrCel7A concentrations the isotherm gradually deviated from the Langmuir's one binding site model. This was caused by the increasing contribution of lower affinity binding modes that included both active site mediated binding and non-productive binding with active site free from cellulose chain. The binding of TrCel7A to BC was found to be only partially reversible. Furthermore, the isotherm was dependent on the concentration of BC with more efficient binding observed at lower BC concentrations. The phenomenon can be ascribed to the BC concentration dependent aggregation of BC microfibrils with concomitant reduction of specific surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Jalak
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Väljamäe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lin N, Dufresne A. Surface chemistry, morphological analysis and properties of cellulose nanocrystals with gradiented sulfation degrees. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:5384-93. [PMID: 24706023 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06761k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The process of sulfuric acid-hydrolysis of cellulose fibers for the preparation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) includes an esterification reaction between acid and cellulose molecules, which induces the covalent coupling of sulfate groups on the surface of prepared CNs. Negatively charged sulfate groups play an important role in both surface chemistry and physical properties of CNs. This study explored the strategy of introducing a gradient of sulfate groups on the surface of CNs, and further investigated the effect of the sulfation degree on surface chemistry, morphology, dimensions, and physical properties of different CN samples. Based on the discussion of their surface chemistry, the selection of different cross-section models was reported to significantly affect the calculation of the degree of substitution of sulfate groups on CNs. A new ellipsoid cross-section model was proposed on the basis of AFM observations. The effect of sulfate groups on crystal properties and thermal stability was discussed and validated, and the birefringence behavior of nanocrystal suspensions was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lin
- Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP) - The International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (Pagora), CS10065, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France.
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22
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Lokanathan AR, Uddin KMA, Rojas OJ, Laine J. Cellulose Nanocrystal-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Role of Sulfate Groups in Nucleation Phenomena. Biomacromolecules 2013; 15:373-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401613h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arcot R. Lokanathan
- Department
of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Khan Mohammad Ahsan Uddin
- Department
of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland
- Departments
of Forest Biomaterials and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Janne Laine
- Department
of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland
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Ouyang J, Liu B, Zhang M, Zheng Z, Yu H. Enzymatic hydrolysis, adsorption, and recycling during hydrolysis of bagasse sulfite pulp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 146:288-293. [PMID: 23948265 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The high costs of enzymatic hydrolysis along with the high enzyme dosage are often considered as the major bottlenecks in lignocellulosic bioconversion. This study investigated the hydrolysis efficiency, cellulase adsorption and enzyme recycling during the hydrolysis of bagasse sulfite pulp (BSP). After 48 h of hydrolysis, more than 70% of the cellulose was hydrolyzed, while the protein concentration and cellulase activity in solution remained 31% and 17% of the initial value, respectively. The cellulase adsorption on the fresh BSP was better fitted by a Sips model, suggesting the occurrence of a multilayer adsorption at low cellulase concentration and monolayer adsorption at high concentration on the BSP surfaces. Desorption profile studies showed that the optimum desorption condition was at pH 4.8 and 40 °C. Moreover, considering the limited ability to desorption, directly empolying the bound enzyme with residual substrate is more effective method to recover cellulase during the hydrolysis of BSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ouyang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baotian Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojuan Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
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Cerclier CV, Guyomard-Lack A, Cousin F, Jean B, Bonnin E, Cathala B, Moreau C. Xyloglucan–Cellulose Nanocrystal Multilayered Films: Effect of Film Architecture on Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3599-609. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400967e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carole V. Cerclier
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
| | | | - Fabrice Cousin
- Laboratoire
Léon Brillouin, CEA-CNRS Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Bruno Jean
- Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Cathala
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Céline Moreau
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
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25
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Abitbol T, Palermo A, Moran-Mirabal JM, Cranston ED. Fluorescent labeling and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals with varying charge contents. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3278-84. [PMID: 23952644 DOI: 10.1021/bm400879x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cotton-source cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with a range of surface charge densities were fluorescently labeled with 5-(4, 6-dichlorotriazinyl) aminofluorescein (DTAF) in a facile, one-pot reaction under alkaline conditions. Three CNC samples were labeled: (I) anionic CNCs prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis with a sulfur content of 0.47 wt %, (II) a partially desulfated, sulfuric acid-hydrolyzed CNC sample, which was less anionic with an intermediate sulfur content of 0.21 wt %, and (III) uncharged CNCs prepared by HCl hydrolysis. The DTAF-labeled CNCs were characterized by dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy, and polarized light microscopy. Fluorescent CNCs exhibited similar colloidal stability to the starting CNCs, with the exception of the HCl-hydrolyzed sample, which became less agglomerated after the labeling reaction. The degree of labeling depended on the sulfur content of the CNCs, indicating that the presence of sulfate half-ester groups on the CNC surfaces hindered labeling. The labeling reaction produced CNCs that had detectable fluorescence, without compromising the overall surface chemistry or behavior of the materials, an aspect relevant to studies that require a fluorescent cellulose substrate with intact native properties. The DTAF-labeled CNCs were proposed as optical markers for the dispersion quality of CNC-loaded polymer composites. Electrospun polyvinyl alcohol fibers loaded with DTAF-labeled CNCs appeared uniformly fluorescent by fluorescence microscopy, suggesting that the nanoparticles were well dispersed within the polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Abitbol
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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