1
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Hauer L, Naga A, Badr RGM, Pham JT, Wong WSY, Vollmer D. Wetting on silicone surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:5273-5295. [PMID: 38952198 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00346b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Silicone is frequently used as a model system to investigate and tune wetting on soft materials. Silicone is biocompatible and shows excellent thermal, chemical, and UV stability. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the surface can be easily varied by several orders of magnitude in a controlled manner. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a popular choice for coating applications such as lubrication, self-cleaning, and drag reduction, facilitated by low surface energy. Aiming to understand the underlying interactions and forces, motivated numerous and detailed investigations of the static and dynamic wetting behavior of drops on PDMS-based surfaces. Here, we recognize the three most prevalent PDMS surface variants, namely liquid-infused (SLIPS/LIS), elastomeric, and liquid-like (SOCAL) surfaces. To understand, optimize, and tune the wetting properties of these PDMS surfaces, we review and compare their similarities and differences by discussing (i) the chemical and molecular structure, and (ii) the static and dynamic wetting behavior. We also provide (iii) an overview of methods and techniques to characterize PDMS-based surfaces and their wetting behavior. The static and dynamic wetting ridge is given particular attention, as it dominates energy dissipation, adhesion, and friction of sliding drops and influences the durability of the surfaces. We also discuss special features such as cloaking and wetting-induced phase separation. Key challenges and opportunities of these three surface variants are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hauer
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Physics at Interfaces, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Abhinav Naga
- Department of Physics, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
- Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Rodrique G M Badr
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7-9, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan T Pham
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 45221 OH, USA
| | - William S Y Wong
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Doris Vollmer
- Physics at Interfaces, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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2
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Tsimouri IC, Schwarz F, Bernhard T, Gusev AA. A Comparison between Predictions of the Miller-Macosko Theory, Estimates from Molecular Dynamics Simulations, and Long-Standing Experimental Data of the Shear Modulus of End-Linked Polymer Networks. Macromolecules 2024; 57:4273-4284. [PMID: 38765498 PMCID: PMC11100001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Long-standing experimental data on the elastic modulus of end-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) networks are employed to corroborate the validity of the Miller-Macosko theory (MMT). The validity of MMT is also confirmed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that mimic the experimentally realized networks. It becomes apparent that for a network formed from bulk, where the fractions of the loops are small, it is sufficient to account for the topological details of a reference tree-like network, i.e., for its degree of completion, junction functionalities, and trapped entanglements, in order to practically predict the modulus. However, a mismatch is identified between the MMT and MD simulations in relating the fraction of the soluble material to the extent of reaction. A large contribution of entanglements to the modulus of PDMS networks prepared with short precursor chains is presented, suggesting that the elastic modulus of commonly used end-linked PDMS networks is in fact entanglement-dominated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian Schwarz
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tim Bernhard
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrei A. Gusev
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Lang M, Scholz R. On the Swelling of Polymer Network Strands. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400025. [PMID: 38323367 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Large scale computer simulations are employed to analyze the conformations of network strands in polymer networks at preparation conditions (characterized by a polymer volume fraction of ϕ0) and when swollen to equilibrium (characterized by a polymer volume fraction ϕ < ϕ0). Network strands in end-linked model networks are weakly stretched and partially swollen at preparation conditions as compared to linear polymers in the same solvent at ϕ0. Equilibrium swelling causes non-ideal chain conformations characterized by an effective scaling exponent approaching 7/10 on intermediate length scales for increasing overlap of the chains. The chain size in a network consists of a fluctuating and a time average "elastic" contribution. The elastic contribution swells essentially affinely ∝(ϕ0/ϕ)2/3, whereas the swelling of the fluctuating part lies between the expected swelling of the entanglement constraints and the swelling of non-cross-linked chains in a comparable semi-dilute solution. The total swelling of chain size results from the changes of both fluctuating and non-fluctuating contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lang
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reinhard Scholz
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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4
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Koo MB, Lee JH, Kim GW, Jang H, Kim SY, Kim KT. Structural Homogeneity of Macromolecular Networks by End-to-End Click Chemistry between Discrete Tetrahedral Star Macromolecules. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:75-81. [PMID: 38170942 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cross-linking via the end-to-end click chemistry of multiarm star polymers creates polymer networks with minimal inhomogeneities. Although it has been suggested that the mechanical and swelling properties of such networks depend on the absence of defects, the structural details of homogeneous networks created by this method have not yet been studied at the molecular level. Here, we report the synthesis of discrete tetrahedral star macromolecules (dTSMs) composed of polylactide (PLA) arms with discrete molecular weight and sequence. Polymer networks prepared by 4 × 4 cross-linking by Cu-free strain-promoted cyclooctyne-azide click chemistry (SPAAC) reaction exhibited a high degree of swelling (>40 fold by weight) in solvents without sacrificing mechanical robustness (elastic modulus >4 kPa). The structural details of the networks were investigated by network disassembly spectrometry (NDS) using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. By implementing a cleavable repeating unit in the discrete PLA arms of dTSM in a sequence-specific manner, the networks could be disassembled into fragments having discrete molecular weights precisely representing their connectivity in the network. This NDS analysis confirmed that end-to-end click reactions of dTSM networks resulted in the formation of a homogeneous network above the critical concentration (∼10 w/v%) of building blocks in the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Beom Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Hak Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Geon Woong Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Heejeong Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - So Youn Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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5
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Barajas B, Kurtz IS, Waldman AJ, Schiffman JD. Stiffness and Oligomer Content Affect the Initial Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Polydimethylsiloxane Gels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37922414 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
The growing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections necessitates a greater understanding of their initial adhesion to medically relevant surfaces. In this study, the influence of the mechanical properties and oligomer content of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) gels on the initial attachment of Gram-positive S. aureus was explored. Small-amplitude oscillatory shear rheological measurements were conducted to verify that by altering the base to curing (B:C) ratio of the commonly used Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit (B:C ratios of 60:1, 40:1, 10:1, and 5:1), PDMS gels could be synthesized with Young's moduli across four distinct regimes: ultrasoft (15 kPa), soft (30 kPa), standard (400 kPa), and stiff (1500 kPa). These as-prepared gels (unextracted) were compared to gels prepared from the same B/C ratios that underwent Soxhlet extraction to remove any unreacted oligomers. While the Young's moduli of unextracted and extracted PDMS gels prepared from the same B:C ratio were statistically equivalent, the associated adhesion failure energy statistically decreased for the ultrasoft gels after extraction (from 25 to 8 J/mm2). The interactions of these eight well-characterized gels with bacteria were tested by using S. aureus SH1000, a commonly studied laboratory strain, as well as S. aureus ATCC 12600, which was isolated from a human lung infection. Increased S. aureus inactivation occurred only when the bacteria were incubated directly on top of the unextracted gels prepared at high B:C ratios (40:1 and 60:1), whereas none of the extracted gels (no unreacted oligomers) had significant levels of inactivated bacteria. S. aureus adhered the least to the stiffest extracted PDMS gels (no unreacted oligomers) and the most to soft, unextracted PDMS gels (with ∼17% unreacted oligomers). These findings suggest that both unreacted oligomers and Young's moduli are important material factors to consider when exploring the attachment behavior of Gram-positive S. aureus to hydrophobic elastomer gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Barajas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
| | - Irene S Kurtz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
| | - Abraham J Waldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
| | - Jessica D Schiffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
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6
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Dobrynin AV, Tian Y, Jacobs M, Nikitina EA, Ivanov DA, Maw M, Vashahi F, Sheiko SS. Forensics of polymer networks. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:1394-1400. [PMID: 37749314 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Our lives cannot be imagined without polymer networks, which range widely, from synthetic rubber to biological tissues. Their properties-elasticity, strain-stiffening and stretchability-are controlled by a convolution of chemical composition, strand conformation and network topology. Yet, since the discovery of rubber vulcanization by Charles Goodyear in 1839, the internal organization of networks has remained a sealed 'black box'. While many studies show how network properties respond to topology variation, no method currently exists that would allow the decoding of the network structure from its properties. We address this problem by analysing networks' nonlinear responses to deformation to quantify their crosslink density, strand flexibility and fraction of stress-supporting strands. The decoded structural information enables the quality control of network synthesis, comparison of targeted to actual architecture and network classification according to the effectiveness of stress distribution. The developed forensic approach is a vital step in future implementation of artificial intelligence principles for soft matter design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Dobrynin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Dimitri A Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), CNRS UMR 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - Mitchell Maw
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Foad Vashahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sergei S Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lang
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung, Dresden, Germany.
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8
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Salamanca FM, Zepeda-Rodríguez Z, Diñeiro L, Escrivá MM, Herrero R, Navarro R, Valentín JL. Introducing "MEW2" Software: A Tool to Analyze MQ-NMR Experiments for Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4058. [PMID: 37896302 PMCID: PMC10609784 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-field time-domain proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an attractive and powerful tool for studying the structure and dynamics of elastomers. The existence of crosslinks and other topological constraints in rubber matrices (entanglements and filler-rubber interactions, among others) renders the fast segmental fluctuations of the polymeric chains non-isotropic, obtaining nonzero residual dipolar couplings, which is the main observable of MQ-NMR experiments. A new software, Multiple quantum nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer for Elastomeric Networks v2 (MEW2), provides a new tool to facilitate the study of the molecular structure of elastomeric materials. This program quantitatively analyzes two different sets of experimental data obtained in the same experiment, which are dominated by multiple-quantum coherence and polymer dynamics. The proper quantification of non-coupled network defects (dangling chain ends, loops, etc.) allows the analyzer to normalize the multiple quantum intensity, obtaining a build-up curve that contains the structural information without any influence from the rubber dynamics. Finally, it provides the spatial distribution of crosslinks using a fast Tikhonov regularization process based on a statistical criterion. As a general trend, this study provides an automatic solution to a tedious procedure of analysis, demonstrating a new tool that accelerates the calculations of network structure using 1H MQ-NMR low-field time-domain experiments for elastomeric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M Salamanca
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zenen Zepeda-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Diñeiro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina M Escrivá
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Herrero
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan L Valentín
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Richbourg NR, Peppas NA. Structurally decoupled stiffness and solute transport in multi-arm poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122272. [PMID: 37573839 PMCID: PMC10785603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic hydrogels are widely used as artificial 3D environments for cell culture, facilitating the controlled study of cell-environment interactions. However, most hydrogels are limited in their ability to represent the physical properties of biological tissues because stiffness and solute transport properties in hydrogels are closely correlated. Resultingly, experimental investigations of cell-environment interactions in hydrogels are confounded by simultaneous changes in multiple physical properties. Here, we overcame this limitation by simultaneously manipulating four structural parameters to synthesize a library of multi-arm poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel formulations with robustly decoupled stiffness and solute transport. This structural design approach avoids chemical alterations or additions to the network that might have unanticipated effects on encapsulated cells. An algorithm created to statistically evaluate stiffness-transport decoupling within the dataset identified 46 of the 73 synthesized formulations as robustly decoupled. We show that the swollen polymer network model accurately predicts 11 out of 12 structure-property relationships, suggesting that this approach to decoupling stiffness and solute transport in hydrogels is fundamentally validated and potentially broadly applicable. Furthermore, the unprecedented control of hydrogel network structure provided by multi-arm PEG hydrogels confirmed several fundamental modeling assumptions. This study enables nuanced hydrogel design for uncompromised investigation of cell-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Richbourg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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10
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Hao Q, Malhi Z, François PM, Richaud E. Hyperelasticity modelling for thermally aged silicones. Polym Bull (Berl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-023-04771-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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11
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Posadas P, Valentín JL, Benavente R, Blázquez-Blázquez E, Urtiaga A, Álvarez JA, Cerrada ML. Crosslinked networks in electron beam irradiated polyethylenes evaluated by proton low-field NMR spectroscopy. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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12
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Vulcanization kinetics of natural rubber and strain softening behaviors of gum vulcanizates tailored by deep eutectic solvents. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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High Hexane Sorption Capacity of Loosely Crosslinked PDMS Rubbers at Low Temperatures: Macromolecular and Physicochemical Elucidation for VOC Recovery. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Synthesis of a sulfur-containing polyHIPE from a sustainable monomer by using inverse vulcanization approach. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Lang M, Scholz R, Löser L, Bunk C, Fribiczer N, Seiffert S, Böhme F, Saalwächter K. Swelling and Residual Bond Orientations of Polymer Model Gels: The Entanglement-Free Limit. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lang
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reinhard Scholz
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lucas Löser
- Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Physics − NMR Group, Betty-Heimann-Straße 7, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Carolin Bunk
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nora Fribiczer
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10−14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10−14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Böhme
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Physics − NMR Group, Betty-Heimann-Straße 7, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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16
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Hu R, Zhao S, Chen F, Shangguan Y, Zheng Q. Effect of sacrificial bond on molecular dynamics and rheological behavior of hybrid butadiene‐styrene‐vinylpyridine rubber vulcanizates with reversible sacrificial network. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongyan Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Shunjie Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Feng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yonggang Shangguan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Shanxi‐Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Shanxi‐Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan China
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17
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Influence of Sulfur-Curing Conditions on the Dynamics and Crosslinking of Rubber Networks: A Time-Domain NMR Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040767. [PMID: 35215681 PMCID: PMC8880187 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the structural and dynamic properties of rubber networks is of fundamental importance in rubber science and technology to design materials with optimized mechanical properties. In this work, natural and isoprene rubber networks obtained by curing at three different temperatures (140, 150, and 170 °C) and three different sulfur contents (1, 2, and 3 phr) in the presence of a 3 phr accelerator were studied using a combination of low-field time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) techniques, including 1H multiple-quantum experiments for the measurement of residual dipolar couplings (Dres), the application of the Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill pulse sequence for the measurement of the transverse magnetization decay and the extraction of 1H T2 relaxation times, and the use of field cycling NMR relaxometry for the determination of T1 relaxation times. The microscopic properties determined by TD-NMR experiments were discussed in comparison with the macroscopic properties obtained using equilibrium swelling, moving die rheometer, and calorimetric techniques. The obtained correlations between NMR observables, crosslink density values, maximum torque values, and glass transition temperatures provided insights into the effects of the vulcanization temperature and accelerator/sulfur ratio on the structure of the polymer networks, as well as on the effects of crosslinking on the segmental dynamics of elastomers. Dres and T2 were found to show linear correlations with the crosslink density determined by equilibrium swelling, while T1 depends on the local dynamics of polymer segments related to the glass transition, which is also affected by chemical modifications of the polymer chains occurring during vulcanization.
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18
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Preparation and anti-icing performance of cross-linked polysiloxane coatings containing silicone oil. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Cai J, Huang M, Chen X, Wang M. Controllable construction of
cross‐linking
network for regulating on the mechanical properties of polydimethylsiloxane and polydimethylsiloxane/carbon nanotubes composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie‐Hua Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Ming‐Lu Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Xu‐Dong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ming Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing China
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20
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Müller M, Abetz V. Nonequilibrium Processes in Polymer Membrane Formation: Theory and Experiment. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14189-14231. [PMID: 34032399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Porous polymer and copolymer membranes are useful for ultrafiltration of functional macromolecules, colloids, and water purification. In particular, block copolymer membranes offer a bottom-up approach to form isoporous membranes. To optimize permeability, selectivity, longevity, and cost, and to rationally design fabrication processes, direct insights into the spatiotemporal structure evolution are necessary. Because of a multitude of nonequilibrium processes in polymer membrane formation, theoretical predictions via continuum models and particle simulations remain a challenge. We compiled experimental observations and theoretical approaches for homo- and block copolymer membranes prepared by nonsolvent-induced phase separation and highlight the interplay of multiple nonequilibrium processes─evaporation, solvent-nonsolvent exchange, diffusion, hydrodynamic flow, viscoelasticity, macro- and microphase separation, and dynamic arrest─that dictates the complex structure of the membrane on different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Müller
- Georg-August Universität, Institut für Theoretische Physik, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institut für Membranforschung, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.,Universität Hamburg, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Mechanical properties of bulk Sylgard 184 and its extension with silicone oil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19090. [PMID: 34580367 PMCID: PMC8476525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its simple curing and very good mechanical properties, Sylgard 184 belongs to the most widely and frequently used silicones in many industrial applications such as microfluidics and microengineering. On top of that its mechanical properties are further controllable through the curing temperature, which may vary from ambient temperature up to 200 °C; the lower the curing temperature the lower the mechanical properties (Johnston et al. in J Micromech Microeng 24:7, 2014. 10.1088/0960-1317/24/3/035017). However, certain specialised application may require even a softer binder than the low curing temperature allows for. In this study we show that this softening can be achieved with the addition of silicone oil into the Sylgard 184 system. To this end a series of Sylgard 184 samples with varying silicone oil concentrations were prepared and tested (tensile test, rotational rheometer) in order to determine how curing temperature and silicone oil content affect mechanical properties. Curing reaction of the polymer system was found to observe 2nd order kinetics in all cases, regardless the oil concentration used. The results suggest that within the tested concentration range the silicone oil addition can be used to soften commercial silicone Sylgard 184.
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22
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Brounstein Z, Zhao J, Geller D, Gupta N, Labouriau A. Long-Term Thermal Aging of Modified Sylgard 184 Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183125. [PMID: 34578026 PMCID: PMC8466950 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Primarily used as an encapsulant and soft adhesive, Sylgard 184 is an engineered, high-performance silicone polymer that has applications spanning microfluidics, microelectromechanical systems, mechanobiology, and protecting electronic and non-electronic devices and equipment. Despite its ubiquity, there are improvements to be considered, namely, decreasing its gel point at room temperature, understanding volatile gas products upon aging, and determining how material properties change over its lifespan. In this work, these aspects were investigated by incorporating well-defined compounds (the Ashby–Karstedt catalyst and tetrakis (dimethylsiloxy) silane) into Sylgard 184 to make modified formulations. As a result of these additions, the curing time at room temperature was accelerated, which allowed for Sylgard 184 to be useful within a much shorter time frame. Additionally, long-term thermal accelerated aging was performed on Sylgard 184 and its modifications in order to create predictive lifetime models for its volatile gas generation and material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Brounstein
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (Z.B.); (D.G.); (N.G.)
- Department of Nanoscience and Microsystems Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jianchao Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Drew Geller
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (Z.B.); (D.G.); (N.G.)
| | - Nevin Gupta
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (Z.B.); (D.G.); (N.G.)
| | - Andrea Labouriau
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (Z.B.); (D.G.); (N.G.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Richbourg NR, Ravikumar A, Peppas NA. Solute Transport Dependence on 3D Geometry of Hydrogel Networks. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021; 222:2100138. [PMID: 34456531 PMCID: PMC8389770 DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are used in drug delivery applications, chromatography, and tissue engineering to control the rate of solute transport based on solute size and hydrogel-solute affinity. Ongoing modeling efforts to quantify the relationship between hydrogel properties, solute properties, and solute transport contribute toward an increasingly efficient hydrogel design process and provide fundamental insight into the mechanisms relating hydrogel structure and function. However, here we clarify previous conclusions regarding the use of mesh size in hydrogel transport models. We use 3D geometry and hydrogel network visualizations to show that mesh size and junction functionality both contribute to the mesh radius, which determines whether a solute can diffuse within a hydrogel. Using mesh radius instead of mesh size to model solute transport in hydrogels will correct junction functionality-dependent modeling errors, improving hydrogel design predictions and clarifying mechanisms of solute transport in hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R. Richbourg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Akhila Ravikumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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25
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Cruz-Medina R, Ayala-Hernández DA, Vega-Rios A, López-Martínez EI, Mendoza-Duarte ME, Estrada-Monje A, Zaragoza-Contreras EA. Curing of Cellulose Hydrogels by UV Radiation for Mechanical Reinforcement. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142342. [PMID: 34301099 PMCID: PMC8309531 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biomaterials as a replacement for thermoplastic polymers is an environmentally sound strategy. In this work, hydrogels of cellulose isolated from wheat husk were modified by UV irradiation (353 nm) to improve mechanical performance. The cellulose was dissolved with a solvent system N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl). Infrared spectroscopy showed that the peak height at 1016 cm-1, associated with the C-O bonds of the glycosidic ring, increases with irradiation time. It was determined that the increase in this signal is related to photodegradation, the product of a progressive increase in exposure to UV radiation. The viscoelastic behavior, determined by dynamic mechanical analysis and rotational rheometry, was taken as the most important parameter of this research, showing that the best results are recorded with 15 min of UV treatment. Therefore, at this time or less, the chemical crosslinking is predominant over the photodegradation, producing an increase in the modules, while with 20 min the photodegradation is such that the modules suffer a significant reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodybeth Cruz-Medina
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, SC, Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo de Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua CP 31136, Mexico; (R.C.-M.); (D.A.A.-H.); (A.V.-R.); (E.I.L.-M.); (M.E.M.-D.)
| | - Daniel Alejandro Ayala-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, SC, Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo de Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua CP 31136, Mexico; (R.C.-M.); (D.A.A.-H.); (A.V.-R.); (E.I.L.-M.); (M.E.M.-D.)
| | - Alejandro Vega-Rios
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, SC, Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo de Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua CP 31136, Mexico; (R.C.-M.); (D.A.A.-H.); (A.V.-R.); (E.I.L.-M.); (M.E.M.-D.)
| | - Erika Ivonne López-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, SC, Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo de Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua CP 31136, Mexico; (R.C.-M.); (D.A.A.-H.); (A.V.-R.); (E.I.L.-M.); (M.E.M.-D.)
| | - Mónica Elvira Mendoza-Duarte
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, SC, Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo de Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua CP 31136, Mexico; (R.C.-M.); (D.A.A.-H.); (A.V.-R.); (E.I.L.-M.); (M.E.M.-D.)
| | - Anayansi Estrada-Monje
- Centro de Innovación Aplicada en Tecnologías Competitivas, AC, Calle Omega No. 201, Industrial Delta, León, Guanajuato CP 37545, Mexico;
| | - Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, SC, Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo de Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua CP 31136, Mexico; (R.C.-M.); (D.A.A.-H.); (A.V.-R.); (E.I.L.-M.); (M.E.M.-D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-614-439-4811
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26
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Nie S, Ratzsch KF, Grage SL, Keller J, Ulrich AS, Lacayo-Pineda J, Wilhelm M. Correlation between Macroscopic Elasticity and Chain Dynamics of Natural Rubber during Vulcanization as Determined by a Unique Rheo-NMR Combination. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shouliang Nie
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Stephan L. Grage
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2) and Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Keller
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne S. Ulrich
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2) and Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jorge Lacayo-Pineda
- Research and Development, Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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27
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Hou FY, Song YH, Zheng Q. Influence of Liquid Isoprene Rubber on Strain Softening of Carbon Black Filled Isoprene Rubber Nanocomposites. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Danielsen SPO, Beech HK, Wang S, El-Zaatari BM, Wang X, Sapir L, Ouchi T, Wang Z, Johnson PN, Hu Y, Lundberg DJ, Stoychev G, Craig SL, Johnson JA, Kalow JA, Olsen BD, Rubinstein M. Molecular Characterization of Polymer Networks. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5042-5092. [PMID: 33792299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks are complex systems consisting of molecular components. Whereas the properties of the individual components are typically well understood by most chemists, translating that chemical insight into polymer networks themselves is limited by the statistical and poorly defined nature of network structures. As a result, it is challenging, if not currently impossible, to extrapolate from the molecular behavior of components to the full range of performance and properties of the entire polymer network. Polymer networks therefore present an unrealized, important, and interdisciplinary opportunity to exert molecular-level, chemical control on material macroscopic properties. A barrier to sophisticated molecular approaches to polymer networks is that the techniques for characterizing the molecular structure of networks are often unfamiliar to many scientists. Here, we present a critical overview of the current characterization techniques available to understand the relation between the molecular properties and the resulting performance and behavior of polymer networks, in the absence of added fillers. We highlight the methods available to characterize the chemistry and molecular-level properties of individual polymer strands and junctions, the gelation process by which strands form networks, the structure of the resulting network, and the dynamics and mechanics of the final material. The purpose is not to serve as a detailed manual for conducting these measurements but rather to unify the underlying principles, point out remaining challenges, and provide a concise overview by which chemists can plan characterization strategies that suit their research objectives. Because polymer networks cannot often be sufficiently characterized with a single method, strategic combinations of multiple techniques are typically required for their molecular characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P O Danielsen
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Haley K Beech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Bassil M El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | | | - Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Patricia N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Georgi Stoychev
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,World Primer Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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29
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Sawvel AM, Crowhurst JC, Mason HE, Oakdale JS, Ruelas S, Eshelman HV, Maxwell RS. Spectroscopic Signatures of MQ-Resins in Silicone Elastomers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- April M. Sawvel
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Crowhurst
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Harris E. Mason
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - James S. Oakdale
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Samantha Ruelas
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Hannah V. Eshelman
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Robert S. Maxwell
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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30
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Du H, Marin Angel J, Basak S, Lai TY, Cavicchi KA. Cross-linked Poly(Octadecyl Acrylate)/Polybutadiene Shape Memory Polymer Blends Prepared by Simultaneous Free Radical Cross-linking, Grafting and Polymerization of Octadecyl Acrylate/Polybutadiene Blends. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100072. [PMID: 33759273 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A semi-crystalline, shape memory polymer (SMP) is fabricated by free radical cross-linking, polymerization, and grafting in a blend of n-octadecyl acrylate and polybutadiene (PB). Poly(n-octadecyl acrylate) (PODA) is a side-chain crystalline polymer, which serves as the structure-fixing network counterbalancing the elastically deformed, cross-linked polymer network. At a constant 50/50 ratio of monomer and polymer the amount of free radical initiator, dicumyl peroxide (DCP) is varied from 1% to 5% w/w PB. From swelling measurements and calculation of the cross-link density it is determined that DCP produces greater than one cross-link per DCP molecule. It is found that lower cross-linking efficiency is favorable for higher shape fixity. This lower efficiency is found to produce a higher degree of crystallinity of the PODA in the 2-5% DCP samples, which is determined to be the main driver of higher shape fixity of the polymer. A SMP with >90% fixity and 100% recovery at uniaxial strains from 34-79% is achieved. This material should be useful for mold processing of shape memory articles. This approach provides a method to decouple the elastomeric and thermoplastic portions of a SMP to convert commodity elastomers into SMPs and tailor the shape memory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Juan Marin Angel
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH, 44325-0301, USA
| | - Sayan Basak
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH, 44325-0301, USA
| | - Tzu-Yu Lai
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH, 44325-0301, USA
| | - Kevin A Cavicchi
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH, 44325-0301, USA
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31
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Bernal-Ortega P, Bernal MM, Blume A, González-Jiménez A, Posadas P, Navarro R, Valentín JL. Sulfur-Modified Carbon Nanotubes for the Development of Advanced Elastomeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:821. [PMID: 33800114 PMCID: PMC7962203 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The outstanding properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) present some limitations when introduced into rubber matrices, especially when these nano-particles are applied in high-performance tire tread compounds. Their tendency to agglomerate into bundles due to van der Waals interactions, the strong influence of CNT on the vulcanization process, and the adsorptive nature of filler-rubber interactions contribute to increase the energy dissipation phenomena on rubber-CNT compounds. Consequently, their expected performance in terms of rolling resistance is limited. To overcome these three important issues, the CNT have been surface-modified with oxygen-bearing groups and sulfur, resulting in an improvement in the key properties of these rubber compounds for their use in tire tread applications. A deep characterization of these new materials using functionalized CNT as filler was carried out by using a combination of mechanical, equilibrium swelling and low-field NMR experiments. The outcome of this research revealed that the formation of covalent bonds between the rubber matrix and the nano-particles by the introduction of sulfur at the CNT surface has positive effects on the viscoelastic behavior and the network structure of the rubber compounds, by a decrease of both the loss factor at 60 °C (rolling resistance) and the non-elastic defects, while increasing the crosslink density of the new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Bernal-Ortega
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (R.N.)
- Department of Elastomer Technology and Engineering, University of Twente, Driener-Iolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Mar Bernal
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Anke Blume
- Department of Elastomer Technology and Engineering, University of Twente, Driener-Iolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Antonio González-Jiménez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain;
| | - Pilar Posadas
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Rodrigo Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Juan L. Valentín
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (R.N.)
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Munoz G, Dequidt A, Martzel N, Blaak R, Goujon F, Devémy J, Garruchet S, Latour B, Munch E, Malfreyt P. Heterogeneity Effects in Highly Cross-Linked Polymer Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050757. [PMID: 33671017 PMCID: PMC7957597 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their level of refinement, micro-mechanical, stretch-based and invariant-based models, still fail to capture and describe all aspects of the mechanical properties of polymer networks for which they were developed. This is for an important part caused by the way the microscopic inhomogeneities are treated. The Elastic Network Model (ENM) approach of reintroducing the spatial resolution by considering the network at the level of its topological constraints, is able to predict the macroscopic properties of polymer networks up to the point of failure. We here demonstrate the ability of ENM to highlight the effects of topology and structure on the mechanical properties of polymer networks for which the heterogeneity is characterised by spatial and topological order parameters. We quantify the macro- and microscopic effects on forces and stress caused by introducing and increasing the heterogeneity of the network. We find that significant differences in the mechanical responses arise between networks with a similar topology but different spatial structure at the time of the reticulation, whereas the dispersion of the cross-link valency has a negligible impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Munoz
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, France CEDEX 9, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.M.); (S.G.); (B.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Alain Dequidt
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (R.B.); (F.G.); (J.D.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicolas Martzel
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, France CEDEX 9, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.M.); (S.G.); (B.L.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (N.M.)
| | - Ronald Blaak
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (R.B.); (F.G.); (J.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Florent Goujon
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (R.B.); (F.G.); (J.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Julien Devémy
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (R.B.); (F.G.); (J.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Sébastien Garruchet
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, France CEDEX 9, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.M.); (S.G.); (B.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Benoit Latour
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, France CEDEX 9, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.M.); (S.G.); (B.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Etienne Munch
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, France CEDEX 9, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.M.); (S.G.); (B.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (R.B.); (F.G.); (J.D.); (P.M.)
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33
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Tsimouri IC, Caseri WR, Gusev AA. Monte Carlo Evidence on Simple Conventional Means to Characterize the Final Extent of Reaction of Cured End-Linked Polymer Networks through the Miller–Macosko Nonlinear Polymerization Theory. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter R. Caseri
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrei A. Gusev
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
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Richbourg NR, Wancura M, Gilchrist AE, Toubbeh S, Harley BAC, Cosgriff-Hernandez E, Peppas NA. Precise control of synthetic hydrogel network structure via linear, independent synthesis-swelling relationships. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe3245. [PMID: 33579714 PMCID: PMC7880590 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel physical properties are tuned by altering synthesis conditions such as initial polymer concentration and polymer-cross-linker stoichiometric ratios. Traditionally, differences in hydrogel synthesis schemes, such as end-linked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels and cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels, limit structural comparison between hydrogels. In this study, we use generalized synthesis variables for hydrogels that emphasize how changes in formulation affect the resulting network structure. We identify two independent linear correlations between these synthesis variables and swelling behavior. Analysis through recently updated swollen polymer network models suggests that synthesis-swelling correlations can be used to make a priori predictions of the stiffness and solute diffusivity characteristics of synthetic hydrogels. The same experiments and analyses performed on methacrylamide-modified gelatin hydrogels demonstrate that complex biopolymer structures disrupt the linear synthesis-swelling correlations. These studies provide insight into the control of hydrogel physical properties through structural design and can be used to implement and optimize biomedically relevant hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Richbourg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - M Wancura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - A E Gilchrist
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - S Toubbeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - B A C Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - E Cosgriff-Hernandez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - N A Peppas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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35
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Hoti G, Caldera F, Cecone C, Rubin Pedrazzo A, Anceschi A, Appleton SL, Khazaei Monfared Y, Trotta F. Effect of the Cross-Linking Density on the Swelling and Rheological Behavior of Ester-Bridged β-Cyclodextrin Nanosponges. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:478. [PMID: 33498322 PMCID: PMC7864023 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cross-linking density influences the physicochemical properties of cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CD-NSs). Although the effect of the cross-linker type and content on the NSs performance has been investigated, a detailed study of the cross-linking density has never been performed. In this contribution, nine ester-bridged NSs based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and different quantities of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), used as a cross-linking agent in stoichiometric proportions of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 moles of PMDA for each mole of CD, were synthesized and characterized in terms of swelling and rheological properties. The results, from the swelling experiments, exploiting Flory-Rehner theory, and rheology, strongly showed a cross-linker content-dependent behavior. The study of cross-linking density allowed to shed light on the efficiency of the synthesis reaction methods. Overall, our study demonstrates that by varying the amount of cross-linking agent, the cross-linked structure of the NSs matrix can be controlled effectively. As PMDA βCD-NSs have emerged over the years as a highly versatile class of materials with potential applications in various fields, this study represents the first step towards a full understanding of the correlation between their structure and properties, which is a key requirement to effectively tune their synthesis reaction in view of any specific future application or industrial scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjylije Hoti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (C.C.); (A.R.P.); (A.A.); (S.L.A.); (Y.K.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Fabrizio Caldera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (C.C.); (A.R.P.); (A.A.); (S.L.A.); (Y.K.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Claudio Cecone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (C.C.); (A.R.P.); (A.A.); (S.L.A.); (Y.K.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Alberto Rubin Pedrazzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (C.C.); (A.R.P.); (A.A.); (S.L.A.); (Y.K.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Anastasia Anceschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (C.C.); (A.R.P.); (A.A.); (S.L.A.); (Y.K.M.); (F.T.)
- CNR-STIIMA, Istituto di Sistemi e Tecnologie Industriali Intelligenti per il Manifatturiero Avanzato, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, C.so Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Silvia Lucia Appleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (C.C.); (A.R.P.); (A.A.); (S.L.A.); (Y.K.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Yousef Khazaei Monfared
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (C.C.); (A.R.P.); (A.A.); (S.L.A.); (Y.K.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (C.C.); (A.R.P.); (A.A.); (S.L.A.); (Y.K.M.); (F.T.)
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36
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Valentín JL, Pérez-Aparicio R, Fernandez-Torres A, Posadas P, Herrero R, Salamanca FM, Navarro R, Saiz-Rodríguez L. ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION OF RECYCLED RUBBER FROM END-OF-LIFE TIRES. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.20.79963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
There are currently many well-established applications for recycled rubber from end-of-life tires (ELT), but it is essential to investigate and seek new approaches to enhance the value of these products. Recent developments in new technologies and innovative recycling and devulcanization processes have opened up new perspectives for ELT crumb rubber. To promote the use of these products in newly added value applications, it is essential to develop and optimize methods that allow the characterization of parameters related to the ultimate properties of potential final applications. In this respect, a novel characterization methodology based on advanced 1H double-quantum (DQ) nuclear magnetic resonance experiments has been applied for the first time to quantify the key parameters that characterize the structure of ELT crumb rubber after diverse recycling processes: from simple mechanical grinding to complex devulcanization methods. This experimental approach enables the quantification of parameters that define the network structure of rubber, such as the nonelastic network defects (sol fraction, dangling chain ends, loops), the cross-link density, and the heterogeneity of the network, directly from rubber granulate and powder (without any additional sample preparation steps), overcoming most of the drawbacks and uncertainties that limit the application of traditional rubber characterization methods (e.g., equilibrium swelling experiments). By applying this experimental approach, it is possible to identify and quantify the actual technical limits for a complete selective devulcanization process of ELT crumb rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Valentín
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A. Fernandez-Torres
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Posadas
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Herrero
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. M. Salamanca
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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37
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How the Aggregates Determine Bound Rubber Models in Silicone Rubber? A Contrast Matching Neutron Scattering Study. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Miyaji K, Sugiyama T, Ohashi T, Saalwächter K, Ikeda Y. Study on Homogeneity in Sulfur Cross-Linked Network Structures of Isoprene Rubber by TD-NMR and AFM – Zinc Stearate System. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Miyaji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takuma Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takumi Ohashi
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik—NMR, Martin-Luther Universtität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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39
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Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) as polymeric crosslinking accelerator for sulphur network formation. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04659. [PMID: 32904204 PMCID: PMC7452554 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The major controlling factors that determine the various mechanical properties of an elastomer system are type of chemical crosslinking and crosslink density of the polymer network. In this study, a catalytic amount of acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer (NBR) was used as a co-accelerator for the curing of polybutadiene (BR) elastomer. After the addition of this copolymer along with other conventional sulphur ingredients in polybutadiene compounds, a clear and distinct effect on the curing and other physical characteristics was noticed. The crosslinking density of BR was increased, as evidenced by rheometric properties, solid-state NMR and swelling studies. The vulcanization kinetics study revealed a substantial lowering of the activation energy of the sulphur crosslinking process when acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer was used in the formulation. The compounds were also prepared in the presence of carbon black and silica, and it was found that in the carbon black filled system the catalytic effect of the NBR was eminent. The effect was not only reflected in the mechanical performance but also the low-temperature crystallization behavior of BR systems was altered.
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40
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Curing behavior, chain dynamics, and microstructure of high Tg thiol-acrylate networks with systematically varied network heterogeneity. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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41
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Zhang R, Zhang C, Yang Z, Wu Q, Sun P, Wang X. Hierarchical Dynamics in a Transient Polymer Network Cross-Linked by Orthogonal Dynamic Bonds. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongchun Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Pingchuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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42
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Tsimouri IC, Schwarz F, Caseri W, Hine PJ, Gusev AA. Comparative Experimental and Molecular Simulation Study of the Entropic Viscoelasticity of End-Linked Polymer Networks. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian Schwarz
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Walter Caseri
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Peter J. Hine
- Soft Matter Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Andrei A. Gusev
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
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43
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44
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A highly selective sorption process in POSS-g-PDMS mixed matrix membranes for ethanol recovery via pervaporation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Albers PM, van der Ven LGJ, van Benthem RATM, Esteves ACC, de With G. Water Swelling Behavior of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Polyurethane Networks. Macromolecules 2020; 53:862-874. [PMID: 32063654 PMCID: PMC7017371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Defects in a polymer network complicate an accurate calculation of structural parameters such as the molar mass between cross-links M c, typically obtained from experimental swelling data. In this paper the formation and structure of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based polyurethane networks containing PEG-mono methyl ether dangling chains are studied. The phantom network model can describe the swelling behavior of these networks only when a composition-dependent interaction parameter is used and the formation of allophanates is accounted for. A clear transition in the network formation is found at the PEG network precursor molar mass at which entanglements are formed in the melt. Correction factors based on structure calculations using the Miller-Macosko-Vallés probability approach are proposed and validated for an accurate calculation of the M c of these defect-containing networks. This provides a new approach for studies that requires an accurate estimate of the M c, only based on experimentally straightforward swelling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
T. M. Albers
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert G. J. van der Ven
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf A. T. M. van Benthem
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- DSM
Ahead BV Netherlands, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Catarina C. Esteves
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbertus de With
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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46
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Gu Y, Zhao J, Johnson JA. Polymer Networks: From Plastics and Gels to Porous Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5022-5049. [PMID: 31310443 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks, which are materials composed of many smaller components-referred to as "junctions" and "strands"-connected together via covalent or non-covalent/supramolecular interactions, are arguably the most versatile, widely studied, broadly used, and important materials known. From the first commercial polymers through the plastics revolution of the 20th century to today, there are almost no aspects of modern life that are not impacted by polymer networks. Nevertheless, there are still many challenges that must be addressed to enable a complete understanding of these materials and facilitate their development for emerging applications ranging from sustainability and energy harvesting/storage to tissue engineering and additive manufacturing. Here, we provide a unifying overview of the fundamentals of polymer network synthesis, structure, and properties, tying together recent trends in the field that are not always associated with classical polymer networks, such as the advent of crystalline "framework" materials. We also highlight recent advances in using molecular design and control of topology to showcase how a deep understanding of structure-property relationships can lead to advanced networks with exceptional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Julia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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47
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Gu Y, Zhao J, Johnson JA. Polymernetzwerke: Von Kunststoffen und Gelen zu porösen Gerüsten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Gu
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Julia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Jeremiah A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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48
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Tugui C, Stiubianu GT, Serbulea MS, Cazacu M. Silicone dielectric elastomers optimized by crosslinking pattern – a simple approach to high-performance actuators. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00223b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical design of silicone elastomers for improving the electromechanical response of dielectric elastomer actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codrin Tugui
- Inorganic Polymers Department
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Iasi
- Romania
| | - George T. Stiubianu
- Inorganic Polymers Department
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Iasi
- Romania
| | - Manole S. Serbulea
- Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest
- Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Department
- Bucharest
- Romania
- Geotechnical Expert S.R.L
| | - Maria Cazacu
- Inorganic Polymers Department
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Iasi
- Romania
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49
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Ahmadi M, Löser L, Fischer K, Saalwächter K, Seiffert S. Connectivity Defects and Collective Assemblies in Model Metallo‐Supramolecular Dual‐Network Hydrogels. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Ahmadi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg‐Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10‐14 D‐55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Lucas Löser
- Institut für Physik‐NMR Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Betty‐Heimann‐Str. 7 D‐06120 Halle Germany
| | - Karl Fischer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg‐Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10‐14 D‐55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik‐NMR Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Betty‐Heimann‐Str. 7 D‐06120 Halle Germany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg‐Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10‐14 D‐55128 Mainz Germany
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50
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Sun H, Wang Z, He Y. Direct Observation of Spatiotemporal Heterogeneous Gelation by Rotational Tracking of a Single Anisotropic Nanoprobe. ACS NANO 2019; 13:11334-11342. [PMID: 31589398 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymer network gels usually exhibit spatial heterogeneity of local defects and cross-link density, which can affect their elasticity on the microscopic scale differently. The ability to evaluate the formation and distribution of these heterogeneities is important for guiding the application of gels in biology, medicine, and separation science. Previously, it has been reported that single-particle tracking based microrheology could provide local properties of gel networks with high resolution; however, the particle probes have been limited to spherical micro/nanotracers undergoing translational motions. In this work, we used single gold nanorods (AuNRs) as rotational microrheology probes to study the polyacrylamide gelation process by dual-channel polarization dark-field microscopy. The AuNRs were in Brownian motion during the initial stages of the gelation. As the reaction continues, individual AuNRs are confined locally and almost lost translational motion, but still maintained rotational motion. As the reaction proceeded further, the rotation state of the AuNRs gradually changed from free rotation in 3D to restricted rotation in 2D and eventually stopped completely. The appearance of the intermediate 2D plane indicated the existence of localized anisotropic compression of the gel during the heterogeneous gelation process. Our method can be further applied to investigate the formation of different polymer gels and a wide variety of heterogeneous biophysical and soft material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials , Qingdao University , Qingdao , 266071 , China
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials , Qingdao University , Qingdao , 266071 , China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
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