1
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Bobnar M, Derets N, Umerova S, Domenici V, Novak N, Lavrič M, Cordoyiannis G, Zalar B, Rešetič A. Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal elastomers as moldable shape-programmable material. Nat Commun 2023; 14:764. [PMID: 36765062 PMCID: PMC9918464 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The current development of soft shape-memory materials often results in materials that are typically limited to the synthesis of thin-walled specimens and usually rely on complex, low-yield manufacturing techniques to fabricate macro-sized, solid three-dimensional objects. However, such geometrical limitations and slow production rates can significantly hinder their practical implementation. In this work, we demonstrate a shape-memory composite material that can be effortlessly molded into arbitrary shapes or sizes. The composite material is made from main-chain liquid crystal elastomer (MC-LCE) microparticles dispersed in a silicone polymer matrix. Shape-programmability is achieved via low-temperature induced glassiness and hardening of MC-LCE inclusions, which effectively freezes-in any mechanically instilled deformations. Once thermally reset, the composite returns to its initial shape and can be shape-programmed again. Magnetically aligning MC-LCE microparticles prior to curing allows the shape-programmed artefacts to be additionally thermomechanically functionalized. Therefore, our material enables efficient morphing among the virgin, thermally-programmed, and thermomechanically-controlled shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Bobnar
- grid.11375.310000 0001 0706 0012Jožef Stefan Institute, Solid State Physics Department, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nikita Derets
- grid.11375.310000 0001 0706 0012Jožef Stefan Institute, Solid State Physics Department, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia ,grid.423485.c0000 0004 0548 8017On leave from: Ioffe Institute, Division of Physics of Dielectrics and Semiconductors, Politekhnicheskaya 26, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Saide Umerova
- grid.11375.310000 0001 0706 0012Jožef Stefan Institute, Solid State Physics Department, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valentina Domenici
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli studi di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nikola Novak
- grid.11375.310000 0001 0706 0012Jožef Stefan Institute, Solid State Physics Department, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marta Lavrič
- grid.11375.310000 0001 0706 0012Jožef Stefan Institute, Solid State Physics Department, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - George Cordoyiannis
- grid.11375.310000 0001 0706 0012Jožef Stefan Institute, Solid State Physics Department, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Zalar
- grid.11375.310000 0001 0706 0012Jožef Stefan Institute, Solid State Physics Department, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia ,grid.445211.7Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Rešetič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Solid State Physics Department, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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2
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Yasuoka H, Takahashi KZ, Aoyagi T. Impact of molecular architectures on mesogen reorientation relaxation and post-relaxation stress of liquid crystal elastomers under electric fields. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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3
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Regression analysis for predicting the elasticity of liquid crystal elastomers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19788. [PMID: 36396780 PMCID: PMC9672114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is highly desirable but difficult to understand how microscopic molecular details influence the macroscopic material properties, especially for soft materials with complex molecular architectures. In this study we focus on liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) and aim at identifying the design variables of their molecular architectures that govern their macroscopic deformations. We apply the regression analysis using machine learning (ML) to a database containing the results of coarse grained molecular dynamics simulations of LCEs with various molecular architectures. The predictive performance of a surrogate model generated by the regression analysis is also tested. The database contains design variables for LCE molecular architectures, system and simulation conditions, and stress-strain curves for each LCE molecular system. Regression analysis is applied using the stress-strain curves as objective variables and the other factors as explanatory variables. The results reveal several descriptors governing the stress-strain curves. To test the predictive performance of the surrogate model, stress-strain curves are predicted for LCE molecular architectures that were not used in the ML scheme. The predicted curves capture the characteristics of the results obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. Therefore, the ML scheme has great potential to accelerate LCE material exploration by detecting the key design variables in the molecular architecture and predicting the LCE deformations.
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4
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Yasuoka H, Takahashi KZ, Aoyagi T. Trade-off effect between the stress and strain range in the soft elasticity of liquid crystalline elastomers. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Li Y, Liu T, Ambrogi V, Rios O, Xia M, He W, Yang Z. Liquid Crystalline Elastomers Based on Click Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14842-14858. [PMID: 35319184 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) have emerged as an important class of functional materials that are suitable for a wide range of applications, such as sensors, actuators, and soft robotics. The unique properties of LCEs originate from the combination between liquid crystal and elastomeric network. The control of macroscopic liquid crystalline orientation and network structure is crucial to realizing the useful functionalities of LCEs. A variety of chemistries have been developed to fabricate LCEs, including hydrosilylation, free radical polymerization of acrylate, and polyaddition of epoxy and carboxylic acid. Over the past few years, the use of click chemistry has become a more robust and energy-efficient way to construct LCEs with desired structures. This article provides an overview of emerging LCEs based on click chemistries, including aza-Michael addition between amine and acrylate, radical-mediated thiol-ene and thiol-yne reactions, base-catalyzed thiol-acrylate and thiol-epoxy reactions, copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, and Diels-Alder cycloaddition. The similarities and differences of these reactions are discussed, with particular attention focused on the strengths and limitations of each reaction for the preparation of LCEs with controlled structures and orientations. The compatibility of these reactions with the traditional and emerging processing techniques, such as surface alignment and additive manufacturing, are surveyed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using click chemistry for the design of LCEs with advanced functionalities and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tuan Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli 80125, Italy
| | - Orlando Rios
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Min Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanli He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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6
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Liquid Crystal-Based Organosilicone Elastomers with Supreme Mechanical Adaptability. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040789. [PMID: 35215702 PMCID: PMC8880581 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastomers with supreme mechanical adaptability where the increasing stress under continuous deformation is significantly inhibited within a large deformation zone, are highly desired in many areas, such as artificial muscles, flexible and wearable electronics, and soft artificial-intelligence robots. Such system comprises the advantages of recoverable elasticity and internal compensation to external mechanical work. To obtain elastomer with supreme mechanical adaptability, a novel liquid crystal-based organosilicon elastomer (LCMQ) is developed in this work, which takes the advantages of reversible strain-induced phase transition of liquid crystal units in polymer matrix and the recoverable nano-sized fillers. The former is responsible for the inhibition of stress increasing during deformation, where the external work is mostly compensated by internal phase transition, and the latter provides tunable and sufficient high tensile strength. Such LCMQs were synthesized with 4-methoxyphenyl 4-(but-3-en-1-yloxy)benzoate (MBB) grafted thiol silicone oil (crosslinker-g-MBB) as crosslinking agent, vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane as base adhesive, and fumed silica as reinforcing filler by two-step thiol-ene “click” reaction. The obtained tensile strength and the elongation at break are better than previously reported values. Moreover, the resulting liquid crystal elastomers exhibit different mechanical behavior from conventional silicone rubbers. When the liquid crystal content increases from 1% (w/w) to 4% (w/w), the stress plateau for mechanical adaptability becomes clearer. Moreover, the liquid crystal elastomer has no obvious deformation from 25 °C to 120 °C and is expected to be used in industrial applications. It also provides a new template for the modification of organosilicon elastomers.
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7
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Wu J, Yao S, Zhang H, Man W, Bai Z, Zhang F, Wang X, Fang D, Zhang Y. Liquid Crystal Elastomer Metamaterials with Giant Biaxial Thermal Shrinkage for Enhancing Skin Regeneration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2106175. [PMID: 34561930 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a class of soft active materials of increasing interest, because of their excellent actuation and optical performances. While LCEs show biomimetic mechanical properties (e.g., elastic modulus and strength) that can be matched with those of soft biological tissues, their biointegrated applications have been rarely explored, in part, due to their high actuation temperatures (typically above 60 °C) and low biaxial actuation performances (e.g., actuation strain typically below 10%). Here, unique mechanics-guided designs and fabrication schemes of LCE metamaterials are developed that allow access to unprecedented biaxial actuation strain (-53%) and biaxial coefficient of thermal expansion (-33 125 ppm K-1 ), significantly surpassing those (e.g., -20% and -5950 ppm K-1 ) reported previously. A low-temperature synthesis method with use of optimized composition ratios enables LCE metamaterials to offer reasonably high actuation stresses/strains at a substantially reduced actuation temperature (46 °C). Such biocompatible LCE metamaterials are integrated with medical dressing to develop a breathable, shrinkable, hemostatic patch as a means of noninvasive treatment. In vivo animal experiments of skin repair with both round and cross-shaped wounds demonstrate advantages of the hemostatic patch over conventional strategies (e.g., medical dressing and suturing) in accelerating skin regeneration, while avoiding scar and keloid generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shenglian Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Weitao Man
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, P. R. China
| | - Zhili Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Daining Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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8
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Molecular architecture dependence of mesogen rotation during uniaxial elongation of liquid crystal elastomers. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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9
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Segiet D, Stockmann A, Sadowski J, Katzenberg F, Tiller JC. Insights in the Thermal Volume Transition of Poly(2‐oxazoline) Hydrogels. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Segiet
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund 44221 Dortmund Germany
| | - Annika Stockmann
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund 44221 Dortmund Germany
| | - Jan Sadowski
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund 44221 Dortmund Germany
| | - Frank Katzenberg
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund 44221 Dortmund Germany
| | - Joerg C. Tiller
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund 44221 Dortmund Germany
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10
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Shaha RK, Torbati AH, Frick CP. Body‐temperature
s
hape‐shifting
liquid crystal elastomers. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajib K. Shaha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
| | - Amir H. Torbati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Colorado Denver Aurora CO USA
| | - Carl P. Frick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
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11
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Lyu X, Xiao A, Shi D, Li Y, Shen Z, Chen EQ, Zheng S, Fan XH, Zhou QF. Liquid crystalline polymers: Discovery, development, and the future. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Wang X, Zhao N, Qin B, Xu J, Yang W, Li C, Sun L, Zhang J. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Assisted Preparation of Polysiloxane Main‐Chain Liquid‐Crystalline Elastomers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of ChinaHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High‐Efficiency Conversion, School of Chemistry and Material ScienceHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of ChinaHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Ban Qin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of ChinaHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Jiaojiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of ChinaHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Wenlong Yang
- Department of Applied ScienceHarbin University of Science and Technology Harbin 150080 China
| | - Chensha Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of ChinaHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Liguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High‐Efficiency Conversion, School of Chemistry and Material ScienceHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical FabricationNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
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13
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Segiet D, Jerusalem R, Katzenberg F, Tiller JC. Investigation of the swelling behavior of hydrogels derived from high‐molecular‐weight poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline). JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Segiet
- Biomaterials and Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Dortmund Germany
| | - Robert Jerusalem
- Biomaterials and Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Dortmund Germany
| | - Frank Katzenberg
- Biomaterials and Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Dortmund Germany
| | - Joerg C. Tiller
- Biomaterials and Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Dortmund Germany
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14
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Lu HF, Wang M, Chen XM, Lin BP, Yang H. Interpenetrating Liquid-Crystal Polyurethane/Polyacrylate Elastomer with Ultrastrong Mechanical Property. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14364-14369. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xu-Man Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Bao-Ping Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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15
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16
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Prévôt ME, Ustunel S, Hegmann E. Liquid Crystal Elastomers-A Path to Biocompatible and Biodegradable 3D-LCE Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E377. [PMID: 29510523 PMCID: PMC5872956 DOI: 10.3390/ma11030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of appropriate materials that can make breakthroughs in tissue engineering has long been pursued by the scientific community. Several types of material have been long tested and re-designed for this purpose. At the same time, liquid crystals (LCs) have captivated the scientific community since their discovery in 1888 and soon after were thought to be, in combination with polymers, artificial muscles. Within the past decade liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) have been attracting increasing interest for their use as smart advanced materials for biological applications. Here, we examine how LCEs can potentially be used as dynamic substrates for culturing cells, moving away from the classical two-dimensional cell-culture nature. We also briefly discuss the integration of a few technologies for the preparation of more sophisticated LCE-composite scaffolds for more dynamic biomaterials. The anisotropic properties of LCEs can be used not only to promote cell attachment and the proliferation of cells, but also to promote cell alignment under LCE-stimulated deformation. 3D LCEs are ideal materials for new insights to simulate and study the development of tissues and the complex interplay between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Prévôt
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Senay Ustunel
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program (CPIP), Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Elda Hegmann
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program (CPIP), Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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17
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Shahsavan H, Yu L, Jákli A, Zhao B. Smart biomimetic micro/nanostructures based on liquid crystal elastomers and networks. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8006-8022. [PMID: 29090297 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01466j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of living organisms are equipped with smart functionalities that are usually rooted in their surface micro/nanostructures or underlying muscle tissues. Inspired by nature, extensive research efforts have been devoted to the development of novel biomimetic functional micro/nanostructured systems. Despite all the accomplishments, the emulation of biological adaptation and stimuli responsive actuation has been a longstanding challenge. The use of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) and networks (LCNs) for the fabrication of smart biomimetic micro/nanostructures has recently drawn extensive scientific attention and has become a growing field of research with promising prospects for emerging technologies. In this study, we review the recent progress in this field and portray the current challenges as well as the outlook of this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Shahsavan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 200 University Avenue West Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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18
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Saed MO, Torbati AH, Starr CA, Visvanathan R, Clark NA, Yakacki CM. Thiol-acrylate main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers with tunable thermomechanical properties and actuation strain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohand O. Saed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Denver; Denver Colorado 80217
| | - Amir H. Torbati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Denver; Denver Colorado 80217
| | - Chelsea A. Starr
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Denver; Denver Colorado 80217
| | - Rayshan Visvanathan
- Department of Physics; Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder Colorado 80309
| | - Noel A. Clark
- Department of Physics; Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder Colorado 80309
| | - Christopher M. Yakacki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Denver; Denver Colorado 80217
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19
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Li Y, Pruitt C, Rios O, Wei L, Rock M, Keum JK, McDonald AG, Kessler MR. Controlled Shape Memory Behavior of a Smectic Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Elastomer. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhan Li
- School
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Cole Pruitt
- School
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | | | - Liqing Wei
- Department
of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Mitch Rock
- School
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | | | - Armando G. McDonald
- Department
of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Michael R. Kessler
- School
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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20
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Kamal T, Park SY. Shape-responsive actuator from a single layer of a liquid-crystal polymer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18048-18054. [PMID: 25243321 DOI: 10.1021/am504910h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Actuation of various shape changes, including bending, helical twisting, and reversible hinging, has been achieved from a single-layer sheet of poly(1,4-di(4-(3-acryloyloxypropyloxy)benzoyloxy)-2-methylbenzene) [poly(RM257)]. This actuator was developed through photopolymerization of a reactive liquid-crystal (LC) monomer (RM257) mixed with 4-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB, nematic LC at room temperature) in a planar polyimide-coated LC cell. The UV beam perpendicular to one side of the LC cell produced an asymmetric phase separation between the poly(RM257) network and 5CB that resulted in an asymmetric porous structure along the thickness direction when the 5CB was extracted, in which the UV-exposed surface was pore-free and compact while the opposite surface was highly porous. As a result of this structure, the dry and curled poly(RM257) film exhibits actuation behavior when placed in acetone because of a difference in swelling between the two morphologically different sides, the film UV-exposed and nonexposed sides. The actuation of a three-dimensional tetrahedron (pyramidal) structure is also demonstrated for the first time by using a simple photopatterning technique to selectively control its asymmetric morphology at specific locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen Kamal
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University , #1370 Sangyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea
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21
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García-Márquez AR, Heinrich B, Beyer N, Guillon D, Donnio B. Mesomorphism and Shape-Memory Behavior of Main-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Co-Elastomers: Modulation by the Chemical Composition. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501164u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Ramon García-Márquez
- Institut
de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 (CNRS-Université de Strasbourg), 23 Rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Benoît Heinrich
- Institut
de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 (CNRS-Université de Strasbourg), 23 Rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Beyer
- Institut
de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 (CNRS-Université de Strasbourg), 23 Rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Daniel Guillon
- Institut
de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 (CNRS-Université de Strasbourg), 23 Rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Bertrand Donnio
- Institut
de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 (CNRS-Université de Strasbourg), 23 Rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
- Complex Assemblies
of Soft Matter Laboratory (COMPASS), UMI 3254 (CNRS-Solvay-University
of Pennsylvania), CRTB, 350 George
Patterson Boulevard, Bristol, Pennsylvania 19007, United States
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22
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Wei R, Zhou L, He Y, Wang X, Keller P. Effect of molecular parameters on thermomechanical behavior of side-on nematic liquid crystal elastomers. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Whitmer JK, Roberts TF, Shekhar R, Abbott NL, de Pablo JJ. Modeling the polydomain-monodomain transition of liquid crystal elastomers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 87:020502. [PMID: 23496448 PMCID: PMC4434589 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We study the mechanism of the polydomain-monodomain transition in liquid crystalline elastomers at the molecular scale. A coarse-grained model is proposed in which mesogens are described as ellipsoidal particles. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the transition from a polydomain state to a monodomain state in the presence of uniaxial strain. Our model demonstrates soft elasticity, similar to that exhibited by side-chain elastomers in the literature. By analyzing the growth dynamics of nematic domains during uniaxial extension, we provide direct evidence that at a molecular level the polydomain-monodomain transition proceeds through cluster rotation and domain growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K. Whitmer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706-1691
| | - Tyler F. Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706-1691
| | - Raj Shekhar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706-1691
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706-1691
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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24
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Recent advances in shape–memory polymers: Structure, mechanism, functionality, modeling and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 919] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Chen H, Yu Z, Hedden RC. Influence of thermal history on mesoscale ordering in polydomain smectic networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Domenici V. 2H NMR studies of liquid crystal elastomers: macroscopic vs. molecular properties. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 63:1-32. [PMID: 22546343 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Domenici
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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27
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Mukherjee PK. Isotropic to smectic-C phase transition in liquid-crystalline elastomers. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:144902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3702943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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28
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Morphology study of a series of azobenzene-containing side-on liquid crystalline triblock copolymers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-012-1117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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29
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Burke KA, Mather PT. Crosslinkable liquid crystalline copolymers with variable isotropization temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32938g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Bossi ML, Aramendía PF. Photomodulation of macroscopic properties. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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Amela-Cortés M, Bruce DW, Evans KE, Smith CW. Unsymmetric main-chain liquid crystal elastomers with tunable phase behaviour: elastic response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03692g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Amela-Cortés M, Heinrîch B, Donnio B, Evans KE, Smith CW, Bruce DW. Unsymmetric main-chain liquid crystal elastomers with tuneable phase behaviour: synthesis and mesomorphism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03691a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Ohm C, Brehmer M, Zentel R. Liquid crystalline elastomers as actuators and sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:3366-87. [PMID: 20512812 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200904059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review collects recent developments in the field of liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) with an emphasis on their use for actuator and sensor applications. Several synthetic pathways leading to crosslinked liquid crystalline polymers are discussed and how these materials can be oriented into liquid crystalline monodomains are described. By comparing the actuating properties of different systems, general structure-property relationships for LCEs are obtained. In the final section, how these materials can be turned into usable devices using different interdisciplinary techniques are described.
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34
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Pedrón S, Anseth K, Benton JA, Bosch P, Peinado C. Bioapplications of Networks Based on Photo-Cross-Linked Hyperbranched Polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201050536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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35
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Zander F, Finkelmann H. State of Order of the Crosslinker in Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Elastomers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Burke KA, Mather PT. Soft shape memory in main-chain liquid crystalline elastomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b924050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Yang H, Buguin A, Taulemesse JM, Kaneko K, Méry S, Bergeret A, Keller P. Micron-Sized Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators with Ultralarge Amplitude Contractions. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:15000-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja905363f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, CNRS UMR 168, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm 75248 Paris cedex 05, France, Centre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion, Ecole des Mines d’Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès cedex, France, and IPCMS, UMR 7504 CNRS-Unistra, 23 rue du Loess BP 43 67034 Strasbourg cedex 02, France
| | - Axel Buguin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, CNRS UMR 168, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm 75248 Paris cedex 05, France, Centre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion, Ecole des Mines d’Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès cedex, France, and IPCMS, UMR 7504 CNRS-Unistra, 23 rue du Loess BP 43 67034 Strasbourg cedex 02, France
| | - Jean-Marie Taulemesse
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, CNRS UMR 168, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm 75248 Paris cedex 05, France, Centre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion, Ecole des Mines d’Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès cedex, France, and IPCMS, UMR 7504 CNRS-Unistra, 23 rue du Loess BP 43 67034 Strasbourg cedex 02, France
| | - Kosuke Kaneko
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, CNRS UMR 168, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm 75248 Paris cedex 05, France, Centre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion, Ecole des Mines d’Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès cedex, France, and IPCMS, UMR 7504 CNRS-Unistra, 23 rue du Loess BP 43 67034 Strasbourg cedex 02, France
| | - Stéphane Méry
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, CNRS UMR 168, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm 75248 Paris cedex 05, France, Centre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion, Ecole des Mines d’Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès cedex, France, and IPCMS, UMR 7504 CNRS-Unistra, 23 rue du Loess BP 43 67034 Strasbourg cedex 02, France
| | - Anne Bergeret
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, CNRS UMR 168, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm 75248 Paris cedex 05, France, Centre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion, Ecole des Mines d’Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès cedex, France, and IPCMS, UMR 7504 CNRS-Unistra, 23 rue du Loess BP 43 67034 Strasbourg cedex 02, France
| | - Patrick Keller
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, CNRS UMR 168, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm 75248 Paris cedex 05, France, Centre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion, Ecole des Mines d’Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès cedex, France, and IPCMS, UMR 7504 CNRS-Unistra, 23 rue du Loess BP 43 67034 Strasbourg cedex 02, France
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38
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Molokanova O, Podoprygorina G, Bolte M, Böhmer V. Multiple catenanes based on tetraloop derivatives of calix[4]arenes. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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40
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Cordoyiannis G, Lebar A, Rožič B, Zalar B, Kutnjak Z, Žumer S, Brömmel F, Krause S, Finkelmann H. Controlling the Critical Behavior of Paranematic to Nematic Transition in Main-Chain Liquid Single-Crystal Elastomers. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma802049r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Slobodan Žumer
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia and Jožef Stefan Institute, P.O. Box 3000, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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41
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42
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Wu J, Leung KF, Benítez D, Han JY, Cantrill S, Fang L, Stoddart J. An Acid-Base-Controllable [c2]Daisy Chain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Wu J, Leung K, Benítez D, Han J, Cantrill S, Fang L, Stoddart J. An Acid–Base‐Controllable [c2]Daisy Chain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:7470-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jishan Wu
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA)
| | - Ken Cham‐Fai Leung
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA)
| | - Diego Benítez
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA)
| | - Ja‐Young Han
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA)
| | - Stuart J. Cantrill
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA)
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA)
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44
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Nelson A. Stimuli-responsive polymers: engineering interactions. NATURE MATERIALS 2008; 7:523-525. [PMID: 18574481 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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